WO2011089949A1 - 化合物半導体受光素子アレイ - Google Patents
化合物半導体受光素子アレイ Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/08—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors
- H01L31/10—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof in which radiation controls flow of current through the device, e.g. photoresistors characterised by potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H01L31/101—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H01L31/102—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier
- H01L31/103—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier being of the PN homojunction type
- H01L31/1035—Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier the potential barrier being of the PN homojunction type the devices comprising active layers formed only by AIIIBV compounds
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14643—Photodiode arrays; MOS imagers
- H01L27/14649—Infrared imagers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14683—Processes or apparatus peculiar to the manufacture or treatment of these devices or parts thereof
- H01L27/14694—The active layers comprising only AIIIBV compounds, e.g. GaAs, InP
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a compound semiconductor photodiode array having a small dark current, a wide wavelength range, and extremely little crosstalk between elements.
- Compound semiconductor photodetectors are widely used as the most sensitive detectors in the wavelength region where silicon photodetectors cannot receive light, particularly in the infrared region.
- compound semiconductor photodiode arrays are used for various industrial measurements such as sensors for infrared spectrometers, monitors for wavelength multiplexing optical communication, infrared image sensors, and the like.
- As the compound semiconductor array used in the most fields there is a photodiode array having an InGaAs layer formed on an InP substrate by an epitaxial growth method as a light receiving portion. Photodiode arrays such as InAs and HgCdTe are used. *
- the dark current that determines the detection limit of a semiconductor photodetector can be attributed to the semiconductor interior or the semiconductor surface.
- it is effective to reduce carrier generation due to thermal excitation in a semiconductor layer other than the photosensitive layer which is a photosensitive layer.
- the carrier generation rate by thermal excitation is generally proportional to the square of the intrinsic carrier concentration, sandwiching the photosensitive layer with a semiconductor layer with a low intrinsic carrier concentration and a large forbidden band width is effective in reducing dark current. is there.
- it is desirable that the PN junction end exposed on the surface is on a semiconductor layer having a large forbidden band.
- the surface of a device having a high crystal defect density is covered with an InP layer having a relatively large forbidden band, and becomes a photosensitive layer.
- the PN junction of the InGaAs layer having a small forbidden band width is not exposed on the surface.
- a PN junction is formed by selectively diffusing impurities from the surface, and then the PDs are arranged one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally to form an array.
- This structure has a drawback that the process is simple but the crosstalk is large.
- This crosstalk occurs because carriers generated in the photosensitive layer easily flow to adjacent elements by diffusion and generate an output. Therefore, as shown in Patent Document 1, a method of improving the crosstalk by providing a light shielding mask between the elements is employed.
- this method has the effect of preventing the generation of photoexcitation current in the gap between the elements, but it cannot completely prevent the carriers generated immediately below the element from flowing into the adjacent elements, and also prevent light incidence from the substrate side.
- the shading mask is invalid in such usage. In the case of an array with a narrow pitch of several tens of ⁇ m or less, providing a light shielding mask tends to cause a problem in manufacturing yield.
- Patent Documents 2, 3, 4, and 5 In order to improve the drawbacks of such a planar type PD array, a method of separating elements in a mesa type as shown in Patent Documents 2, 3, 4, and 5 is used. Both have a structure composed of an InGaAs photosensitive layer and a P-type InP window layer mesa-isolated on an N-type InP substrate. With this structure, crosstalk can be greatly improved as compared with the planar type, and an advantage that a light-shielding mask is not always required is brought about.
- the PN junction is exposed on the surface of the side surface, so that a large surface leakage current is generated, which becomes a noise source and deteriorates the minimum light receiving sensitivity. Therefore, a method of protecting the mesa surface with a dielectric film such as a silicon nitride film has been taken.
- the InGaAs photosensitive layer is an I layer having a carrier concentration as low as 10 14 cm ⁇ 3 in order to obtain high quantum efficiency at zero bias or low voltage bias, defects and contamination at the surface dielectric film and the semiconductor interface
- the phenomenon of electrically unstable phenomena such as inversion of the mesa surface region of the I layer due to the phenomenon that electrons are induced on the mesa surface due to ions contained in the dielectric film or the polarization of the dielectric, etc. Easy to wake up.
- Patent Document 6 proposes a PIN diode composed of an InGaAs photosensitive layer and an N-type InP formed on a P-type InP layer for the purpose of obtaining a high-speed response when incident on the back side of a mesa-type PD array having a PIN structure. Yes.
- the PN junction of the photosensitive layer is protected by an insulating film formed on the side surface of the semiconductor or a high-resistance buried layer.
- the crystal surface or the regrowth interface is depleted, crystal defects near the surface are detected. The problem of surface leakage due to the problem remains.
- Patent Documents 7 and 8 describe a PD having a mesa structure without exposing a PN junction having a narrow forbidden band width to the surface.
- the surface of the PN junction exposed at the end face of the mesa structure is highly doped by impurity diffusion, thereby eliminating the depletion layer near the surface and suppressing dark current.
- the photosensitive layer is removed, the buffer layer having a large forbidden band width is exposed, and then the bottom portion Therefore, it is necessary to form a PNP structure for interrupting current.
- the process is complicated and the allowable range of process conditions is narrow, such as the need to keep the front of the impurity diffusion layer inside the buffer layer having a large forbidden band.
- Patent Document 7 since the PN junction of the photosensitive layer is formed by impurity diffusion, there is a problem that the junction is formed at a relatively deep position and the sensitivity on the short wavelength side is lowered.
- the InGaAs / InP-based planar PD normally uses In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As lattice-matched to InP, but in this case, the cutoff wavelength is about 1.6 ⁇ m.
