CN102498890A - Minimum-tillage and no-tillage mulching cultivation method of lemon orchard - Google Patents
Minimum-tillage and no-tillage mulching cultivation method of lemon orchard Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a minimum-tillage and no-tillage mulching cultivation method of a lemon orchard. The minimum-tillage and no-tillage mulching cultivation method comprises the following steps of: planting lemons in the flat land lemon orchard according to the requirement of enabling the distance between plants * the distance between rows to be 2.0-2.5m * 3.5-4.0m; planting pasture among lemon rows, planting 1 row of the lemons on each platform ladder surface of the sloping land lemon orchard and planting the pasture on platform sloping surfaces; timely cutting the pasture in growing seasons for mulching around tree trunks of the lemons, applying a basal fertilizer for the lemons once annularly, and performing drop irrigation fertilization or fertilization by a fertilization gun in other periods except the application of the basal fertilizer. According to the minimum-tillage and no-tillage mulching cultivation method, the frequency of tillage in the lemon orchard can be reduced, the using frequency and the quantity of the fertilizer and pesticide can be reduced, the production of the 4-year-old lemon orchard can be increased by above 120kg/mu, the yield of fresh forage of the 1-5-year-old lemon orchard can be up to 3850-2930 kg/mu, organic matters, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil are increased, and the orchard can be developed in a sustainable and healthy manner.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon orchard, belong to gardening plant culture technique field.
Background technology
Domestic and international more than 40 countries have all carried out studying to few no-tillage system like France, China, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Australia, Japan etc. at present; Emphasis is main with crops such as paddy rice, corn, wheat, beans, potato, sugarcane, rapes; Concentrate on cereal crops mostly, in the orchard produces, carry out less.Selection and collocation that a main key technology difficult problem is to cover species; Supporting no-tillage plant equipment; The corresponding fertilization technology; Orchard short-term benefit and long-term benefit can't be taken into account etc.
Along with increasing sharply and socioeconomic fast development of population, society increases severely to the demand of agricultural product, and for the also maximization of profit-push that satisfies social needs, the peasant has to strengthen the operation frequency to soil; The amount of application of agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer, weed killer herbicide also increases sharply.Existing lemon orchard produces adopts farming several times a year to stir the mode of soil, the exposed cultivation management in ground; There are a large amount of water and soil loss in orchard, quicken the soil nutrient leaching loss; A little less than the drought-resistant ability, utilization rate of fertilizer is low, the defective and the deficiency of pattern such as traditional cultivation such as grade that orchard ecology is unbalance.Frequent soil cultivation importantly causes the destruction of soil structure and soil fertility to descend except that increasing production cost, causes serious water and soil and nutrient loss, thereby brings the serious environmental pollution problem, has destroyed sustainable development of agricultural production.A large amount of in addition rural laborers shift, and traditional high investment, high strength, the farming pattern that comprehensive benefit is low can not adapt to the needs of current agricultural production.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention will solve is to overcome the production of existing orchard to adopt farming several times a year to stir the mode of soil, the exposed cultivation management in ground; Cause that long-term orchard soil is exposed, soil structure heavy damage, severe water and soil erosion aggravation, fertilizer and pesticide usage amount and number of times increase; Degradation defective and deficiency under the farmland quality, its goal of the invention provide and a kind ofly can change lemon orchard soil structure effectively, promote the increase of the soil organic matter and nutrient content; Quicken to cultivate orchard soil carbon storehouse; Reduce N, P and water and soil loss, increase the orchard ecology diversity, reduce environmental pollution; Save cost and work input, lead industry to the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in the lemon orchard of low-carbon (LC), sustainable sound development.
The present invention combines the actual few no-tillage mulching and planting method that proposes in lemon orchard, is meant in the production system except that sowing or fertilising, no longer stirs or few disturbed soil, minimal tills and no-tillage combination, covers the cultivation method of table soil.
