CN1652897B - 轧辊磨削方法 - Google Patents
轧辊磨削方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1652897B CN1652897B CN038109646A CN03810964A CN1652897B CN 1652897 B CN1652897 B CN 1652897B CN 038109646 A CN038109646 A CN 038109646A CN 03810964 A CN03810964 A CN 03810964A CN 1652897 B CN1652897 B CN 1652897B
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- emery wheel
- grinding
- wheel
- aggregate
- abrasive particle
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B5/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work
- B24B5/04—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work for grinding cylindrical surfaces externally
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B5/36—Single-purpose machines or devices
- B24B5/363—Single-purpose machines or devices for grinding surfaces of revolution in situ
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D18/00—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/04—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic
- B24D3/14—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic ceramic, i.e. vitrified bondings
- B24D3/18—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic ceramic, i.e. vitrified bondings for porous or cellular structure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
- B24D3/22—Rubbers synthetic or natural
- B24D3/26—Rubbers synthetic or natural for porous or cellular structure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
- B24D3/28—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B24D3/32—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds for porous or cellular structure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/34—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents characterised by additives enhancing special physical properties, e.g. wear resistance, electric conductivity, self-cleaning properties
- B24D3/348—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents characterised by additives enhancing special physical properties, e.g. wear resistance, electric conductivity, self-cleaning properties utilised as impregnating agent for porous abrasive bodies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
- C09K3/1436—Composite particles, e.g. coated particles
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
- Grinding Of Cylindrical And Plane Surfaces (AREA)
- Crushing And Grinding (AREA)
- Constituent Portions Of Griding Lathes, Driving, Sensing And Control (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Abstract
用抗振磨轮进行轧辊的磨削,所述磨轮具有较低的弹性模量和较高的碎裂速度。磨削操作可高效进行,同时能控制轮子的振动,从而在被磨削的轧辊上产生具有最佳质量的表面。
Description
本申请是提交于2002年4月11日的美国申请10/120969的后续部分。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种轧辊磨削(对轧辊进行磨削加工)方法和轧辊磨削所用的磨削工具。
背景技术
