CN106928048A - 羟基丙酸或其衍生物向丙烯酸或其衍生物的催化转化 - Google Patents
羟基丙酸或其衍生物向丙烯酸或其衍生物的催化转化 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106928048A CN106928048A CN201710197614.7A CN201710197614A CN106928048A CN 106928048 A CN106928048 A CN 106928048A CN 201710197614 A CN201710197614 A CN 201710197614A CN 106928048 A CN106928048 A CN 106928048A
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- acid
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- acrylic acid
- phosphorus
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- ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxypropionic acid Chemical compound OCCC(O)=O ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 225
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 129
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 13
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- YPGCWEMNNLXISK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydratropic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YPGCWEMNNLXISK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 80
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract description 32
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 24
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 90
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 90
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 84
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 78
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 53
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 50
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 39
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 38
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 36
- -1 phosphate radical anion Chemical class 0.000 description 35
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 33
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 32
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 25
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 22
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Inorganic materials [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- MYLBTCQBKAKUTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylsulfanyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC2=C(SC)C(C)=C(SC)N21 MYLBTCQBKAKUTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- XDFCIPNJCBUZJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+) Chemical compound [Ba+2] XDFCIPNJCBUZJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium nitrate Inorganic materials [Ba+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- CPSYWNLKRDURMG-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydron;manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Mn+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O CPSYWNLKRDURMG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical group [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 11
- STNJBCKSHOAVAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrolein Chemical compound CC(=C)C=O STNJBCKSHOAVAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910000393 dicalcium diphosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 9
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 9
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- PBAYDYUZOSNJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N chelidonic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C=C(C(O)=O)O1 PBAYDYUZOSNJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyruvic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- TZMFJUDUGYTVRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane-2,3-dione Chemical class CCC(=O)C(C)=O TZMFJUDUGYTVRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- WAKZZMMCDILMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-H barium(2+);diphosphate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WAKZZMMCDILMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KCIDZIIHRGYJAE-YGFYJFDDSA-L dipotassium;[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O KCIDZIIHRGYJAE-YGFYJFDDSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000004712 monophosphates Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007836 KH2PO4 Substances 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004941 influx Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229940001447 lactate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910018280 Cu2(OH)PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- ITHZDDVSAWDQPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium acetate Chemical compound [Ba+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O ITHZDDVSAWDQPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229940107700 pyruvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- LPEKGGXMPWTOCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8beta-(2,3-epoxy-2-methylbutyryloxy)-14-acetoxytithifolin Natural products COC(=O)C(C)O LPEKGGXMPWTOCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004251 Ammonium lactate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K Arsenate3- Chemical compound [O-][As]([O-])([O-])=O DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 241001012508 Carpiodes cyprinus Species 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-lactic acid Chemical compound C[C@H](O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004856 P—O—P Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019286 ammonium lactate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940059265 ammonium lactate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229940000489 arsenate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- RZOBLYBZQXQGFY-HSHFZTNMSA-N azanium;(2r)-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [NH4+].C[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O RZOBLYBZQXQGFY-HSHFZTNMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cs+] AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FLJPGEWQYJVDPF-UHFFFAOYSA-L caesium sulfate Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O FLJPGEWQYJVDPF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- JUNWLZAGQLJVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium diphosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O JUNWLZAGQLJVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006324 decarbonylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006606 decarbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NEFBYIFKOOEVPA-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicalcium phosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NEFBYIFKOOEVPA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ODQWQRRAPPTVAG-GZTJUZNOSA-N doxepin Chemical compound C1OC2=CC=CC=C2C(=C/CCN(C)C)/C2=CC=CC=C21 ODQWQRRAPPTVAG-GZTJUZNOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)O LZCLXQDLBQLTDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000445 field-emission scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- JJTUDXZGHPGLLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactide