WO2016136180A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用負極、及び非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用負極、及び非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/20—Silicates
- C01B33/32—Alkali metal silicates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
- H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which SiO x is mixed with graphite to form a negative electrode active material.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a negative electrode active material represented by SiLi x O y containing Li silicate (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.0, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.5).
- Patent Document 3 proposes a negative electrode material in which a composite structure oxide composed of three phases of Si / SiO 2 / Li 4 SiO 4 and carbon are combined.
- SiO x has a smaller volume change due to occlusion of lithium ions than Si, but the volume change is larger than that of carbon materials such as graphite, and it becomes a matrix of active material particles present around the silicon particles due to charge and discharge.
- Such cracking of the particles deteriorates the current collecting property of the negative electrode, and the irreversible component increases due to the reaction with the electrolytic solution due to the exposure of the newly formed surface in the particle, thereby reducing the cycle characteristics.
- An object of the present disclosure is to improve cycle characteristics in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a silicon material as a negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present disclosure, is dispersed in a lithium silicate phase represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) ⁇ 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2 ⁇ and a lithium silicate phase. Silicon particles and a metal compound (excluding lithium compounds and silicon oxide) dispersed in a lithium silicate phase are provided.
- cycle characteristics can be improved in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a silicon material as a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material of the present disclosure includes a lithium silicate phase represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2) and silicon particles (Si particles) dispersed in the lithium silicate phase. Furthermore, the negative electrode active material includes a metal compound dispersed in a lithium silicate phase.
- SiO 2 constitutes a matrix.
- the matrix is a phase surrounding the periphery of the Si particles that perform the charge / discharge reaction.
- SiO x causes an alloying reaction with Li + according to the following chemical formula.
- SiO 2 as a matrix forms a silicate with Li + and becomes an irreversible capacity.
- Si + 4.4Li + + 4.4e ⁇ ⁇ Li 4.4 Si (2)
- the negative electrode active material of the present disclosure is a material in which Si particles are dispersed in a lithium silicate phase represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2).
- SiO 2 is compared with conventional SiO x.
- the content of is significantly low. Further, SiO 2 contained in the negative electrode active material of the present disclosure is a natural oxide film, SiO 2 and the properties of the conventional SiO x particles differ greatly. Therefore, in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the negative electrode active material of the present disclosure, the reaction of the above formula (2) hardly occurs and the irreversible capacity can be reduced.
- the volume of Li 4.4 Si produced by the charging reaction expands to 400% of the volume of Si and returns to the original volume in the discharging process.
- stress is generated on the outside of the Si particles, for example, the matrix around the Si particles is deformed and further broken, and the active material particles are cracked.
- the expansion and contraction process occurs repeatedly, so that active material particle cracking progresses, and the battery capacity deteriorates due to a decrease in the current collecting property of the negative electrode.
- the composition of the matrix surrounding the Si particles is focused on, and sufficient studies have not been made on improving the durability of the matrix.
- the present inventors have intensively studied to improve the cycle characteristics of the battery by suppressing the cracking of the active material particles due to the expansion and contraction of the Si particles by strengthening the lithium silicate phase as a matrix. Then, by dispersing a metal compound such as zirconium oxide in the lithium silicate phase, the present inventors have succeeded in obtaining active material particles in which the particle cracking is unlikely to occur.
- the metal compound functions as a filler that reinforces the lithium silicate phase, increases the contact area of the solid-solid interface of the lithium silicate, and suppresses cracking of the active material particles.
- the negative electrode active material of the present disclosure stress applied to the lithium silicate phase due to the expansion and contraction of the Si particles can be relaxed and the strain can be dispersed, so that current collection failure due to particle cracking of the active material is suppressed. For this reason, the battery using the negative electrode active material of this indication has the outstanding cycling characteristics.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery as an example of the embodiment includes a negative electrode including the negative electrode active material, a positive electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte including a nonaqueous solvent.
- a separator is preferably provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the structure of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery there is a structure in which an electrode body in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound via a separator, and a nonaqueous electrolyte are housed in an exterior body.
- other types of electrode bodies such as a stacked electrode body in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked via a separator may be applied.
- Examples of battery cases that contain electrode bodies and non-aqueous electrolytes include metal cases such as cylindrical, square, coin, and button shapes, and resin cases (laminated batteries) formed by laminating resin sheets. it can.