轧辊磨削是一种外圆磨削工艺,其中一个粘结磨轮对磨削轧辊的表面进行磨削,使其光滑。轧辊是个大金属辊(例如长7英尺,直径2英尺),通常由锻钢制造,用于金属板材的表面精加工。在磨削轧辊表面时,磨轮必须使轧辊表面均匀、而光滑,因为磨削过程中在轧辊表面上产生的任何缺陷,如磨削花纹、进给线、随机痕迹、凹陷等,都会转移到受轧辊加工的金属板材上。
对于不稳定的磨削系统,磨削条件会使磨轮与工件之间的振动幅度随着时间增加。这会导致磨轮和工件的表面形成一系列波纹。此过程称作再生性或自激发振颤,与磨轮的表面在磨削后的某些缺陷(“颤痕”)有关。轧辊磨削操作者希望使用“抗振”的磨轮,它能保持圆形,在磨削进行过程中以及磨轮磨损的时候保持弹性。有人提出一些磨削振动模型(Inasaki I.,Grinding Chatter-Originand Suppression,CIRP会议录,2001),解释磨轮性质(如接触硬度下降,阻尼增加)和抑制自激发振颤之间的关系。
轧辊磨削工业通常采用虫胶粘结磨轮,以最大程度减少磨削过程中对轧辊的损害。磨轮中之所以较好用虫胶树脂粘结剂,是因为它的弹性模量较低(例如1.3GPa,而酚醛树脂粘结剂的弹性模量为5-7GPa)。商业上用于磨轮生产的有机粘结剂中,优选酚醛粘结剂,这是由于强度、成本、易得性和制造方面的考虑。与此不同,虫胶树脂是从昆虫身上收集的天然材料,较贵,在组成和质量上不稳定,难以用于磨轮的生产。在各种类型的有机粘结磨轮中,虫胶粘结轮的特征是机械强度较低,使用寿命短。较低的机械强度由较低的“碎裂速度”(离心力导致磨轮碎裂时的旋转速度)。在轧辊磨削操作中,虫胶轮的限制是轮 转速度较低(例如4000-8000sfpm),寿命较短。虫胶轮的操作也比较麻烦,要求频繁调整轮速、进给速率和其他参数,以便避免轮子随着直径的减小(因为发生磨损)和振动幅度的变化而发生振颤。
除了虫胶轮外,美国专利A-5104424建议在高弹性模量粘结轮中组合使用碳化硅和烧结溶胶凝胶氧化铝磨粒,以便在磨削过程中控制辊表面的形状。这种工具设计在商业上不是十分有用。
因此,工业上仍然需要更好的磨削工具和磨削程序,以便适应在有效操作成本下生产和整新具有高质量表面光洁度的轧辊。
现在已经发现,采用由普通磨削工具组分,如酚醛树脂粘结剂和常规氧化铝颗粒,较好为与选定粘结材料团聚在一起的氧化铝颗粒制备的独特磨轮,可以进行比已知的商业轧辊磨削工艺更有效率的轧辊磨削过程。
发明内容
本发明涉及对轧辊磨削的方法,它包括如下步骤:
1)提供选定的磨轮;
2)将磨轮安装到轧辊磨床上;
3)使磨轮与具有圆柱形表面的旋转轧辊接触;
4)使磨轮在轧辊表面上横向运动,磨轮与轧辊表面保持连续接触;
5)磨削该轧辊表面,使表面光洁度为10-50Ra,并使表面上基本不遗留给进线、振颤痕迹,表面不规则性。
在本发明的另一种对轧辊磨削的方法中,该轧辊磨削方法包括如下步骤:
1)提供选定的磨轮;
2)将磨轮安装到轧辊磨床上;
3)使磨轮与具有圆柱形表面的旋转轧辊接触;
4)使磨轮在轧辊表面上横向运动,磨轮与轧辊表面保持连续接触;
5)磨削该轧辊表面;
6)重复步骤3)-5);
其中,磨轮在磨削步骤中逐渐消耗的过程中,磨轮基本上不振颤。
可用于本发明方法的抗振磨轮可选自:
1)包含磨粒和酚醛树脂粘结剂的磨轮,其孔隙率为36-54vol%,最大固化密度为2.0g/cc,碎裂速度至少为6000sfpm;
2)至少包含20vol%磨粒团聚物和有机树脂粘结剂的磨轮,其孔隙率为38-54vol%;
3)包含22-40vol%粘结在有机树脂粘结剂中的磨粒的磨轮,其孔隙率为36-54vol%,最大弹性模量值为12GPa,最小碎裂速度为6000sfpm。
具体实施方式
本发明轧辊磨削方法是一种圆磨削工艺,它采用选定的有机粘结磨轮进行,所述磨轮具有特殊的轮子结构和物理性质。这些磨轮与原有轧辊磨削方法中采用的常规磨轮相比,可使轧辊表面磨光的速度更快,效率更高。在本发明方法中,磨轮在对轧辊磨削时的振颤微乎其微,无损于选定磨轮的寿命。
在本发明方法中,选定的磨轮安装在轧辊磨床的心轴上,转速较好约为4000-9500sfpm,更较好为6000-8500sfpm。当用本发明选定的磨轮替代原有技术所用磨轮(例如虫胶粘结轮)时,与原有方法中避免振颤的最大速度相比(例如4000-7000sfpm),本方法可在更高的轮转速度下操作,而不致引起振颤。只要速度不超过选定磨轮的安全限制(即磨轮碎裂速度限制),此抗振法可在所用特定轧辊磨床规定的任何速度下应用。
合适的轧辊磨床可购自Herkules,Meuselwitz,Germany;Waldrich Siegen,Burbach,Germany和Pomini(Techint Company),Milan,Italy,也可购自其他为轧辊磨削工业供应设备的制造商。
旋转的磨轮与旋转的轧辊(例如在20-40sfpm转速下)接触后,磨轮在渐渐旋转的轧辊表面上横向运动,磨去其表面材料,在轧辊上留下光滑的光洁度。磨轮在轧辊上横向运动的速度为100-150英寸/分钟。在常见的长7英尺、直径为2英尺的轧辊上,完成横向运动一次要花0.6-1.0分钟。在此步骤中,磨轮与轧辊表面连续保持接触,此条件在过去会不断引起表面振动和振颤。尽管这样与轧辊表面持续接触,磨轮的振动幅度在其使用寿命期内保持相当恒定的比例,而磨轮从开始磨削直到在磨削步骤中耗损掉,都基本上不发生振颤。
在实施本发明方法时,经磨光的轧辊的表面必须没有波纹、线条、痕迹和其他表面的不平整。如果有这种不平整的地方,它们将从有些缺陷的轧辊表面转移到被其加工金属板材表面上。如果不能有效控制轧辊磨削过程,将给生产造成很大的浪费。在一优选方法中,轧辊表面经磨光后,表面粗糙度约为10-50Ra,较好约为18-30Ra。这里所用“Ra”是一种表征表面光洁度质量的工业 准单位,表示粗糙高度的平均值,即在测定长度内,离粗糙截面中线的平均绝对距离。较好的磨轮有个锐利的开口面,能够产生这样的表面质量,其特征是160-180个峰(或凹陷)/英寸。峰数(Pc,即表示每英寸上峰的个数的工业标准,这些峰穿过中心大致位于中线的选定段)是金属板材表面的重要参数,这些金属板材在生产汽车车身部件时要上漆。表面上峰太少与表面上峰太多即表面过分粗糙一样不利。
虽然这里所介绍的轧辊磨削法是就冷轧辊操作而言的,但本发明也适用于热轧辊操作中使用的轧辊表面的精加工。在用于冷轧辊操作的轧辊进行磨削时,选定的磨轮包含120-46号(142-508微米)磨粒,而用于热轧辊操作的轧进行磨削时的磨轮较好包含粗磨粒,例如36号(710微米)磨粒。