Chemical group CC1OC(=O)C(C)OC1=O JJTUDXZGHPGLLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940057867 methyl lactate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- MPNNOLHYOHFJKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N peroxyphosphoric acid Chemical compound OOP(O)(O)=O MPNNOLHYOHFJKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012041 precatalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013772 propylene glycol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AKSYIHYKMIZNNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxypropanoic acid;propanoic acid Chemical compound CCC(O)=O.CC(O)C(O)=O AKSYIHYKMIZNNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAPQAGMSICPBKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitroacridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C3N=C21 VAPQAGMSICPBKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYDQOEWLBCCFJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-fluorophenyl)oxane-4-carboxylic acid Chemical group C=1C=C(F)C=CC=1C1(C(=O)O)CCOCC1 CYDQOEWLBCCFJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910014033 C-OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910014570 C—OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UWTATZPHSA-N D-lactic acid Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UWTATZPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001477 LaPO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010951 LiH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007832 Na2SO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- UCTNAFQDPQLRRG-UHFFFAOYSA-H O[Cr](O)(=O)=O.O[Cr](O)(=O)=O.O[Cr](O)(=O)=O.P.P Chemical compound O[Cr](O)(=O)=O.O[Cr](O)(=O)=O.O[Cr](O)(=O)=O.P.P UCTNAFQDPQLRRG-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PHXNQAYVSHPINV-UHFFFAOYSA-N P.OB(O)O Chemical compound P.OB(O)O PHXNQAYVSHPINV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical group CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical class CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005899 aromatization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYSTYSFIGYAXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium(2+);hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Ba+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O LYSTYSFIGYAXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium hydrogenphosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RYXSKOUFCYOCHA-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;3-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCCC([O-])=O.OCCC([O-])=O RYXSKOUFCYOCHA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GQDHEYWVLBJKBA-UHFFFAOYSA-H copper(ii) phosphate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GQDHEYWVLBJKBA-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002447 crystallographic data Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020335 dealkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006900 dealkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006114 decarboxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XQRLCLUYWUNEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(=O)OP(O)=O XQRLCLUYWUNEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002389 environmental scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-QXMHVHEDSA-N gadoleic acid Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- TVHALOSDPLTTSR-UHFFFAOYSA-H hexasodium;[oxido-[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O TVHALOSDPLTTSR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010829 isocratic elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010977 jade Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002842 oligophosphate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FXADMRZICBQPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N orthotelluric acid Chemical compound O[Te](O)(O)(O)(O)O FXADMRZICBQPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005342 perphosphate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DHRLEVQXOMLTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxomolybdenum Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O DHRLEVQXOMLTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005588 protonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000005838 radical anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butyl acetate Chemical compound CCC(C)OC(C)=O DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000001540 sodium lactate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005581 sodium lactate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011088 sodium lactate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000013008 thixotropic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosphoric acid Polymers OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQEVDHBJGNOKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-K vanadic acid Chemical compound O[V](O)(O)=O WQEVDHBJGNOKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/16—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/16—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr
- B01J27/18—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr with metals other than Al or Zr
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
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Abstract
本发明提供了将羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物催化脱水成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的方法,所述方法具有高收率和选择率,但没有向非期望副产物如乙醛、丙酸和乙酸的显著转化。所述催化剂为混合的缩聚磷酸盐。
Description
本发明专利申请是国际申请号为PCT/US2013/036161,国际申请日为2013年4月11日,进入中国国家阶段的申请号为201380002857.0的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明一般涉及将羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物催化转化成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的方法。更具体地讲,本发明涉及方法,所述方法使用可用于将羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物脱水成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的催化剂,对丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物具有高收率和选择性,停留时间短,并且没有显著的羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物向非期望副产物例如乙醛、丙酸、乙酸、2,3-戊二酮、二氧化碳和一氧化碳的转化。
背景技术
丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物具有多种工业用途,通常以聚合物形式使用。继而,这些聚合物通常用于生产粘结剂、粘合剂、涂料、漆料、抛光剂、洗涤剂、絮凝剂、分散剂、触变剂、多价螯合剂、和超吸收聚合物等,所述超吸收聚合物用于一次性吸收制品中,包括例如尿布和卫生产品。丙烯酸通常由石油源制得。例如,丙烯酸一直通过丙烯的催化氧化制得。由石油源制备丙烯酸的这些和其它方法描述于“Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ofChemical Technology”第1卷第342-369页(第5版,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,2004)中。石油基丙烯酸由于其石油衍生的碳含量高而助长了温室气体排放。此外,石油是不可再生的材料,因为它自然形成需要数十万年,而消耗仅需短时间。由于石化资源变得日益匮乏,更加昂贵,并且受到CO2排放规定的制约,因此逐渐需要可用作石油基丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们混合物的替代物的生物基丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。