- a positive electrode is comprised by the positive electrode electrical power collector which consists of metal foil etc., for example, and the positive electrode compound-material layer formed on the said electrical power collector.
- the positive electrode current collector a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of the positive electrode such as aluminum, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer preferably includes a conductive material and a binder in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and the like is applied onto a positive electrode current collector, the coating film is dried, and then rolled to collect a positive electrode mixture layer. It can be produced by forming on both sides of the body.
- the positive electrode active material examples include a layered lithium composite oxide containing Li and a metal element M, an olivine type lithium phosphate represented by lithium iron phosphate, and the like.
- the metal element M is, for example, a transition metal element such as Co, Ni, or Mn, and the positive electrode active material is preferably a lithium-containing transition metal oxide.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide may contain a metal element M other than the transition metal.
- the metal element M include Mg, Sc, Y, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B in addition to Co, Ni, and Mn.
- An example of a suitable lithium-containing transition metal oxide is a Ni—Co—Mn based, Ni—Mn—Al based, or Ni—Co—Al based composite oxide. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may mix and use multiple types.
- the particle surface of the positive electrode active material may be covered with fine particles of an oxide such as aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), an inorganic compound such as a phosphoric acid compound, or a boric acid compound.
- the conductive material is used to increase the electrical conductivity of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- Examples of the conductive material include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the binder is used to maintain a good contact state between the positive electrode active material and the conductive material and to enhance the binding property of the positive electrode active material or the like to the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the binder include fluorine resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and polyolefin resin.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- polyimide resin acrylic resin
- polyolefin resin polyolefin resin.
- the negative electrode is preferably composed of, for example, a negative electrode current collector made of a metal foil or the like, and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- a negative electrode current collector a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of a negative electrode such as copper, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer preferably includes a binder in addition to the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode is prepared by, for example, applying a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material and a binder on a negative electrode current collector, drying the coating film, and rolling the negative electrode mixture layer on both sides of the current collector. It can produce by forming to.
- CMC CMC-Na, CMC-K, CMC-NH 4 or the like
- SBR rubber
- PAA polyacrylic acid
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of negative electrode active material particles 10 as an example of the embodiment.
- the negative electrode active material particle 10 includes a lithium silicate phase 11, silicon particles 12 dispersed in the lithium silicate phase 11, and a metal compound 15 dispersed in the lithium silicate phase 11.
- a conductive layer 14 is preferably formed on the surface of the mother particle 13 composed of the lithium silicate phase 11, the silicon particles 12, and the metal compound 15.
- the mother particle 13 may include a third component other than the lithium silicate phase 11, the silicon particle 12, and the metal compound 15.
- the content is preferably less than 10% by mass, more preferably less than 7% by mass. Note that the smaller the particle size of the silicon particles 12, the larger the surface area, and the more SiO 2 of the natural oxide film.
- the silicon particles 12 of the negative electrode active material particles 10 can occlude more lithium ions than carbon materials such as graphite, the application of the negative electrode active material particles 10 to the negative electrode active material contributes to increasing the capacity of the battery. To do. In the negative electrode mixture layer, only the negative electrode active material particles 10 may be used alone as the negative electrode active material. However, since the volume change due to charge / discharge is larger than that of graphite, a silicon material may be used in combination with another active material having a small volume change in order to maintain good cycle characteristics while increasing the capacity. As the other active material, a carbon-based negative electrode active material such as graphite is preferable.
- Graphite includes graphite conventionally used as a negative electrode active material, such as natural graphite such as flaky graphite, massive graphite, earthy graphite, massive artificial graphite (MAG), graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB), etc. Artificial graphite or the like can be used.
- a carbon-based negative electrode active material eg, graphite
- the content is preferably 70 to 95% by mass. If the content of the carbon-based negative electrode active material is within this range, it is easy to achieve both high capacity and improved cycle characteristics.
- the content of the main component may be 50% by mass or more based on the total mass of the lithium silicate phase 11. Preferably, 80 mass% or more is more preferable.
- the lithium silicate phase 11 is preferably composed of a collection of fine particles.
- the lithium silicate phase 11 is composed of finer particles than the silicon particles 12, for example.
- the intensity of the Si (111) peak is larger than the intensity of the (111) peak of lithium silicate.
