JP5357392B2 - 三次元及び色彩検出における電荷管理のための方法及び装置 - Google Patents
三次元及び色彩検出における電荷管理のための方法及び装置 Download PDFInfo
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- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
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- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C3/00—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders
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- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
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- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
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- H01L31/02016—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices
- H01L31/02019—Circuit arrangements of general character for the devices for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02024—Position sensitive and lateral effect photodetectors; Quadrant photodiodes
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- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/112—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by field-effect operation, e.g. junction field-effect phototransistor
- H01L31/113—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by field-effect operation, e.g. junction field-effect phototransistor being of the conductor-insulator-semiconductor type, e.g. metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor
- H01L31/1133—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by field-effect operation, e.g. junction field-effect phototransistor being of the conductor-insulator-semiconductor type, e.g. metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor the device being a conductor-insulator-semiconductor diode or a CCD device
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Description
本出願は、Bamji他の名義で出願され、カリフォルニア州サンノゼにあるCanesta社が譲受人である、2001年12月11日に出願された「量子効率変調を使った、CMOS適合の三次元画像検出のためのシステム」という名称の係属中の米国特許出願第10/020,339号(「’339出願」)からの一部継続出願であり、本出願は、現在、米国特許出願第6,580,496号(2003)である。この’339出願は、(2000年12月11日出願された)米国仮特許出願第60/254,873号、及び(2000年11月9日出願された)第60/247,158号に基づく優先権を主張するものである。
現在USP6,580,496号(2003年)(496発明)である、親出願の発明は、全く可動部品を必要とせず、かつ、光度データに依存するのではなく、飛行時間(TOF)データを使って、リアルタイムで距離及び速度データを測定するCMOS実装可能なシステムを提供した。光子光エネルギーを検知するCMOS適合画素検出器の二次元アレイ、及び関連処理回路の両方を含む単一IC上に、このシステムを作ることができるであろう。’496特許を生んだ出願の関連出願は、現在、Bamji他著(2003年)「量子効率変調を使ったCMOS適合三次元画像検出のための方法」という名称のUSP6,515,740号である。
Φ = 2・ω・z/C = 2・(2・π・f)・z/C
であり、ここで、Cは光の速度300,000Km/secである。従って、エネルギーエミッタからの(及び、検出器アレイからの)距離zは、以下で与えられる。
z = Φ・C/2・ω = Φ・C/{2・(2・π・f)}
3つの参照される仮特許出願で示す発明を説明する前に、USP6,580,496号、以後「’496発明」、又はUSP6,515,740号の発明を初めに説明することが役立つであろう。’496及び’740特許は同じ仕様を持つので、どちらの発明の参照も、本出願では、’496発明の参照であると表す。
