CN1200196A - 半导体元件的连接结构,使用了该结构的液晶显示装置以及使用了该显示装置的电子装置 - Google Patents

半导体元件的连接结构,使用了该结构的液晶显示装置以及使用了该显示装置的电子装置 Download PDF

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CN1200196A
CN1200196A CN97191190A CN97191190A CN1200196A CN 1200196 A CN1200196 A CN 1200196A CN 97191190 A CN97191190 A CN 97191190A CN 97191190 A CN97191190 A CN 97191190A CN 1200196 A CN1200196 A CN 1200196A
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semiconductor element
liquid crystal
substrate
bonding agent
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CN1154166C (zh
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内山宪治
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Yin's High Tech Co ltd
TCL China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co Ltd
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Seiko Epson Corp
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Abstract

在把半导体IC7连接到基板13上的半导体元件的连接结构中,介于基板13和半导体IC7之间设置粘接两者的粘接层31。该粘接层31具有作为粘接基板13和半导体IC7的粘接剂的ACF32以及形成在该ACF32内部的空隙33。即使IC7由于热等发生变形,其变形也被空隙33吸收,由此,不会使凸点28,29的连接成为不稳定状态。

Description

半导体元件的连接结构,使用了该结构的液晶显示装置以及使用了该 显示装置的电子装置
[技术领域]
本发明涉及用于把半导体元件连接到基板上的半导体元件的连接结构,使用了该连接结构的液晶显示装置以及使用了该液晶显示装置的电子装置。
[背景技术]
近年来,在导航系统,电视、笔记本电脑,电子笔记本、便携式电话机等各种电子装置中,为了显示可视信息,广泛地使用着液晶显示装置。该液晶显示装置一般通过在液晶屏上连接液晶驱动用IC即半导体元件,进而在该液晶屏上安装背照光、外壳等附带部件构成。这里所说的液晶屏一般通过把液晶充填在由至少两片液晶用基板所夹的间隙中,根据需要再安装偏振片,彩色滤波器等构成。
作为把液晶驱动用IC连接到液晶屏上的方法,以往考虑了种种方法,例如,考虑了根据COB(基板上的芯片Chip On Board)方式以及COG(玻璃上的芯片Chip On Glass)方式等的连接方法。在COB方式中,在形成了布线图形的绝缘基板上使用ACF(各向异性导电膜Anisotropic conductive film)以及其它的粘接剂连接液晶驱动用IC,经过热封等把该绝缘基板连接到液晶屏上。
另一方面,在COG方式中,在形成了电极端子的玻璃基板上使用ACF等直接连接液晶驱动用IC。在COB方式以及COG方式的任一种情况下,液晶驱动用IC等半导体元件都被连接到称为绝缘基板和液晶用玻璃基板等的基板上。
在上述以往的连接方法中,在基板和液晶驱动用IC之间无缝隙地均匀地充填着ACF以及其它粘接剂。由此,在压接液晶驱动用IC时在该IC上将产生翘曲,或者由于温度的变化液晶驱动用IC以及/或者基板发生变形时,在接触到基板上的电极的液晶驱动用IC的凸点部分将产生过剩的应力,其结果有可能使电连接状态成为不稳定。另外,为了避免发生这样的问题,必须在狭小的容许范围内严格地管理液晶驱动用IC的压接条件,从而,要求复杂的工艺管理。