- the negative electrode active material particles 10 after charging / discharging do not contain Li 4 SiO 4 . Since the starting material of the negative electrode active material particles 10 contains only SiO 2 of a natural oxide film, the reaction of the above formula (3) hardly occurs in the first charge / discharge, and Li 4 SiO 4 which is an irreversible reactant. Is difficult to generate.
- the silicon particles 12 are preferably dispersed substantially uniformly in the lithium silicate phase 11.
- the negative electrode active material particles 10 base particles 13
- the content of the silicon particles 12 (Si) in the mother particles 13 is preferably 20% by mass to 95% by mass with respect to the total mass of the mother particles 13 from the viewpoint of increasing capacity and improving cycle characteristics. More preferred is 35% by mass to 75% by mass. If the Si content is too low, for example, the charge / discharge capacity decreases, and load characteristics deteriorate due to poor diffusion of lithium ions. If the Si content is too high, for example, a part of Si is not covered with lithium silicate and exposed to be in contact with the electrolytic solution, resulting in deterioration of cycle characteristics.
- the average particle size of the silicon particles 12 is, for example, 500 nm or less before the first charge, preferably 200 nm or less, and more preferably 50 nm or less. After the first charge, 400 nm or less is preferable, and 100 nm or less is more preferable.
- the average particle diameter of the silicon particles 12 is measured by observing the cross section of the negative electrode active material particles 10 using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM), specifically, 100 silicons. It is obtained by converting the individual areas of the particles 12 into equivalent circular diameters and averaging them.
- metal oxides other than lithium compounds and silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal borides and the like can be applied.
- Suitable metal compounds 15 are metal oxides and metal carbides. Among these, it is preferable to use at least one selected from zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), zirconium carbide (ZrC), tungsten carbide (WC), and silicon carbide (SiC).
- the metal compound 15 plays a role of dispersing and relaxing the stress applied to the lithium silicate phase 11 due to the expansion and contraction of the silicon particles 12 and suppressing cracking of the active material particles.
- the metal compound 15 is more preferably composed mainly of ZrO 2 or Al 2 O 3 , and particularly preferably composed mainly of ZrO 2 .
- the content of ZrO 2 is preferably 50% by mass or more, particularly preferably 70% by mass or more based on the total mass of the metal compound 15.
- the compound constituting the metal compound 15 may be ZrO 2 alone (about 100% by mass).
- the metal compound 15 is preferably dispersed substantially uniformly in the lithium silicate phase 11 as with the silicon particles 12.
- the base particles 13 have, for example, a sea-island structure in which fine metal compounds 15 are dispersed in a lithium silicate matrix, and the metal compounds 15 are scattered almost uniformly without being unevenly distributed in some regions in an arbitrary cross section.
- the content of the metal compound 15 is, for example, 0.005% by mass to 15% by mass, preferably 0.01% by mass to 10% by mass with respect to the mass of the lithium silicate phase 11 and the silicon particles 12 constituting the mother particle 13. % By mass, particularly preferably 0.01% by mass to 1% by mass. If the content of the metal compound 15 is within the range, the cycle life of the battery can be improved without greatly affecting the specific capacity.
- the average particle size of the metal compound 15 is preferably 200 nm or less, and particularly preferably 100 nm or less. If the particle size of the metal compound 15 is within the above range, a uniform dispersion state of the metal compound 15 in the lithium silicate phase 11 can be easily formed.
- the average particle diameter of the metal compound 15 is measured by observing the cross section of the negative electrode active material particle 10 using SEM or TEM, specifically, as in the case of the silicon particle 12. It is obtained by converting each area into an equivalent circle diameter and averaging.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material particles 10 is preferably 1 to 15 ⁇ m, more preferably 4 to 10 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of increasing capacity and improving cycle characteristics.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material particles 10 is the particle diameter of primary particles, and is a volume integrated value in a particle size distribution measured using a laser diffraction scattering method (for example, LA-750 manufactured by HORIBA). Means a particle diameter (volume average particle diameter) of 50%. If the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material particles 10 becomes too small, the surface area increases, and therefore the reaction amount with the electrolyte tends to increase and the capacity tends to decrease.
- the average particle size becomes too large, the amount of volume change due to charging / discharging becomes large, so that the cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate.