W = [2ε・(Ψ0+VR-VB)]0.5{[qNA・(1+NA/ND)]-0.5+[qND・(1+ND/NA)]-0.5}
ここで、(VR-VB)はフォトダイオード240の逆バイアス、NA及びNdは、ダイオードのn及びp領域におけるそれぞれのドーピング濃度であり、かつ Ψ0=VTln(NAND/ni 2) であり、ここで、VT=kT/q=26mV、かつni=1.5・1010cm-3である。
表1
表1において、例示のPINフォトダイオードの場合、逆バイアスが0.5VDCと2VDCとの間で変化する時、フォトダイオード電流(例えば、光電流)の大きさは4倍変化する、ということに注意する。
より得ることができる。
ΔVd=[ΔVd2(τ2)-ΔVd1(τ2)]/ΔVd1(τ1)
ここで、時間τ1において、
ΔVd1=A[1+cos(ωt)]cos(ωt+Φ)
ΔVd1=Acos(ωt+Φ)+0.5A{cos(Φ)+cos(2ωt+Φ)}
及び、時間τ2において、
ΔVd1=A[1+cos(ωt-120)]cos(ωt+Φ)
ΔVd1=Acos(ωt+Φ)+0.5A[cos(Φ+120)+cos(2ωt+Φ-120)]
ΔVd2=A[1+cos(ωt-240)]cos(ωt+Φ)
ΔVd2=Acos(ωt+Φ)+0.5A[cos(Φ-120)+cos(2ωt+Φ+120)]
従って、フィルタリング後、
ΔVd=[cos(Φ-120)-cos(Φ+120)]/cos(Φ)
ΔVd=2sin(Φ)sin(120)/cos(Φ)
ΔVd=K1sin(Φ)/cos(Φ)
ΔVd=K1tan(Φ) ここで、K1=√3
ΔVd=[ΔVd3(τ1)-ΔVd2(τ1)]/ΔVd1(τ1)=K1tan(Φ) ここで、K1=√3である。
0°-180°測定値:ΔVd(τ1)
90°-270°測定値:ΔVd(τ2)⇒ΔVd(τ2)/ΔVd(τ1)=tan(Φ)
0°-180°測定値:ΔVd(τ3)⇒ΔVd(τ2)/ΔVe(τ3)=tan(Φ)
90°-270°測定値:ΔVd(τ4)⇒ΔVd(τ4)/ΔVd(τ3)=tan(Φ) 等となる。
(1)時間 0<t<t1 においては、例えば0°及び180°変調のように、検出器D又は240-(x)は、信号S1=1+cos(ωt)でバイアスされ、検出器240-(x+1)は、信号S2=1+cos(ωt+180°)でバイアスされる。
(2)時間 0<t<t1 の間、2つの検出器から出力された信号が蓄積され、時間t=t1において、差分信号を、デジタル又はアナログの形で、格納又はサンプリングする。
(3)時間 t1<t<t2 の間、検出器240-(x)は、信号S1=1+cos(ωt+180°)でバイアスされ、検出器240-(x+1)は、信号S2=1+cos(ωt)でバイアスされる。
(4)2つの検出器からの出力信号は蓄積され、蓄積の最後、時間t=t2において、デジタル又はアナログの形で、差分信号を格納又はサンプリングする。
(5)サンプリング又は格納されたアナログ及び/又はデジタル信号について、差分信号を計算する。
表2
P = P0e-xK(λ) (1)
ここで、P0は、シリコン表面における光子の数である。
ここで、
は、各帯域内の平均吸収係数である。それゆえ、全n個の測定値で、画像のRGB成分を以下のように推定することができる。
Claims (23)
- 高周波数成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーで、ターゲットを照明し、かつ
前記ターゲットにより反射された前記光エネルギーの一部を、少なくとも一つの光検出器で検出するシステムにおいて使用するための、検出性能を改善する方法であって、
前記光エネルギーの一部によって前記光検出器内で生成された電荷を、前記光検出器内の収集ノードへ向けるための手段を、前記各光検出器に提供し、及び、
前記電荷の少なくとも幾つかを、前記収集ノードから収集する
ステップを含み、
前記電荷を向けるための手段は、高周波数成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーと同じ変調周期で量子効率を変調する手段を含み、
前記電荷を向けるための手段が、
半導体光検出器に、基板内に形成された第一及び第二のソースを提供し、かつ、前記基板の表面上に、第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲート、及び該第一と第二の電荷転送ゲートとの間に配置された空乏ゲートを形成すること、及び
電圧信号を、前記第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートに印加して、前記光検出器によって生成された前記電荷を、前記第一及び第二のソースの少なくとも一方に向けることを含み、
平面図において、前記第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートと前記第一及び第二のソースとの間に、前記基板の前記表面上に配置された第一及び第二のバイアスゲートを含むことにより、前記第一及び第二のソースによって収集された電荷を保護するための手段を、前記各光検出器に提供するステップを含み、
前記第一及び第二のバイアスゲートは、前記空乏ゲート、及び前記第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートの少なくとも一つに存在する少なくとも一つの周期信号から、前記第一及び第二のソースによって収集された電荷を保護するように選択されたバイアス電位のソースに結合可能である、ことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記光検出器の量子効率を変調するステップ
