CN101233804A - Organophilic cultivation method for tea - Google Patents
Organophilic cultivation method for tea Download PDFInfo
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- CN101233804A CN101233804A CNA2007100029387A CN200710002938A CN101233804A CN 101233804 A CN101233804 A CN 101233804A CN A2007100029387 A CNA2007100029387 A CN A2007100029387A CN 200710002938 A CN200710002938 A CN 200710002938A CN 101233804 A CN101233804 A CN 101233804A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for cultivating tea, particularly the method for organically cultivating tea, which comprises the following processes: (I) establishing an artificial complex ecological organic tea garden; (II) selecting tea seeds of the organic tea garden; (III) planting tea; (IV) seedling stage management; (V) soil management of the organic tea garden; (VI) nutrient management and utilization of the organic tea garden; (VII) pest control of the organic tea garden; (VIII) tea pruning of organic tea. The method for cultivating tea has the following positive effects that: as the organic tea is the inevitable trend of future tea production, the invention regulates organic planting of tea in China and promotes the large-scale development of tea producing areas toward harmlessness and organification; the method for cultivating tea does not rely on advantage factors of microecological nature of producing areas, makes full use of modern technical achievements and has strong technical operability, thereby ensuring the quality of the organic tea.
Description
Technical field
The present invention is a kind of cultivation method of tealeaves, particularly a kind of organophilic cultivation method for tea.
Background technology
Organic tea is meant and follows the course of nature fully in process of production and ecological principle, the bright leaf produced by international " organic farming " production system, method, be exactly to require in the course of cultivation, do not adopt the transgenosis means, do not use radiotechnology, do not use synthetic preparations such as chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, growth regulator, rely on shift of crops and stalk, animal manure, legume, green manure, organic waste materials, mineral nutrient are kept nutrient balance outside the venue, and utilize biological, physical measure prevention and elimination of disease and pests.And in processing, packing and transporting procedures, do not cause secondary pollution, after the tealeaves that " organic food " certification authority awards a certificate.
Organic Tea Industry starts from the beginning of the nineties at the end of the eighties in last century, and the cultivation that organises of tealeaves is the agricultural production pattern that grows up for maintaining ecological balance.This field prior art level has become ripe, high in technological content at present, relates generally to sophisticated technologies such as ecological engineering, biotechnology and electric mechanical, and the little ecological speciality in the place of production is to realize organic tea production basic factor up to standard.Organising of Tea Production is the highest level of Tea Production, also is the inevitable trend of following Tea Production.
The domestic existing organic tea place of production largely depends on the little ecological speciality advantage factor in the place of production, and utilizes the modern technologies deficiency; The utilize chemicals and the biologic product combination on the also limited ground, the organic tea place of production that has reach " organic level ", still have potential risk not up to standard; The organic tea production technology scheme that the organic tea district that has proposes is still imperfect, only is the part of organic tea production technology as " the pollution-free food tealeaves cultivation complex art " in fujian tea district, " carry out the tealeaves cleaner production and realize the Tea Industry sustainable development " scheme etc. of Xinyang, Henan Cha Qu.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to organise and too much depend on the little ecological speciality in the place of production in the cultivation in order to overcome existing tealeaves, or the cultivation process that organises is not sufficiently complete, and because of use chemical reagent to cause defectives such as tealeaves is not up to standard to invent a kind of modern technologies achievement, workable organophilic cultivation method for tea of technology of using limitedly as far as possible.
The objective of the invention is to realize as follows:
(1) sets up artificial complex ecological organic tea garden
One. build the desired environment of organic tea garden
Around in highest point periphery, tea place and harmfulness air port is provided with shelter forest, the capable tall and big aiphyllium of auxiliary forest belt plantation 2-3, and both sides are equipped with the capable shrub of 2-3, and road and ditch are other in the garden plants street tree, and interplants the tree of shading.The seeds of selecting for use can not be robbed water with tea tree and be striven fertilizer and damage by disease and insect host each other, as white popinac, Chinese scholartree, ginkgo, wild kaki persimmon etc.The newly-built tea place gradient is no more than 25 °, is convenient to mechanized operation.
Two. create be suitable for organic tea garden soil
Organic tea garden requires soil natural fertility height, and soil layer is deep, and quality is light, and transparent performance is good, ponding not, the abundant and balance of nutritive element.
Three. build the organic tea garden isolation strip
Between organic tea garden and the conventional agriculture district isolation strip must be arranged.The isolation strip often with natural cover for defenses such as mountains and rivers, river, lake, natural vegetations for well; With the artificial woods or artificial vegetation do the isolation strip also can, but must cultivate by organic mode.The isolation strip width must not be less than 9 meters.
(2) the tealeaves seeds of selection organic tea garden
One. select strong stress resistance, as blade cutin bed thickness and the high tea tree breed of tannin content.
Two. select output height, product are of fine quality, bud-leaf is sturdy, economic benefit is high kind, as clone.
Three. set up base, high standard breeding nursery, the high-quality strong sprout of cultivating new varieties or cultivating strong stress resistance.
(3) plantation of tea tree
One. breed combination: the kind of organic tea garden can not be single, arrange in pairs or groups rationally, plantation clone kind, introduced variety is wanted strict quarantine.
Two. planting patterns: planting patterns has the single file bar to plant with the duplicate rows bar to plant two kinds.The single file bar is planted 33 centimetres of specification 150 cm x, every Cong Dingzhi 2-3 strain, about 4000 strain/mus; The duplicate rows bar is planted 33 centimetres of specification 150 cm x 40 cm x, every Cong Dingzhi 2-3 strain, about 6000 strain/mus.Press the tea every trade before the plantation apart from rule ditching, use sufficient fertilizer more than 25 centimetres deeply, wherein cake fertilizer 150-200 kilogram/mu.The tea shoot balled transplanting is planted the back having peace of mind, irritates sufficient normal root water.
Three. implantation time: with autumn or spring for well.
(4) seedling management
One. before tea shoot survives, keep soil moisture, prevent arid.
Two. in the ranks litter or green manuring, prevent weed growth and water and soil loss.
Three. shallow plowing is loosened the soil, and diligent hoe weeds prevent the farmland running to weeds.
Four. in time polishing is short of seedling, and disconnected row prevents to be short of seedling.
Five. in time cut surely.Behind the transplant survival, cut 15～20 centimetres of heights of seedling surely.
(5) soil management of organic tea garden
One. in the ranks litter or green manuring.Forage is no less than 1000 kilograms every mu of every year, and raw material can be used mountain grass, straw, straw etc.
Two. cultivation uproot guarantees growth of tea plant.The weeding of will once ploughing shallowly before spring tea is plucked, the degree of depth is 10 centimetres; Spring tea is finished the back and carries out shallow intertill and clean tillage in conjunction with topdressing, and the table soil of the having peace of mind when picking tea-leaves of can loosening is postponed summer grass growth, and the degree of depth is 10～15 centimetres; Autumn and winter season, the degree of depth was 20～30 centimetres in conjunction with the basal dressing weeding of also will once in the ranks deep ploughing.Interline is dark during deep ploughing, and both sides are shallow, accomplishes not hinder root or hinders root less.
