JP2010520959A - 流体によるタールサンド地層の複数部分中での炭化水素の移動 - Google Patents
流体によるタールサンド地層の複数部分中での炭化水素の移動 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010520959A JP2010520959A JP2009533559A JP2009533559A JP2010520959A JP 2010520959 A JP2010520959 A JP 2010520959A JP 2009533559 A JP2009533559 A JP 2009533559A JP 2009533559 A JP2009533559 A JP 2009533559A JP 2010520959 A JP2010520959 A JP 2010520959A
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/02—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/02—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners
- E21B36/025—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners the burners being above ground or outside the bore hole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/04—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimising the spacing of wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
- E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
- E21B47/0228—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using electromagnetic energy or detectors therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4037—In-situ processes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/14—Obtaining from a multiple-zone well
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Wire Bonding (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Working-Up Tar And Pitch (AREA)
- Electric Connection Of Electric Components To Printed Circuits (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Road Paving Machines (AREA)
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
- Industrial Gases (AREA)
- Coke Industry (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Abstract
【選択図】図8
Description
1. 発明の分野
本発明は、一般に炭化水素含有地層(例えばタールサンド地層)のような各種の地表下地層から炭化水素、水素、及び/又はその他の生成物を製造する方法及びシステムに関する。
地下地層から得られる炭化水素は、エネルギー資源、供給原料、及び消費製品として使用されることが多い。有用な炭化水素資源の枯渇に対する関心及び製造される炭化水素の全体的品質低下に対する関心から、一層効率的な回収、処理、及び/又は有用な炭化水素資源の使用方法が発展してきた。現場熱処理方法を用いて地下地層から炭化水素材料を取出すことができる。地下地層から炭化水素材料を一層容易に取出すには、地下地層中の炭化水素材料の化学的、及び/又は物理的特性を変化させる必要があるかも知れない。化学的、及び/又は物理的変化としては、移動可能な(removable)流体を生成する現場反応、地層中の炭化水素の組成変化、溶解度変化、密度変化、相変化、及び/又は粘度変化が挙げられる。流体は、限定されるものではないが、ガス、液体、エマルジョン、スラリー、及び/又は液体流と同様な流れ特性を有する固体粒子の流れであってよい。
ここに記載した実施態様は一般に、地表下地層を処理する方法、システム及びヒーターに関する。また、ここに記載した実施態様は一般に、新規な構成成分を有するヒーターに関する。このようなヒーターは、ここに記載したシステム、方法を用いて得られる。
以下の説明は、一般に地層中の炭化水素を処理するシステム及び方法に関する。このような地層は、炭化水素生成物、水素、その他の生成物を生成させるために処理できる。
図3に示すヒーター坑井パターンを用いてタールサンド地層の加熱をシミュレートするため、STARSシミュレーションを使用した。タールサンド地層中のヒーターの水平方向長さは600mである。ヒーターの加熱速度は約750W/mである。図3に示す製造坑井106Bをこのシミュレーションの製造坑井で使用した。水平製造坑井内の底孔圧力を約600kPaに維持した。タールサンド地層の特性は、米国のタールサンドを基準とした。タールサンド地層シミュレーションへの入力特性は次の通りである。初期多孔率=0.28、初期油飽和率=0.8、初期水飽和率=0.2、初期フィー(fee)ガス飽和率=0.0、初期垂直方向透過度=250ミリダルシー、初期水平方向透過度=500ミリダルシー、初期Kv/Kh=0.5、炭化水素層厚さ=28m、炭化水素層深さ=587m、初期油層圧=3771kPa、製造坑井と炭化水素層の下部境界との間の距離=2.5m、最上部ヒーターと上層土との距離=9m、ヒーター間間隙=9.5m、初期炭化水素層温度=18.6℃、初期温度での粘度=53Pa・s(53000cp)、タール中のガス対油比(GOR)=50標準ft3/標準バレル。ヒーターは、砂面での最高温度538℃で、ヒーター出力755W/mの一定ワット数のヒーターである。ヒーター坑井の直径は15.2cmである。
タールサンド地層の現場熱処理方法をシミュレートするため、STARSシミュレーションを実験分析と組合わせて使用した。実験分析用の加熱条件は、貯留層(resourver)シミュレーションから求めた。この実験分析は、地層からタールサンドの細孔を選択した温度に加熱する工程、及び次いでこの細孔の圧力を100psigに低下させる(ブローダウンする)工程を含む。この方法を幾つかの異なる選択温度で繰り返した。複数の細孔を加熱し、同時にブローダウンする前に12MPaの最適圧力に維持するため、流体を製造すると共に、ブローダウンした後(幾つかの場合は最適圧力より高くなった可能性はあるが、圧力は迅速に調節したので、実験結果には影響を与えない)、流体を製造しながら、これら細孔の地層及び流体特性をモニターした。図12〜24にこのシミュレーション及び実験の結果を示す。
追い出し方法のため、図7、9に示す実施態様を用いた例を説明する。注入坑井120及び製造坑井106は、ほぼ垂直の坑井である。ヒーター116は、長いほぼ水平のヒーターで、これらのヒーターは、注入坑井120の近くを通るように配置する。ヒーター116は、垂直坑井から僅かに移行した垂直坑井パターンと交差している。