在过去40至50年里已进行了许多尝试,由非石油源制备生物基丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,如乳酸(还被称为2-羟基丙酸)、3-羟基丙酸、甘油、一氧化碳和环氧乙烷、二氧化碳和乙烯、以及巴豆酸。在这些非石油源中,当前仅乳酸以高收率(≥90%的理论收率,或换句话讲,≥0.9g乳酸/g糖)以及高纯度和经济性由糖制得,这可以对石油基丙烯酸富有竞争力的成本支持制备丙烯酸。因此,乳酸或乳酸酯提供用作生物基丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们混合物的给料的实际机会。而且,3-羟基丙酸预计在几年内以商业规模生产,因此3-羟基丙酸将提供用作生物基丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们混合物的给料的另一个实际机会。硫酸盐、磷酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐的混合物、碱、沸石或改性沸石、金属氧化物或改性的金属氧化物、以及超临界水是过去已用于将乳酸或乳酸酯脱水成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的主要催化剂,取得了不同程度的成功。
例如,美国专利4,786,756(公布于1988年)描述了使用用含水无机碱处理过的磷酸铝(AlPO4)作为催化剂,将乳酸或乳酸铵气相脱水成丙烯酸。例如,‘756专利公开了在约大气压下将乳酸加入到反应器时43.3%的丙烯酸最大收率,和将乳酸铵加入到反应器中时61.1%的相应收率。在两个例子中,乙醛分别以34.7%和11.9%的收率产生,并且还呈现大量其它副产物,如丙酸、CO和CO2。略除碱处理,造成副产物量增加。另一个例子为Hong等人(2011)“Appl.Catal.A:General”396:194-200,其研发并且测试了用浆液混合方法,由Ca3(PO4)2和Ca2(P2O7)盐制得的复合催化剂。由乳酸甲酯以最高收率获得丙烯酸的催化剂为50%-50%(按重量计)催化剂。它在390℃下生成68%的丙烯酸,约5%的丙烯酸甲酯,和约14%的乙醛。相同的催化剂由乳酸获得54%收率的丙烯酸,14%收率的乙醛,和14%收率的丙酸。
密歇根州立大学(MSU)D.Miller教授的课题组公布了许多关于乳酸或乳酸酯脱水成丙烯酸和2,3-戊二酮的文章,如Gunter等人(1994)J.Catalysis 148:252-260;和Tam等人(1999)Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.38:3873-3877。该课题组报导的最佳丙烯酸收率为在350℃下,在NaOH饱和的低表面积和孔体积的二氧化硅上将乳酸脱水时的约33%。在相同的实验中,乙醛收率为14.7%,并且丙酸收率为4.1%。该课题组测试的其它催化剂例子为Na2SO4、NaCl、Na3PO4、NaNO3、Na2SiO3、Na4P2O7、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na2HAsO4、NaC3H5O3、NaOH、CsCl、Cs2SO4、KOH、CsOH和LiOH。在所有情况下,上文引用的催化剂均以单独组分形式而不是以混合物形式测试。最后,该课题组提出,当二氧化硅载体表面积低、反应温度高、反应压力低、并且反应物在催化剂床中的停留时间短时,丙烯酸的收率得到改善,并且副产物收率被抑制。
最后,中国专利申请200910054519.7公开了用含水碱(如NH3、NaOH、和Na2CO3)或磷酸盐(如NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、LiH2PO4、LaPO4等)改性的ZSM-5分子筛的用途。乳酸脱水中获得的丙烯酸最佳收率为83.9%,然而该收率是在非常长的停留时间下获得的。
因此,经由方法如上述文献中所述那些由乳酸或乳酸酯制备丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,已表明:1)丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的收率不超过70%;2)丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的选择性低,即大量非期望的副产物如乙醛、2,3-戊二酮、丙酸、CO和CO2;3)在催化剂床中的停留时间长;以及4)催化剂在短反应时间(TOS)内失活。副产物可沉积在催化剂上,致使催化剂污损并且过早快速钝化。此外,沉积后,这些副产物可催化其它非期望的反应如聚合反应。除了沉积在催化剂上以外,这些副产物即使仅少量存在,也在生产例如超吸收聚合物(SAP)时,占据加工丙烯酸(当存在于反应产物流出物中时)的额外成本。现有技术工业和催化剂的这些缺陷使得它们在商业上是不可行的。
因此,需要用于将羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物脱水成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的催化剂和方法,具有高收率、选择率和效率(即短停留时间)以及长寿命的催化剂。
发明内容
本发明提供了制备丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的方法。在一个实施例中,所述方法包括使包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流与催化剂接触,所述催化剂包含:(a)至少一种选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的缩聚磷酸根阴离子,
[PnO3n+1](n+2)- (I)
[PnO3n]n- (II)
[P(2m+n)O(5m+3n)]n- (III)
其中n为至少2并且m为至少1,以及(b)至少两种不同的阳离子,其中所述催化剂基本上是电中性的,并且进一步地,其中磷与至少两种不同的阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间,从而由于所述流与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。由式(I)、(II)和(III)定义的阴离子还被分别称为多磷酸根(或低聚磷酸根)、环状磷酸根和过磷酸根。
在本发明的一个实施例中,制备丙烯酸的方法包括接触:(a)气体流,所述气体流包含:(i)乳酸,(ii)水,和(iii)氮气,其中所述乳酸以基于所述气体流的总摩尔数计约2.5mol%的量存在,并且其中所述水以约50mol%的量存在,与(b)催化剂,所述催化剂包含(i)Ba2-x-sK2xH2sP2O7,和(ii)(KPO3)n,其中x和s大于或等于0并且小于约0.5,并且n为正整数,其中所述气体流与所述催化剂的所述接触在约300℃至约450℃的温度、约3,600h-1的气时空速(GHSV)、和约360psig压力下,在具有内表面的反应器内进行,所述内表面包含选自石英和硼硅酸盐玻璃的材料,从而由于所述乳酸与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,制备丙烯酸的方法包括接触:(a)气体流,所述气体流包含:(i)乳酸,(ii)水,和(iii)氮气,其中所述乳酸以基于所述气体流的总摩尔数计约2.5mol%的量存在,并且其中所述水以50mol%的量存在,与(b)由方法制得的催化剂,所述方法包括下列步骤:(i)将含磷化合物、硝酸盐、磷酸和水混合形成湿混合物,其中所述含磷化合物和所述硝酸盐中磷与所述阳离子之间的摩尔比均为约1;(ii)将所述湿混合物在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体;以及(iii)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂,并且其中所述气体流与所述催化剂的所述接触在约300℃至约450℃的温度、约3,600h-1的气时空速(GHSV)、和约360psig压力下,在具有内表面的反应器内进行,所述内表面包含选自石英和硼硅酸盐玻璃的材料,从而由于所述乳酸与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,制备丙烯酸的方法包括接触:(a)气体流,所述气体流包含:(i)乳酸,(ii)水,和(iii)氮气,其中所述乳酸以基于所述气体流的总摩尔数计约2.5mol%的量存在,并且其中所述水以约50mol%的量存在,与(b)由方法制得的催化剂,所述方法包括下列步骤:(i)将Ca2P2O7和KH2PO4以约3:1的摩尔比混合以形成固体混合物;以及(ii)将所述固体混合物在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得所述催化剂;并且其中所述气体流与所述催化剂的所述接触在约300℃至约450℃的温度、约3,600h-1的气时空速(GHSV)、和约360psig压力下,在具有内表面的反应器内进行,所述内表面包含选自石英和硼硅酸盐玻璃的材料,从而由于所述乳酸与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸。
通过结合例子阅读以下具体实施方式,本发明的其它特征对于本领域的技术人员而言可变得显而易见。
具体实施方式
I定义
如本文所用,术语“单磷酸盐”或“正磷酸盐”是指其阴离子单元[PO4]3-由围绕中心磷原子近似规则四面体阵列排列的四个氧原子组成的任何盐。
如本文所用,术语“缩聚磷酸盐”是指包含一个或多个通过PO4四面体角共享产生的P-O-P键的任何盐。
如本文所用,术语“多磷酸盐”是指通过PO4四面体角共享致使形成有限链的包含线性P-O-P键的任何缩聚磷酸盐。
如本文所用,术语“低聚磷酸盐”是指包含五个或更少的PO4单元的任何聚磷酸盐。
如本文所用,术语“环磷酸盐”是指由两个或更多个角共享PO4四面体构成的任何环状缩聚磷酸盐。
如本文所用,术语“过磷酸盐”是指其中阴离子单元中至少两个PO4四面体与邻近四面体共享它们三个角的任何缩聚磷酸盐。
如本文所用,术语“阳离子”是指具有正电荷的任何原子或共价键合的原子组。
如本文所用,术语“阴离子”是指具有负电荷的任何原子或共价键合的原子组。
如本文所用,术语“一价阳离子”是指具有+1正电荷的任何阳离子。
如本文所用,术语“多价阳离子”是指具有等于或大于+2正电荷的任何阳离子。
如本文所用,术语“杂多阴离子”是指具有共价键合的XOp和YOr多面体的任何阴离子,从而包含X-O-Y和可能的X-O-X和Y-O-Y键,其中X和Y代表任何原子,并且其中p和r为任何正整数。
如本文所用,术语“杂多磷酸根”是指任何杂多阴离子阴离子,其中X代表磷(P),并且Y代表任何其它原子。
如本文所用,术语“磷酸根加合物”是指具有未共价连接的一个或多个磷酸根阴离子和一个或多个非磷酸根阴离子的任何化合物。
如本文所用,术语“LA”是指乳酸,“AA”是指丙烯酸,“AcH”是指乙醛,而“PA”是指丙酸。
如本文所用,术语“颗粒跨度”是指给定颗粒样品的统计表示,并且等于(Dv,0.90-Dv,0.10)/Dv,0.50。术语“中值粒度”或Dv,0.50是指50%颗粒的总体积在低于其的颗粒直径。此外,Dv,0.10是指区分10%体积份数颗粒样品的粒度,而Dv,0.90为区分90%体积份数颗粒样品的粒度。
如本文所用,以%表示的术语“转化率”定义为[羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流入量(mol/min)-羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流出量(mol/min)]/[羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流入量(mol/min)]*100。对于本发明目的,除非另外指明,术语“转化率”是指摩尔转化率。
如本文所用,以%表示的术语“收率”定义为[产物流出量(mol/min)/羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流入量(mol/min)]*100。对于本发明目的,除非另外指明,术语“收率”是指摩尔收率。
如本文所用,以%表示的术语“选择率”定义为[收率/转化率]*100。对于本发明目的,除非另外指明,术语“选择率”是指摩尔选择率。
如本文所用,以mol/min为单位并且针对羟基丙酸的术语“总流出量”定义为:(2/3)*[C2流出量(mol/min)]+[C3流出量(mol/min)]+(2/3)*[乙醛流出量(mol/min)]+(4/3)*[C4流出量(mol/min)]+[羟基丙酸流出量(mol/min)]+[丙酮酸流出量(mol/min)]+(2/3)*[乙酸流出量(mol/min)]+[1,2-丙二醇流出量(mol/min)]+[丙酸流出量(mol/min)]+[丙烯酸流出量(mol/min)]+(5/3)*[2,3-戊二酮流出量(mol/min)]+(1/3)*[一氧化碳流出量(mol/min)]+(1/3)*[二氧化碳流出量(mol/min)]。如果使用羟基丙酸衍生物替代羟基丙酸,则上式需要根据羟基丙酸衍生物中的碳原子数进行调整。
如本文所用,术语“C2”是指乙烷和乙烯。
如本文所用,术语“C3”是指丙烷和丙烯。
如本文所用,术语“C4”是指丁烷和丁烯。
如本文所用,以%表示的术语“总摩尔平衡度”或“TMB”定义为[总流出量(mol/min)/羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流入量(mol/min)]*100。
如本文所用,术语“将丙烯酸收率对于TMB进行校正”定义为[丙烯酸收率/总摩尔平衡度]*100,以说明反应器中稍高的流量。
如本文所用,以h-1为单位的术语“气时空速”或“GHSV”定义为[总气体流量(mL/min)/催化剂床体积(mL)]/60。总气体流量在标准温度和压力条件(STP;0℃和1atm)下计算。
如本文所用,以h-1为单位的术语“液时空速”或“LHSV”定义为[总液体流量(mL/min)/催化剂床体积(mL)]/60。
II催化剂
已出乎意料地发现,混合的缩聚磷酸盐催化剂将羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物脱水成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,具有:1)对丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的高收率和选择率,即副产物量少并且不多;2)高效率,即在短停留时间内完成;和3)长寿命。虽然不愿受任何理论的束缚,但是申请人猜测,包含至少一种缩聚磷酸根阴离子和两种不同阳离子的催化剂如下起作用:羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的羧酸根基团通过一个或两个氧原子与一个或多个阳离子缔合(在一个实施例中所述阳离子是多价的),将所述分子保留在催化剂表面上,使其失活以避免脱羰,并且活化C-OH键以进行消去。然后,所得质子化缩聚磷酸根阴离子通过羟基协同质子化,从甲基上移除质子,并且以水分子形式消去质子化羟基,使羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物脱水,生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,并且重新活化催化剂。此外,申请人相信,当用水稀释羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物时,催化剂中的一些缩聚磷酸盐可水解成非缩聚的单磷酸盐或较短的缩聚磷酸盐,其在适当温度和压力条件下可转变成液态,促进羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的脱水。
在一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含:(a)至少一种选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的缩聚磷酸根阴离子,