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 平面図において、前記空乏ゲートは、前記第一と第二の電荷転送ゲートとの間に配置され、該第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートは、前記第一と第二のソースの中間に配置される、 ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記光検出器は、基板内に形成された第一及び第二のソースを提供された半導体光検出器であり、かつ、前記基板の表面上に、第一と第二のバイアスゲートとの間に配置される空乏ゲートを形成し、かつ、前記第一と第二のバイアスゲートとの間に配置される第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートを形成し、
前記第一及び第二のバイアスゲートは、ある電位でバイアスされて、前記空乏ゲート、及び前記第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートの少なくとも一つに存在する少なくとも一つの周期信号から、前記第一及び第二のソースによって収集された電荷を保護する、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記光エネルギーの波長に対する前記光検出器の感度応答を、電気的に変化させるステップ
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記システムは、該システムと前記ターゲットとの間の距離を、前記光検出器から得られた飛行時間情報を使って測定する
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。 - 基板、
前記基板内に形成された第一及び第二のソース、
前記基板の表面上に形成された第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲート、
前記第一と第二の電荷転送ゲートとの間に配置された空乏ゲート、及び
高周波数成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーと同じ変調周期で量子効率を変調する手段、
を含み、前記基板内で光エネルギーによって生成された電荷が、前記第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートに印加可能な電圧信号に応じて、前記第一及び第二のソースの少なくとも一方に向けられる
ことを特徴とする、高周波数成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーで、ターゲットを照明し、かつ、前記ターゲットによって反射された前記光エネルギーの一部を、少なくとも一つの前記半導体光検出器で検出するシステムで使用可能な、CMOS実装可能な半導体光検出器であって、
前記半導体光検出器は、平面図において、前記第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートと、前記第一及び第二のソースとの間で、前記基板の前記表面上に配置された第一及び第二のバイアスゲート、
をさらに含み、前記第一及び第二のバイアスゲートは、第一及び第二のソースによって、前記空乏ゲート、及び前記第一及び第二の電荷転送ゲートの少なくとも一つに存在する少なくとも一つの周期信号から収集された電荷を保護するように選択されたバイアス電位のソースに結合された、
ことを特徴とする半導体光検出器。 - 前記光エネルギーの波長に対する前記半導体光検出器の感度応答を、電気的に変化させるための手段
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の半導体光検出器。 - 前記システムが、該システムと前記ターゲットとの間の距離を、前記半導体光検出器から得られた飛行時間情報を使って測定する
ことを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の半導体光検出器。 - 高周波数成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーで、ターゲットを照明し、前記ターゲットによって反射された前記光エネルギーの一部を、少なくとも一つの半導体光検出器で検出するシステムにおいて使用するための、検出性能を改善する方法であって、
前記各半導体光検出器に、基板上に形成された空間的に離れた細長い構造の第一の群及び第二の群を提供し、ここで、隣接する前記構造を隔てるx方向の距離は、前記構造のy方向の長さより実質的に小さく、
前記基板内の検出生成電荷を、前記細長い構造の少なくとも第一の領域における局所収集のために、前記x方向に第一の速度で移動させ、かつ、前記第一の領域における前記検出生成電荷の少なくとも幾つかを、前記細長い構造の第二の領域における収集のために、前記y方向に第二の速度で移動させるように、前記半導体光検出器を動的にバイアスする
ステップと、
前記高周波成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーと同じ変調周期で前記半導体光検出器の量子効率を変調するステップと、
を含み、前記半導体光検出器の性能は、前記第一の速度に実質的に依存し、前記第二の速度とは実質的に独立している、ことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記第一の速度が、前記第二の速度より実質的に速い、
ことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の方法。 - 前記細長い構造はゲート構造であり、かつ、
前記ゲート構造の前記第一の領域と前記第二の領域との間の電位差を維持するステップ
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の方法。 - 前記ゲート構造の前記第一の領域にクロック信号を結合し、前記ゲート構造の前記第二の領域にコンデンサを結合するステップ
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記ゲート構造の第一の群、及び前記ゲート構造の第二の群と関連付けられる空乏の深さを、動的に変えるステップ