- the conductive layer 14 since the thickness of the conductive layer 14 is thin, the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material particle 10 is not affected ( The particle size of the negative electrode active material particles 10 ⁇ the particle size of the mother particles 13).
- the mother particle 13 is produced through the following steps 1 to 3, for example.
- a metal compound powder such as Si powder, lithium silicate powder, and ZrO 2 pulverized to an average particle size of several ⁇ m to several tens ⁇ m is mixed at a predetermined mass ratio to prepare a mixture.
- the mixture is pulverized into fine particles using a ball mill. It is also possible to prepare a mixture after making each raw material powder into fine particles.
- the pulverized mixture is heat-treated at 600 to 1000 ° C., for example, in an inert atmosphere. In the heat treatment, a sintered body of the mixture may be produced by applying pressure as in hot pressing.
- Lithium silicate represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2) is stable in the above temperature range and does not react with Si, so the capacity does not decrease. Moreover, it is also possible to produce the base particles 13 by synthesizing Si nanoparticles and lithium silicate nanoparticles without using a ball mill, mixing them, and performing a heat treatment.
- the negative electrode active material particles 10 have a conductive layer 14 formed of a material having higher conductivity than the lithium silicate phase 11 enclosing the silicon particles 12 and the metal compound 15 on the particle surface.
- the conductive material constituting the conductive layer 14 is preferably electrochemically stable, and is preferably at least one selected from a carbon material, a metal, and a metal compound.
- the carbon material carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, graphite, a mixture of two or more thereof, and the like can be used as in the conductive material of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- the metal copper, nickel, alloys thereof, and the like that are stable in the potential range of the negative electrode can be used.
- the metal compound include a copper compound and a nickel compound (the metal or metal compound layer can be formed on the surface of the mother particle 13 by electroless plating, for example). Among these, it is particularly preferable to use a carbon material.
- Examples of the method of coating the surface of the base particles 13 with carbon include a CVD method using acetylene, methane, etc., a method in which coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenol resin or the like is mixed with the base particles 13 and heat treatment is performed. Further, the carbon film may be formed by fixing carbon black, ketjen black or the like to the surface of the base particle 13 using a binder.
- the conductive layer 14 is preferably formed so as to cover substantially the entire surface of the mother particle 13.
- the thickness of the conductive layer 14 is preferably 1 to 200 nm and more preferably 5 to 100 nm in consideration of ensuring conductivity and diffusibility of lithium ions into the mother particles 13. If the thickness of the conductive layer 14 becomes too thin, the conductivity is lowered and it becomes difficult to uniformly coat the mother particles 13. On the other hand, if the thickness of the conductive layer 14 becomes too thick, the diffusion of lithium ions into the mother particles 13 is hindered and the capacity tends to decrease.
- the thickness of the conductive layer 14 can be measured by cross-sectional observation of particles using SEM or TEM.
- the separator a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating properties is used. Specific examples of the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the material of the separator olefinic resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, cellulose and the like are suitable.
- the separator may be a laminate having a cellulose fiber layer and a thermoplastic resin fiber layer such as an olefin resin.
- the multilayer separator containing a polyethylene layer and a polypropylene layer may be sufficient, and what applied the aramid resin etc. to the surface of the separator may be used.
- a filler layer containing an inorganic filler may be formed at the interface between the separator and at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the inorganic filler include oxides containing at least one of titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and magnesium (Mg), and phosphoric acid compounds.
- the filler layer can be formed, for example, by applying a slurry containing the filler to the surface of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, or the separator.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte is not limited to a liquid electrolyte (nonaqueous electrolyte solution), and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent for example, esters, ethers, nitriles such as acetonitrile, amides such as dimethylformamide, and a mixed solvent of two or more of these can be used.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product in which at least a part of hydrogen in these solvents is substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- esters examples include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and methyl propyl carbonate.
- Chain carbonates such as ethyl propyl carbonate and methyl isopropyl carbonate
- cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL), methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate (MP )
- chain carboxylic acid esters such as ethyl propionate.
