EP0320591A2 - Porte pivotante coulissante pour véhicules - Google Patents

Porte pivotante coulissante pour véhicules Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0320591A2
EP0320591A2 EP88116812A EP88116812A EP0320591A2 EP 0320591 A2 EP0320591 A2 EP 0320591A2 EP 88116812 A EP88116812 A EP 88116812A EP 88116812 A EP88116812 A EP 88116812A EP 0320591 A2 EP0320591 A2 EP 0320591A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cranks
door leaf
sliding door
pivoting
door
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88116812A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0320591B1 (fr
EP0320591A3 (en
Inventor
Dietmar Dilcher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gebrueder Bode GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Gebrueder Bode GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gebrueder Bode GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Gebrueder Bode GmbH and Co KG
Priority to AT88116812T priority Critical patent/ATE74078T1/de
Publication of EP0320591A2 publication Critical patent/EP0320591A2/fr
Publication of EP0320591A3 publication Critical patent/EP0320591A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0320591B1 publication Critical patent/EP0320591B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D15/00—Suspension arrangements for wings
    • E05D15/06—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane
    • E05D15/10—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane
    • E05D15/1065—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane with transversely moving track
    • E05D15/1068—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane with transversely moving track specially adapted for use in railway-cars or mass transit vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D19/00—Door arrangements specially adapted for rail vehicles
    • B61D19/003—Door arrangements specially adapted for rail vehicles characterised by the movements of the door
    • B61D19/008—Door arrangements specially adapted for rail vehicles characterised by the movements of the door both swinging and sliding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D19/00—Door arrangements specially adapted for rail vehicles
    • B61D19/02—Door arrangements specially adapted for rail vehicles for carriages
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F15/00—Power-operated mechanisms for wings
    • E05F15/50—Power-operated mechanisms for wings using fluid-pressure actuators
    • E05F15/56—Power-operated mechanisms for wings using fluid-pressure actuators for horizontally-sliding wings
    • E05F15/565—Power-operated mechanisms for wings using fluid-pressure actuators for horizontally-sliding wings for railway-cars
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D15/00—Suspension arrangements for wings
    • E05D15/06—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane
    • E05D15/10—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane
    • E05D15/1042—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane with transversely moving carriage
    • E05D2015/1055—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane with transversely moving carriage with slanted or curved track sections or cams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D15/00—Suspension arrangements for wings
    • E05D15/06—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane
    • E05D15/10—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane
    • E05D15/1065—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane with transversely moving track
    • E05D2015/1071—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane with transversely moving track the track being directly linked to the fixed frame, e.g. slidingly
    • E05D2015/1076—Suspension arrangements for wings for wings sliding horizontally more or less in their own plane movable out of one plane into a second parallel plane with transversely moving track the track being directly linked to the fixed frame, e.g. slidingly swinging transversely, e.g. on arms
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO HINGES OR OTHER SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS AND DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION, CHECKS FOR WINGS AND WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/50—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles
    • E05Y2900/51—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles for railway cars or mass transit vehicles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a pivoting sliding door for vehicles for passenger transport, in particular rail vehicles, the door leaf of which is displaceable in its longitudinal direction on a guide element, the guide element being pivotable transversely to the plane of the door leaf by means of two cranks with vertical crank axes.
  • pivoting sliding doors known in various embodiments, which agree that the door leaf can be moved in the longitudinal direction on a guide element, the guide element being pivotable transversely to the plane of the door leaf by means of two cranks.
  • Swiveling sliding doors are known in which the cranks rotate together about a horizontal axis and those in which the cranks rotate about vertical axes. In the case of the latter, it is desirable to additionally pivot the door leaf somewhat about a vertical axis even at the start of the opening movement, so that the trailing edge of the door leaf emerges from the door frame at the beginning of the opening movement and the sliding movement can therefore also begin.