[PnO3n+1](n+2)- (I)
[PnO3n]n- (II)
[P(2m+n)O(5m+3n)]n- (III)
其中n为至少2并且m为至少1,以及(b)至少两种不同的阳离子,其中所述催化剂基本上是电中性的,并且进一步地,其中磷与至少两种不同的阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间。
由式(I)、(II)和(III)定义的阴离子还被分别称为多磷酸根(或低聚磷酸根)、环状磷酸根和过磷酸根。
在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含:(a)至少一种选自式(I)和(II)的缩聚磷酸根阴离子,
[PnO3n+1](n+2)- (I)
[PnO3n]n- (II)
其中n为至少2,以及(b)至少两种不同的阳离子,其中所述催化剂基本上是电中性的,并且进一步地,其中磷与至少两种不同的阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间。
所述阳离子可为一价或多价的。在一个实施例中,一个阳离子为一价的,而另一个阳离子为多价的。在另一个实施例中,多价阳离子选自二价阳离子、三价阳离子、四价阳离子、五价阳离子、以及它们的混合物。一价阳离子的非限制性例子为H+、Li+、Na+、K+、Rb+、Cs+、Ag+、Rb+、Tl+、以及它们的混合物。在一个实施例中,所述一价阳离子选自Li+、Na+、K+、Rb+、Cs+、以及它们的混合物;在另一个实施例中,所述一价阳离子为Na+或K+;并且在另一个实施例中,所述一价阳离子为K+。多价阳离子的非限制性例子为下列的阳离子:碱土金属(即Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba和Ra),过渡金属(例如Y、Ti、Zr、V、Nb、Cr、Mo、Mn、Re、Fe、Ru、Co、Rh、Ni、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag和Au),贫金属(例如Zn、Ga、Si、Ge、B、Al、In、Sb、Sn、Bi和Pb),镧系元素(例如La和Ce),和锕系元素(例如Ac和Th)。在一个实施例中,多价阳离子选自Be2+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、Mn2 +、Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Sn2+、Pb2+、Ti3+、Cr3+、Mn3+、Fe3+、Al3+、Ga3+、Y3+、In3+、Sb3+、Bi3 +、Si4+、Ti4+、V4+、Ge4+、Mo4+、Pt4+、V5+、Nb5+、Sb5+、以及它们的混合物。在一个实施例中,所述多价阳离子选自Ca2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Mn2+、Mn3+、以及它们的混合物;在另一个实施例中,所述多价阳离子选自Ca2+、Ba2+、Mn3+、以及它们的混合物;并且在另一个实施例中,所述多价阳离子为Ba2+。
所述催化剂可包含阳离子:(a)H+、Li+、Na+、K+、Rb+、Cs+、或它们的混合物;和(b)Be2 +、Mg2+、Ca2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Sn2+、Pb2+、Ti3+、Cr3+、Mn3+、Fe3+、Al3+、Ga3+、Y3+、In3+、Sb3+、Bi3+、Si4+、Ti4+、V4+、Ge4+、Mo4+、Pt4+、V5+、Nb5+、Sb5+、或它们的混合物。在一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含Li+、Na+、或K+作为一价阳离子,并且包含Ca2+、Ba2+、或Mn3+作为多价阳离子;在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含Na+或K+作为一价阳离子,并且包含Ca2+或Ba2+作为多价阳离子;并且在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含K+作为一价阳离子,并且包含Ba2+作为多价阳离子。
在一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含Ba2-x-sK2xH2sP2O7和(KPO3)n,其中x和s大于或等于0并且小于约0.5,并且n为正整数。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含Ca2-x-sK2xH2sP2O7和(KPO3)n,其中x和s大于或等于0并且小于约0.5,并且n为正整数。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含Mn1-x-sK1+3xH3sP2O7或Mn1-x-sK2+2xH2sP2O7和(KPO3)n,其中x和s大于或等于0并且小于约0.5,并且n为正整数。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含Ba2-x-sK2xH2sP2O7、Ca2-x- sK2xH2sP2O7、Mn1-x-sK1+3xH3sP2O7或Mn1-x-sK2+2xH2sP2O7的任何共混物;和(KPO3)n,其中x和s大于或等于0并且小于约0.5,并且n为正整数。
在一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间;在另一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.8和约1.3之间;并且在另一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比为约1。
在一个实施例中,所述催化剂包含:(a)至少两种不同的选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的缩聚磷酸根阴离子,
[PnO3n+1](n+2)- (I)
[PnO3n]n- (II)
[P(2m+n)O(5m+3n)]n- (III)
其中n为至少2并且m为至少1,以及(b)一种阳离子,其中所述催化剂基本上是电中性的,并且进一步地,其中磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.5和约4.0之间。在另一个实施例中,磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约t/2和约t之间,其中t为阳离子电荷数。
所述催化剂可包含惰性载体,所述载体由包括硅酸盐、铝酸盐、碳、金属氧化物、以及它们的混合物的材料组成。作为另外一种选择,所述载体相对于预计接触催化剂的反应混合物是惰性的。在本文明确描述的反应背景下,在一个实施例中,所述载体为低表面积的二氧化硅或氧化锆。当存在时,所述载体的含量以所述催化剂的总重量计为约5重量%至约98重量%。一般来讲,包含惰性载体的催化剂可由两种示例性方法之一制得:浸渍或共沉淀。在浸渍方法中,用预催化剂溶液处理固体惰性载体的悬浮液,然后在将所述预催化剂转变成更活性状态的条件下活化所得材料。在共沉淀方法中,通过加入附加成分,使催化剂成分的均一化溶液沉淀。
III催化剂制备方法
在一个实施例中,制备催化剂的方法包括混合并且加热至少两种不同的含磷化合物,其中每种所述化合物由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述,或为所述式的任何水合形式:
MI y(H3-yPO4) (IV)
MII y(H3-yPO4)2 (V)
MIII y(H3-yPO4)3 (VI)
MIV y(H3-yPO4)4 (VII)
(NH4)y(H3-yPO4) (VIII)
MII a(OH)b(PO4)c (IX)
MIII d(OH)e(PO4)f (X)
MIIMIPO4 (XI)
MIIIMI 3(PO4)2 (XII)
MIV 2MI(PO4)3 (XIII)
MI zH4-zP2O7 (XIV)
MII vH(4-2v)P2O7 (XV)
MIVP2O7 (XVI)
(NH4)zH4-zP2O7 (XVII)
MIIIMIP2O7 (XVIII)
MIHw(PO3)(1+w) (XIX)
MIIHw(PO3)(2+w) (XX)
MIIIHw(PO3)(3+w) (XXI)
MIVHw(PO3)(4+w) (XXII)
MII gMI h(PO3)i (XXIII)
MIII jMI k(PO3)l (XXIV)
P2O5 (XXV)
其中MI为一价阳离子;其中MII为二价阳离子;其中MIII为三价阳离子;其中MIV为四价阳离子;其中y为0、1、2或3;其中z为0、1、2、3或4;其中v为0、1或2;其中w为0或任何正整数;并且其中a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h、i、j、k和l为任何正整数,使得满足公式:2a=b+3c,3d=e+3f,i=2g+h,和l=3j+k。
在一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于1)和一种或多种式(V)的含磷化合物(其中y等于2)而制得。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热MIH2PO4和MIIHPO4而制得。在一个实施例中,MI为K+并且MII为Ca2+,即所述催化剂通过混合并且加热KH2PO4和CaHPO4制得;或MI为K并且MII为Ba2+,即所述催化剂通过混合并且加热KH2PO4和BaHPO4制得。
在一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于1)、一种或多种式(XV)的含磷化合物(其中v等于2)而制得。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热MIH2PO4和MII 2P2O7制得。在一个实施例中,MI为K+并且MII为Ca2 +,即所述催化剂通过混合并且加热KH2PO4和Ca2P2O7制得;或MI为K+并且MII为Ba2+,即所述催化剂通过混合并且加热KH2PO4和Ba2P2O7制得。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间;在另一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.8和约1.3之间;并且在另一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比为约1。
在另一个实施例中,制备催化剂的方法包括混合并且加热(a)至少一种含磷化合物,其中每种所述化合物由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述,或为所述式的任何水合形式:
MI y(H3-yPO4) (IV)
MII y(H3-yPO4)2 (V)
MIII y(H3-yPO4)3 (VI)
MIV y(H3-yPO4)4 (VII)
(NH4)y(H3-yPO4) (VIII)
MII a(OH)b(PO4)c (IX)
MIII d(OH)e(PO4)f (X)
MIIMIPO4 (XI)
MIIIMI 3(PO4)2 (XII)
MIV 2MI(PO4)3 (XIII)
MI zH4-zP2O7 (XIV)
MII vH(4-2v)P2O7 (XV)
MIVP2O7 (XVI)
(NH4)zH4-zP2O7 (XVII)
MIIIMIP2O7 (XVIII)
MIHw(PO3)(1+w) (XIX)
MIIHw(PO3)(2+w) (XX)
MIIIHw(PO3)(3+w) (XXI)
MIVHw(PO3)(4+w) (XXII)
MII gMI h(PO3)i (XXIII)
MIII jMI k(PO3)l (XXIV)
P2O5 (XXV)
其中y为0、1、2或3;其中z为0、1、2、3或4;其中v为0、1或2;其中w为0或任何正整数;并且其中a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h、i、j、k和l为任何正整数,使得满足公式:2a=b+3c,3d=e+3f,i=2g+h,和l=3j+k,和(b)至少一种不含磷化合物,所述化合物选自硝酸盐、碳酸盐、乙酸盐、金属氧化物、氯化物盐、硫酸盐、和金属氢氧化物,其中每种所述化合物由式(XXVI)至(XL)之一描述,或为所述式的任何水合形式:
MINO3 (XXVI)
MII(NO3)2 (XXVII)
MIII(NO3)3 (XXVIII)
MI 2CO3 (XXIX)
MIICO3 (XXX)
MIII 2(CO3)3 (XXXI)
(CH3COO)MI (XXXII)
(CH3COO)2MII (XXXIII)
(CH3COO)3MIII (XXXIV)
(CH3COO)4MIV (XXXV)
MI 2O (XXXVI)
MIIO (XXXVII)
MIII 2O3 (XXXVIII)
MIVO2 (XXXIX)
MICl (XXXX)
MIICl2 (XXXXI)
MIIICl3 (XXXXII)
MIVCl4 (XXXXIII)
MI 2SO4 (XXXXIV)
MIISO4 (XXXXV)
MIII 2(SO4)3 (XXXXVI)
MIV(SO4)2 (XXXXVII)
MIOH (XXXVIII)
MII(OH)2 (XXXIX)
MIII(OH)3 (XL)。
在另一个实施例中,所述不含磷的化合物可选自羧酸衍生的盐、卤化物盐、乙酰基丙酮酸金属盐、和金属醇盐。