Three. earthworm is raised in the tea place.The tea place cultivating earthworm has two steps: at first be set up the breeding earthworm culture bed, enlarge maggot earthworm quantity, for the tea place inoculation is used; Be to set up the condition that is suitable for maggot earthworm growth procreation in the tea place then, will put into, till the growth procreation is normal, with the soil environment of improvement growth of tea plant from culture bed maggot earthworm.
(6) fertilizer management of organic tea garden and use
One. the livestock and poultry manure must carry out harmless treatment, as fermentation, to kill various parasitic ovums and pathogen, weed seed, removes harmful organic acid and pernicious gas, reaches innoxious sanitary standard.
Two. fertilizer should be produced use on the spot.Foliage fertilizer must be to use in preceding 20 days in harvesting.
Three. set up organic fertilizer resource
1). plant is set up on the tea plantation, as raise pigs, sheep, chicken, duck.Raise by the organic farming mode, so that savings hurdle muck, for the tea place provides organic fertilizer resource.
2). set up organic tea green fertile base.Except tea place intercropping green manure, answer the special-purpose green manure of planned foundation base, extensively to ward off organic fertilizer resource.
3). purchase crop ligusticumic stalk, wild green manure, the harmless accessory substance of collection of biological, self-control organic compost.
4). the harmless treatment of fertilizer.The method of harmless treatment is physics method and bioanalysis.Physics method such as insolation, high temperature treatment; Two kinds of composting processs of the general employing of bioanalysis: plane method of piling, temperature can reach more than 70 ℃; The method of piling of digging pit, Controllable Temperature is built in about 65 ℃.
Four. the fertilising of organic tea garden
1). heavy dressing base manure.Carry out in conjunction with winter ploughing in the winter time or during the friendship in winter, spring, open dressing furrow in the capable one or both sides of tea, 15 centimetres of children's tea place furrow widths in age, dark 15-20 centimetre, become 20-25 centimetre of tea place ditch depth in age, fertilizer evenly is sprinkled into blinding behind the ditch.General mu organic fertilizer 1500-2500 kilogram, 25 kilograms in fused calcium magnesium phosphate, part microorganism fertilizer.
2). topdress in good time.Topdressing based on the higher fertilizer of nitrogen content of organic tea garden can be adopted organic fertilizer or commodity in use fertilizer after becoming thoroughly decomposed.General mu is executed the 100-200 kilogram.Topdress the whole year 3 times.For the first time last, the middle ten days in March, for the second time late May, late July is to early August for the third time.Fertilization depth, 4-6 centimetre of children tea place in age trench digging is dark, becomes tea place 10-15 centimetre of age dark.
3). it is outer fertile to execute root.When finding the tea tree malnutrition or some nutrition nutritional deficiency disease occurring, must take foliage fertilization to remedy.Can limit the quantity of and select the chemical type trace element fertilizer for use, as magnesium sulfate, zinc sulphate, ammonium molybdate, borax etc., concentration is limited to below 0.01%, and the time of spraying must pick tea-leaves preceding 20 days for the last time.Spray the time, fine day is during the dusk, and the cloudy day is not limit.As spray back 2 and rain in it, need spray again.Leave dual sides to be squirted even when spraying.
Five. trimming leaf returns the tea place, or makes the tea garden soil covering and be laid on soil surface.
(7) extermination of disease and insect pest of organic tea garden
One. carry out the damage by disease and insect prediction.
Two. protect and utilize the natural enemy resource
1). create a pleasant ecological environment to natural enemy.
2). artificially discharge natural enemy.
3). set up the vector and the extra-nutrition base of natural enemy insect.
Three. utilize the physical mechanical kill pests.
Four. biological control, promptly utilize the sick worm of biologic product control Camellia to take place and harm.
Five. select mineral sources, botanical pesticide for use.
Six. protection tea place bio-diversity structure of community.Creation is unfavorable for disease worm and weeds propagation and widespread and helps the environmental condition of all kinds of natural enemies procreations, keeps tea place balance of ecosystem and biocenological diversity, strengthens the ability of regulation and control of tea place natural, ecological.
Seven. balance fertilizing, reduce the disease worm and cause harm.
(8) pruning of organic tree plant
One. typing is pruned.Be mainly used in the young plant typing and cultivate skeleton, promote branch, the control height of tree crown quickens extending transversely.
Two. light pruning.After each tea season finishes, carry out, cut off crown surface 5-10 centimetre thin and delicate branch layer, improve tea tree rudiment power, and reduce the harm of tea shoot moth.
Three. the dark pruning.The tea place that the tree crown of going into operation is for many years produced a large amount of shank branches, or because of being subjected to fluffy the branches and leaves of serious freeze injury or sick worm, prune deeply, make the skeleton height keep 40-50 centimetre, after the summer tea harvesting, carry out, promote three grades of skeleton branches to sprout again.
Four. deeply prune.Long to the age of tree, as to have decayed in tree crown top tea place, promptly three grades of skeleton branches and to produce branch weak have only the still healthy and strong tea tree of secondary skeleton branch, by the end of May before with old and feeble tea tree overhead more than 20-25 centimetre tree crown wipe out, promote that shoot sprouts before early July; Summer tea is plucked the back and carries out heavy pruning 7～August more then, all cuts flat from 35-40 centimeters overhead, cuts the back applying organic manure, promotes the secondary skeleton branch to sprout, and cultivates tree crown again.，
Five. deep pruning.The tea place that skeleton branch all fails, young sprout is short and small is with the liftoff 5-10 of old tea tree centimetre or all prescind more than 10-20 centimetre.Behind spring tea or in late fall or carry out after autumn.
Good effect of the present invention is as follows: good effect of the present invention is as follows: organic tea is the inevitable trend of following Tea Production, the plantation that organises of the domestic tealeaves of standard of the present invention, and promotion product tea district is more extensive to be developed to the innoxious-direction that organises; The present invention does not rely on the little ecological speciality advantage factor in the place of production, uses the modern technologies achievement as far as possible, and technology is workable, and the quality of organic tea can be guaranteed.
Embodiment
Organophilic cultivation method for tea of the present invention is to implement by following technical scheme:
(1) sets up artificial complex ecological organic tea garden
One. build the desired environment of organic tea garden
Around in organic tea garden highest point periphery and harmfulness air port is provided with shelter forest, the capable tall and big aiphyllium of auxiliary forest belt plantation 2-3, and both sides are equipped with the capable shrub of 2-3, and road and ditch are other in the garden plants street tree, and interplants the tree of shading.The seeds of selecting for use can not be robbed water with tea tree and be striven fertilizer and damage by disease and insect host each other, as white popinac, Chinese scholartree, ginkgo, wild kaki persimmon etc.The newly-built tea place gradient is no more than 25 °, is convenient to mechanized operation.