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記光エネルギーの波長に対する前記半導体光検出器の感度応答を、電気的に変化させるステップ
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。 - 前記システムが、該システムと前記ターゲットとの間の距離を、前記半導体光検出器から得られた飛行時間情報を使って測定する、
ことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の方法。 - 高周波数成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーで、ターゲットを照明し、前記ターゲットによって反射される前記光エネルギーの一部を検出するシステムにおいて使用するための、該システムで使用されて前記光エネルギーの一部を検出する、少なくとも一つのCMOS実装可能な半導体光検出器であって、
前記高周波数成分を含む変調周期波形を持つ光エネルギーと同じ変調周期で量子効率を変調するための手段を含み、
基板上に形成された、空間的に離れた細長い構造の第一の群、及び第二の群、
を含み、隣接する前記構造を隔てるx方向の距離は、前記構造のy方向の長さより実質的に小さく、
前記基板内の検出生成電荷を、前記細長い構造の少なくとも第一の領域における局所収集のために、前記x方向に第一の速度で移動させ、かつ、前記第一の領域における前記検出生成電荷の少なくとも幾つかを、前記細長い構造の第二の領域における収集のために、前記y方向に第二の速度で移動させるように、前記半導体光検出器は、動的にバイアスされ、
前記半導体光検出器の性能は、前記第一の速度に実質的に依存し、前記第二の速度とは実質的に独立している、ことを特徴とする半導体光検出器。 - 前記第一の速度が、前記第二の速度より実質的に速い、
ことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の半導体光検出器。 - 前記細長い構造がゲート構造であり、かつ、
前記ゲート構造の前記第一及び第二の領域が、それらの間の電位差を維持するようにバイアス可能である、
ことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の半導体光検出器。 - 前記細長い構造がゲート構造であり、かつ、
前記ゲート構造の前記第二の領域に結合されたコンデンサ
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の半導体光検出器。 - 前記細長い構造がゲート構造であり、かつ、
前記ゲート構造の第一の群、及び前記ゲート構造の第二の群の少なくとも一方と関連付けられる空乏の深さを、動的に変えるための手段
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の半導体光検出器。 - 前記光エネルギーの波長に対する前記半導体光検出器の感度応答を、電気的に変化させるための手段
をさらに含む、ことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の半導体光検出器。 - 前記システムが、該システムと前記ターゲットとの間の距離を、前記半導体光検出器から得られた飛行時間情報を使って測定する、
ことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の半導体光検出器。
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2003
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- 2004-06-17 EP EP11190111.2A patent/EP2442068A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-12-30 US US11/028,290 patent/US7464351B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20170037938A (ko) * | 2014-07-09 | 2017-04-05 | 김훈 | 이미지 센서의 단위 화소 및 그 수광 소자 |
KR101927006B1 (ko) | 2014-07-09 | 2018-12-07 | 김훈 | 이미지 센서의 단위 화소 및 그 수광 소자 |
Also Published As
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US20050156121A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
US7464351B2 (en) | 2008-12-09 |
JP5792007B2 (ja) | 2015-10-07 |
US6906793B2 (en) | 2005-06-14 |
JP2012037526A (ja) | 2012-02-23 |
JP2007526448A (ja) | 2007-09-13 |
EP1644700A4 (en) | 2009-09-02 |
EP1644700A2 (en) | 2006-04-12 |
JP5638490B2 (ja) | 2014-12-10 |
EP2442068A2 (en) | 2012-04-18 |
JP2012049547A (ja) | 2012-03-08 |
WO2004114369A3 (en) | 2005-03-10 |
EP2442068A3 (en) | 2013-10-30 |
US20030223053A1 (en) | 2003-12-04 |
WO2004114369A2 (en) | 2004-12-29 |
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