The few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon provided by the present invention orchard may further comprise the steps:
1. the field planting structure distribution in lemon orchard
A. spacing in the rows * the line-spacing of lemon plantation is 2.0～2.5 m * 3.5～4.0 m in the level land lemon orchard; In lemon bunch planting in the ranks or the herbage more than the strip sowing planting life in 2 years, spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 20cm～30cm * 30～40cm; The plantation bandwidth of herbage described in the children lemon orchard in age, level land of 1～2 year age of tree is 1.0～1.2 m, the plantation bandwidth of herbage described in the lemon orchard, level land of the age of tree is 0.6～1.0 m more than 3 years, and lemon orchard, described level land is the orchard of the gradient≤10 °;
B. to lemon orchard, hillside fields excavation smooth tread 1 (as shown in Figure 1); The wide M of platform tread 1 is 2.5～3.0m, plantation 1 row lemon on each tread 1, spacing in the rows 2.5～3.0 m of lemon plantation; The wide H of platform domatic 2 is 1.2～2.0m, the herbage more than plantation life in 2 years on the platform domatic 2; The bandwidth of said herbage is 0.8～1.0 m, and lemon orchard, described hillside fields is the orchard of the gradient＞10 °;
2. the overlay management in cultivation management of herbage and orchard: herbage carries out 1～2 manual work in the seedling phase and cuts weeds in lemon orchard, level land and the lemon orchard, hillside fields; In the season of growth; Herbage plant height 0.3m cradles when above, whenever cradles 1 time at a distance from 30～45 days, and growth year cradles 3～4 times; The herbage that cradles covers under the lemon, outside apart from 20～30cm around the lemon trunk, covers the herbage that cradles, in order to avoid it is too high to influence place, lemon trunk ground humidity, causes that damage by disease and insect grows;
3. orchard fertilizing management
A. the fertilising of lemon in the level land lemon orchard: execute base fertilizer every year 1 time, execute, treelet lemon every strain organic fertilizer 15～15.5kg of life in 1～3 year and potash fertilizer 0.01～0.1 kg mid-October to late November; The every strain organic fertilizer of lemon more than 4 years 25～30kg, urea 0.1～0.25kg, superphosphate 0.3～0.5kg and potash fertilizer 0.05～0.15 kg; The fertilization mode of base fertilizer is: adopt annual conversion fertilising position; Apply fertilizer along tree crown drip position in the thing both sides or the both sides, north and south of lemon plant at every turn; Drive the herbage rake that covers, the ditch of the dark 30～40cm that ditches, wide 20～30cm, long 80～100cm applies fertilizer in the ditch; Behind the reclaimed soil, cover original herbage that covers on its native face; Except that applying fertilizer to the subsoil, the fertilization mode in all the other periods adopts fertigation or fertilization gun fertilising, and before the spring tip was sprouted, urea 0.1～0.25kg and potash fertilizer 0.08～0.12kg were executed in every strain; Xie Huahou, every strain nitrogen fertilizer application 0.15～0.20kg, phosphate fertilizer 0.1～0.15 kg and potash fertilizer 0.15～0.2 kg; Fruit expanding period, every strain are executed urea 0.20～0.30kg and potash fertilizer 0.2～0.25kg; Fertilization gun fertilising is thing both sides or the both sides, north and south at lemon plant, the tree crown drip position fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes of getting into the cave; The total nitrogen content of described urea>=45%, P in the phosphate fertilizer
2O
5Content>=18%, K in the potash fertilizer
2The content of O>=50%.Adopt fertigation or fertilization gun to apply fertilizer, reached the purpose that does not cause big disturbance to orchard soil;
B. the fertilising of lemon in the hillside fields lemon orchard: base fertilizer fertilization time, fertilizing amount, fertilizer type and tree dish trench digging excute a law with
Lemon orchard, level land is identical, and fertilizer placement is in the middle of two strain lemons; The fertilizing method that fertilising is robbed in fertigation or fertilising is identical with the orchard, level land;
C. the fertilising of herbage in level land lemon orchard and the lemon orchard, hillside fields: the herbage of adopting the bunch planting plantation; After young leaves is sprouted; Execute urea or composite fertilizer 1～2 time, 18～22 days blanking times of twice, consumption is the urea 4～5g or the composite fertilizer 8～10g that whenever spreads manuer in holes of whenever spreading manuer in holes; Adopt the herbage of strip sowing planting, after young leaves is sprouted, execute urea or composite fertilizer 1～2 time, 18～22 days blanking times of twice, execute urea 8～15kg/ mu or composite fertilizer 15～20kg/ mu; Adopt the herbage of bunch planting or strip sowing planting all cradling for the first time back fertilising 1 time, every mu of sealing fertilizer 20～25kg can improve coverage speed, and it is non-irrigateier with safety to help herbage growth; The total nitrogen content of described urea>=45%, composite fertilizer is a NPK, its N-P
2O
5-K
2O is 15-15-15;
4. the full garden tree body ditching processing of being completely cured
A. the ditching of the full garden in level land lemon orchard tree body is completely cured, and to handle be every interval 2 years, in the fall or carry out winter 1 time, and at the dark 40～60cm of interline ditching of lemon, wide 30～40cm, long with the ditch till digging through every capable lemon; In ditch, insert the herbage that cradles, with accumulation that increases the soil organic matter and the permeability that upgrades tree body root mass, adjusting soil; At every turn repeating ditching at same position is completely cured and inserts the herbage that cradles;
B. the ditching of the full garden in hillside fields lemon orchard tree body is completely cured, and to handle be every interval 2 years; Carrying out in autumn or winter 1 time, is the ditch length of side with the bench toe 3 of platform domatic 2, excavates wide 40～50cm to platform tread 1 direction; Ditch depth 60～80cm; The dressing furrow 4 that the ditch length of side is consistent with the plantation band of lemon is inserted the herbage that cradles in dressing furrow 4, with accumulation that increases the soil organic matter and the permeability that upgrades tree body root mass, adjusting soil; At every turn repeating ditching at same position is completely cured and inserts the herbage that cradles.