Therefore, ecological tea place must away from highway and village, be brought pollution to prevent town and country dust, waste water, waste gas and too much human activity to tealeaves away from the city.Must not there be the source of atmospheric pollution, particularly uptake that pollution source must not be arranged around the ecological tea place, as the chemical plant, cement plant etc.; There are not metal or non-metal mine on every side; Irrigation water can not have pollutant, particularly heavy metal and harmful substance mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, phenol, benzene, cyanogen etc.; The concentration of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, total suspended particles, fluorine must be in standard limited value in the atmosphere.Soil is polluted, no pesticide pollution or residue of pesticide.Specific requirement is:
1). the atmosphere quality in tea place should meet the requirement of the primary standard of regulation in-1996;
2). the irrigation water quality in tea place should meet the dry farming field irrigation water quality requirement of regulation in-1992;
3). the soil environment quality in tea place should meet the I class soil environment quality of regulation in-1995, and the content limit value (mg/kg) of major pollutants is: cadmium (cd)≤0.20, mercury (Hg)≤0.15, arsenic (As)≤15, copper (Cu)≤50, plumbous (Ph)≤35, chromium (Cr)≤90.
The organic tea production process must be observed the NY5196-2002 of The Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, MOA standard.
When opening up organic tea garden except that paying close attention to industrial pollution source, very important atmosphere fluoride pollution source, coal heating etc. during as phosphate fertilizer plant, cement plant, ceramic industry, glass factory, Bricks and Tiles Plant, tea making leaf all is the source of fluorine poison.According to surveying and determination, 100,000,000 bricks of every production, about 42 tons of row's fluorine.Fluorine not only remains in the tealeaves, but also causes the person poultry poisoning.Fluorine-containing state health standards is 7 μ g.m in the atmosphere
-3The mainly above-mentioned human factor of the fluorine-containing height of limit tea causes.
The core of organic tea garden construction is " natural ", " nature ", and is incompatible with any harmful substance.The formation of organic tea garden is an artificial complex ecosystem in fact, should " compound " system be multi-functional, a baroque operating system, is the regulation index in ecological tea place with the environmental condition that is fit to growth of tea plant.But its index brief overview is: effective soil layer reaches more than 50 centimetres, and the soil texture is loose, and absorbent ventilate is good, and the soil relative moisture content reaches 70%-90%; Content of mineral substances is abundant, and the content of organic matter reaches more than 2%, and nitrogen content is greater than 1%, p
HValue 4.5-6.0; The direct light ratio is little in the tea place, and the diffused light ratio is big, hidden degree about 30%, and the tealeaves surface temperature is no more than 35 ℃; Tea tree tree crown coverage rate reaches 90%, 15-20 centimetre of greenery layer thickness, leaf area index 3-5.
Two. create the soil that is suitable for organic tea garden
Organic tea garden requires soil natural fertility height, and soil layer is deep, and quality is light, and transparent performance is good, ponding not, the abundant and balance of nutritive element.
Soil chemistry performance and physical performance index specific requirement see the following form:
Three. build the organic tea garden isolation strip
Between organic tea garden and the conventional agriculture district isolation strip must be arranged.The isolation strip with natural cover for defenses such as mountains and rivers, river, lake, natural vegetations for well; With the artificial woods or artificial vegetation do the isolation strip also can, but must cultivate by organic mode.The isolation strip width must not be less than 9 meters.
Trees around the organic tea garden comprise shelter belt, street tree or the tree of shading must strictly be protected, and not enough will replenish plantation, must reach the requirement of natural, ecological.Also must strictly protect as the natural vegetation that grows in mountain top, mountain valley and small stream limit the natural vegetation in the tea place, must not open up wasteland or eliminate.To plant along contour or terracing hillside fields plantation tea tree, will be cutting the band hoe to the weeds on the ladder wall of terrace land tea place, or on terraced wall green manuring, protect terraced plant.
The speciality of organic tea garden is exactly " natural ", and on pattern of farming, organic tea garden may be defined as " three-dimensional tea place " again, on same tea place, be main species exactly with tea tree, implement the three-dimensional composite cultivation of many species simultaneously, and require multifarious vegetation ratio to want balance, each insect comprises that the natural enemy ratio wants balance, the edaphon ratio is also wanted balance, be called for short " three balances ", create a pleasant ecological environment artificially, make growth of tea plant and tea place ecosystem harmony, keep tea place stability and sustainable development.Have the metaphor of an image to be to organic tea garden: " wear cap, the waist frenulum is worn footwear ", there is arbor the top exactly, middle tea tree, the three sheaf space tactic patterns of planting greenweed on the ground of planting.Saying: tea tree goes out the remote mountains, and high mountain has gone out tea.This explanation, the environment of an ecological balance, a slice is rich in soil organic and trace element, and the weather of Shi Heing has in addition just constituted the Fundamentals of high-quality growth of tea plant.
(2) the tealeaves seeds of selection organic tea garden
One. select the kind of resistance, as blade cutin bed thickness and the high tea tree breed of tea tannin content.
Two. select output height, product are of fine quality, bud-leaf is sturdy, economic benefit is high kind, as clone.
Three. set up base, high standard breeding nursery, the high-quality strong sprout of cultivating new varieties or cultivating strong stress resistance.
(3) plantation of tea tree
One. breed combination: the kind of organic tea garden can not be single, arrange in pairs or groups rationally, plantation clone kind, introduced variety is wanted strict quarantine.
Two. planting patterns: planting patterns has the single file bar to plant with the duplicate rows bar to plant two kinds.The single file bar is planted 33 centimetres of specification 150 cm x, every Cong Dingzhi 2-3 strain, about 4000 strain/mus; The duplicate rows bar is planted 33 centimetres of specification 150 cm x 40 cm x, every Cong Dingzhi 2-3 strain, about 6000 strain/mus.Press the tea every trade before the plantation apart from rule ditching, use sufficient fertilizer more than 25 centimetres deeply, wherein cake fertilizer 150-200 kilogram/mu.The tea shoot balled transplanting is planted the back having peace of mind, irritates sufficient normal root water.
Three. implantation time: with autumn or spring for well.
(4) seedling management
One. before tea shoot survives, keep soil moisture, prevent arid.
Two. in the ranks litter or green manuring, prevent weed growth and water and soil loss.
Three. shallow plowing is loosened the soil, and diligent hoe weeds prevent the farmland running to weeds.
Four. in time polishing is short of seedling, and disconnected row prevents to be short of seedling.
Five. in time cut surely.Behind the transplant survival, cut 15～20 centimetres of heights of seedling surely.
(5) soil management of organic tea garden
One. in the ranks litter or green manuring, forage is no less than 1000 kilograms every mu of every year.Raw material can be used mountain grass, straw, straw etc.
