CN104205406B - 制备用于有机电子器件的基板的方法 - Google Patents
制备用于有机电子器件的基板的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104205406B CN104205406B CN201380015611.7A CN201380015611A CN104205406B CN 104205406 B CN104205406 B CN 104205406B CN 201380015611 A CN201380015611 A CN 201380015611A CN 104205406 B CN104205406 B CN 104205406B
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Abstract
本发明涉及制造用于有机电子器件的基板的方法以及制造有机电子器件的方法。本发明可提供用于形成器件的基板或该器件的制造方法,该器件在用于形成有机电子器件如有机发光器件时,确保优异的光萃取效率,防止湿气或空气渗透至装置中,而改善可靠性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制备用于有机电子器件的基板或制造有机电子器件的方法,以及一种有机电子器件。
背景技术
有机电子器件(OED;Organic Electronic Device)是一种通过电极层与有机材料之间的电子交换而显示各种功能的器件,其包括有机发光器件(OLED)、有机太阳能电池、有机光导体(OPC)和有机晶体管。
有机发光器件是代表性的有机电子器件,通常依序包括基板、第一电极层、包括发光层的有机层和第二电极层。
在被称为底部发光装置(bottom emitting device)的结构中,第一电极层可以为透明电极层,第二电极层可以为反射电极层。此外,在被称为顶部发光装置(top emittingdevice)的结构中,第一电极层可以为反射电极层,第二电极层可以为透明电极层。
借助这两个电极层分别注入电子(electron)和空穴(hole),并在发光层中将注入的电子和空穴重组(recombination)从而产生光。在底部发光装置中,光可发射至基板,在顶部发光装置中,光可发射至第二电极层。
在有机发光器件结构中,通常使用作为透明电极层的铟锡氧化物(ITO),有机层和通常由玻璃形成的基板,分别具有约2.0、1.8和1.5的折射率。在这样的折射率关系中,例如,由于全内反射现象(total internal reflection phenomenon),在底部发光装置的有机发光层中所产生的光会被有机层和第一电极层之间的界面或基板所捕获,仅有极少量光被射出。
为了解决此问题,已知的方法有使用能够将光散射或漫射至预定部位,例如基板和电极层之间的结构。然而,该结构会提供从外部环境渗透湿气或氧气的路径,从而成为大幅降低二极体可靠性的原因。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明提供一种制造用于有机电子器件的基板或制造有机电子器件的方法,以及一种有机电子器件。
技术方案
本发明的一个方面提供一种制造用于有机电子器件的基板的方法,其可包括处理在基底层上形成的光学功能层。该光学功能层可通过,例如,激光来处理。通过激光处理光学功能层,使其具有比基底层小的投射面积。在此使用的术语“投射面积”意指当从所述基板表面的法线方向的上方观察该基板时,可辨识的目标物如基底层、光学功能层或电极层的投射面积。因此,例如,由于光学功能层的表面以凹凸形状形成等原因,在该光学功能层的实际表面积大于电极层的情况下,如果从上方辨识的所述光学功能层的面积小于从上方辨识的所述电极层的面积,则应被理解为该光学功能层具有小于该电极层的投射面积。通过激光可移除至少一部分的光学功能层,使该光学功能层具有比该基底层小的投射面积。在一个实例中,光学功能层实质上可在基底层的全部表面上形成。在基底层上形成的光学功能层例如可通过上述处理被图案化(patterning)。
例如,可使用激光进行上述处理。当使用激光进行处理时,已处理的光学功能层的切断部分并未出现翘起等现象,因此可将之后所形成的电极层的表面电阻维持在一个合适的水平。此外,当提供高度变化被最小化的表面时,可解决例如该装置的短路或不良的电气性连接。
用于形成光学功能层的基底层的种类并没有特别的限制,因此可使用合适的已知的材料。举例而言,当制造底部发光有机电子器件时,例如,可使用针对可见光线具有50%以上透光率的基底层作为透明基底层。可使用玻璃基底层或透明聚合物基底层作为透明基底层。可使用包括钙钠玻璃、含钡/锶玻璃、铅玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃、硼硅酸盐玻璃、钡硼硅酸盐玻璃或石英的基底层作为玻璃基底层,并且可使用包括聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate,PC)、丙烯酸树脂、聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)(poly(ethylene terephthatle),PET)、聚(醚硫醚)(poly(ether sulfide),PES)或聚砜(polysulfone,PS)的基底层作为聚合物基底层,但本发明不限于此。此外,视需要,该基底层可以是一种具有驱动薄膜电晶体(TFT)的TFT基板。此外,例如,当制造顶部发光装置时,该基底层可以不是透明基底层,且视需要可使用反射基底层,该反射基底层在其表面形成有使用铝等的反射层。