为实施本发明辊磨工艺所指定的粘结磨轮的特征在于前所未有的轮子结构和物理性质。这里所用术语“轮子结构”是指磨轮中所含磨粒、粘结剂(如果用填料的话,还包含填料)的百分数和孔隙率。轮子硬度“级别”指用来标识磨削操作中磨轮性能的字母标记。对于给定粘结剂类型,硬度级别是磨轮孔隙率、颗粒含量和某些物理性质,如固化密度、弹性模量和喷砂穿透力(后者对于玻璃化粘结轮更有代表性)的函数。从轮子的“级别”可以预知磨轮在磨削过程中的耐磨损能力和磨轮磨削的难易程度,即在指定磨削操作中使用磨轮时需要多大的功率。用来标识轮子级别的字母标记根据本领域熟知的Norton Company分级标准确定,其中最软的级别标记为A,最硬的级别标记为Z(例如,见美国专利A-1983082,Howe等)。通过比对,本领域技术人员一般能够根据已知级别的轮子确定新轮子的规格,并能预测新轮子的性能类似于还是优于已知轮子。
与已知的有机粘结轮性能不同,为实施本发明轧辊磨削方法而用的磨轮的特征是具有低硬度级别,即比具有类似效能的已知磨轮更软。较好选用Norton级别约为B-G的磨轮,所述级别基于酚醛树脂粘结剂标度。用于本发明的磨轮比具有相同孔容的已知磨轮的弹性模量低,但出人意料的是,它们具有更高的G比率(G比率是材料磨削速率/磨轮磨损速率之比)。
粘结磨削工具的密度可低于2.0gcc,较好低于1.8g/cc,更较好低于1.6g/cc。
用于本发明的粘结磨削工具是约包含22-40vol%,较好包含24-38vol%,最好包含26-36vol%磨粒。
在一优选实施方式中,有机粘结磨削工具约包含8-25vol%,较好包含10-22vol%,最好包含12-20vol%有机粘结剂。将磨粒和粘结剂算在一起,这些工 具的孔隙率约为36-54vol%,较好为36-50vol%,最好为40-50vol%,这些孔隙中较好包含至少30vol%的连通孔。对于给定磨轮,颗粒、粘结剂和孔隙的总百分比等于100%。
有机粘结磨削工具较好包含20-38vol%磨粒的烧结团聚物、10-26vol%有机粘结剂和38-50vol%孔隙。用无机粘结材料(例如玻璃化或陶瓷粘结材料)制备的多孔磨粒团聚物较好用于这些磨轮中,因为它们可用来生产带连通孔的开放轮结构。用这些颗粒团聚物尽管能得到所需孔容外,但磨轮还能保持高的机械强度和耐磨性,并具有较强的磨削性能,因为其硬度级别高。
用于本发明的磨轮的弹性模量小于12GPa,较好小于10GPa,最好小于8GPa。除其他特性外,用有效量(例如磨粒含量至少为30vol%,固化后至少为轮子总体积的20vol%)磨粒团聚物制备的磨轮比标准磨轮更低的弹性模量。标准轮包括那些不用磨粒团聚物但具有相同孔隙率的磨轮。本发明的粘结磨削工具具有不同寻常的孔结构。在研磨工具结构中,当连通孔测定的条件是在最大开口时,烧结团聚物的平均直径小于或等于连通孔的平均尺寸。
连通孔的多少可根据美国专利A-5738696所述方法通过测定磨削工具的流体透过率来确定。在这里,磨削工具的流体透过率=Q/P,其中Q为空气流速,单位为每秒cc,P为压力差。术语Q/P表示在在一给定所测定的磨削工具结构与环境之间的压力差条件下指定流体(例如空气)的流速。相对透过率Q/P与孔容和孔径的平方之积成正比。孔径较好较大。孔的几何形状和磨粒尺寸是影响Q/P的其他因素,磨粒粒度越大,相对透过率就越高。
用于本发明磨削工具的特征是其流体透过率比用于磨削辊的原有工具更高。一般地,用于本发明磨削方法的磨削工具的流体透过值至少比用于辊的磨削原有磨削工具的流体透过率高约30%。
对于特定团聚物尺寸和形状、粘结剂类型和孔容水平,实施者可利用D’Arcy定律来处理经验数据,以此确定指定类型的磨削工具的实际相对流体渗透性参数。
磨轮中的孔隙来自工具组分,特别是磨粒团聚物自然堆积而形成的空隙,还可以添加增孔介质。合适的增孔介质包括,但不限于空心玻璃球、塑料或有机物的空心球或珠、泡沫玻璃颗粒、泡沫多铝红柱石和泡沫氧化铝,以及它们的混合物。制备磨削工具时,可加入开孔增孔剂,如萘珠或其他有机颗粒,在工具模制成形后除去,就留下空隙;或者在制备时加入闭孔增孔剂(例如空心玻 璃球)。本发明磨削工具较好不添加增孔介质,或者仅含少量增孔介质,以便在磨削工具中有效地产生孔隙,其中至少30vol%是连通孔。
最后形成的工具可以包含次级磨粒、填料、磨削助剂和增孔介质,以及这些材料的混合物。当磨粒与磨削颗粒团聚物一起使用时,团聚物较好为工具提供约30-100vol%的磨粒,更较好提供约40-70vol%的磨粒。当使用次级磨粒时,这些磨粒较好约占工具中总磨粒的0.1-70vol%,更较好约占30-60vol%。合适的次级非团聚磨粒包含,但不限于各种氧化铝、溶胶凝胶氧化铝、烧结矾土、碳化硅、氧化铝-氧化锆、铝氧氮化物、氧化铈、低氧化硼、立方氮化硼、金刚石、燧石和石榴石颗粒,以及它们的混合物。
本发明的磨削工具较好用有机粘结剂粘结。这里可选用本领域用来制备磨削工具的各种热固性有机树脂。较好选用酚醛树脂。合适的粘结剂和用于生产这些粘结剂的技术的例子见美国专利6251149B1、6015338、5976204、5827337和3323885,它们参考结合于此。这里优先选用共同转让的美国专利申请10/060982和美国专利3323885所介绍的那些粘结剂和方法。有机粘结的磨削工具可根据各种加工方法进行混合、成形和固化或烧结,如本领域已知可以使用各种比例的磨粒或基团聚物、粘结剂和孔隙。
磨削工具的密度和硬度决定于所选磨粒团聚物、粘结剂类型和其他工具组分、孔容以及模具的尺寸和类型、所选压制工艺。
磨轮可用本领域已知的任何方法压制成形,包括热压、温压和冷压技术。在选择形成轮坯的压制压力时要谨慎,防止压碎过多的磨粒团聚物(例如超过团聚物的50wt%),并保护团聚物的三维结构。制备本发明磨轮的最大合适压力取决于磨轮的形状、大小、厚度和粘结剂组分,以及模塑温度。本发明团聚物的机械强度足以经受制造磨削工具常用的商业生产工艺中所进行的压制成形步骤。
磨轮可利用本领域技术人员熟知的方法固化。固化条件主要由实际所用粘结剂和磨粒材料以及磨粒团聚物中所含粘结材料的类型决定。根据所选粘结剂的化学组成,有机粘结剂可在120-250℃,较好在160-185℃固化,为磨削金属或其他材料提供必要的机械性质。
这里所用磨粒团聚物是三维的结构或颗粒,是磨粒和粘结材料的多孔烧结复合物。团聚物的疏松堆积密度(LPD)≤1.6g/cc,平均尺寸约为磨粒平均尺寸的2-20倍,孔隙率约为30-88vol%。磨粒团聚物的最小破碎强度值为0.2MPa。
磨粒较好是一种或多种常用于磨削工具的磨粒,如氧化铝颗粒(包括熔凝氧化铝、烧结氧化铝和烧结溶胶凝胶氧化铝、烧结矾土等)、碳化硅、氧化铝-氧化锆、铝氧氮化物、氧化铈、低氧化硼、石榴石、燧石、金刚石(包括天然和合成金刚石)、立方氮化硼(CBN),以及它们的混合物。任何尺寸或形状的磨粒都可以采用。例如,颗粒可包括具有高纵横比的长形烧结溶胶凝胶氧化铝颗粒,如美国专利5129919所介绍的那种类型。