在本发明的一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间;在另一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.8和约1.3之间;并且在另一个实施例中,催化剂中磷与阳离子的摩尔比为约1。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(IV)至(XXV)的含磷化合物或它们的水合形式,和一种或多种式(XXVI)至(XXVIII)的硝酸盐或它们的水合形式而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(IV)的含磷化合物和一种或多种式(XXVII)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于2)、式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于0)(即磷酸)、和式(XXVII)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热K2HPO4、H3PO4、和Ba(NO3)2而制得。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热K2HPO4、H3PO4和Ca(NO3)2制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(IV)的含磷化合物和一种或多种式(XXVIII)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于2)、式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于0)(即磷酸)、和式(XXVIII)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热K2HPO4、H3PO4、和Mn(NO3)2×4H2O而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(V)的含磷化合物和一种或多种式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热式(V)的含磷化合物(其中y等于2)、式(V)的含磷化合物(其中y等于0)(即磷酸)、和式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热BaHPO4、H3PO4和KNO3而制得。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热CaHPO4、H3PO4和KNO3而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(V)的含磷化合物、一种或多种式(XV)的含磷化合物、和一种或多种式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热式(V)的含磷化合物(其中y等于0)(即磷酸)、式(XV)的含磷化合物(其中v等于2)、和式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热H3PO4、Ca2P2O7、和KNO3而制得。在另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热H3PO4、Ba2P2O7、和KNO3而制得。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(VI)的含磷化合物和一种或多种式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热式(VI)的含磷化合物(其中y等于3)、式(VI)的含磷化合物(其中y等于0)(即磷酸)、和式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热MnPO4×qH2O、H3PO4和KNO3而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(IV)的含磷化合物、一种或多种式(IX)的含磷化合物、和一种或多种式(XXVII)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于2)、式(IV)的含磷化合物(其中y等于0)(即磷酸)、式(IX)的含磷化合物(其中a等于2,b等于1,并且c等于1)、和式(XXVII)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热K2HPO4、H3PO4、Cu2(OH)PO4、和Ba(NO3)2而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(V)的含磷化合物、一种或多种式(IX)的含磷化合物、和一种或多种式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热式(V)的含磷化合物(其中y等于3)、式(V)的含磷化合物(其中y等于0)(即磷酸)、式(IX)的含磷化合物(其中a等于2,b等于1,并且c等于1)、和式(XXVI)的硝酸盐而制得。在本发明的另一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热Ba3(PO4)2、H3PO4、Cu2(OH)PO4、和KNO3而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述的含磷化合物或其任何水合形式,和一种或多种由式(XXIX)至(XXXI)之一描述的碳酸盐或其任何水合形式而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述的含磷化合物或其任何水合形式,和一种或多种由式(XXXII)至(XXXV)之一描述的乙酸盐、任何其它有机酸衍生的盐或其任何水合形式而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述的含磷化合物或其任何水合形式,和一种或多种由式(XXXVI)至(XXXIX)之一描述的金属氧化物或其任何水合形式而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述的含磷化合物或其任何水合形式,和一种或多种由式(XXXX)至(XXXXIII)之一描述的氯化物盐、任何其它氯化物盐或其任何水合形式而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述的含磷化合物或其任何水合形式,和一种或多种由式(XXXXIV)至(XXXXVII)之一描述的硫酸盐或其任何水合形式而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种由式(IV)至(XXV)之一描述的含磷化合物或其任何水合形式,和一种或多种由式(XXXXVIII)至(XL)之一描述的氢氧化物或其任何水合形式而制得。
在本发明的一个实施例中,所述催化剂通过混合并且加热一种或多种式(IV)至(XXV)的含磷化合物,和两种或多种式(XXVI)至(XL)的不含磷化合物或它们的水合形式而制得。
在一个实施例中,磷与阳离子(即MI+MII+MIII+…)的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间;在另一个实施例中,磷与阳离子(即MI+MII+MIII+…)的摩尔比介于约0.8和约1.3之间,并且在另一个实施例中,磷与阳离子(即MI+MII+MIII+…)的摩尔比为约1。例如,在一个实施例中,当所述催化剂包含钾(K+)和钡(Ba2+)时,磷与金属(K+Ba)之间的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间;并且在另一个实施例中,磷与金属(K+Ba)之间的摩尔比为约1。
当所述催化剂仅包含两种不同的阳离子时,阳离子之间的摩尔比在一个实施例中介于约1:50和约50:1之间;并且在另一个实施例中,阳离子之间的摩尔比介于约1:4和约4:1之间。例如,当所述催化剂包含钾(K+)和钡(Ba2+)时,它们之间的摩尔比(K:Ba)在一个实施例中介于约1:4和约4:1之间。而且,当所述催化剂通过混合并且加热K2HPO4、Ba(NO3)2、和H3PO4而制得时,存在钾和钡,在另一个实施例中,K:Ba的摩尔比介于约2:3至约1:1之间。
在一个实施例中,所述催化剂可包含惰性载体,所述载体由包括硅酸盐、铝酸盐、碳、金属氧化物、以及它们的混合物的材料组成。作为另外一种选择,所述载体相对于预计接触催化剂的反应混合物是惰性的。在另一个实施例中,制备催化剂的方法还可包括在混合并且加热含磷化合物之前、期间或之后,使惰性载体与所述催化剂混合,其中所述惰性载体包括硅酸盐、铝酸盐、碳、金属氧化物、以及它们的混合物。在另一个实施例中,制备催化剂的方法还可包括在混合并且加热含磷化合物与不含磷化合物之前、期间或之后,使惰性载体与所述催化剂混合,其中所述惰性载体包括硅酸盐、铝酸盐、碳、金属氧化物、以及它们的混合物。
所述催化剂中含磷化合物或含磷和不含磷化合物的混合可通过本领域技术人员已知的任何方法来实现,如但不限于:固体混合和共沉淀。在固体混合方法中,采用本领域技术人员已知的任何方法将各种组分物理混合在一起,并且任选碾磨,所述方法如但不限于剪切、压延、捏合、挤出等。在共沉淀方法中,制备包括一种或多种磷酸盐化合物在内的各种组分的水溶液或悬浮液,然后任选过滤并且加热,以移除溶剂和挥发性物质(例如水、硝酸、二氧化碳、氨、或乙酸)。通常采用本领域技术人员已知的任何方法进行加热,如但不限于对流、传导、辐射、微波加热等。
在本发明的一个实施例中,将催化剂煅烧。煅烧是允许发生化学反应和/或热分解和/或相变和/或挥发性物质移除的方法。煅烧方法用本领域技术人员已知的任何设备实施,如但不限于具有各种设计的加热炉或反应器,包括竖炉、旋转窑、床式反射炉、和流化床反应器。在一个实施例中,煅烧温度为约200℃至约1200℃;在另一个实施例中,煅烧温度为约250℃至约900℃;并且在另一个实施例中,煅烧温度为约300℃至600℃。在一个实施例中,煅烧时间为约一小时至约七十二小时。
尽管许多方法和设备是将颗粒分级成离散尺寸并且确定粒度分布的领域的技术人员已知的,但筛分是最容易,最便宜和常见的方式之一。测定颗粒粒度分布的替代方法是采用光散射。煅烧后,在一个实施例中将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分以提供更均匀的产物。催化剂颗粒的粒度分布包括在一个实施例中小于约3的颗粒跨度;在另一个实施例中,催化剂颗粒的粒度分布包括小于约2的颗粒跨度;并且在另一个实施例中,催化剂颗粒的粒度分布包括小于约1.5的颗粒跨度。在本发明的另一个实施例中,将所述催化剂筛分至约50μm至约500μm的中值粒度。在本发明的另一个实施例中,将所述催化剂筛分至约100μm至约200μm的中值粒度。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂由下列步骤制得,所述步骤包括:(a)将含磷化合物、硝酸盐、磷酸和水混合形成湿混合物,其中所述含磷化合物和所述硝酸盐中磷与所述阳离子之间的摩尔比均为约1,(b)将所述湿固体在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体,以及(c)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂由下列步骤制得,所述步骤包括:(a)将以无水基计摩尔比为约0.3:1:1的MnPO4×qH2O、KNO3和H3PO4与水混合以获得湿混合物,(b)将所述湿混合物在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体,以及(c)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂由下列步骤制得,所述步骤包括:(a)将摩尔比为约1.6:1:1的Ca2P2O7、KNO3和H3PO4与水混合以获得湿混合物,(b)将所述湿混合物在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体,以及(c)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂由下列步骤制得,所述步骤包括:(a)将含磷化合物、硝酸盐、磷酸和水混合以获得湿混合物,其中含磷化合物和硝酸盐中磷与阳离子之间的摩尔比均为约1,(b)将所述湿固体加热至约80℃,同时搅拌,直至接近干燥,以形成湿固体,(c)将所述湿固体在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体,以及(d)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂由下列步骤制得,所述步骤包括:(a)将摩尔比为约3:1:4的Ba(NO3)2、K2HPO4和H3PO4与水混合以获得湿混合物,(b)将所述湿固体加热至约80℃,同时搅拌,直至接近干燥,以形成湿固体,(c)将所述湿固体在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体,以及(d)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂由下列步骤制得,所述步骤包括:(a)将摩尔比为约1:1.5:2的Mn(NO3)2×4H2O、K2HPO4和H3PO4与水混合以获得湿混合物,(b)将所述湿固体加热至约80℃,同时搅拌,直至接近干燥,以形成湿固体,(c)将所述湿固体在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体,以及(d)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂。
在另一个实施例中,催化剂由下列步骤制得,所述步骤包括:(a)将摩尔比为约3:1的Ca2P2O7和KH2PO4混合以获得固体混合物,以及(b)将所述固体混合物在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得所述催化剂。
煅烧和任选的碾磨和筛分后,可使用所述催化剂催化多个化学反应。反应的非限制性例子为:羟基丙酸脱水成丙烯酸(如下文更详细描述的),甘油脱水成丙烯醛,脂肪族醇脱水成链烯或烯烃,脂肪族醇脱氢成醚,其它脱氢反应,水解反应,烷基化反应,脱烷基化反应,氧化反应,歧化反应,酯化反应,环化反应,异构化反应,缩合反应,芳构化反应,聚合反应,以及对本领域普通技术人员而言可能显而易见的其它反应。
IV.制备丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的方法
提供了将羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物脱水成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的方法。所述方法包括使包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流与催化剂接触,所述催化剂包含:(a)至少一种选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的缩聚磷酸根阴离子,
[PnO3n+1](n+2)- (I)
[PnO3n]n- (II)
[P(2m+n)O(5m+3n)]n- (III)
其中n为至少2并且m为至少1,以及(b)至少两种不同的阳离子,其中所述催化剂基本上是电中性的,并且进一步地,其中磷与至少两种不同的阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间,从而由于所述流与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。
可使用供替代的包含阴离子和至少两种不同阳离子的催化剂将羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物脱水成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,所述阴离子选自不含磷的阴离子、杂多阴离子和磷酸根加合物,其中所述催化剂基本上是电中性的。不含磷的阴离子的非限制性例子为砷酸根、缩聚砷酸根、硝酸根、硫酸根、钒酸根、铌酸根、钽酸根、硒酸根、以及对本领域普通技术人员而言可能显而易见的其它例子。杂多阴离子的非限制性例子为杂多磷酸根,如砷磷酸根、磷铝酸根、磷硼酸根、磷铬酸根、磷钼酸根、磷硅酸根、磷硫酸根、磷钨酸根、以及对本领域普通技术人员而言可能显而易见的其它例子。磷酸根加合物的非限制性例子为磷酸根阴离子与碲酸、卤离子、硼酸根、碳酸根、硝酸根、硫酸根、铬酸根、硅酸根、草酸根、它们的混合物的加合物,以及对本领域普通技术人员而言可能显而易见的其它例子。
羟基丙酸可为3-羟基丙酸、2-羟基丙酸(还称为乳酸)、2-甲基羟基丙酸、或它们的混合物。羟基丙酸的衍生物可为羟基丙酸的金属盐或铵盐、羟基丙酸烷基酯、2-甲基羟基丙酸烷基酯、羟基丙酸环状二酯、羟基丙酸酐、或它们的混合物。羟基丙酸金属盐的非限制性例子为羟基丙酸钠、羟基丙酸钾、和羟基丙酸钙。羟基丙酸烷基酯的非限制性例子为羟基丙酸甲酯、羟基丙酸乙酯、羟基丙酸丁酯、羟基丙酸2-乙基己酯、或它们的混合物。羟基丙酸环状二酯的非限制性例子为丙交酯。
在一个实施例中,所述羟基丙酸为乳酸或2-甲基乳酸。在另一个实施例中,所述羟基丙酸为乳酸。乳酸可为L-乳酸、D-乳酸、或它们的混合物。
丙烯酸衍生物可为丙烯酸低聚物、单体丙烯酸的金属或铵盐、丙烯酸低聚物的金属或铵盐、或它们的混合物。丙烯酸金属盐的非限制性例子为丙烯酸钠、丙烯酸钾、和丙烯酸钙。丙烯酸烷基酯的非限制性例子为乳酸甲酯、乳酸乙酯、或它们的混合物。
