JP5192565B2 - アークプラズマ堆積による多層物品の製造方法 - Google Patents
アークプラズマ堆積による多層物品の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明の一つの実施形態によると、3つの層は、比較的速い堆積速度のため、例えば中間層の場合は約5〜30、典型的には6〜15ミクロン/分、UV吸収層の場合は約2〜8、典型的には5〜8ミクロン/分、そして耐摩耗層の場合は約5〜20、典型的には12〜15ミクロン/分であるので連続して短時間で設けることができる。例えば、3つの層は、層間で冷却することなく、45秒未満の合計堆積時間で連続して設けることができる。この方法は、高いUV吸収性と高い耐摩耗性とを有する物品を製造することができる。また、この方法では、発散ノズルを用いることにより、比較的大きい表面積をコートすることも可能である。
本発明の態様〔1〕〜〔73〕を以下に示す。
〔1〕物品上に複数の層を堆積させる方法であって、1以上のプラズマ発生チャンバよりも圧力が低く物品が配置された堆積チャンバと連通している1以上のプラズマ発生チャンバにプラズマガスを流す段階、1以上のプラズマ発生チャンバ内で1以上のアークを発生させて、堆積チャンバ中に流入する1以上のプラズマを発生させる段階、1以上のプラズマ中に第一の材料を注入して物品上に第一の層を形成する段階、及び気体状の反応剤を含む第二の材料を1以上のプラズマ中に注入して第一の層上に第二の層を形成する段階を含んでなる方法。
〔2〕第一の材料が有機ケイ素物質を含み、第二の材料が有機ケイ素物質を含み、当該方法がさらに第二の材料と共に酸化剤を注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔1〕に記載の方法。
〔3〕第一の材料が有機ケイ素物質を含み、第二の材料が有機金属物質を含み、当該方法がさらに第二の材料と共に酸化剤を注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔1〕に記載の方法。
〔4〕第一の材料が有機金属物質を含み、第二の材料が有機ケイ素物質を含み、当該方法がさらに第一の材料と共に酸化剤を注入し、第二の材料と共に酸化剤を注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔1〕に記載の方法。
〔5〕第一の材料又は第二の材料が蒸発した原子状金属を含む、前記〔1〕に記載の方法。
〔6〕さらに、第三の材料をプラズマ中に注入して第二の層上に第三の層を形成する、前記〔1〕に記載の方法。
〔7〕第一の材料が有機ケイ素物質を含み、第二の材料が蒸発した原子状金属を含み、第三の材料が有機ケイ素物質を含み、当該方法がさらに第二の材料と共に酸化剤を注入し、第三の材料と共に酸化剤を注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔8〕第一の材料がオクタメチルシクロテトラシロキサン、テトラメチルジシロキサン及びヘキサメチルジシロキサンの少なくとも1種を含み、第二の材料が亜鉛を含み、第三の材料がオクタメチルシクロテトラシロキサン、テトラメチルジシロキサン及びヘキサメチルジシロキサンの少なくとも1種を含む、前記〔7〕に記載の方法。
〔9〕第一の材料が有機ケイ素を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔10〕第一の材料がオクタメチルシクロテトラシロキサンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔11〕第一の材料がテトラメチルジシロキサンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔12〕第一の材料が炭化水素を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔13〕第一の層が重合有機ケイ素物質を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔14〕第一の層が重合オクタメチルシクロテトラシロキサンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔15〕第一の層が重合テトラメチルジシロキサンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔16〕第二の材料が有機金属物質を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔17〕第二の材料が蒸発した原子状金属を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔18〕第二の材料が亜鉛及びインジウムの少なくとも1種を含む、前記〔17〕に記載の方法。
〔19〕第二の材料が亜鉛を含み、当該方法がさらに亜鉛と共にイオウを注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔17〕に記載の方法。