光学功能层形成于基底层的顶部,例如,基底层顶部的整个表面。光学功能层的一个实例可为光散射层。此处使用的术语“光散射层”意指所形成的任何种类的层,使得通过散射、折射或衍射入射至光散射层的光,可以消除或减少在之后所描述的从电极层的方向入射的光在基底层、光散射层和电极层中的两层之间的界面中的捕获。光散射层的具体类型没有特别限制,只要其具体地具有上述功能即可。
举例而言,散射层可为包含散射颗粒的层。图1示出了包含散射颗粒1021的散射层102形成于基底层101上的方案。图1所示的散射层102可包含散射颗粒1021和粘合剂1022。
术语“散射颗粒”可指,例如,能够散射入射光的颗粒,这是由于其具有与用于形成散射层的粘合剂或后续所描述的平整层不同的折射率,以及合适的尺寸。此颗粒可具有1.0至3.5、优选约1.0至2.0、1.2至1.8、2.1至3.5、或2.2至3.0的折射率,且具有约50至20,000nm或100至5,000nm的平均直径。散射颗粒可具有球型、椭圆型、多角型或不规则型,但其形状不特别限于此。散射颗粒可包含,例如,有机材料(如聚苯乙烯或其衍生物、丙烯酸树脂或其衍生物、硅树脂或其衍生物、或酚醛清漆树脂或其衍生物)、或无机材料(如二氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化钛或氧化锆)。散射颗粒可包含上述材料中的任一种材料、或其至少两种,视需要,可形成核/壳型颗粒或中空型颗粒。
散射层可以进一步包含维持散射颗粒的粘合剂。粘合剂,作为能够维持散射颗粒的材料,可使用例如,与其他相邻材料如基底层具有相同折射率的材料。
粘合剂可为,例如,在本领域中已知的各种有机粘合剂、无机粘合剂和有机/无机粘合剂中的一种。必要时,粘合剂可具有约1.4以上,或约1.45以上的折射率。考虑到待混合颗粒的折射率,粘合剂的折射率上限可选自一个合适的范围。考虑到装置的使用期限,可以使用具有优异耐热性和耐化学性的无机或有机/无机粘合剂,但视需要也可使用有机粘合剂。粘合剂可以为,例如,热或光固化的单体有机材料、低聚有机材料或聚合物有机材料如聚酰亚胺、具有芴环的卡多树脂(caldo resin)、氨基甲酸酯、环氧化物、聚酯或丙烯酸酯、或者无机材料(如氧化硅、氮化硅、氮氧化硅或聚硅氧烷)或有机/无机复合材料。
举例而言,可使用聚硅氧烷、聚酰胺酸或聚酰亚胺作为粘合剂。可通过聚缩合可缩合的硅烷化合物或硅氧烷低聚物等来制备聚硅氧烷,粘合剂可形成一种基于硅和氧的键(Si-O)的基质。在粘合剂的形成过程中,通过控制聚缩合条件等,可形成仅基于硅氧烷键(Si-O)的聚硅氧烷的粘合剂基质,或保留部分有机官能团(如烷基)或可缩合的官能团(如烷氧基)的基质。
聚酰胺酸或聚酰亚胺粘合剂可具有相对于633nm波长光的约1.5、1.6、1.65或1.7以上的折射率。举例而言,可使用引入了氟以外的卤素原子、硫原子或磷原子的单体来制备此类高折射率的聚酰胺酸或聚酰亚胺。举例而言,可使用具有能够与颗粒结合的部位(如羧基)以增强颗粒分散稳定性的聚酰胺酸作为粘合剂。举例而言,可使用包含化学式1的重复单元的化合物作为聚酰胺酸。
[化学式1]
在化学式1中,n为正数。
重复单元可任选被至少一个取代基取代。可使用氟以外的卤素原子或含卤素原子、硫原子或磷原子的官能团(如苯基、苄基、萘基或噻吩基)作为取代基。
聚酰胺酸可为仅利用化学式1的重复单元而形成的均聚物,或包含化学式1重复单元和其他单元的共聚物。在共聚物中,其他重复单元的种类或比例可适当地选择,只要期望折射率、耐热性或透光率不受抑制。
化学式1的重复单元的具体实例可为化学式2的重复单元。
[化学式2]
在化学式2中,n为正数。
聚酰胺酸可具有约10,000至100,000或10,000至50,000的重均分子量,所述重均分子量由通过凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC;Gel Permeation Chromatograph)测得的标准聚苯乙烯换算得到。此外,具有化学式1的重复单元的聚酰胺酸在可见光区具有80%、85%或90%以上的透光率和优异的耐热性。
此外,散射层可为,例如,具有凹凸结构的层。图2示意性地示出了形成于基底层101上的具有凹凸结构的散射层201。当适当控制散射层的凹凸结构时,可散射入射光。
具有凹凸结构的散射层可通过,例如,涂布热或光固化材料,并在固化期间接触一个能够转印期望形状的凹凸结构的模具,或进行蚀刻来形成。或者,可通过将具有合适尺寸及形状的颗粒混合至用于形成散射层的粘合剂中来形成散射层。在这种情况下,颗粒不需要具有散射功能,但使用具有散射功能的颗粒也可。
举例而言,散射层可通过如下方式形成:湿式涂布(wet coating)法涂布材料,并进行热施加或光照射,溶胶-凝胶法固化材料,或通过沉积(如化学气相沉积(CVD)或物理气相沉积(PVD))或微压印(microembossing)。
必要时,光学功能层可包含散射层和在散射层顶部形成的平整层。然而,当散射层已具有平坦表面时,并非一定需要平整层。当形成平整层时,可借助激光一并处理该平整层,因此除去至少一部分的平整层。
此处使用的术语“平整层”可指能够提供其上可形成有机电子器件的平坦表面的层。例如,平整层可提供具有1μm以下或0.5μm的最大高度粗糙度(maximum heightroughness)的表面。最大高度粗糙度可指通过粗糙曲线的最高点的直线与通过其最低点的直线之间的距离,所述两条直线平行于切断(cut off)的粗糙曲线的中心线,该最大高度粗糙度可为在平坦表面上针对具有100μm2的光学区域所测的值。