In the ranks litter or green manuring be slow down that rainwash increases the soil layer retaining, suppresses weed growth, the breeding of favourable edaphon, increase soil organic matter content, increase soil fertility, prevent the soil water evaporation drought-relief summer, winter the stable soil heat prevent the best measure of freeze injury.Litter or plant green manure and can exempt intertillage.Green manuring divides spring sowing green manure in summer and autumn sowing green manure in winter.Kind sees the following form:
Spring sowing green manure in summer
Autumn sowing green manure in winter
| Kind | Cold resistance | Drought resistance | Anti-lean property |
| Chinese milk vetch | ++ | + | ++ |
| Sickle alfalfa | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Sweet potato | ++++ | ++++ | +++ |
| Broad bean | ++ | +++ | ++ |
| Pea | +++ | +++ | +++ |
| The infertile field radish | + | ++++ | ++++ |
| The arrow tongue | +++ | ++++ | ++++ |
The perennial green manure in bank limit
| Kind | Plant type | Cold resistance | Drought resisting, anti-lean property |
| Climb the ground lily magnolia | The type of crawling | + | +++ |
| Shrubby flase indigo | The undershrub type | +++++ | ++++ |
| Pigeonpea | The undershrub type | + | ++++ |
The main purpose of planting green manure between organic tea garden is an improvement tea garden soil physicochemical property, increases the organic source of manure, constantly promotes the tea garden soil fertility, creates good soil condition for organic tea garden, promotes growth of tea plant.For avoid green manure and tea tree to strive fertilizer, strive water, phenomenon such as win honour for takes place, and suit measures to local conditions to choose green manure kind and kind according to green manure habit, tea garden soil characteristics and local climate characteristics.1-2 is given birth to children tea place in age should select precocity, short life or the type green manure of crawling for use,, neither hinder growth of tea plant, help water and soil conservation again as volt peanut, mung bean etc.; Give birth to the tea place for 3-4, can select the green manure of precocity, short life for use,, can prevent to form the contradiction of growth competition with tea tree as black cowpea, black wool beans, beggerweed etc.South China Cha Qu had not only made fertilizer but also had made the shade green manure of thing of tea shoot and will select bar height, leaf is dredged, limb is umbrella mountain green soy bean, pigeonpea etc.The green manure that the Changjiang river Bei Chaqu not only makes fertilizer but also uses as soil moisturizing can be selected the first son of mao leaf etc. for use.No matter the sort of green manure buries green grass or young crops in case appearance will in time cradle when competing with tea tree.Especially high bar green manure is cut blue or green untimelyly, can make the summer autumn tea underproduction about 50%, as cuts in time blue or greenly, then can make output improve about 20%.
Bank limit green manure should be based on perennial green manure.Shrubby flase indigo, daghestan sweet clover can be planted by the tea district to the north of the Changjiang river; Tea district, the middle and lower reach of Yangtze River selects that shrubby flase indigo, Herba Eragrostidis ferrugineae, frost fall for use, Da Ye Hu Guizi etc.South China Cha Qu can select for use and climb ground lily magnolia, stingless sensitive plant etc.
Organic tea garden kind green manure not only will be planted, and plantation is wanted in time.Plantation is the assurance of tea place green manure high yield and high quality in good time.China most of tea district is short of rain winter, and temperature is lower, winter green manure as sowing too late, surviving the winter before, a little less than little, the root of seedling, a little less than the cold-resistant drought-resistant ability, be subject to endanger, influence the green manure output in future, so green manure to be striven early sowing in sowing time.
Two. intertill and clean tillage guarantees growth of tea plant.The weeding of will once ploughing shallowly before tea is plucked, the removing weeds that survive the winter, the degree of depth is 10 centimetres; Spring tea is finished the back and carries out shallow intertill and clean tillage in conjunction with topdressing, and the table soil of the having peace of mind when picking tea-leaves of can loosening is postponed summer grass growth, and the degree of depth is 10～15 centimetres; Autumn and winter season, the degree of depth was 20-30 centimetre in conjunction with the basal dressing weeding of also will once in the ranks deep ploughing, and interline is dark during deep ploughing, and both sides are shallow, accomplish not hinder root or hinder root less.
If the tea place is not planted green manure or littered, the duty of must cultivating intensely is cut weeds.Weeds are that organic tea garden one is harmful greatly, not only win honour for, strive fertilizer with tea tree, strive water, and be the place perched of disease worm and the media of propagation, slightly once neglecting into farmland running to weeds, the plague of insects.Be the weed growth busy season summer (rainy season), sets seeds the phase and be weeds autumn (if middle and lower reach of Yangtze River plum rain season), and this twice weeding must promptly be carried out.The weeding in autumn plays an important role to suppressing 1 year weed growth.Non-littering or the organic tea garden of green manuring not, 1 year 3 times intertill and clean tillage is essential.
If the organic tea garden planting density is suitable, the element task of deep ploughing basal dressing is good, the capable leak tightness height of Cheng Yuanhou bar, and root density is big, and soil is more relaxed and comfortable, and weeds are few, can exempt intertillage; Perhaps every year a large amount of fertilizers and dry branches and fallen leaves etc. are layered in the ranks, prevent that soil is exposed, make the organic layer of soil keep soft high resilience, prevent harvesting personnel directly trampling soil; When tea tree is deeplyd prune, once deep plough, the organic layer of table soil is ploughed under in the soil, so periodically carry out, also can be no-tillage.
Three. tea tree is cultivating earthworm in the ranks.The tea place cultivating earthworm has following two steps:
1). the worm kind is cultivated: set up the culture bed of breeding earthworm, enlarge maggot earthworm quantity, for the tea place inoculation is used.
2). put the tea place in a suitable place to breed: set up the condition that is suitable for maggot earthworm growth procreation in the tea place, will put into, till the growth procreation is normal, with the soil environment of improvement growth of tea plant from culture bed maggot earthworm.
The tea place is raised earthworm and is had many good qualities: one, the earthworm indiscriminate leaf of tea place deadwood of can eating, make not that the organic matter of decomposition becomes fertilizer, and promote the corruption of the soil organic matter to decompose, quicken the release of available nutrient, increase soil fertility; Its two, a large amount of breedings and the growth of earthworm, but chesson increase soil porosity, improve the soil physics performance, favourable tea root growth; Its three, the earthworm body is to have nitrogenous very high animal protein, dead rotting is good organic manure in soil.The tea place cultivating earthworm is one of important soil management measure of organic tea production.
(6) fertilizer management of organic tea garden and use
One. the livestock and poultry manure must carry out harmless treatment, as fermentation, to kill various parasitic ovums and pathogen, weed seed, removes harmful organic acid and pernicious gas, reaches innoxious sanitary standard.Forbid to use the livestock and poultry manure of not becoming thoroughly decomposed.
Two. fertilizer should be produced use on the spot.Foliage fertilizer must be to use in preceding 20 days in harvesting.
Three. set up organic fertilizer resource
1). plant is set up on the tea plantation, as raise pigs, sheep, chicken, duck.Raise by the organic farming mode, so that savings hurdle muck, for the tea place provides organic fertilizer resource.
2). set up organic tea green fertile base.Except tea place intercropping green manure, answer the special-purpose green manure of planned foundation base, extensively to ward off organic fertilizer resource.
3). purchase crop ligusticumic stalk, wild green manure, the harmless accessory substance of collection of biological, self-control organic compost.
4). the harmless treatment of fertilizer.Harmless treatment has physics method and bioanalysis.Physics method such as insolation, high temperature treatment, latter's nutrient loss is big, the cost height; Two kinds of composting processs of the general employing of bioanalysis: plane method of piling, temperature can reach more than 70 ℃; The method of piling of digging pit, Controllable Temperature is built in about 65 ℃.