〔20〕さらに、第二の材料と共に酸化剤を注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔21〕第二の材料がジメチル亜鉛を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔22〕さらに、ジメチル亜鉛と共に酸素を注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔23〕第二の材料がジエチル亜鉛を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔24〕第二の材料がチタンイソプロポキシドを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔25〕第二の材料がセリウムIVテトラブトキシドを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔26〕第二の層が酸化亜鉛を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔27〕第二の層が二酸化チタンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔28〕第二の層が二酸化セリウムを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔29〕第二の層が硫化亜鉛を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔30〕第二の層が無機物質を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔31〕 第三の材料が有機ケイ素物質を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔32〕さらに、第三の材料と共に酸化剤を注入する段階を含んでいる、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔33〕第三の材料がオクタメチルシクロテトラシロキサンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔34〕第三の材料がテトラメチルジシロキサンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔35〕第三の材料がヘキサメチルジシロキサンを含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔36〕さらに第二の材料と共に酸素をプラズマ中に注入する段階を含んでおり、酸素の流量が結晶形態の第二の層を形成するのに十分な大きさである、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔37〕さらに第二の材料と共に酸素をプラズマ中に注入する段階を含んでおり、酸素の流量が第二の材料を完全に反応させるのに必要な酸素の化学量論流量以上である、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔38〕第一、第二及び第三の層を堆積させる合計堆積時間が45秒未満である、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔39〕第一、第二及び第三の層を堆積させる合計堆積時間が30秒未満である、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔40〕第一、第二及び第三の層を堆積させる合計堆積時間が20秒未満である、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔41〕第一、第二及び第三の層を、それぞれの層の堆積の間に冷却することなく堆積させる、前記〔38〕に記載の方法。
〔42〕3つの層の2つを、その間に冷却期間を設けることなく連続して堆積させる、前記〔38〕に記載の方法。
〔43〕第二の層の紫外吸光度が少なくとも1.0である、前記〔38〕に記載の方法。
〔44〕第二の層の紫外吸光度が少なくとも2.0である、前記〔38〕に記載の方法。
〔45〕第三の層が、CS−10Fタイプの2つの摩耗輪に均等に分配された1000グラムの荷重を用いた1000サイクルのテーバー摩耗試験、すなわちアメリカ材料試験協会(ASTM)の試験法D1044で4.0%以下のΔ曇り価を有する、前記〔38〕に記載の方法。
〔46〕第三の層が、CS−10Fタイプの2つの摩耗輪に均等に分配された1000グラムの荷重を用いた1000サイクルのテーバー摩耗試験、すなわちアメリカ材料試験協会(ASTM)の試験法D1044で2.0%以下のΔ曇り価を有する、前記〔38〕に記載の方法。