适用于本发明的磨粒尺寸在常见磨粒尺寸范围内(例如大于60微米至7000微米)。对于给定磨削操作,磨粒团聚物中磨粒的尺寸较好小于这种磨削操作通常所选定的磨粒(非团聚)的尺寸。例如,80号团聚物磨粒可代替54号磨粒,100号磨粒的团聚物可代替60号磨粒,120号磨粒的团聚物可代替80号磨粒。
典型磨粒的烧结团聚物的平均直径较好约为200-3000微米,更较好为350-2000微米,最好是425-1000微米。
团聚物中磨粒约占10-65vol%,更较好占35-55vol%,最好占48-52vol%。
用来制备团聚物的粘结材料较好是陶瓷和玻璃化材料,较好为玻璃化粘结磨削工具的粘结剂系统中所用那种类型的材料。这些玻璃化粘结材料可以是研成粉末的预烧结玻璃(玻璃粉料),或者各种原料,如粘土、长石、石灰、硼砂和苏打的混合物,或者烧结材料与原料的混合物。这些材料在约500-1400℃范围内熔化形成液体玻璃相,润湿磨粒表面,冷却时产生粘结剂柱,从而使磨粒保持复合结构。适用于团聚物的粘结材料的例子列于表1-1。优选粘结材料的特征是,1180℃的粘度约为345-55300泊,熔化温度约为800-1300℃。
在一个优选实施方式中,粘结材料是玻璃化粘结组合物,包含由71wt%SiO2和B2O3、14wt%Al2O3、低于0.5wt%碱土金属氧化物和13wt%碱金属氧化物组成的烧结氧化物组合物。
粘结材料也可以是陶瓷材料,包括但不限于氧化硅,碱金属、碱土金属、混合碱金属和碱土金属硅酸盐,硅酸铝,硅酸锆,水合硅酸盐,铝酸盐,氧化物,氮化物,氧氮化物,碳化物,氧碳化物,它们的组合或衍生物。一般地,陶瓷材料不同于玻璃或玻璃化材料的地方,是陶瓷材料是结晶结构。某些玻璃相可以与结晶结构相伴而生,特别是在未精制陶瓷材料中。这其中可包含原料状态的陶瓷材料,如粘土、水泥和矿物。适用于本发明的陶瓷材料的具体例子包括,但不限于氧化硅、硅酸钠、多铝红柱石和其他铝硅酸盐、氧化锆-多铝红柱石、铝酸镁、硅酸镁、硅酸锆、长石和其他碱金属-铝硅酸盐、尖晶石、铝酸 钙、铝酸镁和其他碱金属铝酸盐、氧化锆、用氧化钇稳定的氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化钙、氧化铈、氧化钛,或其他稀土元素添加剂,滑石、氧化铁、氧化铝、勃姆石、氧化硼、氧化铝-氧氮化物、氮化硼、氮化硅、石墨和这些陶瓷材料的混合物。
粘结材料以粉末形式使用,可加入液体介质,确保粘结材料与磨粒在生产团聚物的过程中形成均匀混合物。
较好将有机粘结剂的分散液添加到粉末粘结材料组分中,作为模制成形或加工助剂。这些粘结剂包括糊精、淀粉、动物蛋白胶和其他类型的胶;液体组分,如水、溶剂、粘度或pH调节剂;混合助剂。用有机粘结剂可提高团聚物的均匀性,特别是粘结材料分散液在磨粒上的均匀性,还能提高预烧或生料团聚物的结构质量,以及包含团聚物的烧结磨削工具的质量。因为粘结材料在烧结团聚物的过程中烧掉,它们不构成最终的团聚物或磨削工具的一部分。
如果要提高混合质量,在混合物中可加入无机粘着促进剂,以提高粘结材料与磨粒的粘着力。在制备团聚物时,无机粘着促进剂可单独使用,也可与有机粘结剂一起使用。
尽管本发明的团聚物优选使用高温熔化的粘结材料,粘结材料也可包含其他无机粘结剂、有机粘结剂、有机粘结材料、金属粘结材料和它们的混合物。较好采用在磨具行业中用来粘结无机粘结磨削工具、涂敷磨工具、金属粘结研磨工具等的粘结材料。
粘结材料约占团聚物的0.5-15vol%,较好占1-10vol%,最好占2-8vol%。
团聚物内的孔隙率较好尽可能高,只要从技术上讲,团聚物的机械强度在生产磨削工具和用它进行磨削所需的限度内。孔隙率可在30-88vol%之间,较好在40-80vol%之间,最好在50-75vol%之间。团聚物中的部分孔隙(例如约75vol%)较好为连通孔,或者在磨轮固化后间能透过流体的孔,包括液体(例如磨削冷却液和磨屑)、空气和熔融树脂粘结材料。可以认为,在磨轮进行热固化时,有机粘结材料迁移到烧结磨粒团聚物的间隙中,由此增加了颗粒间的粘结强度,打开了磨轮结构,得到了前所未有的孔容,而机械强度并不发生预料中的损失。
团聚物的密度可用许多方法表示。团聚物的体密度可表达为LPD。团聚物的相对密度可表达为相对于初始相对密度的百分比,或者团聚物与用来制备团聚物的组分的相对密度之比,此时要考虑团聚物中连通孔的体积。
以百分数表示的初始平均相对密度可通过用LPD(ρ)除以团聚物的理论密度(ρ0)来计算,取理论密度时假定孔隙率为0。理论密度可根据混合物的体积规则,由团聚物中所含粘结材料和磨粒的重量百分数和密度计算。对于本发明的烧结团聚物,最大百分相对密度为50vol%,更较好为30vol%。
相对密度可用流体置换体积法测定,以便包含连通孔的体积而排除封闭孔的体积。相对密度是用流体置换法测定的烧结团聚物体积与用来制备烧结团聚物的材料的体积之比。用来制备团聚物的材料的体积是根据用来制备团聚物的磨粒和粘结材料的量和堆积密度的表观体积的衡量。对于本发明的烧结团聚物,其最大相对密度较好为0.7,尤其较好为0.5。
用于本发明粘结磨削工具中的团聚物可根据共同转让美国申请10/120969所述方法制备,该申请参考结合于此。如该申请所述,将颗粒与粘结材料(可以加上有机粘结剂)的简单混合物送入旋转焙烧装置,熔结粘结剂(例如约650-1400℃),形成玻璃或玻璃化粘结剂,将团聚物中的磨粒粘结在一起。当将磨粒与低温固化(例如约145-500℃)粘结材料团聚在一起时,可采用这种旋转窑的另一种形式。这种形式的旋转窑,即旋转干燥器的设备,可向管道的出料端提供热空气,加热磨粒混合物,使粘结材料固化,将其粘结到颗粒上,从而使磨粒在从装置中收集起来的时候发生团聚。这里所用术语“旋转焙烧窑”包括这种旋转干燥设备。
在制备磨粒团聚物的另一种方法中,可用有机粘结剂溶液将粘结材料和磨粒制成糊状物,用美国专利A-4393021所述设备和方法挤压成长形颗粒,然后烧结。
在干造粒过程中,可将包埋在粘结材料分散液或糊状物中的磨粒制成的片或团块进行干燥,然后用辊压机破碎颗粒和粘结材料的这种复合物,再进入烧结步骤。
在制备生团聚物或团聚物前体的另一种方法中,粘结材料和磨粒的混合物可加入一成形设备中,对其成形成为精确形状和尺寸,例如用美国专利6217413B1所述方法。
在本发明用来制备团聚物的另一个过程中,将磨粒、粘结材料和有机粘结物系组成的混合物不需要预团聚就直接送入炉子,进行加热。将该混合物加热到足够高的温度,使粘结材料熔化、流动并粘着到颗粒上,然后冷却,制成复合物。破碎该复合物,过筛,形成烧结团聚物。