Step 3. in the lemon orchard, orchard fertilizing management A. level land the fertilizer described in the fertilising of lemon be manure of livestock and poultry or manure of livestock and poultry and cake fertilizer.
Step 3. in the lemon orchard, orchard fertilizing management A. level land the nitrogenous fertilizer described in the fertilising of lemon be the urea of total nitrogen content>=45%; Described phosphate fertilizer is P
2O
5>=18% fused calcium magnesium phosphate; Described potash fertilizer is K
2The potassium sulphate of O>=50%; Described percentage is mass fraction.
Step 1. A and step 1. the B kind to plant the above herbage of life in 2 years can be to plant with the seed sowing plantation or with the transplantation of seedlings of herbage kind.The sowing quantity of the herbage of being planted or can adopt the conventional amount used of this herbage with the seedling amount.
Step 1. A and step 1. the above herbage of the described plantation of B life in 2 years be MULATU1 herbage or No. 2 herbages of MULATU that the khuskhus that belongs to of pulse family khuskhus or grass family belong to.
Described column with cultivations of flower or grass flowers and plants, its sowing quantity is 0.5～1.25kg/ mu preferably.
Described plantation MULATU1 herbage or No. 2 herbages of MULATU, its sowing quantity is 0.4～0.6kg/ mu preferably.
Cradle the high 20～25cm of toothing behind the khuskhus, cradle MULATU1 number or No. 2, MULATU after the high 5～10cm of toothing, just can make this herbage continued growth, if toothing is too short, be prone to cause herbage dead.
Because livestocks such as ox or sheep eat leguminous forage for a long time and can produce discomforts such as gasteremphraxis, therefore, can also be the nursing of livestocks such as suitable ox or sheep, in 1. A and the 1. herbage grass seeds combined hybrid plantation of the described planting forage grass employing of B more than 2 kinds of step of step.
Described herbage grass seeds combination more than 2 kinds can for heat grind No. 2 khuskhus (
Stylosanthes guianensisCv.Reyan No.2), west card khuskhus (
Stylosanthes scabraCv.Seca), have the hook khuskhus (
Stylosanthes hamataCv.Verano) and pitch arm shape grass (
Brachiaria decumbens) 4 kinds of herbage grass seeds combinations.Mixed planting can reduce cradle after, again with the work input of various herbage mixing match; Also helping increases orchard increase bio-diversity, increases natural enemy quantity.
Can also select when plantation MULATU1 herbage or MULATU 2 herbages to plant with the good seedling of breeding, spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 30～40cm * 50～60cm.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the inventive method is covered grass through at lemon orchard rational deployment and planting forage grass to lemon, fertigation or fertilization gun fertilising and other rational fertilising; Reduced 2～4 numbers of farming to the lemon orchard, behind the plantation perennial grass, all can be no-tillage less in 2～4 years; Reached few no-tillage covering; Reduced the input of labour's input, the energy, machinery, cost-saving synergistic reduces comprehensive production cost more than 15～20%.