- ethers examples include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 -Cyclic ethers such as dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, furan, 2-methylfuran, 1,8-cineol, crown ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether , Dihexyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, methyl phenyl ether, ethyl phenyl ether, butyl phenyl ether, pentyl phenyl ether, methoxy toluene, benzyl ethyl ether, diphenyl ether, diphen
- a fluorinated cyclic carbonate such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a fluorinated chain carbonate, a fluorinated chain carboxylate such as methyl fluoropropionate (FMP), or the like.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylate
- the electrolyte salt is preferably a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt LiBF 4, LiClO 4, LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, Li (P (C 2 O 4) F 4), LiPF 6-x (C n F 2n + 1 ) x (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, n is 1 or 2), LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, chloroborane lithium, lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate, Li Borates such as 2 B 4 O 7 and Li (B (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 ), LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (C 1 F 2l + 1 SO 2 ) (C m F 2m + 1 SO 2 ) and imide salts such as ⁇ 1, m is an integer of 1 or more ⁇ .
- lithium salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- LiPF 6 is preferably used from the viewpoint of ion conductivity, electrochemical stability, and the like.
- concentration of the lithium salt is preferably 0.8 to 1.8 mol per liter of the nonaqueous solvent.
- the powder was taken out in an inert atmosphere and heat-treated under conditions of an inert atmosphere and 800 ° C. ⁇ 4 hours.
- the heat-treated powder hereinafter referred to as mother particles
- coal pitch manufactured by JFE Chemical, MCP250
- heat-treated at 800 ° C. in an inert atmosphere The surface of was coated with carbon to form a conductive layer.
- negative electrode active material P1 was obtained by adjusting an average particle diameter to 5 micrometers using a sieve.
- the negative electrode active material P1 bulk graphite powder, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) are mixed at a mass ratio of 30: 70: 1: 1, and an appropriate amount of water is added to the negative electrode mixture slurry.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry was applied to both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector made of a copper foil having a thickness of 8 ⁇ m, and the coating film was dried. This was cut into a predetermined electrode size and rolled using a roller so that the composite material density was 1.6 g / mL, and a negative electrode in which a negative electrode composite material layer was formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector was produced.
- Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxide represented by LiNi 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 O 2 , acetylene black (AB), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a positive electrode active material are mixed at a mass ratio of 100: 1: 1. Further, an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was added to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry. Next, the positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 13 ⁇ m, and the coating film was dried. The coating amount was adjusted so that the capacity ratio between the positive electrode and the negative electrode was 1: 1.05. This was cut into a predetermined electrode size and rolled using a roller so that the positive electrode mixture density was 3.6 g / mL to produce a positive electrode in which a positive electrode mixture layer was formed on both sides of the positive electrode current collector. .
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- Ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 20: 75: 5.
- LiPF 6 was dissolved in the mixed solvent to a concentration of 1.4 mol / L to prepare a nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- Electrode assembly An aluminum lead was attached to the positive electrode, a nickel lead was attached to the negative electrode, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode were spirally wound through a separator to produce a wound electrode body.
- a separator a polyethylene microporous film having a heat-resistant layer in which polyamide and alumina fillers are dispersed is used on one side.
- the electrode body is housed in a bottomed cylindrical battery case body having an outer diameter of 18.2 mm and a height of 65 mm, and after pouring the non-aqueous electrolyte, the opening of the battery case body is sealed with a gasket and a sealing body.
- a cylindrical nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery A1 having a 18650 type and a volume energy density of 730 Wh / L was produced.
- Example 2 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that the mixing ratio of Si / Li 2 SiO 3 / ZrO 2 was changed to 42/58 / 0.01. A battery A2 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 using the negative electrode active material.
- Example 3 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that the mixing ratio of Si / Li 2 SiO 3 / ZrO 2 was changed to 42/58/5. Using this negative electrode active material, a battery A3 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Example 4 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that the mixing ratio of Si / Li 2 SiO 3 / ZrO 2 was changed to 42/58/10. Using this negative electrode active material, a battery A4 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Example 5 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that the mixing ratio of Si / Li 2 SiO 3 / ZrO 2 was changed to 42/58/15. Using this negative electrode active material, a battery A5 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Example 6 A negative electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that Al 2 O 3 was mixed instead of ZrO 2 .
- a battery A6 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 using the negative electrode active material.