平整层可包含,例如,粘合剂和颗粒。例如使用一种通过混合具有高折射率的颗粒和粘合剂而制备的组合物来形成平整层,使得平整层的折射率增加。如上所述,平整层可以提供一个表面,在其上可形成包含电极层等的有机电子器件。此外,通过与散射层的相互作用(将在下文中描述),平整层在某些情况下可具有优异的光萃取效率。例如,平整层可具有与相邻的电极层相同的折射率,其可为例如约1.8至3.5或2.2至3.0。除非另有定义,此处使用的术语“折射率”可为在真空状态下相对于具有400至450nm波长的光线的折射率。
可使用已知的材料作为形成平整层的粘合剂,且没有特别的限制。粘合剂可为,例如,在本领域中已知的各种有机粘合剂、无机粘合剂和有机/无机粘合剂。必要时,可使用具有约1.4或1.45或更大的折射率的粘合剂。例如,可从上述用于形成散射层的粘合剂中选择合适的种类作为形成平整层的粘合剂。
平整层可包含高折射率颗粒和粘合剂。术语“高折射率颗粒”可指,例如,具有1.5、2.0、2.5、2.6或2.7以上折射率的颗粒。考虑到,例如,随后与之混合的粘合剂等的折射率等,高折射率颗粒的折射率上限可选自能够满足上述平整层的折射率的范围内。高折射率颗粒可具有例如小于散射颗粒的平均直径。高折射率颗粒可具有例如约1至100nm、10至90nm、10至80nm、10至70nm、10至60nm、10至50nm或10至45nm的平均直径。可使用氧化铝、硅铝酸盐、氧化钛或氧化锆作为高折射率颗粒。作为高折射率颗粒,例如,可使用金红石型氧化钛作为具有2.5以上折射率的颗粒。金红石型氧化钛具有比其他颗粒更高的折射率。因此,当用于形成平整层的材料包含相对少量的高折射率颗粒时,也可形成具有高折射率的平整层。
平整层中高折射率颗粒的比例没有特别的限制,并且可被控制在能够确保平整层的上述折射率的范围内。例如,当使用具有2.5以上折射率的颗粒如金红石型氧化钛作为高折射率颗粒时,平整层中包含的高折射率颗粒的比例可以在300、250或200重量份以下,基于100重量份的粘合剂计。高折射率颗粒的比例下限可为,例如,40、60、80或100重量份以上。除非另有定义,此处使用的单位“重量份”是指成分之间的重量比例。当通过维持上述的粘合剂和颗粒之间的比例以形成有机电子器件时,例如,通过增加外部量子效率、避免气体或湿气从外部环境渗透、减少漏气(outgassing),可提供具有优异性能和可靠性的装置。
在另一实例中,可通过将化合物如金属(如锆、钛或铈)的烷氧化物或酰化物与具有极性基团(如羧基或羟基)的粘合剂混合制备一种材料,并且可使用该材料形成平整层。如烷氧化物或酰化物的化合物可与粘合剂的极性基团进行缩合,并提供金属至粘合剂的主链,由此实现高折射率。烷氧化物或酰化物的实例可包括烷氧基钛,如四正丁氧基钛、四异丙氧基钛、四正丙氧基钛或四乙基钛;酰化钛,如硬脂酸钛;钛螯合物;烷氧基锆,如四正丁氧基锆、四正丙氧基锆、四异丙氧基锆、四乙基锆;酰化锆,如三丁氧基硬脂酸锆;或锆螯合物。此外,平整层可通过溶胶凝胶涂布法而形成,该方法包括通过将金属烷氧化物(如烷氧基钛或烷氧基锆)与溶剂(如醇或水)混合以制备涂布溶液,涂布该溶液,并在合适的温度下塑化该涂布溶液。
平整层的厚度没有特别限制,可视需要控制在合适的范围内。
在基底层上形成光学功能层,然后借助激光进行处理,由此移除至少一部分的光学功能层。例如,如图3所示,通过向形成于基底层101的整个表面上的光学功能层301照射激光(图3的箭头),可移除至少一部分的光学功能层。图3示意性地示出了将激光照射至光学功能层或堆叠结构301,但本发明不限于此。例如,当基底层101为透明基底层时,可照射激光至该基底层101。此外,在移除之后,剩余的光学功能层的形状也在图3中示出,但本发明不限于此。例如,如图5所示,在进行处理之后,剩余的光学功能层301可在该基底层101的边缘。
在上述操作中使用的激光种类没有特别的限制。例如,可使用任何种类的具有合适功率且能够适当移除光学功能层和平整层的堆叠结构的激光。
激光器可为,例如,光纤二极管激光器(fiber diode laser);固体激光器,如红宝石(如,Cr3+:Al2O3)激光器或YAG(Nd3+:Y3Al5O12)激光器;气体激光器,如磷酸盐玻璃(phosphate glass)激光器、硅酸盐玻璃(silicate glass)激光器、CO2激光器或准分子(excimer)激光器;液体激光器,如半导体激光器;或YLF(Nd3+:LiYF4)激光器。此类激光可以点激光(spot laser)或线束激光(line beam laser)的形式进行照射。必要时,为了有效照射,激光照射装置可配置为包含聚焦头(focusing head)11、光纤(optical fiber)和激光源(laser source)。
照射激光的条件没有特别的限制,只要控制该激光可以进行合适的处理即可。例如,可以以约1至150W或10至300W的功率照射具有约200至400nm或700至1500nm波长的激光,但本发明不限于此。
使用激光处理光学功能层的形式没有特别地限制,并可根据目的而改变。例如,当从上方观察时,通过移除光学功能层的一部分以进行该处理,使得剩余的光学功能层的范围可与之后形成的有机层的发光层重叠。除此之外,必要时,可将光学功能层处理为各种图案。此外,通过激光处理可移除存在于对应涂布粘合剂的而与随后形成的封装层接触的区域或在装置制造完成后对应在该封装区域中形成于外部基板上的终端区域的光学功能层。
在上述操作期间,进一步包含在通过激光处理的光学功能层上形成电极层,以移除用于有机电子器件的基板。在这种情况下,可形成具有比已处理的光学功能层大的投射面积的电极层。此外,可在已处理的光学功能层和其上未形成光学功能层的基底层的顶部上均形成电极层。