2, the inventive method has improved economic benefit.Lemon is cultivated generally to get in general the 4th year and abounds with the phase; With the hillside fields of 4 years age of trees pacifically the lemon orchard be example; Increase more than the lemon fruit yield 120kg/ mu than conventional cultivation; Average every mu of lemon is increased income 360 yuan, and the bright careless output in 1～5 year age of tree lemon orchard can reach 3850～2930kg/ mu.
3, the inventive method has changed lemon orchard soil structure effectively, effectively regulates soil ground temperature, and annual ground temperature is more stable; Reduce N, P and water and soil loss, reduced fertilizer and pesticide access times and quantity, promoted the increase of the soil organic matter and nutrient content; Quicken cultivation orchard soil carbon storehouse, increased the orchard ecology diversity, reduced environmental pollution; Improved orchard environment; Lead industry to low-carbon (LC), sustainable sound development, easy to operate, have broad prospect for its application.With the hillside fields of 4 years lemon age of trees pacifically the lemon orchard be example, the inventive method can make organic content increase by 0.39%～0.45%, the soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increases by 7.5～14.5mg.kg
-1, available phosphorus increases by 0.86～1.56mg.kg-1, and effectively potassium increases 4.5mg.kg
-1
4, the inventive method has reduced fertilizer and pesticide access times and quantity, has practiced thrift cost.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is the field schematic layout pattern in hillside fields lemon orchard lemon and pasture growing zone, and mark is represented successively among the figure: 1-platform tread, and the 2-platform is domatic; The bench toe that the 3-platform is domatic, 4-dressing furrow, 5-lemon; The 6-drip irrigation pipe, the width that the H-platform is domatic, the width of M-platform tread.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is done further description.
1, the used lemon sapling of each embodiment, herbage grass seeds, fertilizer all can buy through the commercial channel.Like the red auspicious lemon in Yunnan development corporation, Ltd., the address: gold top, Ruili City, Dehong state, Yunnan Province road, postcode: 678600, phone: 0692-6660159.
2, the used fertilizer of each embodiment:
(1) urea: total nitrogen content >=45%;
(2) nitrogenous fertilizer: the urea of selecting total nitrogen content >=45% for use;
(3) phosphate fertilizer: select P for use
2O
5>=18% fused calcium magnesium phosphate;
(4) potash fertilizer: select K for use
2The potassium sulphate of O>=50%;
(5) composite fertilizer: composite fertilizer is a NPK, its N-P
2O
5-K
2O is 15-15-15.
3, the fertilization mode of each embodiment:
(1) fertilization mode of base fertilizer: adopt annual conversion fertilising position; Apply fertilizer along tree crown drip position in the thing both sides or the both sides, north and south of lemon plant at every turn; Drive the herbage rake that covers, the ditch of the dark 30～40cm that ditches, wide 20～30cm, long 80～100cm applies fertilizer in the ditch; Behind the reclaimed soil, cover original herbage that covers on its native face.
(2) drip irrigation and fertilization gun fertilising
Except that applying fertilizer to the subsoil, the fertilization mode in all the other periods adopts fertigation or fertilising to rob fertilising, and fertigation is by conventional method; Fertilization gun fertilising is thing both sides or the both sides, north and south at lemon plant, the tree crown drip position fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes of getting into the cave.
The few no-tillage mulching and planting method in lemon orchard, embodiment 1 level land
The experiment place: Meng Xiu township, Ruili City, the autonomous continent of Yunnan Province's Dehongdaizujingpozu, 2008 in lemon orchard, level land, Meng Xiu township, described Ruili City 120 mu, 6 processing are done in the gradient≤10 °, each handles 20 mu of difference.
Handle 1
Handling 1 is
1The children lemon orchard in age, level land of year age of tree
1. the field planting structure distribution in lemon orchard
Spacing in the rows * the line-spacing of lemon plantation is 2.5 m * 3.5 m; Accomplish lemon in November, 2008 and build the garden field planting, on July 16th, 2008 was planted the herbage more than the life in 2 years in lemon bunch planting in the ranks, and described herbage is that heat is ground khuskhus No. 2; West card khuskhus; 4 kinds of herbage grass seeds combinations of hook khuskhus and pitch arm shape grass are arranged, and total sowing quantity of herbage is a 0.5kg/ mu, and 4 kinds of herbages respectively account for 1/4.The plantation bandwidth of said herbage is 1.0m, and herbage bunch planting cave is apart from 30cm, 3～4 seeds in every cave.Per 1～2 plants different heat in the ranks grinds No. 2 khuskhus, Ge Lamu khuskhus, Cook khuskhus
,Pitch arm shape grass; Sowing is preceding with 80 ℃ of hot water treatment seed 3～5min; Filter immediately; Reducing phlegm and internal heat is placed on shady and cool place with seed behind the water and dries, and just can effectively kill the anthrax bacteria that seed carries with soup immersions such as the carbendazim of 0.1%-0.2% or topsins through strong seeds treated 10～15min again.Seed dressing ginseng is then mixed fine sand and is sowed blinding 2～3cm.