- Example 7 The negative electrode active material was changed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that Al 2 O 3 was mixed instead of ZrO 2 and the mixing ratio of Si / Li 2 SiO 3 / Al 2 O 3 was changed to 42/58/10. Produced. Using the negative electrode active material, a battery A7 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Example 8 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that ZrC was mixed instead of ZrO 2 . Using this negative electrode active material, a battery A8 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Example 9 A negative electrode active material was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that WC was mixed instead of ZrO 2 . Using this negative electrode active material, a battery A9 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Example 10 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that SiC was mixed instead of ZrO 2 . Using this negative electrode active material, a battery A10 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- Example 11 A negative electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that ZrO 2 was not added. Using this negative electrode active material, a battery Z1 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.
- the theoretical thickness after charging was a value when the volume expansion rate of Si particles was 400% and the volume expansion of graphite particles was 110%. As the obtained expansion coefficient is closer to 1, it indicates that charging is performed without forming voids that can be the starting point of particle cracking in the particles.
- the batteries of Experimental Examples 1 to 10 in which a metal compound such as ZrO 2 is included in the lithium silicate matrix are compared with the battery Z1 of Experimental Example 11 in which the metal compound is not included in the matrix.
- the negative electrode has a low expansion coefficient and an excellent cycle life.
- particularly excellent cycle characteristics were obtained. This is considered to be because the dispersibility of the metal compound becomes more uniform.
- Negative electrode active material particles 11 Lithium silicate phase, 12 Silicon particles, 13 Mother particles, 14 Conductive layer, 15 Metal compound
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Abstract
Description
(1)Si+4.4Li++4.4e- → Li4.4Si
(2)SiO2+4Li+ → Li4SiO4
本開示の負極活物質は、Si粒子がLi2zSiO(2+z)(0<z<2)で表されるリチウムシリケート相に分散したものであり、例えば従来のSiOxに比べてSiO2の含有量が大幅に少ない。また、本開示の負極活物質に含有されるSiO2は自然酸化膜であり、従来のSiOx粒子のSiO2と性質が大きく異なる。したがって、本開示の負極活物質を用いた非水電解質二次電池では、上式(2)の反応が起こり難く、不可逆容量の低減が可能である。
実施形態の説明で参照する図面は、模式的に記載されたものであり、図面に描画された構成要素の寸法比率などは、現物と異なる場合がある。具体的な寸法比率等は、以下の説明を参酌して判断されるべきである。
正極は、例えば金属箔等からなる正極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された正極合材層とで構成される。正極集電体には、アルミニウムなどの正極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合材層は、正極活物質の他に、導電材及び結着材を含むことが好適である。正極は、例えば正極集電体上に正極活物質、導電材、及び結着材等を含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して正極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
負極は、例えば金属箔等からなる負極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された負極合材層とで構成されることが好適である。負極集電体には、銅などの負極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合材層は、負極活物質の他に、結着材を含むことが好適である。負極は、例えば負極集電体上に負極活物質、及び結着材等を含む負極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して負極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
図1で例示するように、負極活物質粒子10は、リチウムシリケート相11と、リチウムシリケート相11中に分散したシリコン粒子12と、リチウムシリケート相11中に分散した金属化合物15とを備える。負極活物質粒子10に含まれるSiO2は、自然酸化膜程度であって、負極活物質粒子10のXRD測定により得られるXRDパターンの2θ=25°にSiO2のピークが観察されないことが好ましい。リチウムシリケート相11と、シリコン粒子12と、金属化合物15とで構成される母粒子13の表面には、導電層14が形成されていることが好適である。