包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流可包含液体流和惰性气体(即在所述方法条件下对反应混合物呈惰性的气体),所述液体流和惰性气体可分开或合并加入到催化剂反应器上游的蒸发容器中,以使流变成气态。
所述液体流可包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,和稀释剂。稀释剂的非限制性例子为水、甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、C3至C8直链和支链醇、C5至C8直链和支链烷烃、乙酸乙酯、非挥发性醚(包括二苯基醚)、以及它们的混合物。在一个实施例中,所述稀释剂为水。
在某些实施例中,所述液体流包含乳酸或乳酸衍生物的水溶液,所述乳酸衍生物选自丙交酯、乳酸低聚物、乳酸的盐、和乳酸烷基酯。在一个实施例中,所述液体流包含以所述液体流的总重量计约2重量%至约95重量%的乳酸或乳酸衍生物。在另一个实施例中,所述液体流包含以所述液体流的总重量计约5重量%至约50重量%的乳酸或乳酸衍生物。在另一个实施例中,所述液体流包含以所述液体流的总重量计约10重量%至约25重量%的乳酸或乳酸衍生物。在另一个实施例中,所述液体流包含以所述液体流的总重量计约20重量%的乳酸或乳酸衍生物。在另一个实施例中,所述液体流包含乳酸以及乳酸衍生物的水溶液。在另一个实施例中,所述液体流包含以所述液体流的总重量计小于约30重量%的乳酸衍生物。在另一个实施例中,所述液体流包含以所述液体流的总重量计小于约10重量%的乳酸衍生物。在另一个实施例中,所述液体流包含以所述液体流的总重量计小于约5重量%的乳酸衍生物。
惰性气体为在所述方法条件下对反应混合物呈惰性的气体。惰性气体的非限制性例子为空气、氮气、氦气、氩气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水蒸气、以及它们的混合物。在一个实施例中,所述惰性气体为氮气。
包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在接触催化剂时可为气体混合物形式。在一个实施例中,羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的浓度以所述流的总摩尔数计(在STP条件下计算)为约0.5mol%至约50mol%。在另一个实施例中,羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的浓度以所述流的总摩尔数计(在STP条件下计算)为约1mol%至约10mol%。在另一个实施例中,羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的浓度以所述流的总摩尔数计(在STP条件下计算)介于约1.5mol%至约3.5mol%之间。在另一个实施例中,羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的浓度以所述流的总摩尔数计(在STP条件下计算)为约2.5mol%。
在一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的所述流接触催化剂时的温度介于约120℃和约700℃之间。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的所述流接触催化剂时的温度介于约150℃和约500℃之间。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的所述流接触催化剂时的温度介于约300℃和约450℃之间。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的所述流接触催化剂时的温度介于约325℃和约400℃之间。
在一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在介于约720h-1和约36,000h-1之间的GHSV下接触催化剂。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在介于约1,800h-1至约7,200h-1之间的GHSV下接触催化剂。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在约3,600h-1的GHSV下接触催化剂。
在一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在介于约0psig和约550psig之间的压力下接触催化剂。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在约360psig的压力下接触催化剂。
在一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在具有内表面的反应器内与催化剂接触,所述内表面包含选自石英、硼硅酸盐玻璃、硅、哈司特镍合金、铬镍铁合金、人造蓝宝石、不锈钢、以及它们混合物的材料。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在具有内表面的反应器内与催化剂接触,所述内表面包含选自石英或硼硅酸盐玻璃的材料。在另一个实施例中,包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流在具有内表面的反应器内与催化剂接触,所述内表面包含硼硅酸盐玻璃。
在一个实施例中,所述方法包括在足以以至少50%收率生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的条件下,使催化剂与包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的气体混合物接触。在另一个实施例中,所述方法包括在足以以至少约70%收率生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的条件下,使催化剂与包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的气体混合物接触。在另一个实施例中,所述方法包括在足以以至少约80%收率生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的条件下,使催化剂与包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的气体混合物接触。
在另一个实施例中,所述方法条件足以以至少约50%的选择率生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。在另一个实施例中,所述方法条件足以以至少约70%的选择率生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。在另一个实施例中,所述方法条件足以以至少约80%的选择率生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。
在另一个实施例中,所述方法条件足以生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,以及为杂质的丙酸,其中所述丙酸的选择率小于约5%。在另一个实施例中,所述方法条件足以生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物,以及为杂质的丙酸,其中所述丙酸的选择率小于约1%。
在另一个实施例中,所述方法条件足以以大于约50%的所述羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的转化率,生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。在另一个实施例中,所述方法条件足以以大于约80%的所述羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的转化率,生成丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物。
在所述有益效果中,由前述实施例可获得的是低副产物收率。在一个实施例中,所述条件足以以小于约6%的收率由气体混合物中存在的乳酸生成丙酸。在另一个实施例中,所述条件足以以小于约1%的收率由气体混合物中存在的乳酸生成丙酸。在一个实施例中,所述条件足以以各自小于约2%的收率由气体流中存在的乳酸生成乙酸、丙酮酸、1,2-丙二醇、和2,3-戊二酮。在另一个实施例中,所述条件足以以各自小于约0.5%的收率由气体流中存在的乳酸生成乙酸、丙酮酸、1,2-丙二醇和2,3-戊二酮。在一个实施例中,所述条件足以以小于约8%的收率由气体混合物中存在的乳酸生成乙醛。在另一个实施例中,所述条件足以以小于约4%的收率由气体混合物中存在的乳酸生成乙醛。在另一个实施例中,所述条件足以以小于约3%的收率由气体混合物中存在的乳酸生成乙醛。在此之前,据信这些收率是达不到如此之低的。然而这些有益效果实际上是可获得的,由下文所示例子进一步展示。
在本发明的一个实施例中,制备丙烯酸的方法包括接触:(a)气体流,所述气体流包含:(i)乳酸,(ii)水,和(iii)氮气,其中所述乳酸以基于所述气体流的总摩尔数计约2.5mol%的量存在,并且其中所述水以约50mol%的量存在,与(b)催化剂,所述催化剂包含(i)Ba2-x-sK2xH2sP2O7,和(ii)(KPO3)n,其中x和s大于或等于0并且小于约0.5,并且n为正整数,其中所述气体流与所述催化剂的所述接触在约300℃至约450℃的温度、约3,600h-1的气时空速(GHSV)、和约360psig压力下,在具有内表面的反应器内进行,所述内表面包含选自石英和硼硅酸盐玻璃的材料,从而由于所述乳酸与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,制备丙烯酸的方法包括接触:(a)气体流,所述气体流包含:(i)乳酸,(ii)水,和(iii)氮气,其中所述乳酸以基于所述气体流的总摩尔数计约2.5mol%的量存在,并且其中所述水以50mol%的量存在,与(b)由方法制得的催化剂,所述方法包括下列步骤:(i)将含磷化合物、硝酸盐、磷酸和水混合形成湿混合物,其中所述含磷化合物和所述硝酸盐中磷与所述阳离子之间的摩尔比均为约1;(ii)将所述湿混合物在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得干燥的固体;以及(iii)将所述干燥固体研磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm,以制得所述催化剂,并且其中所述气体流与所述催化剂的所述接触在约300℃至约450℃的温度、约3,600h-1的气时空速(GHSV)、和约360psig压力下,在具有内表面的反应器内进行,所述内表面包含选自石英和硼硅酸盐玻璃的材料,从而由于所述乳酸与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,制备丙烯酸的方法包括接触:(a)气体流,所述气体流包含:(i)乳酸,(ii)水,和(iii)氮气,其中所述乳酸以基于所述气体流的总摩尔数计约2.5mol%的量存在,并且其中所述水以约50mol%的量存在,与(b)由方法制得的催化剂,所述方法包括下列步骤:(i)将Ca2P2O7和KH2PO4以约3:1的摩尔比混合以形成固体混合物;以及(ii)将所述固体混合物在约50℃、约80℃、约120℃和约450℃至约550℃下逐步煅烧,以制得所述催化剂;并且其中所述气体流与所述催化剂的所述接触在约300℃至约450℃的温度、约3,600h-1的气时空速(GHSV)、和约360psig压力下,在具有内表面的反应器内进行,所述内表面包含选自石英和硼硅酸盐玻璃的材料,从而由于所述乳酸与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸。
提供了将甘油脱水成丙烯醛的方法。所述方法包括使包含甘油的流与催化剂接触,所述催化剂包含:(a)至少一种选自式(I)、(II)和(III)的缩聚磷酸根阴离子,
[PnO3n+1](n+2)- (I)
[PnO3n]n- (II)
[P(2m+n)O(5m+3n)]n- (III)
其中n为至少2并且m为至少1,以及(b)至少两种不同的阳离子,其中所述催化剂基本上是电中性的,并且进一步地,其中磷与至少两种不同的阳离子的摩尔比介于约0.7和约1.7之间,从而由于所述甘油与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯醛。丙烯醛是中间体,可采用与当前丙烯至丙烯酸方法中的第二氧化步骤所用相类似的条件,将所述丙烯醛转化成丙烯酸。
V实例
给出下述实例是为了举例说明本发明,而不是旨在限制其范围。实例1至7描述了根据上述各个实施例所述的不同混合缩聚磷酸盐催化剂的制备。实例8至12描述了非根据本发明所述的催化剂的制备。
实例1
在室温下将硝酸钡Ba(NO3)2水溶液(85.36mL 0.08g/mL原液,26mmol,99.999%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号202754)加入到固体磷酸氢二钾K2HPO4(1.52g,8.7mmol,≥98%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号P3786)。将磷酸H3PO4(2.45mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,36mmol;Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号295700010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和钡(Ba2+,MII)阳离子的溶液。所述悬浮液的最终pH为1.6。然后使用加热板,将玻璃烧杯中包含酸的悬浮液在80℃下缓慢干燥,同时磁力搅拌所述悬浮液,直至液体蒸发,并且所述材料几乎完全干燥。蒸发后,将所述材料转移到可压碎陶瓷器皿中。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;Nabertherm GmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中持续加热,在50℃下10h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在450℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。最后将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由X射线衍射(XRD)和能量分散光谱结合扫描电镜(EDS/SEM)分析所述材料,能够识别σ-Ba2P2O7、α-Ba3P4O13、Ba(NO3)2和KPO3、以及包含Ba的相中掺入的一些K。识别出的缩聚磷酸盐中磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1至约1.3。
实例2