另外,根据特开平2-42738号公报,还公开了在COB安装印刷电路板中,在IC芯片和基板之间设置作为缓冲层的柔软性粘接层,使得两者间的粘接可靠性提高的连接结构。然而,在该以往的连接结构中,为了获得缓冲作用必须形成专用的柔软性粘接层,从而存在部件成本以及制造成本高的问题。
本发明是鉴于在半导体元件的连接结构中以往所存在的问题而完成的,其目的在于仅附加极简单的结构,就能够稳定地保持半导体元件对于基板的连接状态。
[发明的公开]
为了达到上述目的,本发明的半导体元件的连接结构是在把半导体元件连接到基板上的半导体元件的连接结构中,以下述各点为特征,即,具有介于基板和半导体元件之间把两者进行连接的粘接层,该粘接层具有粘接基板和半导体元件的粘接剂以及在该粘接剂内部形成的空隙。
依据该连接结构,则在粘接半导体元件和基板时,通过在粘接剂中形成空隙,对应于基板或者半导体元件的变形,空隙自由地变形并且吸收半导体元件等的变形。其结果,即使在半导体元件或者基板变形的情况下也能够防止在半导体元件的电极部分上加入过剩的负荷,因此,能够把半导体元件的电连接状态保持在稳定的良好状态。
如后述那样,通过用加压头加压IC同时进行加热而在粘接剂中形成空隙。由于加压头的温度加到粘接剂中时,粘接剂的粘度急剧下降,而且向外流出,故能够形成空隙。这样,通过在粘接剂中形成空隙,能够缓和加到半导体元件以及基板上的变形。
在上述结构中,作为半导体元件考虑IC芯片、LSI芯片等元件。另外,在设定液晶显示装置的情况下,作为半导体元件考虑液晶驱动用IC等。还有,作为基板,考虑COB方式下的绝缘基板,COG方式下的液晶用透明基板,以及对应于其它各种连接方法的各种基板。另外,作为粘接剂,考虑ACF(Anisotropic conductive film各向异性导电膜)和通常的粘接剂等。
所谓ACF,是使导电粒子在热可塑性树脂薄膜或者热硬化性树脂薄膜中分散的粘接剂,是通过受到热压接而发挥向单一方向的导电性的粘接剂。
另一方面,所谓通常的粘接剂,主要是指仅机械地粘接基板和半导体元件,不具有电连接作用的粘接剂。
在使用ACF的情况下,基板上的端子和半导体元件的凸点借助ACF内的导电粒子进行电连接。另一方面,在使用通常的粘接剂的情况下,基板上的端子和半导体元件的凸点直接连接形成电导通,在该状态下通过使用通常的粘接剂把半导体元件机械地粘接在基板上。
作为半导体元件如果考虑在液晶显示装置中使用的液晶驱动用IC,则在该液晶驱动用IC的有源面上呈列状地排列多个凸点。作为这种列状的形态进行了种种考虑,例如像图2和图7所示那样,有通过沿长边方向呈列状(图中是2列)排列的一对凸点列28,29和沿短边方向呈列状(图中是2列)排列的一对凸点28,28排列成环形的形态。另外,如图8所示那样,还有沿长边方向或短边方向仅设置一对凸点列28,29的形态。
在把具有以上凸点排列的半导体元件连接到基板上的时候,如图2所示,可在由环形凸点包围的区域内的粘接剂中形成空隙33,或者如图7所示那样,可在各个凸点28,29之间和凸点列的外侧形成空隙33。
被形成在粘接剂内部的空隙既可以是大容积的单一空隙,也可以是通过把多个小容积的空隙相互接近配置而形成的空隙。
还有,空隙在粘接剂中所占的比例最好是5%~70%,更理想的情况是10%~30%。这是因为在空隙的比例不满5%的情况下,不能够吸收半导体元件或者基板上的变形(或者应力),而在超过了70%的情况下,连接半导体元件和基板(特别是被形成在基板上的端子)的可靠性降低。虽然通过至少在5%~70%之间设定空隙,能够确保连接可靠性,但更理想的是通过在10%~30%之间设定空隙比例,可以得到连接可靠性更高的结构。
另外,粘接层由环氧系列的粘接剂构成。而且,该粘接层具有吸收半导体元件和基板的变形的作用。
另外,本发明的半导体元件的连接方法是在把半导体元件连接到基板上的半导体元件的连接方法中,以下述各点为特征,即在介于基板和半导体元件之间,使粘接两者的粘接层介入,通过用被高温加热了的加热头按压上述半导体元件,把上述粘接层加压以及加热,连接上述基板和半导体元件,同时,在上述粘接层中形成空隙。利用制成这样的结构,能够用空隙来缓和半导体元件或者基板上的变形,能够得到提高了可靠性的连接结构。另外,其特征还在于粘接层由环氧系列的粘接剂构成。