  • cranks of different lengths Attempts have been made to achieve this goal by using cranks of different lengths, but the connecting lines of the end positions of the cranks must remain parallel to the initial position so that the door leaf is again parallel to the closed position or to the outer skin of the car at the end of the pivoting movement.
  • the inclination of the door leaf that can be achieved in this way is only slight, since the installation of cranks of very different lengths causes difficulties.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a pivoting sliding door, which has the features mentioned above, with an articulation system that allows a sufficiently large inclination of the door leaf at the start of opening the door even with relatively short cranks.
  • cranks together with a rigid coupling element which connects them and which carries the guide element, and the crank pin which is firmly connected to the door frame, form a four-bar linkage with opposing cranks.
  • the door leaf first assumes an inclined position during the lifting movement, by means of which the leading edge of the door leaf when opening is lifted out of the door plane, but after the stroke has taken place, the door leaf is again parallel to the closed position or to the outer wall of the car.
  • a particularly simple embodiment of the swing door according to the invention results if both cranks are of the same length. In this case the end position of one crank is parallel to the starting position of the other crank.
  • the coordination of the sliding and pivoting movement of the door leaf takes place via a guide roller which is firmly connected in the door leaf and runs in a guide rail which is firmly connected to the door frame.
  • the door leaf is expediently guided in a second guide rail at its lower end.
  • the door leaf 1 is connected by means of a torsionally rigid support arm 16 to a ball sleeve 2 forming a support member, which runs on a round bar 3 forming a mounting rail, which represents a guide element.
  • the guide element and the supporting member running on this can also have any other shape known in pivoting sliding doors.
  • the round rod is connected at its two ends to the cranks 4 and 5 by the bolts 6 and 7, respectively, and these cranks are rotatably fastened about the crank pins 8 and 9 to the door frame 17, which is only indicated. As can be seen from FIGS. 4 and 5, the crank 4 turns clockwise when the door is opened, while the crank 5 turns counterclockwise.
  • cranks 4, 5, the round rod 3 and the door frame 17 thus form a four-bar linkage with opposing cranks.
  • the conditions for the counter-rotation of the cranks are: ⁇ 1E ⁇ 90 °, ⁇ 2A> 90 °, the stroke direction h being the 0 ° leg for the angles (see also FIGS. 5 and 6).
  • guide rail 10 is provided, in which a guide roller 12 runs, which is attached to the torsionally rigid support arm 16.
  • any known drive device for sliding doors can be used to drive the pivoting sliding door.
  • a belt cylinder is assumed as the drive device, which sets the door in motion in the left direction in FIGS. 4 and 5 via the drive roller 15.
  • the guide rail 12 is forced by the guide rail 10, ie its first section 10a bent towards the inside of the vehicle, to move outwards and the crank 4 becomes closed forced a pivoting movement.
  • the crank 5 connected to it by the round rod 3 also performs a pivoting movement.
  • the pivots 8 and 9 of the cranks 4 and 5 can be arranged in any position on the symmetry s to the start and end position of the pin 6 or 7.
  • the coupling member between the two cranks 4 and 5 is formed by the round rod 3, in such a way that the direction of the coupling member coincides with the longitudinal central axis of this round rod 3.
  • a coupling member which consists of the round rod 3 ', which at both ends on in the transverse direction to their longitudinal central axis connecting pieces 18 and 19 are each connected to the ends of the two cranks 4 'and 5'.
  • the direction of the coupling member k no longer coincides with the longitudinal central axis of the round rod 3, but encloses an angle with it.
  • Fig. 1 the sliding sliding door has been shown as a flat door, but it can of course also be a door which is curved or angled inwards in the lower part, depending on the shape of the outer wall of the vehicle.
  • the open pivot sliding door should not be parallel to its closed position, but parallel to the car wall. This can also be achieved with the pivoting sliding door described in that the connecting line of the end position of the two cranks no longer comes to lie parallel, but obliquely to the connecting line of its starting position.
EP88116812A 1987-12-12 1988-10-11 Porte pivotante coulissante pour véhicules Expired - Lifetime EP0320591B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88116812T ATE74078T1 (de) 1987-12-12 1988-10-11 Schwenkschiebetuer fuer fahrzeuge.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19873742279 DE3742279A1 (de) 1987-12-12 1987-12-12 Schwenkschiebetuer fuer fahrzeuge
DE3742279 1987-12-12