(1)いずれも平均粒径が数μm~数十μm程度に粉砕された、Si粉末、リチウムシリケート粉末、ZrO2等の金属化合物粉末を所定の質量比で混合して混合物を作製する。
(2)次に、ボールミルを用いて上記混合物を粉砕し微粒子化する。なお、それぞれの原料粉末を微粒子化してから、混合物を作製することも可能である。
(3)粉砕された混合物を、例えば不活性雰囲気中、600~1000℃で熱処理する。当該熱処理では、ホットプレスのように圧力を印加して上記混合物の燒結体を作製してもよい。Li2zSiO(2+z)(0<z<2)で表されるリチウムシリケートは、上記温度範囲で安定であり、Siと反応しないので容量が低下することはない。また、ボールミルを使用せず、Siナノ粒子及びリチウムシリケートナノ粒子を合成し、これらを混合して熱処理を行うことで母粒子13を作製することも可能である。
セパレータには、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のオレフィン系樹脂、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータは、セルロース繊維層及びオレフィン系樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂繊維層を有する積層体であってもよい。また、ポリエチレン層及びポリプロピレン層を含む多層セパレータであってもよく、セパレータの表面にアラミド系樹脂等が塗布されたものを用いてもよい。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解した電解質塩とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質(非水電解液)に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。非水溶媒には、例えばエステル類、エーテル類、アセトニトリル等のニトリル類、ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミド類、及びこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒等を用いることができる。非水溶媒は、これら溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。
[負極活物質の作製]
不活性雰囲気中で、Si粉末(3N、10μm粉砕品)、Li2SiO3粉末(10μm粉砕品)、及びZrO2粉末(10μm粉砕品)を、42:58:1の質量比で混合し、遊星ボールミル(フリッチュ製、P-5)のポット(SUS製、容積:500mL)に充填した。当該ポットにSUS製ボール(直径20mm)を24個入れてフタを閉め、200rpmで50時間粉砕処理した。その後、不活性雰囲気中で粉末を取り出し、不活性雰囲気・800℃×4時間の条件で熱処理を行った。熱処理した粉末(以下、母粒子という)を粉砕し、40μmのメッシュに通した後、石炭ピッチ(JFEケミカル製、MCP250)と混合して、不活性雰囲気・800℃で熱処理することにより、母粒子の表面を炭素で被覆して導電層を形成した。その後、篩を用いて平均粒径を5μmに調整することにより負極活物質P1を得た。
負極活物質P1の内部構造を、TEMを用いて観察したところ、Si粒子径が50nm以下でLiシリケート相に分散していることが確認された。粒子断面観察試料をクロスセクショナルポリッシャ(CP)で作成し、粒子内部に存在するZrO2の反射電子像から算出される平均粒径を面積から算出される相当円径より求めたところ97nmであることが確認された。また、Si粒子及びZrO2粒子は、Liシリケート相中に均一に分散しており、活物質粒子の表面は炭素によって全面が被覆されていた。
負極活物質P1、塊状黒鉛粉末、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、及びスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)を、30:70:1:1の質量比で混合し、さらに水を適量加えて、負極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該負極合材スラリーを、厚みが8μmの銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた。これを所定の電極サイズに切り取り、ローラーを用いて合材密度が1.6g/mLとなるように圧延して、負極集電体の両面に負極合材層が形成された負極を作製した。
正極活物質としてLiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2で表されるリチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合酸化物、アセチレンブラック(AB)、及びポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を、100:1:1の質量比で混合し、さらにN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量加えて、正極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該正極合材スラリーを、厚みが13μmのアルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた。塗布量は正極と負極の容量比が1:1.05となるように調整した。これを所定の電極サイズに切り取り、ローラーを用いて正極合材密度が3.6g/mLとなるように圧延して、正極集電体の両面に正極合材層が形成された正極を作製した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)と、メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)とを、20:75:5の体積比で混合した。当該混合溶媒に1.4mol/Lの濃度になるようにLiPF6を溶解させて、非水電解液を調製した。
上記正極にアルミニウムリードを、上記負極にニッケルリードをそれぞれ取り付け、セパレータを介して正極及び負極を渦巻き状に巻回することにより巻回型の電極体を作製した。セパレータには、ポリエチレン製の微多孔膜の片面にポリアミドとアルミナのフィラーを分散させた耐熱層を形成したものを用いた。当該電極体を、外径18.2mm、高さ65mmの有底円筒形状の電池ケース本体に収容し、上記非水電解液を注入した後、ガスケット及び封口体により電池ケース本体の開口部を封口して18650型、体積エネルギー密度が730Wh/Lの円筒形非水電解質二次電池A1を作製した。
Si/Li2SiO3/ZrO2の混合比率を42/58/0.01に変更したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A2を作製した。
Si/Li2SiO3/ZrO2の混合比率を42/58/5に変更したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A3を作製した。
Si/Li2SiO3/ZrO2の混合比率を42/58/10に変更したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様に電池A4を作製した。
Si/Li2SiO3/ZrO2の混合比率を42/58/15に変更したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A5を作製した。
