CN1655057A - 光敏半导体纳米晶和包含其的光敏组合物及其用途 - Google Patents
光敏半导体纳米晶和包含其的光敏组合物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1655057A CN1655057A CNA200410102383XA CN200410102383A CN1655057A CN 1655057 A CN1655057 A CN 1655057A CN A200410102383X A CNA200410102383X A CN A200410102383XA CN 200410102383 A CN200410102383 A CN 200410102383A CN 1655057 A CN1655057 A CN 1655057A
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Abstract
提供了与包含光敏功能基团表面配位的半导体纳米晶、包括半导体纳米晶的光敏组合物、和一种通过使用光敏的半导体纳米晶或光敏组合物制造膜,曝光所述膜并显影所述曝光膜来形成半导体纳米晶图案的方法。半导体纳米晶图案与半导体纳米晶在图案形成之前相比,显示出发光特性并且可以很有用地应用于有机-无机混合电致发光装置中。
Description
发明背景
该非临时申请根据35U.S.C§119(a)要求2003年10月21日提交的韩国专利申请号为2003-73338的优先权,其在这里引用作为参考。
发明领域
本发明涉及光敏半导体纳米晶,一种包括半导体纳米晶的光敏组合物和一种利用其形成半导体纳米晶图案的方法。本发明特别涉及与一种包含光敏功能基团的化合物表面配位的光敏半导体纳米晶,一种包括半导体纳米晶的光敏组合物,和通过使用光敏半导体纳米晶或光敏组合物形成膜,将所述膜曝光并将所述曝光膜显影而形成半导体纳米晶图案的方法。
相关技术的描述
由于化合物半导体纳米晶(也就是量子点)的量子限制效应,半导体材料的特征能带隙发生变化。因为对纳米晶的材料、结构、形状和尺寸的控制可以控制相应的带隙,所以可以得到各种各样的能级。
近几年,有很多试验通过湿化学方法来制备半导体纳米晶,其中将前体材料加入到有机溶剂中并使纳米晶生长至预期的尺寸。根据所述湿化学方法,随着纳米晶的生长,有机溶剂自然地与纳米晶表面配位,并且担当分散剂。因此,有机溶剂使得纳米晶在纳米等级内生长。使用气相沉积方法,例如,MOCVD(金属有机化学沉积)和MBE(分子束取向生长),但用该方法很难均匀地控制纳米晶的尺寸、形状和密度。相反,湿化学方法具有下述优点:可以通过适当地控制使用的前体浓度,有机溶剂的种类,合成温度和时间等来均匀地合成各种尺寸的纳米晶。
然而,因为通过湿化学方法制备的纳米晶一般分散在有机溶剂中,例如甲苯或者氯仿,所以为了将所述纳米晶应用到电子装置,就需要薄膜形成技术和纳米晶图案形成方法。至今所报道的图案形成技术主要与气相沉积的纳米晶图案形成有关。然而,这些技术具有很难控制均匀的尺寸、形状和密度的缺陷(Appl.Phys.Letter,1997,70,3140)。
与此相关的是,美国专利U.S.5,559,057提出了一种纳米晶图案的形成方法,它包括下述步骤:气相-沉积或者使用掩膜喷射纳米晶,以将纳米晶仅沉积到不被掩膜覆盖的区域上,用电子束照射纳米晶产生薄膜,并将掩膜移除。美国专利U.S.6,139,626公开了一种通过用纳米晶将模板的空隙填满而间接形成纳米晶图案的方法,其中所述模板可以以任意结构被形成图案。然而,这些图案形成方法包括使用高能电子束和令人厌烦的所用掩膜的拆卸操作。另外,模板材料可以影响所形成图案的性能,由此限制了图案形成材料的种类。
此外,美国专利U.S.5,751,018公开了一种利用形成在金属基底上的自组装单层的末封端团来排列纳米晶的方法。美国专利U.S.6,602,671描述了一种将分散的纳米晶连接在高分子载体上的方法。因为以上所提及的方法基本上与图案形成无关,所以它们对纳米晶的图案形成具有有限的适用性。
因而,本领域存在一种需求,即在不使用模板或要求高真空和高温条件的沉积过程的情况下,以一种简单的方式形成半导体纳米晶图案的方法
发明概述
本发明的目的是提供一种用于形成半导体纳米晶图案的新颖的光敏半导体纳米晶。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种用于形成半导体纳米晶图案的,包含半导体纳米晶的新颖的光敏组合物。
本发明的再一目的是提供一种使用上面的光敏半导体纳米晶和光敏组合物来形成半导体纳米晶图案的方法。
依照本发明的一方面,提供了与包含光敏功能基团的化合物表面配位的半导体纳米晶。
依照本发明的另一方面,提供了一种用于半导体纳米晶图案的光敏组合物,其包括i)半导体纳米晶,和ii)光固化化合物。
依照本发明的再一方面,提供了一种形成半导体纳米晶图案的方法,包括下列步骤:i)使用上面的半导体纳米晶或上面的光敏组合物制备半导体纳米晶膜;ii)通过掩膜将所述膜曝光;iii)将所述曝光膜显影。
依照本发明的再一方面,提供了一种有机-无机混合电致发光装置,其中含有根据上面的方法制备的半导体纳米晶图案作为发光层。
附图简述
通过下面结合附图的详细叙述,可以更清楚的理解本发明上面的以及其它的目的、特征和其它的优点。其中:
图1是与包含光敏功能基团的化合物表面配位的半导体纳米晶的示意图;
图2是本发明实施例1中制备的半导体纳米晶图案的照片(放大1000倍,取自UV显微镜);
图3是本发明实施例3中制备的半导体纳米晶图案的照片(放大1000倍,取自UV显微镜);
图4是本发明实施例4中制备的半导体纳米晶图案的照片(放大1000倍,取自UV显微镜);
图5a和5b是图4的半导体纳米晶图案的光学显微镜图象(×1,000)和AFM图象;和