本发明的液晶显示装置是使用了以上说明的半导体元件的连接结构而构成的液晶显示装置。更具体地讲,本发明的液晶显示装置是具有把液晶夹在中间并且相互对置的一对液晶用基板,被连接在至少一个液晶用基板上的半导体元件以及介于液晶用基板和半导体元件之间并且粘接两者的粘接层的液晶显示装置,其特征在于:该粘接层具有粘接液晶用基板和半导体元件的粘接剂以及在该粘接剂内部形成的空隙。
如上所述,空隙在粘接剂中所占的比例是5%~70%,但更为理想的是将空隙设定在10%~30%的范围内,这样能够高可靠性地连接半导体元件和被形成在基板上的电极端子。
还有,使用了本发明的液晶显示装置的电子装置作为具体例子考虑例如导航系统,电视机,笔记本电脑,电子笔记本,便携式电话机等各种电子装置。更具体的讲,是具有多个半导体用驱动输出端子、被连接在这些半导体驱动用输出端子上的液晶显示装置以及输入装置等的电子装置,该液晶显示装置具有把液晶夹在中间并且相互对置的一对液晶用基板,被连接在至少一个液晶用基板上的半导体元件,以及介于液晶用基板和半导体元件之间并且把两者进行粘接的粘接层。而且,该粘接层具有粘接液晶用基板和半导体元件的粘接剂以及被形成在该粘接剂内部的空隙
[附图的简单说明]
图1是表示本发明的半导体元件的连接结构的一实施形态的剖面图。
图2是表示沿图1中箭头A的半导体元件的粘接部分的平面图。
图3是表示本发明液晶显示装置的一实施形态的侧面剖面图。
图4是图3的液晶显示装置的分解斜视图。
图5是表示在电子装置内部用于连接液晶显示装置和其它电路的弹性连接件一例的斜视图。
图6是表示作为本发明的电子装置一实施形态的便携式电话机的分解斜视图。
图7是表示在粘接剂中设置的空隙的设置方法的变形例的平面图。
图8是表示半导体元件的凸点配置的变形例的平面图。
[实施发明的最佳形态]
图6表示使用了本发明的液晶显示装置的电子装置的一实施形态,即便携式电话机的一例。该便携式电话机具有上框体1以及下框体2。在上框体1中包括用于控制键盘10等的PCB(印刷电路板Printed CircuitBoard)等。另外,在下框体2中放置安装了控制用LSI等的控制电路基板3以及安装了该基板3的本体基板4。在本体基板4上安装了本发明的液晶显示装置5。本体基板4的表面上,形成了多个半导体驱动用输出端子6作为布线图形。液晶显示装置5在其内部具有液晶驱动用IC7即半导体元件,在把液晶显示装置5安装到本体基板4上的状态下,液晶驱动用IC7被电连接到半导体驱动用输出端子6上。在下框体2中设置液晶显示装置5以外的必要装置,然后,通过从上方盖上上框体1,就完成了便携式电话机。另外,符号20表示扬声器。
液晶显示装置5例如像图4所示那样,具有液晶屏8、背照光单元9、屏蔽壳11以及弹性连接件12。液晶屏8如图3所示,具有由透明玻璃形成的第一液晶用基板13以及用相同的透明玻璃形成的第二液晶用基板14。在第一液晶用基板13的内侧表面上形成透明电极18,另一方面,在第二液晶用基板14的内侧表面上形成透明电极19。这些电极的每一个都用ITO(铟锡氧化物Indium Tin Oxide)以及其它的透明导电材料形成。
在第一液晶用基板13以及第二液晶用基板14的各个外侧表面上,粘贴着作为偏振光装置的偏振片16a以及偏振片16b。第一液晶用基板13和第二液晶用基板14通过环形的密封剂17以预定的间隙即所谓的单元间隙粘接成液态密封状态。而且,在该单元间隙内封入液晶。在第一液晶用基板13中伸出到第二液晶用基板14的外侧(图3的右侧)部分13a的内侧表面的右端部上形成半导体输入用端子21。作为半导体元件的液晶驱动用IC7通过粘接层31被直接粘接到第一液晶用基板13上。由此,IC7的输出周凸点28被连接到透明电极18上,另一方面,IC7的输入用凸点29被连接到半导体输入用端子21上。
这样在本实施形态中,使用将液晶驱动用IC7直接粘接到构成液晶屏8的液晶用基板13上的形式的液晶显示装置,即COG(Chip OnGlass)型液晶显示装置。