The necessity of fertilizer harmless treatment: in the fertilizer as usually having various pathogens, virus, parasitic ovum and foul smell etc. among the livestock and poultry manure; Some weeds in the fertilizer usually have various damage by disease and insect infectious agents and seed; The crop ligusticumic stalk of collecting has damage by disease and insect etc. unavoidably.Main is to become the absorbable effective nutrient of tea tree to organic fertilizer, could be absorbed by tea tree.Therefore, the harmless treatment of fertilizer, the firstth, reach harmless, the secondth, but reaching the tea tree absorbing state, the two is unified integral body.
Now be described below several dried heap hot fermentation methods:
1) to pile rotten method: EM be a kind of aerobic and dislike the oxygen CEM to .EM, mainly form by photosynthetic bacteria, actinomycetes, saccharomycete, lactic acid bacteria etc., have been widely used in agricultural and environmental protection, it has multiple functions such as deodorizing, desinsection, sterilization, environment purification, promotion plant growing.Handle human and animal excreta with it and make compost, can play innoxious effect.
2). the fertilizer self-control fermentation rotten method of heap of accelerating the ripening: the powder that accelerates the ripening of preparation fermentation is earlier made compost then.
3). add the mule and horse excrement and make " Inoculant " or " additive " composting: utilize the horsehit height to contain organic and high hot cellulose-decomposing bacteria, allow each element ammonification of fertilizer and nutrient rapid release.
4). add lime (or ash) cold fermentation method: regulate the acidity that produces in the organic matter fermentation process.
5). the numerical index of harmless treatment fermentation is as follows:
Moisture: moisture is microbial proliferation, regulate penetrating gas, fertilizer element exchange, essential composition such as softening.Usually account for the 60-70% of each element of fertilizer.
Ventilation: ventilation is the necessary factor of microbial proliferation, digest process.General employing is opened channeling or is built aeration tower and finish; Or the later stage stir ventilation; Or mudding is boxed out stand-by.
Temperature: the bioprocess that temperature also is microbial proliferation, activity, become thoroughly decomposed is necessary.General suspicion gas bacterium needs 25-35 ℃ of temperature, aerobic bacteria 40-50 ℃, 55-65 ℃ of high temperature bacterium (as high hot cellulose-decomposing bacteria in the mule and horse excrement).
Nutrient: the C/N ratio of the suitableeest microorganism nutrient requirement is 25: 1.But the C/N of stalk class is than being 60-100: 1, and unsuitable microbial activities.Must add night soil, manure of livestock and poultry etc. transfer to the C/N ratio 25: 1, will transfer to 45: 1 at least for this reason.
Acid-base value: the favorite environment of microorganism is neutral to alkalescence (p
H=6.4-8.1), and organic matter during the fermentation the organic matter class can constantly produce organic acid and carbonic acid, make p
HTherefore souring must add alkaline matter and regulate.
Four. the fertilising of organic tea garden
1). heavy dressing base manure.Carry out in conjunction with winter ploughing in the winter time or during the friendship in winter, spring, open dressing furrow in the capable one or both sides of tea, 15 centimetres of children's tea place furrow widths in age, dark 15～20 centimetres, become 20～25 centimetres of tea place ditch depths in age, fertilizer evenly is sprinkled into blinding behind the ditch.General mu organic fertilizer 1500-2500 kilogram, 25 kilograms in fused calcium magnesium phosphate, part microorganism fertilizer.
The main effect of base manure provides enough nutriments that comprehensively can slowly discharge, and satisfies the needs that growth of tea plant is grown.The base manure of organic tea garden comprises barnyard manure, compost, green manure, peat composed of rotten mosses, livestock fecaluria, cake fertilizer etc. with the fertilizer through harmless treatment, cooperates natural mineral fertilizer (as rock phosphate, fused calcium magnesium phosphate etc.), potash fertilizer or microorganism fertilizer.Have ready conditions and to select for use the special-purpose fertilizer of organic tea to make base manure.
2). topdress in good time.Topdressing based on the higher fertilizer of nitrogen content of organic tea garden can be adopted organic fertilizer or commodity in use fertilizer after becoming thoroughly decomposed.General mu is executed the 100-200 kilogram.Topdress the whole year 3 times.For the first time last, the middle ten days in March, for the second time late May, late July is to early August for the third time.Fertilization depth, 4-6 centimetre of children tea place in age trench digging is dark, becomes tea place 10-15 centimetre of age dark.
The main effect of topdressing is constantly to replenish in the growth of tea plant process the needs of nutritive element, in order to avoid nutrient disconnects, wants in time so topdress.
3). it is outer fertile to execute root.When finding the tea tree malnutrition or some nutrition nutritional deficiency disease occurring, must take foliage fertilization to remedy.Can select the chemical type trace element fertilizer for use, as magnesium sulfate, zinc sulphate, ammonium molybdate, borax etc., concentration is limited to below 0.01%, and the time of spraying must pick tea-leaves preceding 20 days for the last time.Spray the time, fine day is during the dusk, and the cloudy day is not limit.As spray back 2 and rain in it, need spray again.Leave dual sides to be squirted even when spraying.
Should block all heavy metals brought in because of fertilising and the pollution source of organic pollutant during fertilising.Fertilizer uses should hold following criterion: external fertilizer, and organic commercial fertilizer, compound fertilizer, foliage fertilizer, microorganism fertilizer etc. must authenticate through organic certification authority and perhaps can use; Microorganism fertilizer must strict be operated by the operation instructions requirement; Ban use of chemosynthesis fertilizer, municipal refuse and mud, hospital's ight soil and rubbish and contain hazardous substance as the industrial refuse of poison gas, pathogeny microorganism, heavy metal etc.
The fertilizer of allowing use is as follows:
1). fertilizer: animal dung (through harmless treatment), green manure (cultivation or wild green manure), cake fertilizer, detritus acids fertilizer, biogas liquid fertilizer and residue etc.
2). machine fertilizer: in fertilizer, add the mixed organic manure that an amount of micronutrient element is made.
3). microbial manure: as rhizobia fertilizer, azotobacteria fertilizer, phosphobacteria fertilizer, nitrate bacteria fertilizer, potassium bacterium fertilizer, composite microbe fertilizer etc.
4). inorganic mineral fertilizer: mineral potassic fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer (rock phosphate), calcinating phosphate (fused calcium magnesium phosphate, deoxidation phosphate fertilizer), lime, gypsum.
5). foliage fertilizer: the foliar fertilizer of trace element, as serving as the fertilizer of main configuration with trace elements such as Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo and contain the foliage fertilizer such as the natural organic matter extract of plant growing auxiliary substance or inoculate the zymotic fluid of useful mushroom, again with addition of the fertilizer of configurations such as some humus, alginic acid, amino acid.
6). other fertilizer: do not contain the food of Toxic matter, organic by product of textile industry, the fertilizer made from bone meal, bone acid waste residue, amino residue, domestic birds and animals processing waste material, waste material from sugar refinery.
Five. trimming leaf returns the tea place, or is laid on soil surface as the tea garden soil covering.
In order to increase the soil organic matter, increase soil fertility, except that fertilising, also to give full play to the advantage of tea tree self material circulation, widely popularize trimming leaf and return the tea place.
(7) extermination of disease and insect pest of organic tea garden
One. carry out disease worm prediction.The tea district will set up the forecast of disease and pest point, by field investigation regular, fixed point, in time finds the disease worm, accomplishes to prevent and treat and knows what's what accurate and effective.