〔47〕第一の材料を流し終わる前に第二の材料を注入して第一の層と第二の層との間に傾斜遷移部を生成させる、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔48〕第二の材料を流し終わる前に第三の材料を注入して第二の層と第三の層との間に傾斜遷移部を生成させる、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔49〕さらに、アークを発生させるために使用される陽極から延びているノズルを用いてプラズマの流れを制御する段階を含んでいる、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔50〕ノズルが円錐形状を有している、前記〔49〕に記載の方法。
〔51〕第一の材料と共に酸化剤を注入しない、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔52〕物品がポリカーボネートを含む、前記〔7〕に記載の方法。
〔53〕第二の層が少なくとも1.0の紫外吸光度を有する紫外線吸収性物質を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔54〕第二の層が少なくとも2.0の紫外吸光度を有する紫外線吸収性物質を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔55〕第三の層が4.0%以下のΔ曇り価を有する耐摩耗性物質を含む、前記〔53〕に記載の方法。
〔56〕第三の層が2.0%以下のΔ曇り価を有する耐摩耗性物質を含む、前記〔54〕に記載の方法。
〔57〕基材がガラスを含む、前記〔1〕に記載の方法。
〔58〕第二の材料が原子状亜鉛、原子状インジウム及び原子状アルミニウムの少なくとも1種を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔59〕第二の層がインジウムドープ酸化亜鉛を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔60〕 第二の層がドープ酸化亜鉛を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔61〕第二の層がアルミニウム、フッ素、ホウ素、ガリウム、タリウム、銅及び鉄の少なくとも1種をドープ酸化亜鉛を含む、前記〔6〕に記載の方法。
〔62〕基材と、 基材上に配置された、重合炭化水素物質を含む中間層と、 中間層上に配置された紫外線吸収性無機物質を含む第二の層と、 第二の層上に配置された耐摩耗性物質を含む第三の層とを含んでなる製品。
〔63〕耐摩耗性物質が酸化した有機ケイ素物質を含む、前記〔62〕に記載の物品。
〔64〕基材と、 基材上に配置された、重合有機物質を含む中間層と、 中間層上に配置された硫化亜鉛を含む第二の層と、 耐摩耗性物質を含む第三の層とを含んでなる製品。
〔65〕耐摩耗性物質が酸化した有機ケイ素物質を含む、前記〔64〕に記載の物品。
〔66〕基材と、 基材上に配置された、重合有機物質を含む中間層と、 中間層上に配置された無機紫外線吸収層を含む第二の層と、 酸化した有機ケイ素を含む第三の層とを含んでなる製品。
〔67〕中間層が重合有機ケイ素を含む、前記〔66〕に記載の物品。
〔68〕中間層が重合炭化水素を含む、前記〔66〕に記載の物品。
〔69〕基材と、 ZnO層と、 耐摩耗層とを含んでなり、65℃の水に7日間浸漬した後のZnO層の曇りの上昇率が1.7%未満であり、65℃の水に21日間浸漬した後のZnO層の光学密度の平均一日上昇率が0.016以下である、多層物品。
〔70〕さらに、基材とZnO層との間に重合有機ケイ素の中間層を含んでいる、前記〔69〕に記載の多層物品。
〔71〕ZnO層が、原子状亜鉛を蒸発させ、蒸発した原子状亜鉛をプラズマ中に向けることによって設けられている、前記〔70〕に記載の多層物品。
〔72〕ZnO層の厚さが200nm〜1ミクロンである、前記〔71〕に記載の多層物品。
〔73〕耐摩耗層の厚さが2〜6ミクロンである、前記〔72〕に記載の多層物品。
R1 nSiZ(4-n)
ここで、R1は一価の炭化水素基又はハロゲン化一価の炭化水素基を表し、Zは加水分解可能な基を表し、nは0〜2である。特に、Zはハロゲン、アルコキシ、アシルオキシ又はアリールオキシのようなものであるのが典型である。このような化合物は当技術分野で周知であり、例えばSchroeterらの米国特許第4224378号(援用により本明細書に含まれているものとする)に記載されている。
R2Si(OH)3
ここで、R2は約1〜約3個の炭素原子を含有するアルキル基、ビニル基、3,3,3−トリフルオロプロピル基、γ−グリシドキシプロピル基及びγ−メタクリルオキシプロピル基より成る群の中から選択され、シラノールの少なくとも約70重量%はCH3Si(OH)3である。このような化合物は米国特許第4242381号(援用により本明細書に含まれているものとする)に記載されている。