图3中,背照光单元9具有导光体22以及固定在其左端的多个LED、例如4个LED(Light Emitting Diode:发光二极管)23。在导光体22的右端部分,还如图4所示那样,形成作为用于引导弹性连接件12而起作用的正方体形状的导孔24。该导孔24如图3所示被形成为能够无间隙放置弹性连接件12的大小。
弹性连接件12如图5所示,具有用具备电绝缘性的弹性材料,例如硅酮橡胶形成为断面半圆形状的柱形的弹性基体25和在其弹性基体25的半圆形外周表面上相互平行地设置的多个导电部26。相互相邻的两个导电部26之间由弹性材料构成为非导电部分,其非导电部分的宽度例如被保持在15μm~25μm左右。图中的符号W表示相邻的导电部26间的间隔,即导电部之间的间隔,通常设定W=30μm~50μm左右。
在把本实施形态的液晶显示装置安装到便携式电话机(图6)的本体基板4上的时候,在图4中,把弹性连接件12插入到导光体22的导孔24中,把背照光单元9置于本体基板4上的预定位置处,把液晶显示屏8置于背照光单元9上的预定位置处,在把由硅橡胶以及其它弹性体形成的加压用部件30插入到其间的状态下,使屏蔽壳11盖在液晶屏8以及背照光单元9上,而且如图3所示那样,通过使敛缝用闭锁块27变形,压紧固定本体基板4和屏蔽壳11。
这时,弹性连接件12随着加压用部件30的移动沿图3的上下方向被压缩而弹性变形,其结果,导电部26(参照图5)利用弹性基体25的弹性恢复力,紧紧地接触到液晶屏8一侧的半导体输入用端子21和本体基板4一侧的半导体驱动用输出端子6的两者。
还有,关于压缩弹性连接件12的方法,也可以使屏蔽壳11的对应部位变形以便向内侧突出,在屏蔽壳11的该部分形成凸缘,通过其凸缘压缩弹性连接件12,来代替准备加压用部件30那样的专用部件。
如果按照以上方法完成了液晶显示装置的组装,则从控制电路基板3(图6)通过半导体驱动用输出端子6、弹性连接件12(图3)以及半导体输入用端子21向液晶驱动用IC7供给电信号以及液晶驱动用电源,根据这些信号由液晶驱动用IC7控制电极18以及19上的施加电压。接着,根据该电压控制,在液晶屏8的有效显示区域上显示可视图像。
在本实施形态中,由于在液晶屏8一侧的半导体输入用端子21和便携式电话机一侧的半导体驱动用输出端子6之间仅配置弹性连接件12就能够把两者进行电连接,因此组装作业非常简单。另外,由于把弹性连接件12配置在导孔24中,所以当在弹性连接件12上加入了力的时候,该弹性连接件12不产生挠曲、纵弯曲等的变形,从而,能够始终把半导体输入端子21和半导体驱动用输出端子6之间的电连接状态保持为稳定状态。
本实施形态中,如图1所示,通过粘接层31把液晶驱动用IC7粘接在第一液晶用基板13上。而且该粘接层31由作为粘接剂的ACF(Anisotropic conductive film:各向异性导电膜)32以及在该ACF32内部形成的多个空隙33构成。ACF32通过使众多的导电粒子34分散在粘接性树脂薄膜中而形成,IC7的输出用凸点28通过导电粒子34被电连接到透明电极18上,另一方面,输入用凸点29通过导电粒子34被电连接到半导体输入用端子21上。另外,凸点28、29以及各端子间由粘接性树脂保持绝缘状态。
图2表示从图1中箭头A所示方向观看液晶驱动用IC7的粘接部分的状态。从该图可知,多个空隙33以相互接近的状态位于由沿长边方向排列成2列的凸点28,29和沿短边方向排列成2列的凸点28,28所包围的区域内,即由排列成环状的多个凸点28,29所包围的区域内。另外,图2中,虽然省略了凸点28以及29,但在基板的周边端部补足与图示的凸点同样形成的凸点。
一般,在把液晶驱动用IC7粘接到基板13上时,在液晶驱动用IC7和基板13之间夹持ACF32的状态下一边把IC7进行加热一边以预定的压力将其按压到基板13上。这时,ACF32最好由环氧系列的粘接剂形成。特别是通过以比较低的分子量形成包含环氧基的分子,能够具有优良的粘接特性。
在该加热以及加压处理时,有时液晶驱动用IC7产生翘曲,一旦发生这样的翘曲,有可能在凸点28以及29的连接部分上产生过剩的应力,电连接状态变为不稳定。另外,在液晶驱动用IC7上产生温度变化时,由于该IC7以及/或者基板13变形,凸点28以及29的连接状态也有可能变为不稳定。