Two. protect and utilize the natural enemy resource
1). create a pleasant ecological environment to natural enemy
In the ranks litter etc. all and can create the good place of perching, breed as planting green manure, tea tree between tea place plantation shelter forest, street tree, tea place to natural enemy.When carrying out the bigger farm work of artificial disturbances such as tea place farming, pruning, give buffer zone of natural enemy, the damage that alleviates natural enemy as the Camellia branches and leaves of pruning, deep pruning gets off, concentrates earlier to be deposited near the tea place, allows natural enemy fly back and handles behind the tea place again; Manual removal insect pieces of an egg, worm bud, protect capsule etc. many natural enemy parasitisms are all arranged, should put into the parasitic wasp protector respectively or be deposited in suitable place, treat that parasitic wasp, parasitic fly natural enemy sprout wings to fly back to focus on again behind the tea place.
2). artificially discharge natural enemy
The natural enemy oophagous trichogrammae has been made the oophagous trichogrammae card, and every card has oophagous trichogrammae ovum 1000-1200, the oophagous trichogrammae incubator is arranged simultaneously, but the tea place is put in artificial propagation into.Utilize the tea place ecotope comparatively stable, temp. and humidity is suitable, helps pathogenic microorganism breeding and popular condition, various beneficial microbes such as white muscardine fungi, Cordyceps Militaris, polyhedrosis virus can be discharged into and go in the tea place, make it set up population, and cause and infect once more with popular.
3). set up the vector and the extra-nutrition base of natural enemy insect
Parasitic enemy insect (parasitic wasp, parasitic fly) and predator insect (syrphus fly) need suck nectar and supplement the nutrients after sprouting wings, and seek the host then and carry out egg reproduction.Therefore, for life-span and the increase egg laying amount that prolongs natural enemy insect, can plant the nectariferous plant that some different times are bloomed on every side in the tea place, as the extra-nutrition base of natural enemy insect.Experiment shows, lifts peanut, Chamaecrista Rotundifolia, sage, climbs the two spotted spider mite that grass seeds such as ground orchid can attract beneficial insect such as coccinella septempunctata and specially eat the tealeaves insect.
At natural world, the control action of day hostile insect is long-standing, and giving full play to and utilize the usefulness of control naturally of day hostile insect is one of important measures of insect ecology regulation and control.
Three. utilize the physical mechanical kill pests.Utilize insect pheromone and mutual benefit usually to trap and kill and disturb the normal behaviour of insect.Utilize trapping adults such as black light lamp, infrared rays moth-killer, colour table, sugar-vinegar liquid, minimizing is laid eggs." solar photoelectric removal tea plant pest " device of the overseas research and development of Bremen, Germany association exploitation is made up of silicon solar cell plate, accumulator, inverter, autocontrol switch, frequency ventilating type insecticidal lamp, fall worm bag and support.Lamp can lure the insect in 50 mu of tea place scopes of circumference and draw and kill.Insecticidal effect reaches more than 95%.
Four. biological control.Utilize the sick worm of biologic product control Camellia to take place and harm,, before the beautiful line weevil of tea adult is unearthed, impose on native face, can effectively prevent and treat the beautiful line weevil of tea as mixing fine earth with white muscardine fungi 871 bacterium powder; Add water 100-200 kilogram with white muscardine fungi 871 bacterium powder 0.5-1.0 kilograms and spray the Camellia blade face, can prevent and treat the beautiful line weevil of tea, tea lesser leafhopper, Aleurocanthus spiniferus etc.; Can prevent and treat tea caterpillar, tea slug moth and tea geometrid with bacillus thuringiensis,Bt; Add the leachate of 50 kilograms of gained of water with tea caterpillar virus extract or tea caterpillar corpse 100-200 head, can prevent and treat tea caterpillar; The generation that can effectively control insects such as tea geometrid and tea mites with oophagous trichogrammae, spider with spread.
Looper worm harm obviously and serious can cause the tealeaves underproduction more than 60% in the insect pest.The living microorganism agricultural chemicals of Wuhan University's development " military big tea place, oasis ", exactly based on tea-geometrid-type polyhedrosis viruses, artificial make " the worm pest " of utilization are combatted poison with poison, and the intestines and stomach that allow virus directly enter insect combine with midgut epithelial cells and duplicate, and make its susceptible poisoning dead rapidly.After the larva death, this live body virus is still survived, and can breed constantly to propagate between population and cause epidemic disease, constantly kills pupa and ovum.Can be directly used in organic tea large area control tea geometrid, tea caterpillar, tea olethreutid three major pests at present.Have safety, noresidue, do not damage advantages such as tea leaf quality, meet European Union's organic food production requirement.Control efficiency reaches the leading level in the world, and the control cost only is equivalent to 1/10 of chemical pesticide.
The ecological tea place of shimen Hunan utilizes little spider to enter the tea place and knots, and kills tealeaves insects such as plant hopper, leafhopper, aphid, tetranychid, the nymph of a locust effectively, has obtained very high economic benefit.
Tea Industry improvement in Taiwan Province is discovered, plants lemon-grass in the tea place, the highlyest reduces by 30% thorn aleyrodid and the harm of tea angle plant bug, can reduce the harm of 10% smaller green leaf hopper.
Five. select mineral sources, botanical pesticide for use.Botanical pesticide such as margosa, Dalmatian chrysanthemum and rotenone etc. are the tool insecticidal activity all, and lepidoptera pest and false eye leafhopper are all had certain preventive effect.But botanical pesticide also has lethality to beneficial insect, must take place could use when serious insect.Mineral sources agricultural chemicals such as lime sulfur, bordeaux mixture etc. can be used for preventing and treating tea mites, smaller green leaf hopper and disease for tea plant.But should be strict controlled in when sealing the garden winter and use service time.
The agricultural chemicals that organic tea garden allows to use sees the following form:
| Pesticide variety | Pesticide name |
| Microbial pesticide | Farm antibiotics Jiyang mycin nikkomycin kasugarnycin polyoxin (Polyoxin) etc. |
| The living microorganism agricultural chemicals | White muscardine fungi Bt nuclear polyhedrosis virus PuGV green muscardine fungus etc. |
| The animal sources agricultural chemicals | Other natural enemy preparation of sex pheromone synomone insect pathogeny nematode preparation etc. |
| Botanical pesticide | Dalmatian chrysanthemum rotenone nimbin China tree toosendanin kushenin vegetable oil emulsion |
| The mineral sources agricultural chemicals | Lime sulfur sulphur suspending agent wettable sulfur |
Six. protection tea place bio-diversity structure of community.At first carry out organic tea garden Vegetation Construction standard; note keeping and protect wind break, street tree, shade the tree and other vegetation; creation is unfavorable for disease worm and weeds propagation and widespread and helps the environmental condition of all kinds of natural enemies procreations; keep tea place balance of ecosystem and biocenological diversity, strengthen the ability of regulation and control of tea place natural, ecological.