图4至6示出了在电极层形成之后基板的状态。如图4至6所示,可以以各种形式来处理光学功能层,只要光学功能层具有比基底层和电极层小的投射面积即可。例如,如图4所示,仅可在除基底101的边缘之外的部分形成光学功能层301,或者如图5所示,光学功能层301的一部分可残留在基底层101的边缘。
图6示出了从上方观察到的图4的基板。如图6所示,当从上方观察该基板时,所辨识的电极层401的面积(A)即电极层401的投射面积(A)比位于下方的光学功能层301的投射面积(B)大。电极层的投射面积(A)与光学功能层的投射面积(B)的比例(A/B)可为,例如,1.04、1.06、1.08、1.1或1.15以上。当光学功能层的投射面积比电极层的投射面积小时,下文中描述的光学功能层的结构未暴露于外部环境中,因此,投射面积的比例(A/B)的上限没有特别的限制。考虑到制造基板的环境,该比例(A/B)的上限可为,例如,约2.0、1.5、1.4、1.3或1.25。在该基板中,电极层也可在其上未形成光学功能层的基底层的顶部形成。可形成与基底层接触的电极层,或可通过在电极层与基底层之间包含一种额外组件而形成电极层。根据此类结构,在有机电子器件的实施方案中,可包含光学功能层未暴露于外部环境的结构。
例如,如图6所示,当从上方观察时,电极层401可形成于包含超出光学功能层的所有周边部的区域。在这种情况下,如图5所示,当多个光学功能层形成于该基底层上时,电极层可形成于包含超出至少一个光学功能层的所有周边部的区域,例如,该光学功能层例如为下文中描述的在其上至少形成有机层的光学功能层。例如,在图5的结构中,当有机层在存在于右侧和左侧边缘的光学功能层的顶部形成时,可改变图5的结构以形成电极层,该电极层延伸至左侧或右侧直到超出存在于其右侧和左侧边缘的光学功能层的所有周边部的区域。在上述结构中,通过将下文中描述的封装结构粘附在下方未形成光学功能层的电极层上的方法,可形成光学功能层未暴露于外部环境的结构。因此,可避免光学功能层形成使外部湿气或氧气渗透的路径,并且可稳定地确保封装层或电极与基板之间的粘附强度,并且可以极好地维持装置边缘的表面硬度。
举例而言,可形成用于制造有机电子器件(如有机发光器件)的传统的空穴注入和电子注入电极层作为电极层。
举例而言,使用具有相对高功函数(work function)的材料,必要时,使用透明材料,形成空穴注入电极层。例如,空穴注入电极层可包括具有约4.0eV以上功函数的金属、合金和导电化合物或它们中至少两种的混合物。此类材料可为金属如金、CuI、铟锡氧化物(ITO)、铟锌氧化物(IZO)、锌锡氧化物(ZTO)、掺杂铝或铟的氧化锌、镁铟氧化物、镍钨氧化物;氧化材料,如ZnO、SnO2或In2O3;金属氮化物,如氮化镓;金属硒化物,如硒化锌;或金属硫化物,如硫化锌。也可使用金属薄膜(如Au、Ag或Cu)和高折射率透明材料(如ZnS、TiO2或ITO)的堆叠结构形成透明空穴注入电极层。
空穴注入电极层可通过任意方法如沉积、溅射、化学沉积或电化学方法而形成。此外,视需要,所形成的电极层可通过已知的方法如光刻法或阴罩进行图案化。空穴注入电极层的厚度可根据透光率或表面电阻等有所不同,但通常在500nm或10至200nm的范围内。
举例而言,可使用具有相对低功函数的透明材料,或举例而言,可使用合适的用于形成空穴注入电极层的材料,形成透明电子注入电极层,但本发明不限于此。例如也可使用沉积或溅射形成电子注入电极层,或者必要时可适当地进行图案化。可视需要形成具有合适厚度的电子注入电极层。
本发明的另一方面提供一种制造有机电子器件如有机发光器件的方法。
示例性的方法包括依序在所制造的基板上(例如,在光学功能层或上述电极层的顶部)形成包含发光层的有机层和第二电极层。必要时,即,事先未在基板上形成电极层时,在有机层形成之前,可在基板上进一步形成第一电极层。在这种情况下,第一电极层可具有比所述光学功能层更大的投射面积。
形成于基板上的有机层的种类没有特别限制。在本领域中,例如,已知各种用于形成有机发光器件的功能性材料和制备有机发光器件的方法。
有机层可包含至少一层发光层。有机层可包含多层,即,至少两层发光层。当包含至少两层发光层时,可通过具有电荷产生特性的中间电极层或电荷产生层(chargegenerating layer,CGL)的结构分隔这些发光层,但本发明不限于此。
举例而言,可使用本领域已知的各种荧光或磷光有机材料形成发光层。可被用于发光层的材料的实例为荧光材料,如Alq系材料(如三(4-甲基-8-羟基喹啉)铝(III)(tris(4-methyl-8-quinolinolate)aluminum(III))(Alg3)、4-MAlq3或Gaq3);环戊二烯(cyclopenadiene)衍生物(如C-545T(C26H26N2O2S)、DSA-胺、TBSA、BTP、PAP-NPA、螺-FPA、Ph3Si(PhTDAOXD)、1,2,3,4,5-五苯基-1,3-环戊二烯(1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene;PPCP));4,4’-双(2,2’-二苯基乙烯基)-1,1’-联苯(4,4’-bis(2,2’-diphenylyinyl)-1,1’-biphenyl(DPVBi))、二苯乙烯基苯或其衍生物;或者4-(二氰基亚甲基)-2-叔丁基-6-(1,1,7,7,-四甲基久洛尼定-9-烯基)-4H-吡喃(4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7,-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran;DCJTB)、DDP、AAAP或NPAMLI;或者磷光材料,如Firpic、m-Firpic、N-Firpic、bon2Ir(acac)、(C6)2Ir(acac)、bt2Ir(acac)、dp2Ir(acac)、bzq2Ir(acac)、bo2Ir(acac)、F2Ir(bpy)、F2Ir(acac)、op2Ir(acac)、ppy2Ir(acac)、tpy2Ir(acac)、面式-三[2-(4,5’-二氟苯基)吡啶-C’2,N]铱(III)(fac-tris[2-(4,5’-difluorophenyl)pyridine-C’2,N]iridium(III),FIrppy)或双(2-(2’-苯并[4,5-a]噻吩基)吡啶-N,C3’)(乙酰丙酮)合铱(Btp2Ir(acac)),但不限于此。