图6是本发明实施例8中制造的电致发光装置的电致发光光谱。
发明详述
下面将参照附图更加详细地解释本发明。
光敏半导体纳米晶
本发明的光敏半导体纳米晶是与包含光敏功能基团的化合物表面配位的半导体纳米晶。
本发明使用的半导体纳米晶可以包括所有的通过湿化学方法用金属前体制备的半导体纳米晶。例如,可以通过向不存在或存在分散剂的有机溶剂中添加相应的金属前体,并在预先设定的温度下生长晶体来制备半导体纳米晶。本发明使用的合适的半导体纳米晶的例子包括II-IV,III-IV和V族元素的化合物纳米晶和它们的混合物。更加优选的纳米晶的例子是CdS,CdSe,CdTe,ZnS,ZnSe,ZnTe,HgS,HgSe,HgTe,GaN,GaP,GaAs,InP,InAs和它们的混合物,但并不限于这些。如果半导体纳米晶由两种或三种化合物组成,则其可以是均一混合类型,梯度混合类型,核-壳类型(core-shelltype)或联合类型(ally type)。
与半导体纳米晶的表面配位的光敏化合物是一种将光活性功能基团(例如,碳-碳双键或丙烯酰基)选择性地键合到连接体(例如,氰化物、巯基(SH),氨基、羧酸基团或者磷酸基团)的化合物。可选择地,在光活性功能基团和连接体之间可以是亚烷基、酰氨基(amide)、亚苯基、双亚苯基、酯基或者醚基。优选地,光敏化合物由式1表示如下:
X-A-B (1)
其中,X是CN-、HOOC-、HRN-、POOOH-、RS-或者RSS-(其中R是氢原子或C1~10的饱和或不饱和脂肪族烃基);A是直接的键(direct bond)、脂肪族有机基团、亚苯基或者亚联苯基;B是包含至少一个碳-碳双键的有机基团,其可以被从下列基团组成的组中选出的至少一个基团所取代:-CN、-COOH、卤素基团、C1~5的卤代烷基、氨基、C6~15的芳香族烃基,和用F、Cl、Br、卤代烷基、R’O-(其中R’是氢原子或C1~5的烷基)、-COOH、胺基或者-NO2取代的C6~12的芳香族烃基。
更优选地,式1中取代物A上的脂肪族有机基团是饱和的脂肪族烃基,例如-(CR2)n-(其中R是氢原子、C1~5的烷基,n是1~30之间的整数)、包含酯部分(-COO-)的脂肪族酯基、包含酰氨部分(-NHCO-)的脂肪族酰氨基、包含氧羰基部分(-OCO-)的脂肪族氧羰基、或者包含醚部分(-O-)的脂肪族醚基。脂肪族有机基团可以是带有C1~5的烷基的支链,或者是被羟基、氨基或巯基取代。
更加优选地,式1中的B部分是由下面的式2代表的有机基团:
-CR1=CR2R3 (2)
其中R1是氢原子、-COOH、卤素基团、C1~5的烷基或者卤代烷基;R2和R3是相互独立的氢原子、C1~30的烷基、-CN、-COOH、卤素基团、C1~5的卤代烷基、包含至少一个碳-碳双键的C2~30的不饱和脂肪族烃基,用F、Cl、Br、羟基、C1~5的卤代烷基、胺基、R’O-(其中R’是C1~5的烷基)、-COOH或者-NO2取代或不取代的C6~12的芳香族烃基。
在式2的R2和R3基中,C1~30的烷基和包含至少一个碳-碳双键的C2~30不饱和的脂肪族烃基可以被烷基分支,并且如果有必要的话,可被羟基、羧基等取代。不饱和脂肪族烃基中的双键数并不特别限制,但优选的是3或更少。
式1代表的化合物的优选的例子包括,但并不限于,甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、乙烯基乙酸、剔各酸、3,3-二甲基丙烯酸、反-2-戊烯酸、4-戊烯酸、反-2-甲基-2-戊烯酸、2,2-二甲基-4-戊烯酸、反-2-己烯酸、反-3-己烯酸、2-乙基-2-己烯酸、6-庚烯酸、2-辛基酸、香茅酸、十一碳烯酸、9-十四碳烯酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、反油酸、顺-11-二十碳烯酸、euric acid、二十四碳烯酸、反-2,4-戊二烯酸、2,4-己二烯酸、2,6-庚二烯酸、香叶酸、亚油酸、11,14-二十碳二烯酸、顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸、花生四烯酸、顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸、顺-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十碳六烯酸、富马酸、马来酸、衣康酸、ciraconic acid、中康酸、反-戊烯二酸、反-β-氢化粘康酸、反-愈伤酸、反-粘康酸、顺-乌头酸、反-乌头酸、顺-3-氯丙烯酸、反-3-氯丙烯酸、2-溴丙烯酸、2-(三氟甲基)丙烯酸、反-苯乙烯基乙酸、反-肉桂酸、α-甲基肉桂酸、2-甲基肉桂酸、2-氟肉桂酸、2-(三氟甲基)肉桂酸、2-氯肉桂酸、2-甲氧基肉桂酸、2-羟基肉桂酸、2-硝基肉桂酸、2-羧基肉桂酸,反-3-氟肉桂酸、3-(三氟甲基)肉桂酸、3-氯肉桂酸、3-溴肉桂酸、3-甲氧基肉桂酸、3-羟基肉桂酸、3-硝基肉桂酸、4-甲基肉桂酸、4-氟肉桂酸、反-4-(三氟甲基)肉桂酸、4-氯肉桂酸、4-溴肉桂酸、4-甲氧基肉桂酸、4-羟基肉桂酸、4-硝基肉桂酸、3,3-二甲氧基肉桂酸、4-乙烯基苯甲酸、烯丙基甲基硫醚、烯丙基二硫、二烯丙基胺、油胺、3-氨基-1-丙醇乙烯醚、4-氯肉桂腈、4-甲氧基肉桂腈、3,4-二甲氧基肉桂腈、4-二甲基氨基肉桂腈、丙烯腈、烯丙基氰、丁烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、顺-2-戊烯腈、反-3-戊烯腈、3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯腈和1,4-二氰基-2-丁烯。