以下一些实施例是用来说明本发明的,不构成任何限制。
实施例1
磨粒/玻璃化粘结团聚物
用玻璃化粘结材料(见表1-1脚注b和c)制备磨粒团聚物样品AV2和AV3。团聚物用美国专利10/120969中实施例1所述旋转焙烧法制备,所用材料如下所述。AV2团聚物用3wt%粘结剂A制备。焙烧温度设定为1250℃,管道倾角为2.5°,旋转速度为5rpm。AV3团聚物用6wt%粘结剂E制备,焙烧温度为1200℃,管道倾角为2.5-4°,转速为5rpm。磨粒是熔凝氧化铝38A磨粒,粒度为80号,购自Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics,Inc.,Worcester,MA,USA。
测定玻璃化磨粒团聚物的疏松堆积密度、相对密度和尺寸,测定结果列于表1-1。玻璃化粘结剂在磨粒接触点上将许多不同一个个磨粒(例如2-40号)粘结在一起,从而组成团聚物,其中含有可见空隙区。大多数团聚物在磨轮混合与模制成形操作中足以经受压缩,能保持三维特征。
表1-1磨粒/玻璃化粘结团聚物
样品号 磨粒 磨粒 粘结材料 | 混合物重量磅(kg) | 磨粒含量wt% | 粘结剂含量wt% | 粘结材料含量vol%a | LPDg/cc-20/+45目部分 | 平均尺寸微米(目) | 平均相对密度% |
AV2 80号 38A 粘结剂A b | 84.94(38.53) | 94.18 | 2.99 | 4.81 | 1.036 | 500u-20/+45 | 26.67 |
AV2 80号 38A 粘结剂E b | 338.54(153.56) | 88.62 | 6.36 | 9.44 | 1.055 | 500u-20/+45 | 27.75 |
a.百分数基于固体总体积,只包括玻璃化粘结材料和磨粒,不包括团聚物中的孔隙。用临时有机粘结剂材料将玻璃化粘结剂粘着到磨粒上(对于AV2,用2.83wt%AR30液体蛋白粘结剂,对于AV3,用3.88wt%AR30液体蛋白粘结剂)。临时有机粘结剂材料在团聚物在旋转焙烧炉中烧结时烧掉,最后粘结材料的wt%不包括临时有机粘结剂材料。
b.粘结剂A(如美国专利10/120969中实施例1所述)是通常用来制备磨轮的玻璃化粘结剂的原料(例如粘土和矿物)。制成团聚物后,粘结剂A的烧结玻璃组合物包含如下氧化物(wt%):69%玻璃形成物质(SiO2+B2O3);15%Al2O3;5-6%碱土金属氧化物RO(CaO,MgO);9-10%碱金属R2O(Na2O,K2O,Li2O),其密度为2.40g/cc,1180℃的预计粘度为25590泊。
c.粘结剂E(如美国专利10/120969中实施例1所述)是通常用来制备磨轮的玻璃化粘结剂的原料(例如粘土和矿物)。制成团聚物后,粘结剂E的烧结玻璃组合物包含如下氧化物(wt%):64%玻璃形成剂(SiO2+B2O3);18%Al2O3;6-7%碱土金属氧化物RO(CaO,MgO);11%碱金属R2O(Na2O,K2O,Li2O),其密度为2.40g/cc,1180℃的预计粘度为55300泊。
磨轮
用团聚物样品AV2和AV3制备实验磨轮(类型1),最终尺寸为 5.0x0.5x1.250英寸(12.7x1.27x3.18cm)。
实验轮的制备方法是,将团聚物加入旋转桨搅拌器(Foot-Jones搅拌器,购自Illinois Gear,Chicago,IL),使团聚物与液体酚醛树脂(V-1181树脂,购自Honeywell International Inc.,Friction Division,Troy NY)(22wt%树脂混合物)混合。将酚醛树脂粉末(Durez Varcum 树脂29-717,购自Durez Corporation,DallasTX)(78wt%树脂混合物)加入湿团聚物。用来制备这些磨轮的磨削团聚物和树脂粘结剂的重量百分比和成品磨轮的组成(包括固化轮中削粒剂、粘结剂和孔隙的vol%)列于表1-2。
将原料混合足够长时间,得到均匀混合物,此时要最大程度地减少松散粘结剂的量。混合后,用24目筛子筛分团聚物,破碎大树脂块。将均匀的团聚物和粘结剂混合物置于模具中,施加压力,形成生坯阶段(未固化)的磨轮。从模具中取出这些生坯轮,包裹在涂层纸中,加热固化,最高温度为160℃,划分硬度级别,修整,利用本领域已知的商用磨轮生产技术检测。测定成品轮的弹性模量,结果见表1-2。
用Grindosonic机测定弹性模量,方式法见J.Peters著《磨轮的声波测试》,机械工具设计与研究进展,Pergamon Press,1968。
表1-2磨轮组成
a.C-1、C-2和C-3轮用酚醛树脂粘结剂制备,这些磨轮的说明书可购自 Saint-Gobain Abrasives,Inc.。C-4和C-5轮用混有少量酚醛树脂粘结剂的虫胶树脂制备。这些磨轮的说明书可购自Saint-Gobain Abrasives,Inc.,Worcester,MA。样品C-4和C-5根据商业说明书在实验室制备,固化后,成品轮的硬度级别分别为J和L。
b.C-6和C-7轮没有进行磨削测试。这些比较轮的说明书可购自NationalWheel Company/Radiac,Salem,Il和Tyrolit N.A.,Inc.,Westboro,MA。
c.粘结剂的“总”vol%是用来使颗粒发生团聚的玻璃化粘结剂材料与用于制备磨轮的有机树脂的用量和。粘结剂的“(有机)”vol%是粘结剂总vol%中的一部分,由制备磨轮时加入团聚物的有机树脂组成。
磨削试验
实验轮在模拟轧辊磨削实验中测试,并与粘有酚醛树脂的商业轮作比较(C-1~C-3,购自Saint-Gobain Abrasives,Inc.,Worcester,MA)。在实验室中用虫胶树脂混合物制备的虫胶粘结轮(C-4和C-5)也作为比较轮进行测试。之所以选用比较轮,是因为它们与用于商业轧辊磨削操作中的磨轮具有相同的组成、结构和物理性质。
为在实验室环境模拟轧辊磨削,在表面磨床上进行连续接触槽磨削操作。在实验中采用以下磨削条件。
磨床:Brown & Sharpe表面磨床
模式:两个连续接触槽磨床,与工件脱离接触前,在行程末尾反向
冷却剂:Trimer Clear 1∶40冷却剂∶去离子水
工件:16x4英寸4340钢,硬度Rc50
工件速度:25英尺/分钟
向下进给:共0.100英寸
磨削深度:每端0.0005英寸
接触时间:10.7分钟
修整:单点金刚石,横向进给速度10英寸/分钟,0.001英寸补偿