2. the overlay management in cultivation management of herbage and orchard
The herbage seedling phase carries out 1～2 manual work and cuts weeds, and in the season of growth, herbage plant height 0.3m cradles when above, whenever cradles 1 time at a distance from 30 days, and growth year cradles 3～4 times, cradles the high 20～25cm of toothing behind the above-mentioned khuskhus, other herbage toothings 5～10cm; The herbage that cradles covers under the lemon, outside apart from 20～30cm around the lemon trunk, covers the herbage that cradles; Because lemon producing region rain hot same period, seedling stage, weed growth was vigorous, and khuskhus is broadcast back growth in 35～45 days slowly, need in time cut weeds.When seedling grows to 15～20 cm, carry out artificial thinning, emerging can be used for plantation or fills the gaps with seedlings.
3. orchard fertilizing management
A. the fertilising of lemon: execute base fertilizer every year 1 time, base fertilizer was executed mid-October, and every strain lemon is executed pig manure 15kg and potassium sulphate fertilizer 0.01kg; The fertilization mode of base fertilizer is: adopt annual conversion fertilising position; Apply fertilizer along tree crown drip position in the thing both sides or the both sides, north and south of lemon plant at every turn; Drive the herbage rake that covers, the ditch of the dark 30～40cm that ditches, wide 20～30cm, long 80～100cm applies fertilizer in the ditch; Behind the reclaimed soil, cover original herbage that covers on its native face; Except that applying fertilizer to the subsoil, the fertilization mode in all the other periods adopts the fertigation mode to apply fertilizer, and before the spring tip was sprouted, urea 0.1kg and potassium sulphate fertilizer 0.08kg were executed in every strain; Xie Huahou, every strain nitrogen fertilizer application urea 0.15kg, phosphate fertilizer are fused calcium magnesium phosphate 0.1 kg and potassium sulphate fertilizer 0.15 kg; Fruit expanding period, every strain are executed urea 0.20kg and potassium sulphate fertilizer 0.2kg;
B. the fertilising of herbage: after young leaves is sprouted, execute urea 1 time, consumption is the urea 4g that whenever spreads manuer in holes, and is cradling back fertilising 1 time, every mu of sealing fertilizer 20kg for the first time.
4. the full garden tree body ditching processing of being completely cured
Carry out 1 time in the fall October at every interval 2 years, at the dark 40～60cm of interline ditching of lemon, wide 30～40cm, long with the ditch till digging through every capable lemon; In ditch, insert the herbage that cradles, at every turn repeat ditching and be completely cured and insert the herbage that cradles at same position.
Processing 2 handles 3, processing 4, and processing 5 removes table 1 with processing 6 (contrasts), table 2, outside the measure difference, all the other measures are identical with processing 1, repeat no more in the table 3, table 4.
Handling 6 (contrasts) is the contrast of embodiment 1, and its measure is undertaken by the operation in lemon orchard, conventional level land, mainly is: do not carry out the herbage mulching plant, maintenance is ploughed clearly, soil is exposed fully.Fertilising: execute base fertilizer every year 1 time, base fertilizer was executed mid-October, and fertilizing amount, fertilization mode are consistent with instance 1 processing 4, but do not cover; Except that applying fertilizer to the subsoil, the fertilization mode in all the other periods adopts the traditional fertilization mode, and in tree body drip place, the ring-type dressing furrow that excavates wide 20cm～30cm, dark 30cm～40cm carries out, and fertilization time is also consistent with instance 1 processing 4 with fertilizing amount.All carry out the 4. full garden of the B tree body ditching processing of being completely cured of above-mentioned steps every year, but in ditch, do not insert the herbage that cradles.
The full garden tree body ditching of contrast is completely cured and is handled also consistently with instance 1, but does not have herbage to insert.