通过下述步骤制备本发明的光敏半导体纳米晶:从相应的金属前体获得纳米晶,将所获得的纳米晶分散于有机溶剂中,和用式1的光敏化合物处理分散体。当然并不特别限于用光敏化合物处理,但是优选通过存在光敏化合物时回流所述纳米晶的分散体来实现。回流条件,包括时间和温度,以及光敏化合物的浓度可以根据分散溶剂的种类、纳米晶和与纳米晶表面配位的光敏化合物来适当地控制。可选择地,纳米晶与包含活性末封端团如巯基丙醇的分散剂表面配位,然后与能与分散剂如甲基丙烯酰氯的活性末封端团反应的光敏化合物反应,由此制备出与光敏化合物表面配位的纳米晶。
另可选择地,通过向有机溶剂中添加金属前体和在光敏化合物存在时,在预定温度下生长晶体来使半导体纳米晶直接与光敏化合物表面配位。有机溶剂的种类,晶体-生长温度和前体浓度可以根据光敏化合物的种类和所期望的半导体纳米晶的种类、尺寸和形状来适当地变化。
图1示意性的表示了根据本发明的光敏半导体纳米晶的优选实施方案。如图1所示,X是连接体,它将半导体纳米晶连接到光敏功能基团,如芳基或乙烯基。光敏化合物与半导体纳米晶的表面-配位速率可以通过改变纳米晶与所述化合物的混合速率加以适当控制。
用于形成半导体纳米晶图胺的光敏组合物
本发明的光敏组合物包括i)半导体纳米晶和ii)光固化化合物。
作为半导体纳米晶,可以使用普通的半导体纳米晶或者本发明的光敏半导体纳米晶。在使用本发明的光敏半导体纳米晶的情况下,其优势在于没有必要用包含光敏功能基团的化合物取代。本发明的光敏组合物中包含的半导体纳米晶正如以上描述的那样。
作为光敏组合物中包含的光固化化合物,可以提到包含至少一个丙烯酰基和/或乙烯基的聚合物和以醚为基础的化合物。更具体来讲,包含至少一个丙烯酰基和/或乙烯基的聚合物包括以多功能丙烯酸脂为基础的化合物,多功能聚氧化烯化合物和包含至少一个丙烯酰基和/或乙烯基的聚硅氧烷。
光固化化合物优选的例子包括,但并不限于,烯丙氧基环己基二丙烯酸酯、双(丙烯酰氧基乙基)羟基异氰脲酸酯、双(丙烯酰氧基新戊二醇)己二酸酯、双酚A二丙烯酸酯、双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二环戊烯基二丙烯酸酯、二甘醇二丙烯酸酯、二甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇基六丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇基单羟基五丙烯酸酯、双三羟甲基丙烷四丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、甘油甲基丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇羟基新戊酸二丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇基四丙烯酸酯、磷酸二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四溴双酚A二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二乙烯基醚、三甘油二丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷基三丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三(丙烯酰氧基乙基)异氰脲酸酯、磷酸三丙烯酸酯、磷酸二丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸炔丙基酯、乙烯基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、乙烯基封端的二苯基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、乙烯基封端的聚苯基甲基硅氧烷、乙烯基封端的三氟甲基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、乙烯基封端的二乙基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、乙烯基甲基硅氧烷、单甲基丙烯酰氧基丙烯基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、单乙烯基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷和单烯丙基-单三甲基甲硅烷氧基封端的聚氧化乙烯。本发明的光敏组合物中包含的组分i)半导体纳米晶和ii)光固化化合物的比率并不特别限制,并且可以根据光固化性(也就是固化速率、固化膜的状态,等等)、光敏化合物和纳米晶之间的键合能力来适当地控制。
半导体纳米晶图案的形成
可以通过下述步骤形成半导体纳米晶图案:a)利用依照本发明的光敏半导体纳米晶或光敏组合物形成半导体纳米晶膜;b)通过掩膜曝光所述膜;和c)显影所述曝光膜。
步骤a)中,通过在适合的有机溶剂中分散依照本发明的半导体纳米晶或光敏组合物,并将所述分散体涂布于基底上而制备半导体纳米晶膜。在此步骤,可以添加光引发剂于有机溶剂中。不同于一般的光刻技术,依照本发明的光敏半导体纳米晶或光敏组合物可以在没有光引发的条件下固化。然而,如果有必要的话,可以使用光引发剂来辅助交联反应。本发明中可以使用的光引发剂的例子包括能在光照射下可以形成自由基的那些引发剂,例如以苯乙酮-、安息香-,二苯酮-和噻唑酮-为基础的光引发剂。本发明中可以使用的以苯乙酮-为基础的引发剂的例子包括4-苯氧基二氯苯乙酮、4-叔丁基二氯苯乙酮、4-叔丁基三氯苯乙酮、二乙氧基苯乙酮、2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-丙烷-1-酮、1-(4-异丙基苯基)-2-羟基-2-甲基-丙烷-1-酮、1-(4-十二烷基苯基)-2-羟基-2-甲基丙烷-1-酮、4-(2-羟基乙氧基)-苯基-(2-羟基-2-丙基)酮、1-羟基-环己基苯基酮、2-甲基-1-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-2-马啉代-丙烷-1-酮、等等。以安息香-为基础的光引发剂的例子包括安息香、安息香甲基醚、安息香乙基醚、安息香异丙基醚、安息香异丁基醚、苄基二甲基缩酮,等等。以二苯酮-为基础的光引发剂的例子包括二苯酮、苯甲酰基苯甲酸、苯甲酰基苯甲酸甲酯、4-苯基二苯酮、羟基二苯酮、4-苯甲酰基-4’-甲基二苯基硫醚,3,3’-二甲基-4-甲氧基二苯酮,等等。