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0320591A2 true EP0320591A2 (fr) 1989-06-21
EP0320591A3 EP0320591A3 (en) 1990-08-29
EP0320591B1 EP0320591B1 (fr) 1992-03-25

Family

ID=6342538

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88116812A Expired - Lifetime EP0320591B1 (fr) 1987-12-12 1988-10-11 Porte pivotante coulissante pour véhicules

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4924625A (fr)
EP (1) EP0320591B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE74078T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3742279A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK167705B1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2031208T3 (fr)
NO (1) NO167594C (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0443952A1 (fr) * 1990-02-23 1991-08-28 Faiveley Transport Porte à vantail coulissant, en particulier pour véhicule ferroviaire
EP0517334A1 (fr) * 1991-06-03 1992-12-09 T.B.L. Beheer B.V. Dispositif de porte pivotante et coulissante pour véhicule
DE4133179A1 (de) * 1991-10-07 1993-04-08 Bode & Co Geb Vorrichtung zur bewegung einer schwenkschiebetuer fuer fahrzeuge zur personenbefoerderung, insbesondere schienenfahrzeuge
EP0716004A1 (fr) 1994-12-10 1996-06-12 Gebrüder Bode & Co. Gmbh Porte pivotante et coulissante pour véhicules de transport de personnes
EP0744516A1 (fr) * 1995-05-24 1996-11-27 Inventio Ag Système de verrouillage pour porte
CH690284A5 (it) * 1995-05-24 2000-06-30 Elti Srl Procedimento di preriscaldo del rottame per postcombustione dei fumi e dispositivo per realizzare il procedimento.
EP1767428A1 (fr) * 2005-09-23 2007-03-28 Fahrzeugtechnik Dessau AG - Railroad Technologies - Dispositif de support et de guidage pour portes pivotantes coulissantes pour véhicules ferroviaires avec au moins un vantail de porte
EP1767427A1 (fr) * 2005-09-23 2007-03-28 Fahrzeugtechnik Dessau AG - Railroad Technologies - Dispositif pour le mouvement d'un vantail de porte d'une porte pivotante coulissante, notamment pour véhicules ferroviaires
EP2325424A2 (fr) 2009-11-24 2011-05-25 Masats, S.A. Mécanisme pour l'ouverture et la fermeture d'un battant de porte pivotant/coulissant
EP3216957A1 (fr) * 2016-03-07 2017-09-13 Isaf Bus Components S.r.l. Système de porte