在室温下将固体磷酸氢二钾K2HPO4(36.40g,209mmol,≥98%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号P3786)与硝酸钡Ba(NO3)2水溶液(2050mL 0.08g/mL原液,627mmol,99.999%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号202754)快速混合。将磷酸H3PO4(58.7mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,857mmol;Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号295700010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和钡(Ba2+,MII)阳离子的溶液。所述悬浮液的最终pH为约1.6。然后使用加热板,将玻璃烧杯中包含酸的悬浮液在80℃下缓慢干燥,同时磁力搅拌所述悬浮液,直至液体蒸发,并且所述材料几乎完全干燥。在具有空气环流的烘箱(G1530A,HP6890GC;Agilent Corp.(Santa Clara,CA))中持续加热,在50℃下5.3h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),然后在25℃下冷却。使用相同的烘箱,将所述材料在120℃下煅烧2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),然后在450℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于25℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。最后将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由XRD和EDS/SEM分析所述材料,能够识别σ-Ba2P2O7、α-Ba3P4O13、Ba(NO3)2,KPO3、以及包含Ba的相中掺入的一些K的一些无定形材料。识别出的缩聚磷酸盐中磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1至约1.3。
实例3
在室温下将硝酸钾KNO3水溶液(1.51mL 1g/mL原液,14.9mmol,Sigma–AldrichCo.(St.Louis,MO);目录号60415)加入到二磷酸钙Ca2P2O7(5.93g,23.3mmol,Alfa Aesar(Ward Hill,MA);目录号89836)中。将磷酸H3PO4(1.05mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,15.3mmol,Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号201140010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和钙(Ca2+,MII)阳离子的悬浮液。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;Nabertherm GmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中加热所述材料,在50℃下2h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在450℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。最后将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别β-Ca2P2O7和KPO3。这些缩聚磷酸盐中磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1。
实例4
将先前筛分至约100μm至约200μm的二磷酸钙Ca2P2O7(5.93g,23.3mmol,AlfaAesar(Ward Hill,MA);目录号89836)和单磷酸二氢钾KH2PO4(1.08g,7.9mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号60216)在辊台内的玻璃瓶中混合5分钟,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和钙(Ca2+,MII)阳离子的固体混合物。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;NaberthermGmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中加热所述材料,在50℃下2h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在550℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别β-Ca2P2O7和KPO3。这些缩聚磷酸盐中磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1。
实例5
在室温下将硝酸锰(II)Mn(NO3)2×4H2O水溶液(14.25mL 0.3g/mL原液,17.0mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号63547)加入到单磷酸氢二钾K2HPO4(4.45g,25.5mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号P3786)中。将磷酸H3PO4(2.39mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,34.9mmol,Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号201140010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和锰(Mn2+,MII)阳离子的悬浮液。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;Nabertherm GmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中加热所述材料,在50℃下2h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在450℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。最后将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别MnKP2O7和KPO3;这些缩聚磷酸盐中磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1。
实例6
室温下将硝酸钾KNO3水溶液(5.16mL 1g/mL原液,51.1mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号60415)加入到磷酸锰(III)MnPO4×qH2O(2.58g,以无水基计17.2mmol,Alfa Aesar(Ward Hill,MA);目录号A17868)中。将磷酸H3PO4(3.58mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,52.4mmol,Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号295700010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和锰(Mn3+,MIII)阳离子的悬浮液。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;Nabertherm GmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中加热所述材料,在50℃下2h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在550℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。最后将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别MnKP2O7和KPO3。这些缩聚磷酸盐中磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1。
实例7
Ba3(PO4)2的制备:将磷酸钠Na3PO4(85.68g,523mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号342483)溶于580mL去离子水中,并且用浓氢氧化铵将pH调节至7。将硝酸钡Ba(NO3)2(121.07g,463mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号202754)溶于1220mL去离子水中。将Ba(NO3)2溶液滴加到Na3PO4溶液中,同时搅拌并且加热至60℃,在滴加期间形成白色浆液。持续监测pH,并且滴加浓氢氧化铵以保持pH 7。在60℃下持续加热和搅拌60分钟,此时将固体过滤并且用去离子水充分洗涤。将固体悬浮于2L去离子水中,并且再次过滤,并且用去离子水充分洗涤。在通风烘箱中,将滤饼在120℃下干燥5小时(1℃/min阶升),然后在350℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升),获得Ba3(PO4)2,为白色固体。
催化剂的制备:室温下将硝酸钾KNO3水溶液(0.68mL 1g/mL原液,6.8mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号60415)加入到如上制得的磷酸钡Ba3(PO4)2(4.07g,6.8mmol)中。将氢氧化磷酸铜(II)Cu2(OH)PO4(3.23g,13.5mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号344400)和磷酸H3PO4(0.47mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,6.9mmol,Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号201140010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)、钡(Ba2+,MII)和铜(Cu2+,MII)阳离子的悬浮液。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;Nabertherm GmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中加热所述材料,在50℃下2h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在550℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别α-Ba2P2O7、KPO3和一些无定形材料;这些缩聚磷酸盐中磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1。
实例8(比较例)
制备和使用混合的缩聚磷酸盐催化剂以供比较目的。在室温下将硝酸钡Ba(NO3)2水溶液(88.39mL 0.08g/mL原液,27mmol,99.999%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号202754)加入到固体磷酸氢二钾K2HPO4(1.57g,9.0mmol,≥98%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号P3786)。将磷酸H3PO4(1.27mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,19mmol;Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号295700010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和钡(Ba2+,MII)阳离子的悬浮液,如磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约0.6。然后使用加热板,将玻璃烧杯中包含酸的浆液在80℃下缓慢干燥,同时搅拌所述悬浮液,直至液体蒸发,并且所述材料几乎完全干燥。蒸发后,将所述材料转移到可压碎陶瓷器皿中。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;Nabertherm GmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中持续加热,在50℃下2h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在450℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。最后将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。
实例9(比较例)
制备和使用混合的缩聚磷酸盐催化剂以供比较目的。在室温下将硝酸钡Ba(NO3)2水溶液(88.39mL 0.08g/mL原液,27mmol,99.999%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St Louis,MO);目录号202754)加入到固体磷酸氢二钾K2HPO4(1.57g,9.0mmol,≥98%;Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St Louis,MO);目录号P3786)。将磷酸H3PO4(5.06mL,85重量%,密度=1.684g/mL,74mmol;Acros Organics(Geel,Belgium);目录号295700010)加入到所述浆液中,提供包含钾(K+,MI)和钡(Ba2+,MII)阳离子的溶液,如磷(P)与阳离子(MI和MII)之间的摩尔比为约1.8。然后使用加热板,将玻璃烧杯中包含酸的溶液在80℃下缓慢干燥,同时搅拌所述悬浮液,直至液体蒸发,并且所述材料几乎完全干燥。蒸发后,将所述材料转移到可压碎陶瓷器皿中。在具有空气环流的烘箱(N30/80HA;Nabertherm GmbH(Lilienthal,Germany))中持续加热,在50℃下2h,然后在80℃下10h(0.5℃/min阶升),在120℃下2小时(0.5℃/min阶升),以移除残余的水,然后在450℃下煅烧4小时(2℃/min阶升)。煅烧后,使所述材料保留于烘箱内,直至它自身冷却至低于100℃的温度,之后将它从烘箱中取出。最后将所述催化剂碾磨并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。
实例10(比较例)
制备和使用非根据本发明的单磷酸钡催化剂以供比较目的。将磷酸氢铵(NH4)2HPO4(142.20g,1.08mol;Aldrich(St Louis,MO);目录号215996)溶于1L去离子水中。缓慢加入含水的氢氧化铵NH4OH(290mL,28-29%;EMD(Merck KGaA,Darmstadt,Germany);目录号AX1303),并且温和加热,直至溶解形成磷酸铵溶液。在单独的烧杯中,将乙酸钡(CH3COO)2Ba(285.43g,1.12mol,Aldrich(St Louis,MO);目录号243671)溶于1L去离子水中,以形成乙酸钡溶液。将乙酸钡溶液缓慢加入到磷酸铵溶液中,以形成白色沉淀。搅拌45分钟后,过滤白色固体。然后将所述固体再次悬浮于300mL去离子水中,搅拌10分钟,并且再次过滤。将该过程重复两次。在通风烘箱中将所得白色固体在130℃下干燥过夜。将所述固体筛分至约500μm至710μm,并且在干燥炉中,在500℃下煅烧4小时(100℃/h阶升)。煅烧后,将催化剂样品筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别Ba3(PO4)2。