此步骤中使用的有机溶剂并不特别限制,但优选使用那些能均匀分散纳米晶并涂敷后容易除去的溶剂。更加优选使用DMF、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、乙二醇单乙基醚、2-甲氧基乙醇、氯仿、氯苯、甲苯、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷、己烷、庚烷、辛烷、壬烷、癸烷或者它们的混合物。可以通过旋涂、浸涂、喷涂或者刮涂过程进行涂敷,但并不特别限于这些。因此在曝光前在30~300℃,优选在40~120℃时干燥所得到的膜,以蒸发有机溶剂。
步骤b)中,通过具有期望图案的光掩膜有选择地将所述膜暴露于电磁波。此时,在曝光区中通过光敏功能基团或者光固化化合物发生交联反应。此交联反应可以形成半导体纳米晶的网状结构,导致在曝光和未曝光区域之间的溶解性不同。基于溶解性的不同,用显影剂显影所述膜可以形成半导体纳米晶的负图案。曝光可以通过接触或者非接触曝光过程来实施。另外,曝光量并不特别限制,可以根据形成膜的厚度适当的控制。优选地是在曝光量为50~850mJ/cm2条件下进行曝光。当曝光量不足时,可能不会发生交联反应,或者发生光漂白(photo bleaching),其导致已形成图案的纳米晶具有低的发光效率。用于曝光的光源优选具有200~500nm,优选300~400nm的有效波长范围,和具有100~800W的能量范围。
步骤c)中,用适当的显影剂显影曝光后的膜,以形成半导体纳米晶图案。本发明中使用的显影剂的例子包括有机溶剂,例如甲苯和氯仿;弱酸溶液和弱碱溶液;和纯水。
因为根据本发明的方法形成的半导体纳米晶图案显示出良好的发光特征,所以它可以应用于各种领域,包括半导体装置,例如,显示器、传感器和太阳能电池。特别地,所述图案用于形成有机-无机混合电致发光装置中的发光层。当所述图案用于形成发光层时,它优选具有5~100nm的厚度。在有机-无机混合电致发光装置中,除发光层以外,有机层还形成在电子转移层或者空穴转移层中。
有机电致发光装置具有一种选自于下述的结构:阳极/发光层/阴极、阳极/缓冲层/发光层/阴极、阳极/空穴转移层/发光层/阴极、阳极/缓冲层/空穴转移层/发光层/阴极、阳极/缓冲层/空穴转移层/发光层/电子转移层/阴极、和阳极/缓冲层/空穴转移层/发光层/空穴阻档层/阴极,但并不特别限于这些结构。
作为缓冲层的材料,可以使用本领域中为了该目的而通常使用的化合物。优选例子包括,但并不限于,酞菁铜、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚吡咯、聚亚苯基和它们的衍生物。作为空穴转移层的材料,可以使用本领域中为了该目的而通常使用的化合物,但优选聚三苯基胺。作为电子转移层的材料,可以使用本领域中为了该目的而通常使用的化合物,但优选聚噁二唑。作为空穴阻档层的材料,可以使用本领域中为了该目的而通常使用的化合物。优选的例子包括,但并不限于,如LiF、BaF2、MgF2,等等。
本发明的有机-无机混合电致发光装置并不需要特别的制造设备和方法,其可以使用本领域中一般熟知的材料并依照传统的制造方法来制造。
在下文中,将参照下面的实施例和准备例来详细地描述本发明。然而,这些实施例是用于解释的目的,而不应理解为限制本发明的范围。
制备例1:与包含双键的化合物表面配位的发射绿光的CdSeS纳米晶的制备
将16g三辛胺(下文中称为‘TOA’)、0.5g油酸和0.4mmol氧化镉同时加入125ml的带回流冷凝器的烧瓶中。搅拌下将混合物的温度升高到300。分别地,将硒(Se)粉溶解于三辛基膦(下文中称为‘TOP’)中,以获得Se-TOP络合物溶液(Se的浓度:约0.25M),将硫(S)粉溶解于TOP中,以获得S-TOP络合物溶液(S的浓度:约1.0M)。将0.9ml S-TOP络合物溶液和0.1ml Se-TOP络合物溶液迅速加入到所述反应混合物中,然后搅拌下反应4分钟。反应完全后,立即将反应混合液迅速冷却到室温。将乙醇作为非-溶剂加入到反应混合物中,然后将得到的混合物离心分离。用倾析上层清液的方法将得到的沉淀从混合物中分离后,把它分散于浓度为1wt%的甲苯中,。在纳米晶的电致发光光谱中,发射波长的峰值大约为520nm,并且在365nm UV光下纳米晶发射绿光。
制备例2:与包含双键的化合物表面配位的发射蓝光的CdSeS纳米晶的制备
用与准备实施例1中同样的方法制备CdSeS纳米晶,所不同的是Se在Se-TOP络合物溶液中的浓度设定为0.06M,S在S-TOP络合物溶液中的浓度设定为2.0M。在纳米晶的电致发光光谱中,发射波长的峰值大约为480nm,并且在365nm UV光下纳米晶发射蓝光。
准备实施例3:与包含双键的化合物表面配位的CdS纳米晶的制备