Families Citing this family (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE69216232T2 (de) * 1992-09-24 1997-04-17 Oclap Srl Einrichtung für Schwenkschiebetüren für Eisenbahn- und Strassenbahnfahrzeuge
ES2073336B1 (es) * 1992-10-06 1997-08-01 Codina Soley Antonio Dispositivo para el accionamiento automatico de puertas correderas.
GB2271384B (en) * 1992-10-06 1996-06-19 Soley Antonio Codina Improvements in and relating to sliding doors
US5483769A (en) * 1993-12-07 1996-01-16 Mark Iv Transportation Products Corporation Door drive equipment for mass transit vehicle
US5438800A (en) * 1994-04-11 1995-08-08 Mark Iv Transportation Products Corp. Stabilizer for outside sliding plug doors
US6209264B1 (en) * 1999-01-06 2001-04-03 The Curran Company Device for supporting and moving a door in a multitude of positions
US20020092236A1 (en) * 2000-09-14 2002-07-18 Heffner Steven P. Drive system
AT500017B8 (de) * 2003-01-21 2007-02-15 Knorr Bremse Gmbh Schwenkschiebetür für fahrzeuge
DE10323043A1 (de) * 2003-05-20 2004-12-23 Daimlerchrysler Ag Verschiebbare Fahrzeugaußentür
US7155863B2 (en) * 2003-09-03 2007-01-02 Guardian Industries Corp. Flush-mounted slider window for pick-up truck including seal carrier, bulb seal and/or applique
FR2883904B1 (fr) * 2005-04-05 2007-05-18 Faiveley Transp Sa Porte louvoyante coulissante pour des rames ferroviaires
FR2883905A1 (fr) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-06 Faiveley Transp Sa Porte louvoyante coulissante pour des rames ferroviaires
NL1031003C2 (nl) * 2005-09-30 2007-04-02 Nooijer Beheer B V De Deursysteem, deursubsysteem en een voertuig voorzien van een deursysteem.
ES2327001T3 (es) * 2005-12-22 2009-10-22 Kaba Gilgen Ag Puerta corredera.
CA2699063C (fr) 2007-09-28 2015-11-24 Wabtec Holding Corp. Actionneur de porte coulissante louvoyante electrique dote d'un mecanisme de verrouillage de porte auxiliaire
DE102009053991B3 (de) 2009-11-20 2011-03-17 Bode, Jürgen Türantrieb für eine Schwenktür eines Fahrzeugs zum Personentransport
DE202011002810U1 (de) * 2011-02-16 2011-06-09 Inter Ikea Systems B.V. Mechanismus für Schiebetür
KR101113169B1 (ko) 2011-07-29 2012-02-16 흥일기업주식회사 철도차량용 출입문 구동장치
CN103233657B (zh) * 2012-10-24 2016-08-24 南京康尼机电股份有限公司 一种轨道车辆的内藏密闭门
JP6126824B2 (ja) * 2012-11-21 2017-05-10 東海旅客鉄道株式会社 鉄道車両、および、鉄道車両用プラグドア、押さえ装置
CN103924900B (zh) * 2014-04-09 2015-12-30 江苏大学 一种基于虚拟直线移动导轨塞拉门塞拉运动机构装置
CN106014061B (zh) * 2016-07-04 2018-08-24 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 一种轨道车辆侧拉门

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1358198A (fr) * 1962-07-26 1964-04-10 Verkehrsmittel Entwicklung Porte basculante et coulissante, principalement pour véhicules

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DE696812C (de) * 1938-08-31 1940-09-30 Ver Baubeschlag Gretsch Co Schiebetuer fuer Fahrzeuge, insbesondere fuer Schienenfahrzeuge
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DE1480604C3 (de) * 1965-05-14 1974-02-28 Wegmann & Co, 3500 Kassel Ausschwenkbare Schiebetür
US3413758A (en) * 1966-07-15 1968-12-03 Pacific Car & Foundry Co Locking assembly for sliding plug-type door
US3857197A (en) * 1972-11-09 1974-12-31 Vapor Corp Door operator with door panel position sensing and locking device
DE2309313A1 (de) * 1973-02-24 1974-09-12 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Schwingfluegel zum verschliessen von wandoeffnungen an fahrzeugen
FR2294306A1 (fr) * 1974-12-10 1976-07-09 Faiveley Sa Porte a mouvement louvoyant
DE3049189A1 (de) * 1980-12-24 1982-07-29 Gebr. Bode & Co, 3500 Kassel Ausschwenkbare schiebetuer fuer fahrzeuge
DE3231181A1 (de) * 1982-08-21 1984-02-23 Gebr. Bode & Co, 3500 Kassel Aufhaengevorrichtung fuer den tuerfluegel einer ausschwenkbaren schiebetuer fuer fahrzeuge, insbes. schienenfahrzeuge
DE3411073A1 (de) * 1984-03-26 1985-09-26 Bode & Co Geb Ausschwenkbare schiebetuer fuer ein fahrzeug, insbesondere pkw, bei der der tuerfluegel mit hilfe eines am wagenkasten gelagerten schwenkarmes aus der tueroeffnung herausgebracht wird
DE3419338A1 (de) * 1984-05-24 1985-11-28 Gebr. Bode & Co GmbH, 3500 Kassel Antriebsvorrichtung fuer den tuerfluegel einer ausschwenkbaren schiebetuer, insbesondere fuer fahrzeuge
EP0196488B1 (fr) * 1985-04-01 1989-11-15 Gebrüder Bode & Co. GmbH Porte pivotante et coulissante, en particulier pour voitures ferroviaires