磨轮在磨削过程中的振动程度用IRD Mechanalysis设备测定(AnalyzerModel 855 Analyzer/Balancer,购自Entek Corporation,North Westerville,Ohio)。在第一次磨削试验中,在对磨轮进行修整后的第2分钟和第8分钟,用快速傅 立叶变换(FFT)程序记录多种频率(作为速度,单位为英寸/秒)下的振动程度。在第一次磨削试验之后,进行第二次磨削试验,记录在选定目标频率(57000cpm,第一次磨削观察到的频率)下振动程度随时间的增加情况,在整个10.7分钟时间里,磨轮与工件保持接触。在各次磨削操作中,记录磨轮磨损速率(WWR)、材料磨削速率(MRR)和其他磨削参数。这些数据示于表1-3,其中还有每个磨轮连续接触磨削9-10分钟后的振动幅度。
表1-3磨削试验结果
轮样品 (团聚物) 级别 | 9-10分钟后的 振动幅度 in/s | WWR in3/min | 9-10分钟功率 hp | SGE J/mm3 | G-比率 MRR/WWR |
实验轮 | |||||
1-1(AV3)A | 0.010 | 0.00215 | 10.00 | 22.70 | 34.5 |
1-2(AV3)C | 0.011 | 0.00118 | 15.00 | 29.31 | 63.3 |
1-3(AV3)E | 0.021 | 0.00105 | 22.00 | 43.82 | 71.4 |
1-4(AV2)A | 0.011 | 0.00119 | 10.50 | 23.67 | 62.7 |
1-5(AV2)E | 0.013 | 0.00131 | 21.00 | 40.59 | 56.6 |
比较轮a商业标记 | |||||
C-1 38A80-G8 B24 | 0.033 | 0.00275 | 10.00 | 33.07 | 26.5 |
C-2 38A80-K8 B24 | 0.055 | 0.00204 | 11.00 | 25.33 | 36.8 |
C-3 38A80-O8 B24 | 0.130 | 0.00163 | 12.5 | 22.16 | 46.2 |
C-4 53A80J7 虫胶混合物 | 0.022 | 0.00347 | 10.00 | 25.46 | 20.8 |
C-5 53A80L7 虫胶混合物 | 0.052 | 0.00419 | 11.50 | 26.93 | 17.1 |
可以看出,实验轮具有最低的磨损速率和最低的振动幅度值。用酚醛树脂粘结剂(38A80-G8 B24、-K8B24和-O8B24)制备的比较商业轮具有低的磨损速率,但振动幅度值太高。可以预计,这些磨轮在实际辊磨操作中会产生振颤。用虫胶树脂粘结剂(53A80J7虫胶混合物和53A80L7虫胶混合物)制备的比较轮具有高的磨损速率,但其振动幅度值较低,是可以接受的。实验轮在一定功率水平范围内都优于比较轮(在10-23hp下有近似恒定的振动幅度值,并且WWR总是很低),实验轮还具有优异的G-比率(磨轮磨损速率/材料磨削速率)、特别优异的效率和使用寿命。
可以认为,实验轮较低的弹性模量和较高的孔隙率使得它们成为抗振轮,而磨轮寿命和磨削效率没有损失。令人大感意外的发现是,实验轮比含有更高体积百分比颗粒和更高硬度的磨轮具有更好的磨削效率。尽管实验轮的硬度较低(例如A-E级,基于Norton Company磨轮硬度级别),它们比硬度级别高得多(即G-O级,基于Norton Company磨轮硬度级别)的比较轮具有更强的磨削能力,磨损更少,G-比率更高。这些结果非常明显,而且出人意料。
实施例2
含有团聚颗粒的实验轮根据商业生产操作制备,并用商业轧辊磨削方法测验,这种方法过去常用于试验虫胶粘结轮。
磨粒/玻璃化粘结材料团聚物
用玻璃化粘结材料(表1-1中的粘结剂A)制备团聚磨粒样品AV4。样品AV4类似于样品AV2,不同之处在于样品AV4有商业批量产品。团聚物根据美国专利10/120969中实施例1所述旋转焙烧方法制备。磨粒是熔凝氧化铝38A磨粒,粒度为80号,购自Saint-Gobain Abrasives,Inc.,Worcester,MA,USA,采用3wt%粘结剂A。焙烧温度设定为1250℃,管道倾角为2.5度,转速为5rpm。团聚物用2%硅烷溶液(购自Crompton Corporation,South Charleston,WestVirginia)处理。
磨轮
用团聚物样品AV4制备磨轮(最终尺寸为36英寸直径×4英寸宽度×20英寸中心孔(类型1)(91.4×10.2×50.8cm))。
用商业生产设备制备实验轮,具体方法是使团聚物与液体酚醛树脂(V-1181树脂,购自Honeywell International Inc.,Friction Division,Troy NY)(22wt% 树脂混合物)和酚醛树脂粉末(Durez Varcum 树脂29-717,购自DurezCorporation,Dallas TX)(78wt%树脂混合物)混合。用来制备这些磨轮的磨削团聚物和树脂粘结剂的重量百分比列于表2-2。将原料混合足够长时间,得到均匀混合物。将均匀的团聚物和粘结剂混合物置于模具中,施加压力,形成生坯阶段(未固化)的磨轮。从模具中取出这些生坯轮,包裹在涂层纸中,加热固化,最高温度为160℃,划分硬度等级,修整,利用本领域已知的商用磨轮生产技术检测。测定成品轮的弹性模量和烧结密度,结果见表2-2。测定磨轮碎裂速度,最大操作速度经测定为9500sfpm。
磨轮的组成(包括固化轮中磨削剂、粘结剂和孔隙的vol%)列于表2-2。这些磨轮具有可见的开放、均匀、多孔结构,这种结构在原来商业工艺中制备的有机粘结磨轮中是没有见过的。
表2-2磨轮组成
a.粘结剂的“总”vol%是用来使颗粒发生团聚的玻璃化粘结剂材料与用于制备磨轮的有机树脂的用量和。粘结剂的“(有机)”vol%是粘结剂总vol%中的一部分,由制备磨轮时加入团聚物的有机树脂组成。
磨削试验
这些磨轮在两种商业磨削加工条件下测试,用来精加工冷轧辊。这些锻钢轧辊在被磨光后,用来对金属(例如钢)板表面轧制和精加工。商业磨削方法一 般采用虫胶粘结商业轮(通常是80号氧化铝磨粒),这些磨轮通常在6500sfpm的速度下操作,最大速度约为8000sfpm。磨削条件如下所列,测试结果示于表2-3和2-4。
磨削条件A:
磨床:Farrell Roll Grinder,40hp
冷却剂:Stuart Synthetic w/水
轮速:780rpm
工件:锻钢,串列式轧机轧辊,Equotip硬度842,82×25英寸(208×64cm)