将2.5ml TOA加入到25ml带回流冷凝器的烧瓶中,然后在搅拌下将混合物的温度升高到180℃。50mg二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸镉在0.9ml TOP中的溶液迅速加入到TOA中,然后搅拌下反应10分钟。反应完全后,立即将反应混合液迅速冷却到室温。将乙醇作为非-溶剂加入到反应混合物中,然后将得到的混合物离心分离。用倾析上层清液的方法将得到的沉淀从混合物中分离后,把它分散于浓度为1wt%的甲苯中。接着,将油酸加入到浓度为5mM的分散体中。在70℃搅拌条件下回流得到的混合物。为了更好的表面-键合能力,纳米晶从溶剂中分离,并随后通过加入浓度为5mM的油酸且在70℃搅拌条件下将混合物回流24小时而重新分散于甲苯中。重复以上步骤几次,以制备所需要的纳米晶,其表面被油酸取代。最后的纳米晶分散在甲苯中。在纳米晶的电致发光光谱中,发射波长的峰值大约为510nm,并且在365nmUV光下纳米晶发射蓝-绿光。
制备例4:与包含丙烯酰基和乙烯基的化合物表面配位的CdSeS纳米晶的制备
向制备例1中制备好的纳米晶分散体中,加入浓度为32mM的3-巯基-1-丙醇。在室温搅拌条件下回流得到的混合物10小时后,通过离心分离与3-巯基-1-丙醇配位的纳米晶,接着把它分散于浓度为1wt%的甲苯中。将2g分散体加入在冰浴中的250ml三颈烧瓶中,并且加入50g四氢呋喃和0.1g三乙胺(TEA)。反应混合物在氮气条件下搅拌30分钟。将0.15g甲基丙烯酰氯用滴管滴加入混合物中后,继续反应4小时。接着,用0.1μm的过滤器过滤盐的加合物。之后,反应混合物在分液漏斗中用100ml的蒸馏水洗涤,以除去未反应的反应物和残留的盐。从分散有半导体纳米晶的分散体中分离出上层清液,并且在氮气条件下用旋转蒸发器除去残留溶剂,以得到纳米晶。得到的纳米晶重新分散到甲苯中。重复以上步骤几次,以获得表面被丙烯酰基和乙烯基取代的最终纳米晶分散体。
制备例5:与包含丙烯酰基的化合物表面配位的CdS纳米晶的制备
将2.5ml TOA加入到25ml带回流冷凝器的烧瓶中,接着在搅拌下将混合物的温度升高到180℃。将50mg二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸镉在0.9ml TOP中的溶液迅速加入到TOA中,接着在搅拌条件下反应10分钟。反应完全后立即将反应混合物迅速冷却到室温。将乙醇作为非-溶剂加入到反应混合物中,接着将得到的混合物离心分离。通过倾析上层清液的方法将所获得的沉淀物从混合物分离后,把它分散于浓度为1wt%的甲苯中。
将3-巯基-1-丙醇加入到浓度为32mM的分散体中。在室温搅拌条件下回流得到的混合物10小时后,离心分离与3-巯基-1-丙醇表面配位的纳米晶。将所获得的纳米晶重新分散于浓度为1wt%的甲苯中。之后,将50g四氢呋喃和0.1g三乙胺(TEA)加入到2g分散体中。反应混合物在氮气条件下搅拌30分钟。将0.15g甲基丙烯酰氯用滴管滴加入混合物中后,继续反应4小时。此时,用0.1μm的过滤器过滤盐的加合物。反应混合物在分液漏斗中用100ml的蒸馏水洗涤,以除去未反应的反应物和残留的盐。从分散有半导体纳米晶的分散体中分离出上层清液,并且在氮气条件下用旋转蒸发器除去残留溶剂,以制备纳米晶。得到的纳米晶重新分散到甲苯中。重复以上步骤几次,以获得表面被丙烯酰基取代的最终纳米晶分散体。
实施例1:发射绿光的CdSeS纳米晶图案的形成
将在制备例1中制备的CdSeS纳米晶分散体(1wt%)以2,000rpm的速度旋涂于用IPA清洁的玻璃基底上,持续30秒,以制备半导体纳米晶膜。在50℃时将所述膜干燥1分钟,接着在100℃时干燥1分钟,以完全蒸发溶剂。随后,将所述膜通过具有期望图案的掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续300秒。所述曝光膜用甲苯显影,以形成半导体纳米晶图案。图2是在365nm UV光下显示图案发射状态的照片。从照片可以看出,它证实了纳米晶图案与使用的照相掩膜相一致,并且发射绿光。发射波长的峰值大约是520nm,显示出与在准备实施例1中制备的纳米晶的电致发光光谱相同的结果。另外,发射峰值具有一个大约40nm的半峰宽度(在以下的描述中称之为“FWHM”)。
实施例2:使用光敏组合物的纳米晶图案的形成
将2.5ml TOA加入到25ml带回流冷凝器的烧瓶中,接着在搅拌下将混合物的温度升高到180℃。将50mg二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸镉在0.9ml TOP中的溶液迅速加入到TOA中,接着在搅拌条件下反应10分钟。反应完全后立即将反应混合物迅速冷却到室温。将乙醇作为非-溶剂加入到反应混合物中,接着将最终的混合物离心分离。用倾析上层清液的方法将得到的沉淀物从混合物分离后,把它分散于浓度为1wt%的甲苯中。2g分散体和0.0005g二季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯(DPHA)均匀混合,以制备组合物。接着,以2,000rpm的速度将所述组合物旋涂于用IPA清洁的玻璃基底上,持续30秒,以制备膜。将所述膜通过具有期望图案的掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续300秒。所述曝光膜用甲苯显影,以形成半导体纳米晶图案。观察到所述纳米晶图案在365nm UV光下发射蓝-绿光。通过观察可以证实,所述纳米晶图案与使用的照相掩膜相一致。在所述图案的电致发光光谱中发射波长的峰值大约是510nm。
实施例3:使用光敏组合物的发射绿光的CdSeS纳米晶图案的形成