与此相反,像本实施形态那样,如果在ACF32的内部设置空隙33,则在液晶驱动用IC7变形时,根据其变形这些空隙33能够自由地变形,吸收该IC7的变形,其结果,能够防止在凸点28以及29的连接部分上产生过剩的应力。
用于在ACF32内部形成空隙33的方法并不限定于特定的方法,例如,通过把使液晶驱动用IC7压接到基板13上的压接条件设定为对应于所使用的液晶驱动用IC7的适宜的条件,能够得到这样的空隙33。作为这样的压接条件的一例,可以列举以下的条件。
(1)液晶驱动用IC7:SED1220(精工爱普生公司制)
在图2中,该IC7的形状是L×W=7.7mm×2.8mm,凸点数约为200个,凸点尺寸是80μm×120μm。
(2)ACF32:CP8530(索尼化学公司制)
(3)ACF的加热温度:180~230℃(中心温度=200~210℃)
在通过用被高温加热了的加压头按压IC7把ACF加压以及加热的情况下,通过把该加压头的温度设定为260~360℃(中心温度=300℃),可以得到上述ACF的温度。
(4)加压头的加压力:12kgf~20kgf
(5)加压头的加压时间:10秒
在以上的(1)至(5)的条件下,在把液晶驱动用IC7粘接到基板13上的时候,在ACF32的内部形成图2所示那样的多个空隙33。
在加热以及加压处理的过程中,在初期阶段(0.1~O.5秒左右的阶段)的加热时,粘接剂的粘度急剧下降,在半导体元件外侧粘接层的一部分流出来,由此在ACF中形成该空隙。空隙在ACF中所占的比例最好是5%~70%的范围。这是因为在空隙不满5%时不能够吸收由ACF引起的应力。反之在空隙超过70%时,由于空隙所占的比例过多,因而不能够以高可靠性来连接端子(或者电极)。从而,最好在该范围内设定空隙的比例,而为了特别高可靠性地连接,最好把空隙的比例设定在10%~30%之间。通过设定在该范围,能够不降低粘接强度,同时能够缓和内部应力,因此能够达到高可靠性的连接。
图7表示关于空隙33的设置方法的变形例。该变形例与图2所示的前面的实施形态的不同之点在于不仅在长边方向的凸点列28,29之间以及短边方向的凸点列28,28之间设置空隙33,而且还在各个凸点之间以及一对凸点列的外侧设置空隙33。在这样设置了空隙33的情况下,也能够稳定地保持半导体元件元件对于基板的连接状态。另外,图7中虽然省略地画出了凸点28以及29,但在基板端部的周围形成着与图示的凸点28和29同样的凸点。点划线所表示的是凸点。另外,对于图8以及图2同样省略地画出了凸点,然而在基板单部周围形成与图示的凸点28以及29相同的凸点。
图8表示关于凸点配置的变形例。该变形例与图2所示的前面的实施形态不同之点在于不是把多个凸点28,29配置为环状,而是仅对于长边方向配置为列状。该变形例中,在凸点28,29之间设置了多个空隙33,然而代替这一点或者在这一点的基础上,还能够在各个凸点之间以及/或者在凸点列的外侧设置空隙33。
以上,通过列举优选实施形态说明了本发明,然而本发明并不限定于该实施形态,可在权利要求范围中所记载的技术范围内进行各种变形。
例如,本发明的半导体的连接结构以及液晶显示装置对于便携式电话机以外的电子装置,例如,导航系统、电视机、笔记本电脑、电子笔记本等需要进行可视信息显示的各种装置都能够使用。
图3~图5所示的实施形态是把本发明应用于COG(Chip OnGlass)型液晶显示装置中的实施形态,而本发明对于除此以外形式的液晶显示装置,例如COB(Chip On Board)型液晶显示装置等也能够使用。
还有,图3~图5所示的实施形态中,使用弹性连接件12电连接了作为电子装置的便携式电话机一侧的输出用端子6和液晶屏8一侧的输入用端子21,但用于连接两者的连接方法并不限于此。例如,使用FPC(柔性印刷基板Flexible Printed Circuit)连接两端子的情况也包含在本发明之内。
还有,在图1的实施形态中,由包含导电粒子34的ACF32构成了粘接层31,然而也能够使用不包含导电粒子的粘接剂代替ACF构成粘接层。在这种情况下,在该粘接剂的内部形成空隙33。还有在这种情况下,直接连接液晶驱动用IC7的凸点和液晶屏一侧的电极端子。

Claims (17)