(a)ヒーター坑井の間隙 s=330ft
(b)地層の厚さ h=100ft
(c)地層の熱容量 ρc=35BTU/ft3・°F
(d)地層の熱伝導率 λ=1.2BTU/ft・hr・°F
(e)電気加熱速度 qh=200ワット/ft
(f)水蒸気注入速度 qs=500バレル/日
(g)水蒸気のエンタルピー hs=1000BTU/lb
(h)加熱時間 t=1年
(i)合計電気熱注入 QE=BTU/パターン/年
(j)電気熱の半径 r=ft
(k)合計注入水蒸気熱 QS=BTU/パターン/年
(式1)QE=qh・t・s(BTU/パターン/年)
よってQE=(200ワット/ft)[0.001kw/ワット](1年)[3
65日/年][24hr/日]3413BTU/kw・hr]
(330ft)=1.9733×109BTU/パターン/年
(式1)QS=qs・t・hs(BTU/パターン/年)
よってQS=(500バレル/日)(1年)[365日/年][1000BT
U/lb][350lb/バレル]=63.875×109BT
U/パターン/年
(式3)QE/(QE+QS)×100=合計熱の3%
(式4)VE=πr2
(式5)QE=(πrE 2)(s)(ρc)(ΔT)
(式6)QS=(πrS 2)(s)(ρc)(ΔT)
タール酸素地層の現場熱処理方法をシミュレートするため、STARSシミュレーションを用いた。地層中の圧力により影響を与えて製造した流体について、油回収率(適所の油(適所のビチュメン)の容量%(vol%)で測定)対API比重を測定するため、実験及びシミュレーションを用いた。また実験及びシミュレーションは、異なる圧力での回収効率(油(ビチュメン)の回収率(%))対温度を測定するためにも用いた。
2 加熱段階
3 加熱段階
100 障壁坑井
102 熱源
104 供給ライン
106 製造坑井
106A 製造坑井
106B 製造坑井
108 収集配管
110 処理設備
112 表土
114 炭化水素層
116 ヒーター
118 頁岩割れ目
120 注入坑井
121A 地層の処理区画
121B 地層の処理区画
121C 地層の処理区画
122 油製造速度
124 ガス製造速度
Claims (19)
- タールサンド地層中の炭化水素層の第一部分を、第一部分に配置した1つ以上のヒーターから加熱する工程、
該加熱を制御して第一部分の流体注入性を増大させる工程、
該第一部分に追出し用流体及び/又は酸化性流体を注入及び/又は作製して、少なくとも数種の炭化水素を該炭化水素層の第二部分から該炭化水素層の第三部分に移動させる工程であって、該第二部分は第一部分と第三部分との間にあり、かつ該第一、第二及び第三部分は互いに水平に配置されている該工程、
該地層の第三部分に配置した1つ以上のヒーターから第三部分を加熱する工程、及び
該地層の第三部分から炭化水素を製造する工程であって、該炭化水素は、地層の第二部分からの少なくとも数種の炭化水素を含む該工程、
を含むタールサンド地層の処理方法。 - 前記追出し用流体及び/又は酸化性流体が、水蒸気、水、二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素、メタン、熱分解炭化水素、及び/又は空気を含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第二部分に、第一部分に供給される熱より少なく、かつ第三部分に供給される熱より少ない熱を供給する工程を更に含む請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記第二部分の平均温度が100℃以下となるように、第二部分に熱を供給する工程を更に含む請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第三部分の平均温度が270℃以上となるように、第三部分に熱を供給する工程を更に含む請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一部分にコークスを生成させるため、第一部分に熱を供給する工程を更に含む請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一部分の少なくとも数種の炭化水素及び/又はコークスを酸化すると共に、第一部分の温度を上げるため、前記酸化性流体を供給する工程、及び前記第一部分から酸化生成物を取出す工程を更に含む請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一部分の少なくとも数種の炭化水素及び/又はコークスを酸化すると共に、第一部分の温度を上げるため、前記酸化性流体を供給する工程、及び次いで水蒸気を加熱すると共に、流体を第二及び第三部分に追出すため、第一部分に該水蒸気を添加する工程を更に含む請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記移動する炭化水素が地層内をほぼ水平に移動するように、前記地層が垂直透過性よりも高い水平透過性を有する請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第二部分が、第一部分及び/又は第三部分よりも容積が大きい請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第二部分からの少なくとも数種の炭化水素が第三部分において熱分解されるように、第三部分に熱を供給する工程を更に含む請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも数種の炭化水素を第一部分から第三部分に移動させる工程を更に含む請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一部分が、加熱後、ほぼ均一な多孔性及び/又はほぼ均一な注入性を有する請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一部分のヒーターの少なくとも数個が、第一部分での流体注入性を増大させた後、折り返される、及び/又は反らされる請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第一部分は、初期注入性がないか、又は殆どない請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- (a)第一部分及び/又は第三部分中の炭化水素の少なくとも大部分が粘度低減化される、(b)該圧力が第一部分及び/又は第三部分の破壊圧よりも低い、及び(c)第一部分及び/又は第三部分中の少なくとも数種の炭化水素が製造坑井により製造可能な粘度低減化炭化水素を含有する流体を形成するように、前記第一部分及び/又は第三部分の温度及び圧力を制御する工程を更に含む請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第二部分中の少なくとも数種の炭化水素を、第二部分に配置したヒーターから供給された熱、前記第一部分から移送された熱、及び/又は前記第三部分から移送された熱を用いて、流動化する工程を更に含む請求項1〜16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記製造された流体を用いて輸送用燃料を製造する工程を更に含む請求項1〜17のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項18の方法で製造された輸送用燃料。
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