将0.2g在准备实施例1中制备的CdSeS纳米晶的甲苯溶液(1wt%),和0.0005g二季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯(DPHA)均匀混合,以制备光敏组合物。以2,000rpm的速度将所述组分旋涂于用IPA清洁的玻璃基底上,持续30秒,以制备膜。然后将所述膜通过具有期望图案的掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续300秒。所述曝光膜用甲苯显影,以形成半导体纳米晶图。图3是在365nm UV光下显示图案发射状态的照片。从照片可以证实,所述纳米晶图案与使用的照相掩膜相一致,并且发射绿光。发射波长的峰值大约是520nm,显示出与在准备实施例1中制备的纳米晶的电致发光光谱相同的结果。另外,发射峰值具有大约40nm的FWHM。
实施例4:使用光敏组合物的发射蓝光的CdSeS纳米晶图案的形成
将0.05g在准备实施例1中制备的CdSeS纳米晶的甲苯溶液(1wt%),和0.001g DPHA均匀混合,以制备组合物。以2,000rpm的速度将所述组合物旋涂于用IPA清洁的玻璃基底上,持续30秒,以制备膜。接着,将所述膜通过具有期望图案的掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续300秒。所述曝光膜用甲苯显影,以形成半导体纳米晶图案。图4是在365nm UV光下显示纳米晶图案发射状态的照片。从照片可以证实,所述纳米晶图与使用的光掩膜相一致,并且发射蓝光。发射波长的峰值大约是480nm,具有大约40nm的FWHM。图5a和5b是半导体纳米晶图的光学显微镜图象(×1,000)和AFM图象。由图5a和5b可以得知,CdSeS纳米晶均匀地分散在CdSeS纳米晶图案中。
实施例5:与包含碳-碳双键的化合物表面配位的CdS纳米晶的图案形成
将0.05g在准备实施例3中制备的与油酸表面配位的CdS纳米晶的甲苯溶液(1wt%)以2,000rpm的速度旋涂于用IPA清洁的玻璃基底上,持续30秒,以制备半导体纳米晶膜。在50℃下将膜干燥1分钟,接着在100℃下干燥1分钟,以完全蒸发溶剂。随后,将所述膜通过具有期望图案的掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续300秒。所述曝光膜用甲苯显影,以形成半导体纳米晶图案。经证实,所述纳米晶图案与使用的光掩膜相一致,并且发射蓝-绿光。
实施例6:与包含丙烯酰基的化合物表面配位的CdSeS纳米晶的图案形成
将0.05g在准备实施例4中制备的与包含丙烯酰基的化合物表面配位的CdSeS纳米晶的甲苯溶液(1wt%)以2,000rpm的速度旋涂于用IPA清洁的玻璃基底上,持续30秒,以制备半导体纳米晶膜。在50℃下将所述膜干燥1分钟,接着在100℃下干燥1分钟,以完全蒸发溶剂。随后,将所述膜通过具有期望图案的掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续300秒。所述曝光膜用甲苯显影,以形成半导体纳米晶图案。经证实,所述纳米晶图案与使用的光掩膜相一致,并且发射绿光。
实施例7:与包含丙烯酰基的化合物表面配位的CdS纳米晶的图案形成
将0.05g在准备实施例5中制备的与包含丙烯酰基的化合物表面配位的CdS纳米晶的甲苯溶液(1wt%)以2,000rpm的速度旋涂于用IPA清洁的玻璃基底上,持续30秒,以制备半导体纳米晶膜。在50℃下将所述膜干燥1分钟,接着在100℃下干燥1分钟,以完全蒸发溶剂。随后,将所述膜通过具有期望图案的掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续300秒。所述曝光膜用甲苯显影,以形成半导体纳米晶图案。经证实,所述纳米晶图案与使用的光掩膜相一致,并且发射绿光。
实施例8:使用纳米晶图案的电致发光装置的制造
在本实施例中,通过使用在准备实施例1中制备的纳米晶薄图案作为发光材料来制造有机-无机混合电致发光装置。将PEDOT(聚-3-4-亚乙二氧噻吩)作为空穴转移层旋涂于带有图案的ITO基底上至厚度为50nm,接着烘烤。将在准备实施例1中制备的CdSeS纳米晶的甲苯溶液(1wt%)旋涂于空穴转移层上并且干燥,以形成厚度为5nm的发光层。将所述发光层通过掩模暴露于具有有效波长为200~300nm的800W UV光,持续200秒,并且用甲苯显影所述曝光膜。将Alq3(三(8-羟基喹啉)铝)沉积到所述发光层上,以形成厚度约为40nm的电子转移层。将LiF和铝顺序沉积到电子转移层上至厚度分别为1nm和200nm,以制造有机-无机混合电致发光装置。
图6显示了电致发光装置的电致发光光谱。所述光谱证实了光是通过将电子施加到本装置而从纳米晶发射的。在本装置的电致发光光谱中,发射波长峰值为520nm,并且FWHM约为40nm。另外,光谱强度是10Cd/m2,且装置的效率约为0.1%。
尽管为了阐述的目的公开了本发明优选的实施方案,但是本领域熟练技术人员将会理解到,在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下,各种修改,添加和替代是可能的,如在所附的权利要求中公开的。
Claims (23)
1.与包含光敏功能基团的化合物表面配位的半导体纳米晶。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体纳米晶,其中包含光敏功能基团的化合物由式1表示如下:
X-A-B (1)
其中,X是NC-、HOOC-、HRN-、POOOH-、RS-或者RSS-(其中R是氢原子或C1~10的饱和或不饱和脂肪族烃基);A是直接的键、脂肪族有机基团、亚苯基或者亚联苯基;B是包含至少一个碳-碳双键的有机基团,其可以被从下列基团所组成的组中选出的至少一个基团所取代:-CN、-COOH、卤素基团、C1~5的卤代烷基、胺基、C6~15的芳香族烃基、和用F、Cl、Br、卤代烷基、R’O-(其中R’是氢原子或C1~5的烷基)、-COOH、胺基或者-NO2取代的C6~12的芳香族烃基。