1.一种把半导体元件连接在基板上的半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
具有介于基板和半导体元件之间的粘接两者的粘接层,
该粘接层具有粘接基板和半导体元件的粘接剂以及被形成在该粘接剂内部的空隙。
2.如权利要求1中记述半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
半导体元件具有排列成列状的多个凸点,而且上述空隙形成在这些凸点列之间、这些凸点列的外侧以及各个凸点之间或者它们的至少一个区域内。
3.如权利要求1或者权利要求2中记述的半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
上述空隙通过把多个空隙相互接近配置构成。
4.如权利要求1至权利要求3的任一项中记述的半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
粘接剂是使导电粒子分散在树脂薄膜中而形成的各向异性导电膜。
5.如权利要求1中记述的半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
上述空隙在上述粘接剂中所占的比例是5%~70%。
6.如权利要求5中记述的半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
上述空隙在上述粘接剂中所占的比例是10%~30%。
7.如权利要求1中记述的半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
上述粘接剂由环氧系列的粘接剂构成。
8.一种把半导体元件连接在基板上的半导体元件的连接结构,其特征在于:
具有介于基板和半导体元件之间粘接两者的粘接层,
该粘接层具有吸收半导体元件或者基板的变形的作用。
9.一种把半导体元件连接在基板上的半导体元件的连接方法,其特征在于:
介于基板和半导体元件之间,使粘接两者的粘接层介入,通过用被高温加热了的加压头按压上述半导体元件把上述粘接层加压以及加热,连接上述基板和半导体元件,同时,在上述粘接层中形成空隙。
10.如权利要求9中记述的半导体元件的连接方法,其特征在于:
上述粘接剂由环氧系列的粘接剂构成。
11.一种液晶显示装置,该液晶显示装置具有把液晶夹在中间并且相互对置的一对液晶用基板、连接在至少一个液晶用基板上的半导体元件以及介于液晶用基板和半导体元件之间粘接两者的粘接层,其特征在于:
上述粘接层具有粘接液晶用基板和半导体元件的粘接剂以及形成在该粘接剂内部的空隙。
12.如权利要求11中记述的液晶显示装置,其特征在于:
半导体元件具有被排列成列状的多个凸点,而且上述空隙形成在这些凸点列之间、这些凸点列的外侧以及各个凸点之间或者它们的至少一个区域内。
13.如权利要求11或者权利要求12中记述的液晶显示装置,其特征在于:
上述空隙通过把多个空隙相互接近配置构成。
14.如权利要求11至权利要求13的任一项中记述的液晶显示装置,其特征在于:
粘接剂是使导电粒子分散在树脂薄膜中而形成的各向异性导电膜。
15.如权利要求11中记述的液晶显示装置,其特征在于:
上述空隙在上述粘接剂中所占的比例是5%~70%。
16.如权利要求15中记述的液晶显示装置,其特征在于:
上述空隙在上述粘接剂中所占的比例是10%~30%。
17.一种电子装置,该电子装置具有多个半导体驱动用输出端子和连接在这些半导体驱动用输出端子上的液晶显示装置,其特征在于:
上述液晶显示装置具有把液晶夹在中间并且相互对置的一对液晶用基板、连接在至少一个液晶用基板上的半导体元件和介于液晶用基板和半导体元件之间的粘接两者的粘接层,而且上述粘接层具有粘接液晶用基板和半导体元件的粘接剂以及形成在该粘接剂内部的空隙。
CNB971911908A 1996-09-05 1997-09-04 半导体元件的连接结构,使用了该结构的液晶显示装置以及使用了该显示装置的电子装置 Expired - Lifetime CN1154166C (zh)

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