发光层可包括作为主体(host)的材料和包含作为掺杂剂的苝(perylene)、二苯乙烯基联苯(distyrylbiphenyl)、DPT、喹吖啶酮(quinacridone)、红荧烯(rubrene)、BTX、ABTX或DCJTB的主体掺杂体系(Host-Dopant system)。
发光层也可通过适当使用下文中描述的接收电子性有机化合物以及供给电子性有机化合物中呈现发射特性的种类形成。
有机层可以以进一步包括本领域中已知的多种功能性层的多种结构形成,只要有机层包含发光层即可。可使用电子注入层、空穴阻挡层、电子传输层、空穴传输层或空穴注入层作为能够被包含在有机层中的层。
举例而言,可通过使用接受电子性有机化合物(electron accepting organiccompound)形成电子注入层或电子传输层。此处,可使用已知的任意化合物作为接受电子性化合物,且无特别限制。作为此类有机化合物,可使用:多环化合物(polycycliccompound),如对三联苯(p-terphenyl)、四联苯(quaterphenyl)或其衍生物;多环烃化合物(polycyclic hydrocarbon compound),如萘(naphthalene)、并四苯(tetracene)、芘(pyrene)、蔻(coronene)、(chrysene)、蒽(anthracene)、二苯蒽(diphenylanthracene)、稠四苯(naphthacene)或菲(phenanthrene)或其衍生物;或杂环化合物,如菲咯啉(phenanthroline)、红菲咯啉(bathophenanthroline)、菲啶(phenanthridine)、吖啶(acridine)、喹啉(quinoline)、喹喔啉(quinoxaline)或吩嗪(phenazine)或其衍生物。此外,荧光素(fluoroceine)、二萘嵌苯(perylene)、酞二萘嵌苯(phthaloperylene)、萘并二萘嵌苯(naphthaloperylene)、二萘嵌苯酮(perynone)、酞二萘嵌苯酮、萘并二萘嵌苯酮、二苯基丁二烯(diphenylbutadiene)、四苯基丁二烯(tetraphenylbutadiene)、噁二唑(oxadiazole)、醛连氮(aldazine)、二苯并噁唑(bisbenzoxazoline)、二苯乙烯(bisstyryl)、吡嗪(pyrazine)、环戊二烯(cyclopentadiene)、8-羟基喹啉(oxine)、氨基喹啉(aminoquinoline)、亚胺(imine)、二苯基乙烯、乙烯基蒽、二氨基咔唑(diaminocarbazole)、吡喃(pyrane)、硫代吡喃(thiopyrane)、聚甲炔(polymethine)、部花青素(merocyanine)、喹吖啶酮(quinacridone)、红荧烯(rubrene)或它们的衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1988-295695号、日本专利公开号第1996-22557号、日本专利公开号第1996-81472号、日本专利公开号第1993-009470号或日本专利公开号第1993-017764号等公报中公开的金属螯合配合物,例如,金属配合物具有至少一种作为配体的金属螯合物羟基喹啉类化合物(metal chelatedoxinoid compounds)如8-羟基喹啉盐包括三(8-羟基喹啉合)铝[tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminium]、双(8-羟基喹啉合)镁、双[苯并(f)-8-羟基喹啉合]锌{bis[benzo(f)-8-quinolinolato]zinc}、双(2-甲基-8-羟基喹啉合)铝、三(8-羟基喹啉合)铟[tris(8-quinolinolato)indium]、三(5-甲基-8-羟基喹啉合)铝、8-羟基喹啉合锂、三(5-氯-8-羟基喹啉合)镓、双(5-氯-8-羟基喹啉合)钙及其衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1993-202011号、日本专利公开号第1995-179394号、日本专利公开号第1995-278124号或日本专利公开号第1995-228579号等公报中公开的噁二唑(oxadiazole)化合物;在日本专利公开号第1995-157473号等公报中公开的三嗪(triazine)化合物;在日本专利公开号第1994-203963号等公报中公开的茋(stilbene)衍生物或二苯乙烯基亚芳基(distyrylarylene)衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1994-132080号和