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JP2016501036A5
JP2016501036A5 JP2015549528A JP2015549528A JP2016501036A5 JP 2016501036 A5 JP2016501036 A5 JP 2016501036A5 JP 2015549528 A JP2015549528 A JP 2015549528A JP 2015549528 A JP2015549528 A JP 2015549528A JP 2016501036 A5 JP2016501036 A5 JP 2016501036A5
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ある態様によれば、相同組換え(HR)の方法が提供される。その間に位置する(intervening)AAVS1断片を標的とする2つのgRNAであるT1およびT2を構築する(図1b)。それらの活性を、以前に報告されている同じ領域を標的とするTALエフェクターヌクレアーゼヘテロダイマー(TALEN)(参照文献(11)参照)の活性と比較した。3種の標的化試薬を用いた場合の全てにおいてHR現象の成功が観察され、T1gRNAおよびT2gRNAを用いた遺伝子補正率はそれぞれ3% および 8% に近かった(図1C)。RNAを介したこの編集プロセスは顕著に速く、最初の検出可能なGFP細胞が出現したのは、AAVS1 TALENではトランスフェクションの約40時間後であったのに比べて、約20時間後であった。HRは、修復ドナー、Cas9タンパク質、およびgRNAを同時に導入した場合にのみ観察されたことから、ゲノム編集には全てのコンポーネントが必要であることが確認された(図4)。Cas9/crRNAの発現と関連する明らかな毒性は認められなかったが、ZFNおよびTALENを用いた研究では、一方の鎖にのみニックを入れることでさらに毒性が低くなることが示されている。そこで、インビトロでニッカーゼとして機能することが知られているCas9D10A変異体を試験した結果、HRは同様であったが、非相同末端結合(NHEJ)の比率はより低かった(図5)(参照文献(4、5)参照)。関連するCas9タンパク質がPAMの6bp上流で両鎖を切断することを示す場合(参照文献4)と一致して、NHEJデータから、ほとんどの欠失または挿入が標的配列の3′末端で起こったことが確認された(図5B)。さらに、標的ゲノム部位の変異が、この部位におけるgRNAによるHRを妨げることが確認され、CRISPRを介したゲノム編集が配列特異的であることが実証された(図6)。GFP遺伝子における2種のgRNA標的部位、ならびにDNAメチルトランスフェラー ゼ3a(DNMT3a)遺伝子およびDNMT3b遺伝子の相同領域に由来するさらに3種のgRNA標的断片が、改変レポーター細胞株において有意なHRを配列特異的に誘導可能であることが示された(図7、図8)。全体として、これらの結果は、ヒト細胞におけるRNA誘導性のゲノム標的化により、複数の標的部位で強固(robust)なHRが誘導されることを裏付けている。
GFPレポーターアッセイの結果と一致し、3種の細胞型の全てについて、内在性の遺伝子座において多くのNHEJ現象が観察された。2種のgRNAであるT1およびT2はそれぞれ、293T細胞で10%および25%、K562細胞で13%および38%、PGP1−iPS細胞で2%および4%のNHEJ比率を達成した(図2B)。これらの細胞型のいずれにおいても、NHEJの誘導に必要なCas9およびcrRNAの発現に由来する明白な毒性は観察されなかった(図9)。予想された通り、T1およびT2に対するNHEJによる欠失は、標的部位の位置を中心としており、この標的化プロセスの配列特異性がさらに検証された(図9、10、11)。T1gRNAおよびT2gRNAの両方を同時に導入することにより、その間に位置する19bpの断片が高効率で欠失し(図10)、このアプローチを用いてゲノム座位の多重編集(multiplexed editing)が実現可能であることが実証された。
実施例13
K562細胞におけるRNA誘導性NHEJ
図10の左パネルに示すコンストラクトをK562細胞に核化(nucleated)した。ヌクレオフェクションの4日後、DSBでのゲノムの欠失率および挿入率をディープシークエンシングにより評価することによってNHEJ比率を測定した。パネル1:標的領域で検出された欠失率。赤色の破線:T1RNA標的部位の境界;緑色の破線:T2RNA標的部位の境界。各ヌクレオチド位置での欠失の発生率を黒線にプロットし、欠失を有するリードの割合として欠失率を計算した。パネル2:標的領域で検出された挿入率。赤色の破線:T1RNA標的部位の境界;緑色の破線:T2RNA標的部位の境界。最初の挿入接合部が検出されたゲノム位置での挿入の発生率を黒線にプロットし、挿入を有するリードの割合として挿入率を計算した。パネル3:欠失サイズの分布。全NHEJ集団間の異なるサイズの欠失の頻度をプロットした。パネル4:挿入サイズの分布。全NHEJ集団間の異なるサイズの挿入の頻度をプロットした。両方のgRNAによるK562標的化は効率的であり(13〜38%)、配列特異的である(NHEJ欠失分布の位置のシフトにより示される)。重要なことに、観察された欠失サイズ頻度のヒストグラムにおけるピークからも明らかなように、T1ガイドRNAおよびT2ガイドRNAの同時導入により、その間に位置する19bp断片の高効率な欠失が生じており、このことは、このアプローチを用いてゲノム座位の多重編集も実現可能であることを示している。

Claims (24)

  1. 標的核酸配列に相補的なガイドRNA配列を真核細胞に付与すること、および
    前記ガイドRNA配列と相互作用するCas9タンパク質を前記真核細胞に付与すること
    を含み、
    前記ガイドRNA配列が前記標的核酸配列に結合する、真核細胞を改変する方法。
  2. 前記Cas9タンパク質がCas9酵素であり、前記標的核酸配列が切断される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  3. 前記ガイドRNA配列が、前記ガイドRNA配列をコードする第一の核酸を前記真核細胞に導入することにより前記真核細胞に付与され、