ZrO2の代わりにAl2O3を混合したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A6を作製した。
ZrO2の代わりにAl2O3を混合し、Si/Li2SiO3/Al2O3の混合比率を42/58/10に変更したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A7を作製した。
ZrO2の代わりにZrCを混合したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A8を作製した。
ZrO2の代わりにWCを混合したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A9を作製した。
ZrO2の代わりにSiCを混合したこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池A10を作製した。
ZrO2を添加しなかったこと以外は、実験例1と同様に負極活物質を作製した。その負極活物質を用いて実験例1と同様の方法で電池Z1を作製した。
下記充放電条件で各電池についてサイクル試験を行った。1サイクル目の放電容量の80%に達するまでのサイクル数を測定し、サイクル寿命とした。電池A1~A10のサイクル寿命は、金属化合物を添加していない電池Z1のサイクル寿命を100とした指数である。評価結果を表1に示す。
充放電条件:0.2Itに相当する定電流を用いて4.2Vまで充電した後、0.02Itに相当する電流値となるまで4.2Vで定電圧充電を行った。その後0.2Itの定電流で電池電圧が2.50Vになるまで放電を行った。この充電と放電のサイクルを複数回繰り返し、サイクル試験を行った。
2サイクル目の充電を行った各電池について、電池ケースから電極体を抜き出し解体分析を行った。解体した電極体の負極の厚みを測定し、以下に定義する負極の膨張係数を算出した。評価結果を表1に示す。
膨張係数
=100×(充電後実測厚み/μm)/(充電後理論厚み/μm)
膨張係数の増加は、主に負極活物質粒子内の空隙形成又は粒子割れに伴う表面反応被膜の形成による嵩密度の低下によって引き起こされる。充電後実測厚みはマイクロメータによって測定され、各電池の負極からランダムに選ばれた10点の平均値を採用した。充電後理論厚みはSi粒子の体積膨張率を400%とし、黒鉛粒子の体積膨張を110%としたときの値を採用した。得られた膨張係数が1に近いほど、粒子内に粒子割れの起点となり得る空隙が形成されないで充電が行われていることを示している。
Claims (13)
- Li2zSiO(2+z){0<z<2}で表されるリチウムシリケート相と、
前記リチウムシリケート相中に分散したシリコン粒子と、
前記リチウムシリケート相中に分散した金属化合物(リチウム化合物及び酸化ケイ素を除く)と、
を備える非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記金属化合物は、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化アルミニウム、炭化ジルコニウム、炭化タングステン、及び炭化ケイ素から選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記金属化合物は、酸化ジルコニウムを主成分とする、請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記金属酸化物は、前記リチウムシリケート相と前記シリコン粒子の質量に対して0.01質量%~10質量%の割合で含まれる、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記金属酸化物の平均粒径は、200nm以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記シリコン粒子の平均粒径は、初回充電前において200nm以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記リチウムシリケート相と、前記シリコン粒子と、前記金属酸化物とで構成される母粒子の表面には、導電層が形成されている、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記リチウムシリケート相は、Li2SiO3を主成分とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記リチウムシリケート相は、Li2Si2O5を主成分とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- XRD測定により得られるXRDパターンの2θ=25°にSiO2のピークが観察されない、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 充放電後の前記非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質には、Li4SiO4が含まれない、請求請1~10のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 負極集電体と、
前記負極集電体上に形成された負極合材層であって、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質、及び結着材を含む負極合材層と、
を備えた非水電解質二次電池用負極。 - 請求項12に記載の負極と、
正極と、
非水電解質と、
を備えた非水電解質二次電池。
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WO2021153075A1 (ja) * | 2020-01-31 | 2021-08-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学素子およびその製造方法、ならびに電気化学デバイス |
WO2021153074A1 (ja) * | 2020-01-31 | 2021-08-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学素子およびその製造方法、ならびに電気化学デバイス |
WO2021153076A1 (ja) * | 2020-01-31 | 2021-08-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学素子およびその製造方法、ならびに電気化学デバイス |
WO2021153073A1 (ja) * | 2020-01-31 | 2021-08-05 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 活物質粒子、電気化学素子およびこれらの製造方法、ならびに電気化学デバイス |
WO2022044454A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-27 | 2022-03-03 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 |
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JPWO2016136180A1 (ja) | 2017-11-30 |
US10177403B2 (en) | 2019-01-08 |
CN107408682B (zh) | 2021-03-19 |
US20170309950A1 (en) | 2017-10-26 |
CN107408682A (zh) | 2017-11-28 |
JP6786474B2 (ja) | 2020-11-18 |
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