日本专利公开号第1994-88072号等公报中公开的苯乙烯基衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1994-100857号和日本专利公开号第1994-207170号等公报中公开的二烯烃衍生物;荧光增白剂如苯并噁唑(benzooxazole)化合物、苯并噻唑(benzothiazole)化合物或苯并咪唑(benzoimidazole)化合物;二苯乙烯基苯(distyrylbenzene)化合物如1,4-双(2-甲基苯乙烯基)苯、1,4-双(3-甲基苯乙烯基)苯、1,4-双(4-甲基苯乙烯基)苯、联苯乙烯基苯、1,4-双(2-乙基苯乙烯基)苯、1,4-双(3-乙基苯乙烯基)苯、1,4-双(2-甲基苯乙烯基)-2-甲基苯或1,4-双(2-甲基苯乙烯基)-2-乙基苯;二苯乙烯基吡嗪(distyrylpyrazine)化合物如2,5-双(4-甲基苯乙烯基)吡嗪、2,5-双(4-乙基苯乙烯基)吡嗪、2,5-双[2-(1-萘基)乙烯基)]吡嗪、2,5-双(4-甲氧基苯乙烯基)吡嗪、2,5-双[2-(4-二苯基)乙烯基]吡嗪或2,5-双[2-(1-芘基)乙烯基]吡嗪;二甲基啶(dimethylidine)化合物如1,4-亚苯基二甲基啶、4,4’-亚苯基二甲基啶、2,5-苯二甲基二甲基啶、2,6-亚萘基二甲基啶、1,4-亚联苯基二甲基啶、1,4-对-亚苯基二甲基啶、9,10-蒽二基二甲基啶(9,10-anthracenediyldimethylidine)、4,4’-(2,2-二-叔-丁基苯基乙烯基)联苯和4,4’-(2,2-二苯基乙烯基)联苯或其衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1994-49079号和日本专利公开号第1994-293778号等公报中公开的硅烷胺(silanamine)衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1994-279322号或1994-279323号等公报中公开的多官能团苯乙烯基化合物;在日本专利公开号第1994-107648号或日本专利公开号第1994-092947号等公报中公开的噁二唑衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1994-206865号等公报中公开的蒽化合物;在日本专利公开号第1994-145146号等公报中公开的氧化物(oxynate)衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1992-96990号等公报中公开的四苯基丁二烯化合物;在日本专利公开号第1991-296595号等公报中公开的有机三官能化合物;在日本专利公开号第1990-191694号等公报中公开的香豆素(coumarin)衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1990-196885号等公报中公开的二萘嵌苯(perylene)衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1990-255789号中公开的萘衍生物;在日本专利公开号第1990-289676号或日本专利公开号第1990-88689号等公报中公开的酞二萘嵌苯酮(phthaloperynone)衍生物;或在日本专利公开号第1990-250292号等公报中公开的苯乙烯基胺衍生物,上述化合物可被用作包含于低折射层中的电子接受性有机化合物。此外,例如可使用如LiF或CsF的材料形成电子注入层。
空穴阻挡层可为能够通过防止注入的空穴从空穴注入电极穿过发光层进入电子注入电极,从而提高装置寿命和效率的层,必要时,可通过使用已知材料,在发光层与电子注入电极之间的合适部位形成空穴阻挡层。
例如,空穴注入层或空穴传输层可包括电子供给性有机化合物(electrondonating organic compound)。作为电子供给性有机化合物,可使用N,N,N’,N’-四苯基-4,4’-二氨基苯基、N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-二(3-甲基苯基)-4,4’-二氨基联苯、2,2-双(4-二-对-甲苯基氨基苯基)丙烷、N,N,N’,N’-四-对-甲苯基-4,4’-二氨基联苯、双(4-二-对-甲苯基氨基苯基)苯基甲烷、N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-二(4-甲氧基苯基)-4,4’-二氨基联苯、N,N,N’,N’-四苯基-4,4’-二氨基二苯基醚、4,4’-双(二苯基氨基)四苯基[4,4'-bis(diphenylamino)quadriphenyl]、4-N,N-二苯基氨基-(2-二苯基乙烯基)苯、3-甲氧基-4’-N,N-二苯基氨基苯乙烯基苯、N-苯基咔唑、1,1-双(4-二-对-三氨基苯基)环己烷、1,1-双(4-二-对-三氨基苯基)-4-苯基环己烷、双(4-二甲基氨基-2-甲基苯基)苯甲烷、N,N,N-三(对-甲苯基)胺、4-(二-对-甲苯基氨基)-4’-[4-(二-对-苯甲基氨基)苯乙烯基]茋、N,N,N’,N’-四苯基-4,4’-二氨基联苯N-苯基咔唑、4,4’-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯、4,4’-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]对-三联苯、4,4’-