3.根据权利要求2所述的半导体纳米晶,其中式1中A部分的脂肪族有机基团是饱和的脂肪族烃基、脂肪族酯基、脂肪族酰胺基、脂肪族氧羰基、或者脂肪族醚基。
4.根据权利要求2所述的半导体纳米晶,其中式1中B部分由式2代表如下:
-CR1=CR2R3 (2)
其中R1是氢原子、-COOH、卤素基团、C1~5的烷基或者卤代烷基;R2和R3是相互独立的氢原子、C1~30的烷基、-CN、-COOH、卤素基团、C1~5的卤代烷基、包含至少一个碳-碳双键的C2~30的不饱和脂肪族烃基、用F、Cl、Br、羟基、C1~5的卤代烷基、胺基、R’O-(其中R’是C1~5的烷基)、-COOH或者-NO2取代或不取代的C6~12的芳香族烃基。
5.根据权利要求2所述的半导体纳米晶,其中所述光敏化合物是由下列化合物组成的组中选出的至少一种:丙烯酸化合物、不饱和脂肪酸化合物、肉桂酸化合物、乙烯基苯甲酸化合物、以丙烯腈为基础的化合物、不饱和的以腈为基础的化合物、不饱和胺化合物和不饱和的硫化合物。
6.根据权利要求2所述的半导体纳米晶,其中所述光敏化合物是由下列化合物组成的组中选出的至少一种:甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸、乙烯基乙酸、剔各酸、3,3-二甲基丙烯酸、反-2-戊烯酸、4-戊烯酸、反-2-甲基-2-戊烯酸、2,2-二甲基-4-戊烯酸、反-2-己烯酸、反-3-己烯酸、2-乙基-2-己烯酸、6-庚烯酸、2-辛基酸、香茅酸、十一碳烯酸、9-十四碳烯酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、反油酸、顺-11-二十碳烯酸、euric acid、二十四碳烯酸、反-2,4-戊二烯酸、2,4-己二烯酸、2,6-庚二烯酸、香叶酸、亚油酸、11,14-二十碳二烯酸、顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸、花生四烯酸、顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸、顺-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十碳六烯酸、富马酸、马来酸、衣康酸、criaconicacid、中康酸、反-戊烯二酸、反-β-氢化粘康酸、反-愈伤酸、反-粘康酸、顺-乌头酸、反-乌头酸、顺-3-氯丙烯酸、反-3-氯丙烯酸、2-溴代丙烯酸、2-(三氟甲基)丙烯酸、反-苯乙烯基乙酸、反-肉桂酸、α-甲基肉桂酸、2-甲基肉桂酸、2-氟肉桂酸、2-(三氟甲基)肉桂酸、2-氯肉桂酸、2-甲氧基肉桂酸、2-羟基肉桂酸、2-硝基肉桂酸、2-羧基肉桂酸,反-3-氟肉桂酸、3-(三氟甲基)肉桂酸、3-氯肉桂酸、3-溴肉桂酸、3-甲氧基肉桂酸、3-羟基肉桂酸、3-硝基肉桂酸、4-甲基肉桂酸、4-氟肉桂酸、反-4-(三氟甲基)肉桂酸、4-氯肉桂酸、4-溴肉桂酸、4-甲氧基肉桂酸、4-羟基肉桂酸、4-硝基肉桂酸、3,3-二甲氧基肉桂酸、4-乙烯基苯甲酸、烯丙基甲基硫醚、烯丙基二硫、二烯丙基胺、油胺、3-氨基-1-丙醇乙烯醚、4-氯肉桂腈、4-甲氧基肉桂腈、3,4-二甲氧基肉桂腈、4-二甲基氨基肉桂腈、丙烯腈、烯丙基氰、丁烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、顺-2-戊烯腈、反-3-戊烯腈、3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯腈和1,4-二氰基-2-丁烯。
7.根据权利要求1所述的半导体纳米晶,其中半导体纳米晶由CdS,CdSe,CdTe,ZnS,ZnSe,ZnTe,HgS,HgSe,HgTe,GaN,GaP,GaAs,InP,InAs或它们的混合物组成。
8.根据权利要求7所述的半导体纳米晶,其中半导体纳米晶由从下列化合物组成的组中选出的至少两种化合物组成:CdS,CdSe,CdTe,ZnS,ZnSe,ZnTe,HgS,HgSe,HgTe,GaN,GaP,GaAs,InP,InAs,并且其是均一混合类型、梯度混合类型、核-壳类型或联合类型。
9.一种用于半导体纳米晶图案的光敏组合物,该光敏组合物包括i)半导体纳米晶,和ii)光固化化合物。
10.根据权利要求9所述的光敏组合物,其中半导体纳米晶是与下面式1代表的化合物表面相配位的半导体纳米晶:
X-A-B (1)
其中,X是NC-、HOOC-、HRN-、POOOH-、RS-或者RSS-(其中R是氢原子或C1~10的饱和或不饱和脂肪族烃基);A是直接的键,脂肪族有机基团、亚苯基或者联亚苯基;B是包含至少一个碳-碳双键的有机基团,其可以被从下列基团所组成的组中选出的至少一个基团所取代:-CN、-COOH、卤素基团、C1~5的卤代烷基、胺基、C6~15的芳香族烃基,和用F、Cl、Br、卤代烷基、R’O-(其中R’是氢原子或C1~5的烷基)、-COOH、胺基或者-NO2取代的C6~12的芳香族烃基。
11.根据权利要求9所述的光敏组合物,其中光固化化合物是从下列物质组成的组中选出的至少一个:包含丙烯酰基和/或乙烯基的聚合体和以醚为基础的化合物。
12.根据权利要求9所述的光敏组合物,其中光固化化合物是从下列化合物组成的组中选出的至少一个:多功能丙烯酸脂为基础的化合物、多功能聚氧化烯化合物和包含至少一个丙烯酰基和/或乙烯基的聚硅氧烷。