Each test effect of handling sees table 5 for details: embodiment 1 each implementation result of handling.
Investigation is surveyed to produce and is shown:
Below respectively handle lemon fresh fruit outward appearance high quality fruit rate and on average improved more than 16%, improved the fruit interior quality.The above-mentioned 1 year few no-tillage covering orchard of the age of tree, average every per mu yield 45.2kg lemon fresh fruit; The few no-tillage covering orchard of 2 years age of trees, average every per mu yield 126.4kg lemon fresh fruit; The few no-tillage covering orchard of 3 years age of trees, average every per mu yield 1428.6kg/ mu lemon fresh fruit; The few no-tillage covering orchard of 4 years age of trees, average every per mu yield 2269.5kg lemon fresh fruit; The few no-tillage covering orchard of 5 years age of trees, average every per mu yield 2641.8kg lemon fresh fruit; 4 years age of tree orchards of contrast, average every mu of 2147.8kg lemon fresh fruit reduces 120kg/mu than handling 4 (4 years age of trees) output.The inventive method has effectively promoted increasing income of orchard worker, remarkable in economical benefits.
The bright careless output in 1～5 year age of tree lemon orchard can reach 3850～2930kg/ mu.Herbage also can provide and make forage grass and feed except that green manure is made in covering; 2011 has been the 3rd year, and intercropping and interplanting covers anti-trample, can increase soil fertility.
The few no-tillage mulching and planting method in lemon orchard, embodiment 2 hillside fields
The experiment place: Meng Xiu township, Ruili City, the autonomous continent of Yunnan Province's Dehongdaizujingpozu, 2008 in Meng Xiu township, described Ruili City slope garden has 1158 mu, 6 processing are established in the gradient＞10 °, each handles 193 mu.
6 processing of present embodiment are respectively: handle I, handle II, handle III, handle IV, handle V and handle VI (contrast).
1. the field planting structure distribution in lemon orchard
As shown in Figure 1; The field planting structure distribution of handle I, handle II, handle III, handling IV, handle V and handle VI except that the measure of table 6 (the field planting structure distribution in lemon orchard, hillside fields) is different, all the other measures respectively with the processing 1 of embodiment 1, handle 2, handle 3, handle 4, handle 5, processing 6 identical.
2. the overlay management in cultivation management of herbage and orchard
Handle I, handle II, handle III, handle IV and handle V herbage cultivation management and orchard overlay management respectively with the processing 1 of embodiment 1, handle 2, handle 3, handle 4, handle 5 identical.
3. orchard fertilizing management
Fertilising of the lemon of processing I, processing II, processing III, processing IV, processing V and processing VI and the measures of fertilizer of herbage are identical with processing 1, processing 2, processing 3, processing 4, processing 5, the processing 6 of embodiment 1 respectively.
4. the full garden tree body ditching processing of being completely cured
The ditching of handling I, handle II, handle III, handle IV, handle V and handling VI be completely cured handle be completely cured by following mode ditching outside, all the other ditchings be completely cured measure such as enforcement time respectively with the processing 1 of embodiment 1, handle 2, handle 3, handle 4, handle 5, handle 6 identical.
The ditching processing mode of being completely cured: the bench toe 3 with platform domatic 2 is the ditch length of side; Excavate wide 40～50cm to platform tread 1 direction; Ditch depth 60～80cm; The dressing furrow 4 that the ditch length of side is consistent with the plantation band of lemon is inserted the herbage that cradles in dressing furrow 4, with accumulation that increases the soil organic matter and the permeability that upgrades tree body root mass, adjusting soil; At every turn repeating ditching at same position is completely cured and inserts the herbage that cradles.Do not insert the herbage that cradles in the dressing furrow 4 of processing VI.
Contrast (processing VI) is the contrast of embodiment 2, and its measure is undertaken by the operation in lemon orchard, conventional hillside fields, mainly is: the domatic herbage mulching plant that do not carry out, maintenance is ploughed clearly, soil is exposed fully.Fertilising: execute base fertilizer every year 1 time, base fertilizer was executed mid-October, and fertilizing amount, fertilization mode are consistent with the processing IV of embodiment 2, but do not cover; Except that applying fertilizer to the subsoil; The fertilization mode in lemon all the other periods adopts the traditional fertilization mode; In tree body drip place, the ring-type dressing furrow that excavates wide 20cm～30cm, dark 30cm～40cm carries out, and institute's fertilise, fertilization time and fertilizing amount are also applied fertilizer consistent with the lemon of the processing IV of instance 2.