双[N-(2-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯、4,4’-双[N-(3-苊基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯、1,5-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]萘、4,4’-双[N-(9-蒽基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯苯基氨基]联苯、4,4’-双[N-(1-蒽基)-N-苯基氨基]对-三联苯、4,4’-双[N-(2-菲基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯、4,4’-双[N-(8-氟蒽基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯、4,4’-双[N-(2-芘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯、4,4’-双[N-(2-二萘嵌苯基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯、4,4’-双[N-(1-蔻基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯(4,4'-bis[N-(1-coronenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl)、2,6-双(二-对-甲苯基氨基)萘、2,6-双[二-(1-萘基)氨基]萘、2,6-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-(2-萘基)氨基]萘、4,4’-双[N,N-二(2-萘基)氨基]三联苯、4,4’-双{N-苯基-N-[4-(1-萘基)苯基]氨基}联苯、4,4’-双[N-苯基-N-(2-芘基)氨基]联苯、2,6-双[N,N-二-(2-萘基)氨基]芴、4,4’-双(N,N-二-对-甲苯基氨基)三联苯或芳胺类化合物如双(N-1-萘基)(N-2-萘基)胺,但本发明不限于此。
通过将所述有机化合物分散在聚合物中或通过使用衍生自有机化合物的聚合物可形成空穴注入层或空穴传输层。此外,也可使用π-共轭聚合物(π-conjugated polymers)如多对亚苯基亚乙烯基及其衍生物、空穴传输非共轭聚合物如聚(N-乙烯基咔唑)或聚硅烷的σ-共轭聚合物。
空穴注入层可通过使用导电聚合物如金属酞菁如铜酞菁或非金属酞菁、碳膜和聚苯胺而形成,或者可通过将作为氧化剂的上述芳基胺化合物与路易斯酸(Lewis acid)反应形成。
用于形成上述有机层,例如发光层、电子注入层或传输层、空穴注入层或传输层的各种材料,以及在本领域中用于形成其的方法是已知的,使用上述所有方法均可用来制造有机电子器件。
在形成有机层之后,可形成第二电极层。当第一电极层可注入空穴时,例如,第二电极层可注入电子,并且当第一电极层可注入电子时,第二电极层可注入空穴。形成第二电极层的方法可为本领域中已知的常规方法,且无特别限制。
在形成第二电极层之后,可形成封装结构。封装结构是用于避免外部材料(如湿气或氧气)流入至有机电子器件的有机层的保护结构。封装结构可为,例如,罐(如玻璃罐或金属灌)或覆盖有机层全部表面的薄膜。
图7示出了当有机层701和第二电极层702依序在包含基底层101、光学功能层301和第一电极层401的基板上形成之后,封装结构703以罐结构(如玻璃罐或金属灌)形成。如图7所示,例如,借助粘合剂704可粘附封装结构703。例如,封装结构可粘附在下方不存在光学功能层301的电极层401上。例如,如图7所示,借助粘合剂704可将封装结构703粘附至基板的端部。根据此方法,可以使借助该封装结构的保护效果最大化。
举例而言,封装结构可为涂布有机层和第二电极层的全部表面的薄膜。图8示出了以薄膜形式形成的覆盖有机层701和第二电极层702的全部表面的封装结构801。例如,如图8所示,薄膜类型的封装结构801具有覆盖有机层701和第二电极层702的全部表面的结构,并且通过该结构,使包含基底层101、光学功能层301和第一电极层401的基板与位于上方的第二基板802相粘附。此处,第二基板可为,例如,玻璃基板、金属基板、聚合物薄膜或阻挡层。例如,可通过涂布由热或紫外线照射而固化的液体材料(如环氧树脂),并随后固化该涂布材料,或通过使用粘合片堆叠基板和上方基板,以形成薄膜类型的封装结构,所述粘合片为事先使用环氧树脂制造的膜形式的粘合片。
视需要,封装结构可包括水吸附剂或吸气剂,例如,金属氧化物,如氧化钙或氧化铍;金属卤化物如氯化钙;或五氧化二磷。例如,水吸附剂或吸气剂可被包含在薄膜类型的封装结构中,或存在于罐类型的封装结构的预定位置。封装结构可进一步包括阻挡膜或导电膜。
例如,如图7或8所示,封装结构可粘附至下方未形成光学功能层的第一电极层的顶部。因此,可实现密封结构,在该密封结构中,光学功能层未暴露在外部环境中。密封结构可指,例如,光学功能层的整个表面被基底层、电极层和/或封装结构包围,或光学功能层被通过包含基底层、电极层和/或封装结构而形成的密封结构包围,从而使光学功能层不会暴露于外部环境中。只要光学功能层不暴露于外部环境中,密封结构可仅仅包括基底层、电极层和/或封装结构,或除了包括基底层、电极层和封装结构之外,还可包括另一组件,例如导电材料或中间层。例如,如图7或8所示,另一组件可存在于基底层101与电极层401的接触部分或第一电极层401与封装结构701、801的接触部分或这些以外的位置。可使用具有低湿气渗透性的有机材料、无机材料或有机/无机复合材料或绝缘层或辅助电极作为该另一组件。