实例11(比较例)
制备和使用非根据本发明的二磷酸钡催化剂以供比较目的。使用可压碎陶瓷器皿,以及重力对流烘箱中2℃/min的温度阶升,将磷酸氢钡BaHPO4(Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号31139)在550℃下煅烧12h。煅烧后,使用研钵和研杵研磨所述催化剂,并且筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别α-Ba2P2O7。
实例12(比较例)
制备和使用非根据本发明的四磷酸钡催化剂以供比较目的。将单磷酸氢钡BaHPO4(23.52g,100.8mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St Louis,MO);目录号31139)和单磷酸氢二铵(NH4)2HPO4(4.44g,33.6mmol,Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO);目录号379980)混合,并且使用研钵和研杵研磨在一起。然后采用重力对流烘箱中2℃/min的温度阶升,将所述固体材料在300℃下煅烧14h。煅烧后,再次使用研钵和研杵研磨所述催化剂,然后采用与前相同的温度阶升和烘箱,在500℃下煅烧14h。最后,再实施一次研磨,并且在750℃下煅烧14h。将所述催化剂筛分至约100μm至约200μm。由XRD分析所述材料,能够识别α-Ba3P4O13。
实例13
实施实验,以测定根据本发明的催化剂的活性。具体地讲,使如实例1中所述制得的催化剂在部分VI中所述条件下经历21.6小时反应时间。结果报导于下表2中,其中丙烯酸收率和选择率对于TMB进行校正。
实例14
考虑反应器材料对乳酸向丙烯酸转化的影响,进行实验。使用相同的反应器构造,但是改变条件,使用石英内衬的反应器或316不锈钢(SS)反应器,进行所有实验。不使用惰性填料,将反应器温度保持在350℃,并且每次实验在3,438h-1GHSV下运转反应器。结果报导于下表3中。
实例15
不存在催化剂的实验进一步展示石英反应器中给料稳定性的效应。将空反应器与不锈钢(SS)和石英反应器中填充熔融二氧化硅(SiO2)(Sigma–Aldrich Co.(St.Louis,MO))和氧化锆陶瓷喷丸(Saint Gobain Zirpro(Le Pontet Cedex,France))的那些进行比较。结果报导于下表4中。
VI测试方法
XRD:在STADI-P透射型衍射计(Stoe&Cie GmbH(Darmstadt,Germany))上收集广角数据(WAXS)。发生器在40kV/40mA下工作,向铜阳极细长聚焦Cu x-射线管供电。所述衍射计并入入射光束曲面锗单晶单色器、标准入射光束狭缝体系、和具有约124°2θ角度范围的图像板位置灵敏检测器。数据以透射模式收集。如果需要,使用研钵和研杵,手动将样品轻轻研磨至细粉稠度,然后加载到仪器的标准样品夹持器中。采用最新的粉末衍射数据库(得自ICDD),使用Jade中搜索/匹配途径(Materials Data,Inc.,v9.4.2),识别结晶相。
SEM/EDS:将干粉分散在已经安装在金属扫描电镜(SEM)基板上的双面铜或碳带上。使用Gatan Alto 2500 Cryo制备室,将用Au/Pd将每个样品涂覆约65-80s。采用均对EDS配备Bruker XFlash 30mm2 SDD检测器(Quantax 2000体系,具有5030检测器;BrukerCorp.(Billerica,MA))的Hitachi S-4700 FE-SEM或Hitachi S-5200 in-lens FE-SEM(Hitachi Ltd.(Tokyo,Japan)),将SEM成像和能量分散光谱(EDS)进行作图。采用分析探针电流模式的10kV加速电压,进行EDS作图。使用Hypermap模块内的Bruker Esprit V1.9软件,产生所有绘图。
反应器–体系A(0.2mL尺寸反应器):在流体反应器体系中实施这些转化的一部分,最大催化剂床体积为约0.2mL。所述体系包括温度和质量流量控制器,并且提供单独的液体和气体给料,它们在到达催化剂床之前混合在一起。气体给料由氮气分子(N2)和氦气分子(He)组成,其作为气相色谱(GC)分析的内标加入。液体给料为乳酸水溶液(20重量%L-乳酸),并且加入到反应器顶部,同时将泵压控制在约360psig,以克服来自催化剂床的任何压降。使用具有75纵横比(即长度/直径)的石英或不锈钢反应器。
使用各种催化剂床和气体进料流量,获得空速范围(报导于本文结果部分中)。所述反应器流出物还连接至另一个氮气稀释管线,所述管线将流出物稀释两倍。氦气内标将该稀释中的任何变化归一化以供分析目的。冷凝的产物由冷却至6.5℃至10℃之间的液体取样体系收集,同时气态产物聚集于收集小瓶的顶部空间中。使用取样阀和在线气相色谱(GC)分析顶部气态产物。
使进料平衡1小时,之后2.7小时收集液体样品,并且在实验结束时由离线HPLC进行分析。在此期间,由GC将气体产物在线分析两次,并且报导平均值。使用Agilent 1200系列仪器(Agilent Technologies(Santa Clara,CA))、Supelcogel-H柱(4.6×250mm;Supelco(St.Louis,MO))、和二极管阵列以及折射指数(RI)检测器,由高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析液体产物。使用0.005M H2SO4(水溶液)作为洗脱缓冲液,在30min期间以及在0.2mL/min流量下恒溶剂洗脱分析物。将所述柱与RI检测器的温度设为30℃。使用三个检测器(一个火焰离子化检测器–FID–,和两个热导率-TCD-检测器“A”和“B”,下文分别称为“TCD-A”和“TCD-B”),由Interscience Compact气相色谱(GC)体系(Interscience BV(Breda,Netherlands))分析气体产物。气体产物按两次顺序GC色谱给出的平均值报导。
TCD-A柱为Rt-Q Bond(Restek Corp.(Bellefonte,PA)),具有26m长度和0.32mmI.D.,以及10μm膜厚度,并且使用2m前置柱。将压力设至150kPa,将分流流量设至10mL/min。将柱箱温度设至100℃,阀箱温度设至50℃。将流量设至5.0mL/min,载气为氦气。TCD-B柱为Mol sieve MS5A(Restek Corp.(Bellefonte,PA)),具有21m长度和10μm膜厚度,并且使用2m前置柱。将压力设至200kPa,将分流流量设至10mL/min。将柱箱温度设至70℃,阀箱温度设至50℃。将流量设至2.0mL/min,载气为氩气。FID柱为RTx-624(Restek(Bellefonte,PA)),具有28m长度和0.25mm内径以及14mm膜厚度,并且使用2m前置柱。将压力设至100kPa,将分流流量设至20mL/min。柱箱温度设至45℃,阀箱温度设至50℃。
反应器-体系B(1.6mL尺寸反应器):在填充床流体反应器体系中实施这些转化的一部分,催化剂床体积为约1.6mL。向具有4.0mm内径(ID)13英寸(330mm)长不锈钢玻璃内衬管(SGE Analytical Science Pty Ltd.(Ringwood,Australia))填塞玻璃棉(3英寸/76mm床长),顶部填塞催化剂(1.6cm3床体积,5英寸/127mm床长),以获得2.55cm3填充床(8英寸/203mm)和反应器顶部1.6cm3(5英寸/127mm)的自由空间。将所述管放入到铝块内,并且放入贝壳式加热炉系列3210(Applied Test Systems(Butler,PA))中,使得填充床顶部与铝块顶部平齐。将反应器设置为顺流排列,并且配备Knauer Smartline 100进料泵(Berlin,Germany)、Brooks 0254气流控制器(Hatfield,PA)、Brooks背压调节器和收集槽。将贝壳式加热炉加热,使得反应过程期间,反应器壁温恒定保持在约350℃。向反应器提供单独的液体和气体给料,它们在到达催化剂床之前混合在一起。气体给料由约360psig和45mL/min流量的氮气分子(N2)组成。液体给料为乳酸水溶液(20重量%L-乳酸),并且以0.045mL/min流量进料(1.7h-1LHSV),在STP条件下提供约1s(3,600h-1GHSV)的停留时间。流动通过反应器后,将气体流冷却,并且将液体收集于收集槽中,以采用本领域普通技术人员通常已知的方法,由离线HPLC分析,所述HPLC使用Agilent 1100体系(Santa Clara,CA),配备二极管阵列检测器(DAD)和Waters Atlantis T3柱(目录号186003748;(Milford,MA))。气体流由GC在线分析,所述GC使用Agilent 7890体系(Santa Clara,CA),配备FID检测器和Varian CP-Para Bond Q柱(目录号CP7351;(Santa Clara,CA))。
反应器进料:将生物质衍生的乳酸溶液(113.6g)(88重量%,Purac Corp.(Lincolnshire,IL))溶于蒸馏水(386.4g)中,以提供具有20重量%预期乳酸浓度的溶液。将该溶液在95℃至100℃下加热12-30小时。使所得混合物冷却,并且经由HPLC(上述),相对于已知重量的标准物进行分析。
VII结果
下表1描述了使用每种催化剂,在气相实施的反应的参数。当使用0.2mL尺寸反应器时,报导的收率在222分钟(3小时42分钟)反应时间后测定,并且使用在350℃下运作的石英反应器。当使用1.6mL尺寸反应器时,使用不锈钢玻璃内衬反应器,并且在约150分钟至约650分钟后测定报导的收率。GHSV如下:实例1中3,490h-1;实例2、10、11和12中3,535h-1;实例3、4和7中3,414h-1;实例5和6中3,566h-1;以及实例8和9中3,379h-1。在所述表中,“N.D.”表示数值未测定。
表1
表1中的结果提供了使用根据本发明的催化剂(即实例1至7)和非根据本发明的那些(即实例8至12),乳酸至丙烯酸转化率的方便比较。其中在相同或类似反应条件下,根据本发明的催化剂比非根据本发明的那些催化剂获得更大的丙烯酸选择率和更低的丙酸选择率。实例8和9中的催化剂比根据本发明的催化剂具有更低的选择率,表明特定磷酸根阴离子的存在对丙烯酸高选择率而言是重要的。实例10、11和12中的催化剂比根据本发明的催化剂具有更低的选择率,表明两种不同金属的存在对丙烯酸高选择率而言是重要的。此外,在较低的磷(P)与金属摩尔比下(即比较例8),有利于脱羧(生成CO2),而在较高的摩尔比下(即比较例9和12),似乎优选脱羰(生成CO)。
表2
表2中的结果示出,催化剂稳定至少21.6小时,只要所述催化剂相对于丙烯酸收率和选择率,随时间推移不呈现显著或不利地变化,并且相似地,不相对于非期望副产物如丙酸、乙酸、乙醛和二氧化碳的选择率呈现出恶化。
表3
催化剂 | 反应器材料 | LA转化率,(%) | AA选择率,(%) | AA收率,(%) |
实例1 | SS | 90 | 64 | 58 |
实例1 | 石英 | 91 | 93 | 85 |
虽然使用石英或不锈钢(SS)也观测到良好的收率,但是上表3中报导的数据示出,反应器成分对于进料稳定性可能是重要的,并且石英反应器在稳定乳酸进料以避免分解成副产物如丙酸方面的表现优于不锈钢反应器,从而能够获得优异的催化剂性能。
表4
表4中报导的结果示出,在高空速下,当使用具有或不具有惰性填料的石英反应器时,观测到非常少的副产物。从而确定,使用石英反应器使两种重要的副反应最小化:乳酸低聚和还原成丙酸。这对于评定催化剂的真实活性而言是重要的。
给出以上描述仅用于理解清楚,并且不应从中理解为不必要的限制,因为本发明范围内的修改对本领域普通技术人员而言是显而易见的。
本文所公开的量纲和值不旨在被理解为严格地限于所述的精确值。相反,除非另外指明,每个这样的量纲旨在表示所引用的值和围绕该值功能上等同的范围。例如,公开为“40mm”的尺寸旨在表示“约40mm”。
本文引用的每一文件,包括任何交叉引用的或相关的专利或专利申请,均特此以其全文引入本文,除非明文予以排除或以其他方式受限。对任何文献的引用均不是承认其为本文公开的或受权利要求书保护的任何发明的现有技术、或承认其独立地或以与任何其它一个或多个参考文献的任何组合的方式传授、提出建议或公开任何此类发明。此外,当本文献中术语的任何含义或定义与引入本文以供参考的文献中相同术语的任何含义或定义冲突时,将以赋予本文献中那个术语的含义或定义为准。
尽管已用特定实施例举例说明和描述了本发明,但对于本领域的技术人员显而易见的是,在不背离本发明的实质和范围的情况下可做出许多其它改变和变型。因此,随附权利要求书旨在涵盖本发明范围内的所有这些改变和变型。
Claims (12)
1.一种制备丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的方法,包括使包含羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物的流与催化剂接触,从而由于所述流与所述催化剂接触而制得丙烯酸、丙烯酸衍生物、或它们的混合物;其中所述催化剂通过混合并且加热K2HPO4、Ba(NO3)2、和H3PO4而制得,其中K:Ba的摩尔比介于2:3至1:1之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流还包含:
(a)稀释剂;和
(b)惰性气体,所述惰性气体选自空气、氮气、氦气、氩气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水蒸气、以及它们的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流在接触所述催化剂时为气体混合物形式。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述稀释剂为水。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述羟基丙酸为乳酸。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述乳酸至所述丙烯酸的选择率为至少80%。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述乳酸至杂质丙酸的选择率小于5%。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述乳酸的转化率大于80%。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流在150℃至500℃的温度下接触所述催化剂。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述羟基丙酸、羟基丙酸衍生物、或它们的混合物以基于所述流的总摩尔数计介于1mol%和10mol%之间的量存在。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流在介于720h-1和36,000h-1之间的GHSV下接触所述催化剂。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流在介于0psig和550psig之间的压力下接触所述催化剂。
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