    前記Cas9タンパク質が、前記Cas9タンパク質をコードする第二の核酸を前記真核細胞に導入することにより前記真核細胞に付与され、
    前記真核細胞が、前記ガイドRNA及び前記Cas9タンパク質を生成する、請求項1に記載の方法。
  4. 前記第一の核酸が、ウイルス的送達法を用いて前記真核細胞に導入される、請求項3に記載の方法。
  5. 前記第一の核酸及び/又は前記第二の核酸が、トランスフェクションにより前記真核細胞に導入される、請求項3に記載の方法。
  6. 前記第一の核酸が、アデノ随伴ウイルスを用いて前記真核細胞に導入される、請求項3に記載の方法。
  7. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、Cas9酵素、Cas9ニッカーゼ、ヌクレアーゼ欠損Cas9、改変Cas9、またはCas9のホモログである、請求項1に記載の方法。
  8. 前記真核細胞が、酵母細胞、植物細胞、または哺乳動物細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
  9. 前記ガイドRNAが、10ヌクレオチド〜250ヌクレオチドを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
  10. 前記ガイドRNAが、20ヌクレオチド〜100ヌクレオチドを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
  11. 前記真核細胞がヒト細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
  12. 異なる標的核酸配列に相補的な複数のガイドRNA配列が、前記真核細胞に付与され、
    前記複数のガイドRNA配列が、前記異なる標的核酸配列に結合し、
    前記Cas9タンパク質が、前記複数のガイドRNA配列と相互作用する、請求項1に記載の方法。
  13. 前記ガイドRNAが、crRNA−tracrRNA融合転写産物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
  14. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、ヒトコドン最適化されている、請求項1に記載の方法。
  15. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、核局在化シグナルを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
  16. 遺伝子座中の複数の標的核酸配列に相補的な複数のガイドRNA配列が、前記真核細胞に付与され、
    前記複数のガイドRNA配列が、前記複数の標的核酸配列に結合し、
    前記Cas9タンパク質が、前記複数の標的核酸配列を切断するCas9酵素であり、
    その間に位置する核酸配列が前記遺伝子座から欠失される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  17. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、前記標的核酸配列を切断するCas9酵素であり、
    前記真核細胞に付与されたドナー核酸配列が前記標的核酸配列に挿入される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  18. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、ヌクレアーゼ欠損であり、前記ガイドRNA配列と相互作用し、前記標的核酸配列と結合し、
    前記Cas9タンパク質にはFokIヌクレアーゼドメインが結合しており、
    隣接するガイドRNA配列−Cas9タンパク質複合体のFokIヌクレアーゼドメインの二量体化により標的核酸配列が切断される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  19. 前記ガイドRNAが、前記標的核酸配列と相補的なガイド配列及び前記ガイド配列と連結した足場配列を含み、
    前記足場配列が以下の核酸配列
    GUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC(配列番号:45)
    を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
  20. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、ヌクレアーゼ欠損であり、転写活性化ドメインまたは転写抑制ドメインを含み、
    標的遺伝子の発現が調節される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  21. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、ヌクレアーゼ欠損であり、蛍光タンパク質を含み、
    前記蛍光タンパク質が可視化される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  22. 前記Cas9タンパク質が、ヌクレアーゼ欠損であり、タンパク質結合有機フルオロフォア、核酸結合有機フルオロフォア、量子ドット、分子ビーコン、エコープローブ、または多価リガンド結合タンパク質ドメインを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
  23. 標的核酸配列に相補的であって前記標的核酸配列に結合可能なガイドRNA配列、又は前記ガイドRNA配列をコードする第一の核酸配列、及び
    前記ガイドRNA配列と相互作用するCas9タンパク質、又は前記Cas9タンパク質をコードする第二の核酸
    を含む、RNA誘導性ゲノム編集システム。
  24. 請求項23に記載の前記RNA誘導性ゲノム編集システムを含む真核細胞。
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