Embodiment 2 each test effect of handling see table 7 for details.
The assay method of the bulk density of soil, porosity is among embodiment 1 and the embodiment 2: core cutter method; Organic assay method is: oil bath heating potassium dichromate oxidation volumetric method; The assay method of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is: the alkaline hydrolysis diffusion process; The assay method of available phosphorus is: sodium bicarbonate or ammonium fluoride-hydrochloric acid lixiviate-molybdenum antimony resistance colorimetric method; Effectively the assay method of potassium is: ammonium acetate lixiviate-flare photometer.
Claims (10)
1. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a lemon orchard may further comprise the steps:
1. the field planting structure distribution in lemon orchard
A. spacing in the rows * the line-spacing of lemon plantation is 2.0～2.5 m * 3.5～4.0 m in the level land lemon orchard; In lemon bunch planting in the ranks or the herbage more than the strip sowing planting life in 2 years, spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 20cm～30cm * 30～40cm; The plantation bandwidth of herbage described in the children lemon orchard in age, level land of 1～2 year age of tree is 1.0～1.2 m, the plantation bandwidth of herbage described in the lemon orchard, level land of the age of tree is 0.6～1.0 m more than 3 years, and lemon orchard, described level land is the orchard of the gradient≤10 °;
B. to smooth tread 1 of lemon orchard, hillside fields excavation; The wide M of platform tread 1 is 2.5～3.0m, plantation 1 row lemon on each tread 1, spacing in the rows 2.5～3.0 m of lemon plantation; The wide H of platform domatic 2 is 1.2～2.0m, the herbage more than plantation life in 2 years on the platform domatic 2; The bandwidth of said herbage is 0.8～1.0 m, and lemon orchard, described hillside fields is the orchard of the gradient＞10 °;
2. the overlay management in cultivation management of herbage and orchard: lemon orchard, level land and hillside fields
Herbage carries out 1～2 manual work in the seedling phase and cuts weeds in the lemon orchard, and in the season of growth, herbage plant height 0.3m cradles when above, whenever cradles 1 time at a distance from 30～45 days, and growth year cradles 3～4 times; The herbage that cradles covers under the lemon, outside apart from 20～30cm around the lemon trunk, covers the herbage that cradles;
3. orchard fertilizing management
A. the fertilising of lemon in the level land lemon orchard: execute base fertilizer every year 1 time, execute, treelet lemon every strain organic fertilizer 15～15.5kg of life in 1～3 year and potash fertilizer 0.01～0.1 kg mid-October to late November; The every strain organic fertilizer of lemon more than 4 years 25～30kg, urea 0.1～0.25kg, superphosphate 0.3～0.5kg and potash fertilizer 0.05～0.15 kg; The fertilization mode of base fertilizer is: adopt annual conversion fertilising position; Apply fertilizer along tree crown drip position in the thing both sides or the both sides, north and south of lemon plant at every turn; Drive the herbage rake that covers, the ditch of the dark 30～40cm that ditches, wide 20～30cm, long 80～100cm applies fertilizer in the ditch; Behind the reclaimed soil, cover original herbage that covers on its native face; Except that applying fertilizer to the subsoil, the fertilization mode in all the other periods adopts fertigation or fertilization gun fertilising, and before the spring tip was sprouted, urea 0.1～0.25kg and potash fertilizer 0.08～0.12kg were executed in every strain; Xie Huahou, every strain nitrogen fertilizer application 0.15～0.20kg, phosphate fertilizer 0.1～0.15 kg and potash fertilizer 0.15～0.2 kg; Fruit expanding period, every strain are executed urea 0.20～0.30kg and potash fertilizer 0.2～0.25kg; Fertilization gun fertilising is thing both sides or the both sides, north and south at lemon plant, the tree crown drip position fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes of getting into the cave; The total nitrogen content of said urea>=45%, P in the phosphate fertilizer
2O
5Content>=18%, K in the potash fertilizer
2The content of O>=50%; Described percentage is mass fraction;
B. the fertilising of lemon in the hillside fields lemon orchard: base fertilizer fertilization time, fertilizing amount, fertilizer type and tree dish trench digging are excuted a law identical with lemon orchard, level land, and fertilizer placement is in the middle of two strain lemons; The fertilizing method that fertilising is robbed in fertigation or fertilising is identical with the orchard, level land;