工件(轧辊)转速:32rpm
横向进给速度:100英寸/分钟
连续进给速度:0.0009英寸/分钟
侧部进给速度:0.0008英寸/分钟
表面精加工要求:粗糙度18-30Ra,最多160个峰
磨削条件B:
磨床:Pomini Roll Grinder,150hp
冷却剂:Stuart Synthetic w/水
轮速:880rpm
工件:锻钢,串列式轧机轧辊,Equotip硬度842,82×25英寸(208×64cm)
工件(轧辊)转速:32rpm
横向进给速度:100英寸/分钟
连续进给速度:0.00011英寸/分钟
侧部进给速度:0.002英寸/分钟
表面精加工要求:粗糙度18-30Ra,约160-180个峰
表2-3磨削试试结果/磨削条件A
样品 实验参数 | 直径变化 英寸 | G- 比率 | 轮 RPMs | 轮 Amps | 磨削次数 | 辊粗糙度 Ra | 辊上峰的 个数 |
实验轮2-1 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.12 | 0.860 | 780 | 75 | 10 | 28 | 171 |
磨削掉的材料 | 0.007 | ||||||
实验轮2-2 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.098 | 1.120 | 780 | 90-100 | 10 | 22 | 130 |
磨削掉的材料 | 0.0075 | ||||||
实验轮2-3 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.096 | 1.603 | 780 | 120-150 | 10 | 23 | 144 |
磨削掉的材料 | 0.0105 |
在磨削条件A下,实验磨轮显示出优异的磨削性能,所得G-比率显著高于过去虫胶粘结轮在这些磨削条件下观察到的G-比率。基于过去在磨削条件A下进行辊磨的经验,可能会认为实验轮2-1、2-2和2-3太软(Norton Company硬度级别为B-D),难以产生商业上可接受的磨削效率,因此这些G-比率非常高的结果是极不寻常的。此外,轧辊表面光洁度没有振颤痕迹,在表面粗糙度(18-30Ra)和表面峰数(约160个)的规格范围内。实验轮具有原来只有在虫胶粘结轮上才能观察到的表面光洁度。
在磨削条件B下对实验轮2-3进行的第二次磨削试验证实,在商用;轧辊冷磨削精加工操作中使用本发明的磨轮,即使延长试验时间,也显示出惊人的优点。
表2-4磨削测试结果/磨削条件B
样品 实验参数 | 直径变化 英寸 | 轮速 sfpm | 轮 Amps | 连续进给 英寸/分钟 | 侧部进 给英寸 | 轧辊 粗糙度 Ra | 轧辊上峰 的个数 |
轧辊1 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.258 | 5667 | 90 | 0.0009 | 0.0008 | 24 | 166 |
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.028 | ||||||
轧辊2 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.339 | 8270 | 90 | 0.0016 | 0.002 | 20 | 136 |
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.032 | ||||||
轧辊3 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.165 | 8300 | 110 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | 28 | 187 |
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.03 | ||||||
轧辊4 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.279 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | 29 | 179 |
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.036 | ||||||
轧辊5 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.098 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | 25 | 151 |
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.018 | ||||||
轧辊6 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.097 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.016 | ||||||
轧辊7 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.072 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.048 | ||||||
轧辊8 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.094 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.011 |
轧辊9 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.045 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.021 | ||||||
轧辊10 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.128 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.017 | ||||||