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1358198A (fr) * 1962-07-26 1964-04-10 Verkehrsmittel Entwicklung Porte basculante et coulissante, principalement pour véhicules

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0443952A1 (fr) * 1990-02-23 1991-08-28 Faiveley Transport Porte à vantail coulissant, en particulier pour véhicule ferroviaire
FR2658773A1 (fr) * 1990-02-23 1991-08-30 Faiveley Transport Porte a vantail coulissant, en particulier pour vehicule ferroviaire.
US5140770A (en) * 1990-02-23 1992-08-25 Faiveley Transport Door with a sliding leaf, in particular for a railroad vehicle
EP0517334A1 (fr) * 1991-06-03 1992-12-09 T.B.L. Beheer B.V. Dispositif de porte pivotante et coulissante pour véhicule
US5253452A (en) * 1991-06-03 1993-10-19 T.B.L. Beheer B.V. Swivel-sliding door system for a vehicle
DE4133179A1 (de) * 1991-10-07 1993-04-08 Bode & Co Geb Vorrichtung zur bewegung einer schwenkschiebetuer fuer fahrzeuge zur personenbefoerderung, insbesondere schienenfahrzeuge
US5263280A (en) * 1991-10-07 1993-11-23 Firma Gebr. Bode & Co. Gmbh Device for moving a swinging and sliding door in a mass-transit car especially a car that travels along a track
DE4444041A1 (de) * 1994-12-10 1996-06-13 Bode & Co Geb Schwenkschiebetür für Fahrzeuge zur Personenbeförderung
EP0716004A1 (fr) 1994-12-10 1996-06-12 Gebrüder Bode & Co. Gmbh Porte pivotante et coulissante pour véhicules de transport de personnes
EP0744516A1 (fr) * 1995-05-24 1996-11-27 Inventio Ag Système de verrouillage pour porte
CH690284A5 (it) * 1995-05-24 2000-06-30 Elti Srl Procedimento di preriscaldo del rottame per postcombustione dei fumi e dispositivo per realizzare il procedimento.
EP1767428A1 (fr) * 2005-09-23 2007-03-28 Fahrzeugtechnik Dessau AG - Railroad Technologies - Dispositif de support et de guidage pour portes pivotantes coulissantes pour véhicules ferroviaires avec au moins un vantail de porte
EP1767427A1 (fr) * 2005-09-23 2007-03-28 Fahrzeugtechnik Dessau AG - Railroad Technologies - Dispositif pour le mouvement d'un vantail de porte d'une porte pivotante coulissante, notamment pour véhicules ferroviaires
EP2325424A2 (fr) 2009-11-24 2011-05-25 Masats, S.A. Mécanisme pour l'ouverture et la fermeture d'un battant de porte pivotant/coulissant
EP3216957A1 (fr) * 2016-03-07 2017-09-13 Isaf Bus Components S.r.l. Système de porte
WO2017153904A1 (fr) * 2016-03-07 2017-09-14 Isaf Bus Components S.R.L. Système de porte
RU2731940C2 (ru) * 2016-03-07 2020-09-09 Исаф Бус Компонентс С.Р.Л. Дверная система
US10883295B2 (en) 2016-03-07 2021-01-05 Isaf Bus Components S.R.L. Door system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK691188A (da) 1989-06-13
DK167705B1 (da) 1993-12-06
NO167594C (no) 1991-11-20
NO167594B (no) 1991-08-12
DE3869576D1 (de) 1992-04-30
NO884996L (no) 1989-06-13
EP0320591B1 (fr) 1992-03-25
EP0320591A3 (en) 1990-08-29
ATE74078T1 (de) 1992-04-15
US4924625A (en) 1990-05-15
DK691188D0 (da) 1988-12-12
DE3742279A1 (de) 1989-07-06
DE3742279C2 (fr) 1990-02-22
NO884996D0 (no) 1988-11-09
ES2031208T3 (es) 1992-12-01

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