13.根据权利要求12所述的光敏组合物,其中光固化化合物是下列化合物组成的组中选择的至少一个:烯丙氧基环己基二丙烯酸酯、双(丙烯酰氧基乙基)羟基异氰脲酸酯、双(丙烯酰氧基新戊二醇)己二酸酯、双酚A二丙烯酸酯、双酚A二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,4-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二环戊烯基二丙烯酸酯、二甘醇二丙烯酸酯、二甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇基单羟基五丙烯酸酯、双三羟甲基丙烷四丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、甘油甲基丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇羟基新戊酸二丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、磷酸二甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四溴双酚A二丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二乙烯基醚、三甘油二丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷基三丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三(丙烯酰氧基乙基)异氰脲酸酯、磷酸三丙烯酸酯、磷酸二丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸炔丙基酯、乙烯基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、乙烯基封端的二苯基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、乙烯基封端的聚苯基甲基硅氧烷、乙烯基封端的三氟甲基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、乙烯基封端的二乙基硅氧烷-二甲基硅氧烷共聚物、乙烯基甲基硅氧烷、单甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、单乙烯基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷和单烯丙基-单三甲基甲硅烷氧基封端的聚氧化乙烯。
14.根据权利要求9所述的光敏组合物,其中半导体纳米晶由CdS,CdSe,CdTe,ZnS,ZnSe,ZnTe,HgS,HgSe,HgTe,GaN,GaP,GaAs,InP,InAs或它们的混合物组成。
15.根据权利要求9所述的光敏组合物,其中半导体纳米晶由从下列化合物组成的组中选出的至少两种化合物组成:CdS,CdSe,CdTe,ZnS,ZnSe,ZnTe,HgS,HgSe,HgTe,GaN,GaP,GaAs,InP和InAs,并且其是均一混合类型、梯度混合类型,核-壳类型或联合类型。
16.一种形成半导体纳米晶图案的方法,包括下述步骤:i)使用根据权利要求1所述的半导体纳米晶或根据权利要求9所述的光敏组合物产生半导体纳米晶膜;ii)通过掩膜曝光所述膜;iii)显影所述曝光膜。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中步骤i)中的膜在步骤ii)的曝光前在30~100下干燥。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中步骤i)中的膜是通过将根据权利要求1所述的半导体纳米晶或根据权利要求9所述的光敏组合物分散于有机溶剂中,并通过旋涂、浸涂、喷涂或者刮涂将所述分散体涂布于基底上来产生。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述有机溶剂进一步含有从下列光引发剂组成的组中选出的一种光引发剂:苯乙酮-、安息香-,二苯酮-和噻唑酮-为基础的光引发剂。
20.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述曝光是在曝光量为50~850mJ/cm2条件下通过具有预定图案的光掩膜来进行的。
21.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述曝光是使用具有波长范围为200~500nm和能量范围为100~800W的光源进行的。
22.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中使用有机溶剂、弱酸溶液或碱溶液、或水来进行步骤iii)中的显影。
23.一种有机-无机混合电致发光装置,其中含有根据权利要求16所述的方法制备的半导体纳米晶图案作为发光层。
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US20060199039A1 (en) | 2006-09-07 |
US7199393B2 (en) | 2007-04-03 |
EP3240047A1 (en) | 2017-11-01 |
US20130011635A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
US8911883B2 (en) | 2014-12-16 |
EP3240047B1 (en) | 2022-07-06 |
US20080290797A1 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
EP1526584A2 (en) | 2005-04-27 |
JP2011046951A (ja) | 2011-03-10 |
CN1655057B (zh) | 2010-12-08 |
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