轧辊11 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.214 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.018 | ||||||
轧辊12 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.12 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.018 | ||||||
轧辊13 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.118 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.026 | ||||||
轧辊14 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 1.233 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.03 | ||||||
轧辊15 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.215 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.03 | ||||||
轧辊16 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.116 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | xxx | xxx |
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.018 | ||||||
轧辊17 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.141 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | xxx | xxx |
磨削掉的 | 0.021 |
材料 | |||||||
轧辊18 | |||||||
轮磨损 | 0.116 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | xxx | xxx |
磨削掉的 材料 | 0.01 | ||||||
轧辊19 | 0.118 | 8300 | 115 | 0.0011 | 0.002 | ||
轮磨损 | 0.018 | ||||||
磨削掉的 材料 |
实验轮2-4磨削19个轧辊、磨轮直径磨损约3英寸后的累积G-比率为2.093。此G-比率表示它是在磨削条件A或B下用来磨削轧辊的商用磨轮(例如虫胶粘结轮、实施例1所述C-6和C-7)的G比率的2-3倍。磨轮旋转速度和材料磨削速率也超过用来磨削轧辊时的比较商用轮,从而进一步显示出本发明磨削方法可能具有的超常磨削效率。实验轮达到的轧辊表面光洁度在商业生产标准下是可以接受的。磨削19个轧辊之后观察到的累积结果证实,实验轮可稳定操作,并且证实实验轮在被磨削操作消耗的过程中不会形成轮的裂片,且能防止振颤。
Claims (13)
1.对轧辊磨削的方法,它包括下列步骤:
1)提供包含磨粒和酚醛树脂粘结剂的磨轮,其孔隙率为36-54vol%,最大固化密度为2.0g/cc,碎裂速度至少为6000sfpm;
2)将磨轮安装到轧辊磨床上;
3)使磨轮与具有圆柱形表面的旋转轧辊接触;
4)使磨轮在轧辊表面上横向运动,磨轮与轧辊表面保持连续接触;
5)磨削该轧辊表面,使表面光洁度为10-50Ra,并使表面上基本不遗留给进线、振颤痕迹、表面不规则性。
2.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于所述磨轮的转速为4000-9500sfpm。
3.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于所述磨轮的转速为7000-9500sfpm。
4.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨削后获得的表面光洁度值为18-30Ra。
5.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨轮的最大弹性模量值为10GPa。
6.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨轮的最大弹性模量值为8GPa。
7.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨轮包含22-40vol%磨粒、36-50vol%孔隙和8-26vol%酚醛树脂粘结剂。
8.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨轮包含24-38vol%磨粒、40-50vol%孔隙和12-22vol%酚醛树脂粘结剂。
9.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨轮中的孔隙包含至少30vol%的连通孔。
10.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨轮基本上不含增孔材料。
11.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨削步骤进行时的G-比率为含虫胶树脂粘结剂的可比磨轮的G-比率的2-3倍。
12.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于重复步骤3)-5),连续进行辊磨,磨轮在这些反复进行的磨削步骤中不断消耗,但基本上保持不振颤。
13.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于磨削后得到的表面光洁度峰数值为160-180个峰/英寸。
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苏雅洛夫.钢板轧辊的辊型设计及磨削.《钢板轧辊的辊型设计及磨削》.冶金工业出版社,1959,35-39,42. * |
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