Seven. the balance fertilizing and the extermination of disease and insect pest
There are substantial connection in tea tree potassium nutrition and damage by disease and insect: the tea place potassium deficiency, cause the harm that tea sour jujube shin moth, smaller green leaf hopper, angle stinkbug are blind etc., if when children's age or old tea bush trimmer, execute the potash fertilizer of high dose, increase the cane tissue intensity, not only above-mentioned insect pest can be reduced, and tealeaves 10%～30% can be increased production.The tea place potassium deficiency, red rust disease, anthracnose, rust etc. will take place, and the incidence of disease can reach 65%, 22%, 76% respectively, executes certain potash fertilizer as if mending in spring, summer, and then above-mentioned three kinds of diseases can reduce to very low degree.As seen, by balance fertilizing, can obtain the positive effect of diseases prevention worm.
Organic tea garden bans use of all chemical synthetic pesticides.The agricultural chemicals of forbidding to use has hexachlorcyclohexane, parathion, parathion-methyl, dicofol, acephatemet, orthene, nuvacron, toxaphene, aldrin, Chlorphenamidine, phosphamidon, demeton, the contour poison of fenvalerate, persistent pesticide.The principle of prevention and elimination of disease and pests is: carrying out to put prevention first, based on cultural control, is the center with the biological control, is auxiliary comprehensive preventive health measures with agricultural chemicals (synthetic pesticide non-chemically) control.
(8) pruning of organic tea tea tree
One. typing is pruned.Be mainly used in the young plant typing and cultivate skeleton, promote branch, the control height of tree crown quickens extending transversely.
Young plant generally will carry out 3 times, and first inferior to the field planting 8-9 month then, cuts off stem in 20 centimeters overhead; Behind 1 year spring tea and before the autumn tea respectively last time clip improve 15-20 centimetre of pruning.Tea tree is after 2 full ages, annual 2 typings are pruned, May, respectively cut once by the end of July, make tea tree form 4-5 layer branch, make the high 40-50 of tea tree skeleton centimetre, perhaps the young plant after cutting surely for 3 times together with stem, can take to stay the harvesting of pinching of Da Ye, cut to adopt generation, plucks inexcessive, with further expansion tree crown with increase to produce a density.
Two. light pruning.Generally after finishing, carries out in each tea season.Cut off crown surface 5-10 centimetre thin and delicate branch layer, improve tea tree rudiment power, and reduce the harm of tea shoot moth.
Three. the dark pruning.The tea place that the tree crown of going into operation is for many years produced a large amount of shank branches, or because of being subjected to fluffy the branches and leaves of serious freeze injury or sick worm, prune deeply, make the skeleton height keep 40-50 centimetre, after the summer tea harvesting, carry out, promote three grades of skeleton branches to sprout again.
Four. deeply prune.Long to the age of tree, as to have decayed in tree crown top tea place i.e. three grades of skeleton branches and to produce branch weak, have only the still healthy and strong tea tree of secondary skeleton branch, by the end of May before, with old and feeble tea tree overhead more than 20-25 centimetre tree crown wipe out, promote that shoot sprouts before early July; Summer tea is plucked the back and 7-8 month carries out heavy pruning more then, all cuts flat from 35-40 centimeters overhead, cuts the back applying organic manure, promotes the secondary skeleton branch to sprout, and cultivates tree crown again.
Five. deep pruning.The tea place that skeleton branch all fails, young sprout is short and small is with the liftoff 5-10 of old tea tree centimetre or all prescind more than 10-20 centimetre.Behind spring tea or in late fall or carry out after autumn.Clip requires level and smooth, and is not damaged.After treating that trunk is sprouted young sprout, fluffy to support leaf in 2 years.Be respectively 35 centimetres, 45 centimetres, 50 centimeters in terrain clearance and carry out 3 typings and prune the winter of rising in 1 year behind the deep pruning, can normally pluck after forming the regeneration tree crown.Lay equal stress on organic fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer should be turned in conjunction with the deep ploughing of clear garden in tea place behind the deep pruning, just can obtain better effects.
Organic tea garden will be opened up wasteland and become to be suitable for mechanized operation, and the field piece is wanted rule, and the field road links to each other, and favourable machinery is current.
Claims (9)
1. organophilic cultivation method for tea, it is characterized in that: described organophilic cultivation method for tea comprises: (one) sets up artificial complex ecological organic tea garden; (2) the tealeaves seeds of selection organic tea garden; (3) plantation of tea tree; (4) seedling management; (5) soil management of organic tea garden; (6) fertilizer management of organic tea garden and use; (7) extermination of disease and insect pest of organic tea garden; (8) pruning of organic tea tea tree.
2. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described (one) sets up artificial complex ecological organic tea garden, comprising:
One. build the desired environment of organic tea garden
Around the organic tea garden highest point periphery and harmful air port is provided with shelter forest, and the tall and big aiphyllium of 2～3 row is planted in the auxiliary forest belt, and both sides are equipped with 2～3 row shrubs, and road and ditch are other in the garden plants street tree, and interplants the tree of sheltering from heat or light; The seeds of selecting for use can not be robbed water with tea tree and be striven fertilizer and damage by disease and insect host each other, as white popinac, Chinese scholartree, ginkgo, wild kaki persimmon etc.; The newly-built tea place gradient is no more than 25 °;
Two. create the soil that is suitable for organic tea garden
Organic tea garden requires soil natural fertility height, and soil layer is deep, and quality is light, and transparent performance is good, ponding not, the abundant and balance of nutritive element;
Three. build the organic tea garden isolation strip
Between organic tea garden and the conventional agriculture district isolation strip must be arranged; The isolation strip with natural cover for defenses such as mountains and rivers, river, lake, natural vegetations for well; With the artificial woods or artificial vegetation do the isolation strip also can, but must cultivate by organic mode; The isolation strip width must not be less than 9 meters.
3. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described (two) select the tealeaves seeds of organic tea garden, comprising:
One. select the kind of resistance, as blade cutin bed thickness and the high tea tree breed of tannin content;
Two. select output height, product are of fine quality, bud-leaf is sturdy, economic benefit is high kind, as clone;
Three. set up base, high standard breeding nursery, the high-quality strong sprout of cultivating new varieties or cultivating strong stress resistance.
4. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the plantation of described (three) tea tree comprises:
One. breed combination; The kind of organic tea garden can not be single, arrange in pairs or groups rationally; Plantation clone kind, introduced variety is wanted strict quarantine;
Two. planting patterns; Planting patterns has the single file bar to plant with the duplicate rows bar to plant two kinds; The single file bar is planted 33 centimetres of specification 150 cm x, every Cong Dingzhi 2～3 strains, about 4000 strain/mus; The duplicate rows bar is planted 33 centimetres of specification 150 cm x 40 cm x, every Cong Dingzhi 2～3 strains, about 6000 strain/mus; Ditch apart from setting-out by the tea every trade before the plantation, use sufficient fertilizer more than 25 centimetres deeply, wherein cake fertilizer is 150～200 kilograms/mu; The tea shoot balled transplanting is planted the back having peace of mind, irritates sufficient normal root water;
Three. implantation time is autumn or spring.
5. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described (four) seedling management comprises:
One. before tea shoot survives, keep soil moisture, prevent arid;
Two. litter or plant green manure in the ranks, prevent weed growth and water and soil loss;
Three. shallow plowing is loosened the soil, and diligent hoe weeds prevent the farmland running to weeds;
Four. in time polishing is short of seedling, and disconnected row prevents to be short of seedling;
Five. in time cut surely; Behind the transplant survival, cut 15～20 centimetres of heights of seedling surely.
6. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the soil management of described (five) organic tea garden comprises:
One. litter or plant green manure in the ranks, forage is no less than 1000 kilograms every mu of every year, and raw material can be mountain grass, straw, straw etc.;
Two. cultivation uproot guarantees growth of tea plant; The weeding of will once ploughing shallowly before spring tea is plucked, the removing weeds that survive the winter, the degree of depth is 10 centimetres; Spring tea is finished the back and carries out shallow intertill and clean tillage in conjunction with topdressing, and the table soil of the having peace of mind when picking tea-leaves of can loosening is postponed summer grass growth, and the degree of depth is 10 centimetres～15 centimetres; Autumn and winter season, the degree of depth was 20～30 centimetres in conjunction with the basal dressing weeding of also will once in the ranks deep ploughing, and interline is dark during deep ploughing, and both sides are shallow, accomplish not hinder root or hinder root less;
Three. tea tree is cultivating earthworm in the ranks; The tea place cultivating earthworm has following two steps: at first be set up the breeding earthworm culture bed, implement the worm kind and cultivate, enlarge maggot earthworm quantity; Be to set up the condition that is suitable for maggot earthworm growth procreation in the tea place then, will put into, till the growth procreation is normal, with the soil environment of improvement growth of tea plant from culture bed maggot earthworm.
7. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the fertilizer management and the use of described (six) organic tea garden comprise:
One. the livestock and poultry manure must carry out harmless treatment, as fermentation, to kill various parasitic ovums and pathogen, weed seed, removes harmful organic acid and pernicious gas, reaches innoxious sanitary standard;
Two. fertilizer should be produced use on the spot; Foliage fertilizer must be to use in preceding 20 days in harvesting;
Three. set up organic fertilizer resource
1). plant is set up on the tea plantation, as raise pigs, sheep, chicken, duck, raise by the organic farming mode, so that savings hurdle muck, for the tea place provides organic fertilizer resource;
2). set up organic tea green fertile base,, should set up special-purpose green manure base, to enlarge organic fertilizer resource except tea place intercropping green manure;
3). collect crop ligusticumic stalk, wild green manure, the harmless accessory substance of collection of biological, self-control organic compost;
4). the harmless treatment of fertilizer; The method of harmless treatment is physics method and bioanalysis, physics method such as insolation, high temperature treatment; Two kinds of composting processs of the general employing of bioanalysis: the plane method of piling, temperature can reach more than 70 ℃, the method for piling of digging pit, Controllable Temperature is built in about 65 ℃;
Four. the fertilising of organic tea garden
1). heavy dressing base manure; Carry out in conjunction with winter ploughing in the winter time or at the end of winter and the beginning of spring, open dressing furrow, 15 centimetres of children's tea place furrow widths in age, dark 15～20 centimetres in the capable one or both sides of tea; Become 20～25 centimetres of tea place ditch depths in age, fertilizer evenly is sprinkled into blinding behind the ditch; 1500～2500 kilograms of general mu organic fertilizers, 25 kilograms in fused calcium magnesium phosphate, part microorganism fertilizer;
2). topdress in good time; Topdressing based on the higher fertilizer of nitrogen content of organic tea garden can be adopted organic fertilizer or commodity in use fertilizer after becoming thoroughly decomposed; General mu is executed 100～200 kilograms; Topdress the whole year 3 times, for the first time early March, the middle ten days, for the second time late May, late July is to early August for the third time; Fertilization depth, 4～6 centimetres in children tea place in age is dark, and 10～15 centimetres in one-tenth tea place in age is dark;
3). it is outer fertile to execute root; When finding the tea tree malnutrition or some nutrition nutritional deficiency disease occurring, must take foliage fertilization to remedy; Can select the chemical type trace element fertilizer for use, as magnesium sulfate, zinc sulphate, ammonium molybdate, borax etc., concentration is limited to below 0.01%, and the time of spraying must pick tea-leaves preceding 20 days for the last time; The time that sprays, at dusk the time, the cloudy day was not limit for fine; As spray back 2 and rain in it, need spray again; Leave dual sides to be squirted even when spraying;
Should block all heavy metals brought in because of fertilising and the pollution source of organic pollutant during fertilising.
4). trimming leaf returns the tea place, or is laid on soil surface as the tea garden soil covering;
8. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the extermination of disease and insect pest of described (seven) organic tea garden comprises:
One. the damage by disease and insect prediction;
Two. protect and utilize the natural enemy resource
1). create a pleasant ecological environment to natural enemy;
2). artificially discharge natural enemy;
3). set up the vector and the extra-nutrition base of natural enemy insect;
Three. utilize physical mechanical or insect information technology kill pests;
Four. biological control, promptly utilize the sick worm of biologic product control Camellia to take place and harm;
Five. select mineral sources, botanical pesticide for use;
Six. protection tea place bio-diversity structure of community; Keep and protect wind break, street tree, shelter from heat or light and set and other vegetation, creation is unfavorable for disease worm and weeds propagation and widespread and helps the environmental condition of all kinds of natural enemies procreations, keep tea place balance of ecosystem and biocenological diversity, strengthen the ability of regulation and control of tea place natural, ecological;
Seven. balance fertilizing, reduce damage by disease and insect.
9. organophilic cultivation method for tea according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the pruning of described (eight) organic tea tea tree comprises:
One. typing is pruned; Be mainly used in the young plant typing and cultivate skeleton, promote branch, the control height of tree crown quickens extending transversely;
Two. light pruning; After each tea season finishes, carry out, cut off the thin and delicate branch layer of 5～10 centimetres of crown surfaces; Light pruning can improve tea tree rudiment power, and reduces the harm of tea shoot moth;
Three. the dark pruning; The tea place that the tree crown of going into operation is for many years produced a large amount of shank branches, or because of being subjected to fluffy the branches and leaves of serious freeze injury or sick worm, prune deeply, make the skeleton height remain on 40～50 centimetres, after the summer tea harvesting, carry out, promote three grades of skeleton branches to sprout again;
Four. deeply prune; Long to the age of tree, as to have decayed in tree crown top tea place, promptly three grades of skeleton branches and to produce branch weak have only the still healthy and strong tea tree of secondary skeleton branch, by the end of May before, with old and feeble tea tree overhead more than 20～25 centimetres tree crown wipe out, promote that shoot sprouts before early July; Carried out heavy pruning 7～August again after summer tea was plucked then, and 35～40 centimeters all cut flat from ground, cuts the back applying organic manure, promotes the secondary skeleton branch to sprout, and cultivates tree crown again;
Five. deep pruning; The tea place that skeleton branch all fails, young sprout is short and small all prescinds more than 5～10 centimetres or 10～20 centimetres old tea tree is liftoff, behind spring tea or in late fall or carry out after autumn.
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| CN102461408A (en) * | 2010-11-15 | 2012-05-23 | 山阳县茶叶公司 | Tea garden production management method |
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