发明效果
本发明可提供用于形成器件的基板或该器件的制造方法,该器件在用于形成有机电子器件如有机发光器件时,确保优异的光萃取效率,防止湿气或空气渗透至装置中,而改善可靠性。
附图说明
图1和2示出了光学功能层的示例性实施方案的示意图。
图3示出了制造用于有机电子器件的基板的方法的示例性实施方案的示意图。
图4至6示出了电极层形成于光学功能层上的结构的示例性实施方案的示意图。
图7至8为具有封装结构的有机电子器件的示例性实施方案的示意图。
图9为观察根据对比实施例1的发光状态的照片。
图10为观察根据实施例1的发光状态的照片。
附图标记说明
101:基底层
102、201、301:光学功能层
1021:散射颗粒
1022:粘合剂
401:电极层、第一电极层
701:有机层
702:第二电极层
703、801:封装结构
704:粘合剂
802:第二基板
具体实施方式
在下文中,将通过实施例和对比实施例详细说明上述方法。然而,本发明不限于下述所公开的实施方案。
实施例1
通过将具有约200nm平均直径的TiO2颗粒充分地分散在硅氧烷粘合剂(Si(OCH3)4)溶液中来制备涂布溶液。通过在玻璃基板上涂布已制备的涂布溶液来形成散射层。之后,通过在散射层上涂布硅氧烷粘合剂(干燥后的折射率:约1.8)来形成平整层,其中硅氧烷粘合剂中分散有具有约10nm平均直径的高折射率填料(二氧化钛)。随后,通过照射激光,使平整层和散射层图案化具有约3mm的图案宽度,并移除涂布在该区域中的除发光层之外的光萃取层。具体而言,如图9所示,使用激光在水平方向上将散射层和平整层图案化,并在垂直方向上再次图案化而进行加工,使散射层和平整层以四角形残留。在图案化的基底层的整个表面以常规方式形成ITO透明电极,图案化的光学功能层(散射层和平整层)例如以如图5所示的状态形成,并依序堆叠包含发光层的有机层和金属电极。之后,粘附封装结构(玻璃罐),制备出如图7所示的装置。
对比实施例1
除不进行激光处理之外,按实施例1所述的方法制造有机发光器件。
实验实施例1
拍摄实施例1或对比实施例1所制造的有机电子器件的发光状态。然后,在85℃烘箱中经过500小时之后,再次拍摄器件的外观。图9显示在较早阶段(a)和500小时之后(b)观察对比实施例的有机电子器件的外观所获得的结果。图10显示在较早阶段(a)和500小时之后(b)观察实施例的有机电子器件的外观所获得的结果。参考图9,根据对比实施例1,在500小时之后,可观察到相对较暗的发光区域增加,发光均匀度大幅降低。相反,根据实施例,如图10所示,可确定即使在500小时之后,较暗的发光区域也较少,并且维持了发光均匀度。
Claims (7)
1.一种制造有机电子器件的方法,其包括:利用激光处理形成在基底层上的光学功能层,使得所述光学功能层具有比所述基底层更小的投射面积;
在已处理的所述光学功能层上形成第一电极层,所述第一电极层具有比所述光学功能层更大的投射面积;
在第一电极层上,依序形成包含发光层的有机层和第二电极层;以及
在形成第二电极层之后形成封装结构;
其中,所述封装结构形成于所述基底层上,与在下方未形成所述光学功能层的所述第一电极层相接触;
其中,所述光学功能层的整个表面被通过包含基底层、第一电极层和/或封装结构而形成的密封结构包围,
其中,所述光学功能层包含散射层和在散射层顶部形成的平整层,
其中,所述平整层包括高折射率颗粒和粘合剂,
其中,所述高折射颗粒具有2.5以上的折射率;以及所述平整层中包含的所述高折射颗粒的比例在40重量份以上且在300重量份以下,基于100重量份的粘合剂计。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述散射层为包含散射颗粒的层。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述散射层为包含凹凸结构的层。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过湿式涂布、溶胶-凝胶、沉积或微压印的方法,在所述基底层上形成所述光学功能层。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过向所述光学功能层和所述基底层照射激光来进行处理。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过照射点激光或线束激光来进行处理。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,形成所述第一电极层,使得所述第一电极层的投射面积(A)与所述光学功能层的投射面积(B)的比例(A/B)在1.04以上。
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US5959768A (en) * | 1993-11-05 | 1999-09-28 | Vari-Lite, Inc. | Light pattern generator formed on a transparent substrate |
CN102308407A (zh) * | 2009-02-05 | 2012-01-04 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 有机电致发光器件 |
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