表1に、いろいろな条件下でアークプラズマ堆積により形成したUV吸収性酸化亜鉛層の特性の例を示す。表1で、「Zn源」は亜鉛の起源であり、「Zn速度」は1分当たりの標準リットル(slm)で表した有機金属材料の注入速度であり、「O2速度」はslmで表した酸素注入速度であり、「O:Zn」は酸素の注入速度(モル)と亜鉛の注入速度(モル)の比である。「O:St」は酸素の注入速度(モル)と化学量論反応を達成するのに理論的に必要とされる酸素の速度の比であり、「WD」は陽極から基材表面までの作動距離(センチメートルcm)であり、「圧力」は堆積チャンバ内の圧力(ミリトルmT)であり、「基材温度」は堆積中の基材表面の最高温度(摂氏)であり、「堆積時間」は秒で表した堆積時間であり、「厚さ」はオングストローム(Å)で表した堆積物の厚さであり、「吸光度」は350ナノメートルの波長を有する光(UV)の吸光度であり、log(Ii/Io)で定義され、Iiは堆積物に入射する光の強度であり、Ioは出力の強度である。堆積物はガラス基材上に作成した。アルゴン注入速度は1.25slmであった。プラズマ電流は50アンペアであった。注入成分がアルゴンだけである前処理時間は5秒であった。
(CH3)2Zn + 4O2 → ZnO + 2CO2 + 3H2O
一般に、酸素の流量は、より低い流量の酸素で形成される非晶質の酸化亜鉛層とは反対に、結晶性の酸化亜鉛層の形成を可能にするように十分に大きいのが好ましい。比O:Stは通常1より大きく、例えば2より大きくてもよい。
次の実施例17〜20で、各種方法で堆積したZnO層の水浸漬安定性の差を例証する。実施例17では、亜鉛をプラズマ中に蒸発させたアークプラズマ堆積によってZnO層を設けた。実施例18と19では、亜鉛源がジエチル亜鉛(DEZ)であるアークプラズマ堆積(APD)によってZnO層を設けた。実施例20では、18%O2/Arプラズマ中でZnO源を用いた反応性スパッタリングでZnO層を設けた。21日間の一日当たりΔODとは、65℃の水に21日にわたって浸漬したときの光学密度における一日当たりの平均低下を指しており、ODは既に定義した通り350nmの吸光度と等価である。このODの損失は、ZnOコーティングの溶解に起因している。7日後のΔ%曇りとは、65℃の水に7日間浸漬した後の曇り価の増大率を指している。1日当たりΔODとΔ%曇りの値が低いほどコーティングは安定である。
この実施例の3層物品は、良好な耐摩耗性と良好なUV吸収性を示した。
下記表5に掲げる条件下で、LEXAN(登録商標)ポリカーボネート基材(4インチ×4インチ×1/8インチ)に3層コーティングを設けた。陽極から基材までの作動距離は28cmであった。アーク電流は60Aであった。この実施例の3層コーティングは、良好な耐摩耗性、良好なUV吸収性を示し、熱サイクルによるダメージはなかった。
下記表6に掲げる条件下で、LEXAN(登録商標)基材に3層コーティングを設けた。この3層コーティングは中間層、UV吸収層及び耐摩耗層を含んでいた。耐摩耗層は2つの段階で設けた。この実施例は、中間層、UV吸収層及び第一の耐摩耗層が、冷却することなく連続して短時間で設けることができて、LEXAN(登録商標)基材上の熱負荷を低減できることを立証している。
下記表7に掲げる条件下で、LEXAN(登録商標)基材に3層コーティングを設けた。この実施例は、2.66の高い紫外吸光度を立証している。これらの層は、中間に冷却段階を用いることなく、合計13秒以内に連続して堆積させた。コーティング全体の厚さは1.8ミクロンであった。陽極と基材表面との間の作動距離は25.5センチメートルであった。
下記表8に掲げる条件下で、LEXAN(登録商標)基材に3層コーティングを設けた。このコーティングは2.29という比較的高いUV吸光度を示した。これらの層は、中間に冷却段階を用いることなく、合計32秒以内に連続して堆積させた。コーティング全体の厚さは3.6ミクロンであった。陽極と基材表面との間の作動距離は25.5センチメートルであった。
2 プラズマ発生チャンバ
3 ガス供給ライン
4 陽極
5 陰極
8 ノズル
10 プラズマ堆積装置
12 酸素供給ライン
14、16 反応剤供給ライン
100 多層物品
110 基材
120 中間層
130 紫外線吸収層
140 耐摩耗層
150 プラズマ
Claims (11)
- 物品上に複数の層を堆積させる方法であって、
プラズマ発生チャンバよりも圧力が低く物品が配置された堆積チャンバと連通しているプラズマ発生チャンバにプラズマガスを流す段階、
プラズマ発生チャンバ内でアークを発生させて、堆積チャンバ中に流入するプラズマを発生させる段階、
プラズマ中に有機ケイ素または炭化水素を含む第一の材料を注入して第一の材料を反応させて、有機ケイ素または炭化水素の反応物を含む中間層を物品上に形成する段階、及び、
第二の材料をプラズマ中に注入して第二の材料を反応させて、無機紫外線吸収材料を含む第二の層を中間層上に形成する段階を含んでなり、
中間層が物品の熱膨張係数と第二の層の熱膨張係数の間の熱膨張係数を有する、方法。
但し、第二の材料は、気体状の反応剤と有機金属化合物とを含み、有機金属化合物は、ジメチル亜鉛、ジエチル亜鉛、チタンイソプロポキシド、セリウム(IV)テトラブトキシド、または炭素に直接結合した金属を含む。 - 物品上に複数の層を堆積させる方法であって、
プラズマ発生チャンバよりも圧力が低く物品が配置された堆積チャンバと連通しているプラズマ発生チャンバにプラズマガスを流す段階、