C. the fertilising of herbage in level land lemon orchard and the lemon orchard, hillside fields: the herbage of adopting the bunch planting plantation; After young leaves is sprouted; Execute urea or composite fertilizer 1～2 time, 18～22 days blanking times of twice, consumption is the urea 4～5g or the composite fertilizer 8～10g that whenever spreads manuer in holes of whenever spreading manuer in holes; Adopt the herbage of strip sowing planting, after young leaves is sprouted, execute urea or composite fertilizer 1～2 time, 18～22 days blanking times of twice, execute urea 8～15kg/ mu or composite fertilizer 15～20kg/ mu; Adopt the herbage of bunch planting or strip sowing planting all cradling for the first time back fertilising 1 time, every mu of sealing fertilizer 20～25kg; The total nitrogen content of said urea>=45%, composite fertilizer is a NPK, its N-P
2O
5-K
2O is 15-15-15; Described percentage is mass fraction;
4. the full garden tree body ditching processing of being completely cured
A. the ditching of the full garden in level land lemon orchard tree body is completely cured, and to handle be every interval 2 years, in the fall or carry out winter 1 time, and at the dark 40～60cm of interline ditching of lemon, wide 30～40cm, long with the ditch till digging through every capable lemon; At every turn repeating ditching at same position is completely cured and inserts the herbage that cradles;
B. the ditching of the full garden in hillside fields lemon orchard tree body is completely cured, and to handle be every interval 2 years; Carrying out in autumn or winter 1 time, is the ditch length of side with the bench toe 3 of platform domatic 2, excavates wide 40～50cm to platform tread 1 direction; Ditch depth 60～80cm; The dressing furrow 4 that the ditch length of side is consistent with the plantation band of lemon is inserted the herbage that cradles in dressing furrow 4, at every turn repeat ditching at same position and be completely cured and insert the herbage that cradles.
2. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 1 orchard is characterized in that: step 3. in the lemon orchard, orchard fertilizing management A. level land the fertilizer described in the fertilising of lemon be manure of livestock and poultry or manure of livestock and poultry and cake fertilizer.
3. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 1 orchard is characterized in that: step 3. in the lemon orchard, orchard fertilizing management A. level land the nitrogenous fertilizer described in the fertilising of lemon be the urea of total nitrogen content>=45%; Described phosphate fertilizer is P
2O
5>=18% fused calcium magnesium phosphate; Described potash fertilizer is K
2The potassium sulphate of O>=50%; Described percentage is mass fraction.
4. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 1 orchard is characterized in that: step 1. A and step 1. the above herbage of the described plantation of B life in 2 years be to plant with the seed sowing plantation or with the transplantation of seedlings of herbage kind.
5. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 1 orchard is characterized in that: step 1. A and step 1. the above herbage of the described plantation of B life in 2 years be MULATU1 herbage or No. 2 herbages of MULATU that the khuskhus that belongs to of pulse family khuskhus or grass family belong to.
6. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 5 orchard is characterized in that: the sowing quantity of described column with cultivations of flower or grass flowers and plants is 0.5～1.25kg/ mu; The sowing quantity of described plantation MULATU1 herbage or No. 2 herbages of MULATU is 0.4～0.6kg/ mu.
7. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 4 orchard is characterized in that: MULATU1 herbage of being planted or MULATU 2 herbages are seedling, and its seedling spacing in the rows * line-spacing is 30～40cm * 50～60cm.
8. according to the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in claim 5 or 6 described a kind of lemon orchards, it is characterized in that: cradle the high 20～25cm of toothing behind the khuskhus, cradle MULATU1 number or No. 2, MULATU after the high 5～10cm of toothing.
9. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 1 orchard is characterized in that: in 1. A and the 1. herbage grass seeds combined hybrid plantation of the described planting forage grass employing of B more than 2 kinds of step of step.
10. the few no-tillage mulching and planting method in a kind of lemon according to claim 9 orchard; It is characterized in that: the herbage grass seeds combined hybrid plantation of described usefulness more than 2 kinds is to adopt heat to grind khuskhus No. 2; West card khuskhus has 4 kinds of herbage grass seeds combined hybrid plantations of hook khuskhus and pitch arm shape grass.
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