プラズマ発生チャンバ内でアークを発生させて、堆積チャンバ中に流入するプラズマを発生させる段階、
プラズマ中に有機ケイ素または炭化水素を含む第一の材料を注入して第一の材料を反応させて、有機ケイ素または炭化水素の反応物を含む中間層を物品上に形成する段階、及び、
第二の材料をプラズマ中に注入して第二の材料を反応させて、無機紫外線吸収材料を含む第二の層を中間層上に形成する段階を含んでなり、
中間層が物品の熱膨張係数と第二の層の熱膨張係数の間の熱膨張係数を有する、方法。
但し、第二の材料は気体状の反応剤と有機金属化合物とを含み、有機金属化合物は、亜鉛含有化合物、チタン含有化合物又はセリウム含有化合物を含む。 - 物品上に複数の層を堆積させる方法であって、
プラズマ発生チャンバよりも圧力が低く物品が配置された堆積チャンバと連通しているプラズマ発生チャンバにプラズマガスを流す段階、
プラズマ発生チャンバ内でアークを発生させて、堆積チャンバ中に流入するプラズマを発生させる段階、
プラズマ中に有機ケイ素または炭化水素を含む第一の材料を注入して第一の材料を反応させて、有機ケイ素または炭化水素の反応物を含む中間層を物品上に形成する段階、及び、
第二の材料をプラズマ中に注入して第二の材料を反応させて、無機紫外線吸収材料を含む第二の層を中間層上に形成する段階を含んでなり、
中間層が物品の熱膨張係数と第二の層の熱膨張係数の間の熱膨張係数を有する、方法。
但し、第二の材料は、気体状の反応剤、並びに、亜鉛含有化合物、チタン含有化合物及びセリウム含有化合物の少なくとも一種を含む。 - 物品上に複数の層を堆積させる方法であって、
プラズマ発生チャンバよりも圧力が低く物品が配置された堆積チャンバと連通しているプラズマ発生チャンバにプラズマガスを流す段階、
プラズマ発生チャンバ内でアークを発生させて、堆積チャンバ中に流入するプラズマを発生させる段階、
プラズマ中に有機ケイ素または炭化水素を含む第一の材料を注入して第一の材料を反応させて、有機ケイ素または炭化水素の反応物を含む中間層を物品上に形成する段階、及び、
第二の材料をプラズマ中に注入して第二の材料を反応させて、無機紫外線吸収材料を含む第二の層を中間層上に形成する段階を含んでなり、
中間層が物品の熱膨張係数と第二の層の熱膨張係数の間の熱膨張係数を有する、方法。
但し、第二の材料は、気体状の反応剤と金属蒸気とを含む。 - 前記金属蒸気が金属とドーパントとを含む請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記金属が亜鉛を含み、前記ドーパントが、インジウム、アルミニウム、フッ素、ホウ素、ガリウム、タリウム、銅及び鉄から選ばれる一種のドーパントを含む請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記第二の材料が、インジウム、アルミニウム、フッ素、ホウ素、ガリウム、タリウム、銅及び鉄から選ばれる一種のドーパントを含み、さらに前記第二の材料と共に酸素を注入する段階を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれかの一項に記載の方法。
- 有機ケイ素モノマー、二酸化ケイ素または酸化アルミニウムを含む第三の材料をプラズマ中に注入して第三の材料を反応させて、耐摩耗性材料を含む第三の層を第二の層上に形成する段階を更に含む、請求項1〜4のいずれかの一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一の材料が、オクタメチルシクロテトラシロキサン、テトラメチルジシロキサン及びヘキサメチルジシロキサンの少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれかの一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第二の材料がジメチル亜鉛、ジエチル亜鉛、チタンイソプロポキシド及びセリウム(IV)テトラブトキシドの少なくとも1種を含む、請求項2〜4のいずれかの一項に記載の方法。
- 前記気体状の反応剤が酸素であり、さらに第二の材料と共に酸素をプラズマ中に注入して酸素を第二の材料と反応させて、酸化物である第二の層を形成する段階を含んでおり、酸素の流量が結晶形態の第二の層を形成するのに十分に多い、請求項1〜4のいずれかの一項に記載の方法。
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WO2000055389A1 (en) | 2000-09-21 |
JP2011208282A (ja) | 2011-10-20 |
US20020110695A1 (en) | 2002-08-15 |
US6737121B2 (en) | 2004-05-18 |
DE60010246T2 (de) | 2005-04-14 |
JP2002539332A (ja) | 2002-11-19 |
US6426125B1 (en) | 2002-07-30 |
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