- the wavelength range is increased from 1.6 ⁇ m by increasing the In composition from 0.53 to 0.77. Although it can be expanded to 2.4 ⁇ m, a lattice shift of about 1.6% occurs.
- the crystal defects caused by this lattice mismatch can be suppressed to some extent inside the photosensitive layer by the gradient composition or the superlattice buffer layer, but the crystal defects remain at a high density at the epitaxial layer interface.
- the generated dark current flows and increases shot noise.
- a band structure mismatch that is, a band offset occurs at the interface between the window layer having a wide forbidden band and the photosensitive layer having a narrow forbidden band, and a potential barrier is generated in the conduction band or the valence band.
- the band offset on the conduction band side is reduced, and when holes are injected into the window layer, the band offset in the valence band is reduced. It is necessary to design band alignment. This is because the retention of carriers at the interface causes deterioration of the time response of the PD and a decrease in sensitivity when the bias voltage is zero volts.
- PD arrays are typically used as photodetector modules, usually in combination with a silicon readout IC (ROIC). Since the ROIC is driven with a power supply voltage of 3 to 5 V, it is desirable that the bias voltage applied to the PD is in the range of zero V to the power supply voltage. In order to operate the PD at such a low voltage, it is necessary to appropriately design the band offset described above.
- ROIC silicon readout IC
- an array structure that simultaneously solves problems such as a large crosstalk, a large surface leakage, a large stray capacitance, a narrow detection wavelength range, and a low manufacturing yield, which are included in a conventional compound semiconductor PD array.
- a photosensitive layer made of a compound semiconductor having a small forbidden band width formed on a barrier layer made of a compound semiconductor having a large forbidden band width and a first conductive type formed on the photosensitive layer have a large forbidden band width.
- a compound having a window layer made of a compound semiconductor, and at least a photosensitive layer and a window layer around each element are doped with a second conductivity type impurity so as to be electrically separated from adjacent elements.
- a semiconductor light receiving element array is provided.
- ⁇ Ec 23 is smaller than ⁇ Ev 23 when the photosensitive layer and the window layer are N-type.
- ⁇ Ec 23 is larger than ⁇ Ev 23 when the photosensitive layer and the window layer are P-type.
- the photosensitive layer is completely separated from the adjacent element by the potential barrier formed by the PN junction formed in the lateral direction, it is possible to prevent the photoexcited carriers from diffusing and flowing into the adjacent element. Further, since the photosensitive layer is separated from the surface by the window layer, it is not affected by the film quality of the dielectric surface protective film and is stable against changes with time. Further, since a crosstalk can be suppressed without providing a light shielding mask between mesa structures and elements, an array with a narrow pitch can be easily manufactured. Furthermore, since the PN junction for forming the photosensitive region of the PD is not formed by the thermal diffusion method but is formed by epitaxial growth, the characteristics are uniform and the yield is high. This point is particularly important from the viewpoint of productivity in forming a large-scale array.
- the window layer formed by epitaxial growth can be formed thinner than the PN junction formed by the thermal diffusion method by making it 0.2 ⁇ m or less.
- the short wavelength on the short wavelength side that can be detected by InP / InGaAsPD using InP as a window layer was about 900 nm, but according to the present invention, the limit wavelength can be extended to about 500 nm, and a wider wavelength range than before can be obtained.
- a photodetector capable of receiving light can be obtained.
- electrodes corresponding to the first conductive type and the second conductive type can be formed only on the surface side, and the substrate and the buffer layer for epitaxial growth need not be used as a current path. In this case, even if there is a crystal defect due to lattice mismatch between the substrate and the buffer layer or in the buffer layer, the influence on the dark current can be avoided. Therefore, by using a compound semiconductor mixed crystal having a lattice constant significantly different from that of the substrate as the light absorption layer, the photosensitive wavelength range of the light absorption layer can be greatly expanded.
- the common electrode is N-type and the electrode corresponding to the individual array element is P-type, so it is necessary to bias the common electrode to a positive potential. Therefore, it is necessary to insulate the PD substrate from the package.
- a signal extraction electrode that is, a positive potential side electrode can be provided on the N-type layer of each PD, and the P-type layer can be on the common electrode side. Since the virtual ground voltage of the ROIC is usually about 1 ⁇ 2 of the bias voltage, it is possible to apply an appropriate bias voltage simply by setting the common electrode to zero potential and connecting each array element to the current input of the ROIC. Become.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to the present invention.
- Example 1 FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to the present invention.
- Example 2 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to the present invention.
- Example 4 FIG. 5 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to a conventional method.
- FIG. 1 FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to the present invention.
- Example 2 is an explanatory view showing a method of implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view showing the conduction potential profile in the lateral direction and the element separation performance of adjacent compound semiconductor light receiving elements according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory view showing a conduction charge level profile in the lateral direction and element isolation performance of adjacent compound semiconductor light receiving elements in a conventional structure.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram comparing the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the compound semiconductor light receiving element of the present invention and a conventional structure.
- FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram showing a wiring method that enables individual addresses in the compound semiconductor light receiving element array according to the present invention. (Example 5) FIG.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram when the wavelength range is expanded using an InGaSb-based light absorption layer in the method of implementing the compound semiconductor light-receiving element array.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram when the wavelength range is expanded using an InGaAs-based light absorption layer in the method of implementing the compound semiconductor light-receiving element array.
- FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram of a case where an InGaAs / InP-based PD is configured on a GaAs substrate in the method for implementing a compound semiconductor light receiving element array.
- FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram when the wavelength range is expanded using an InAsSb-based light absorption layer in the method for implementing the compound semiconductor light-receiving element array.
- Example 9 is an explanatory diagram when the wavelength range is expanded using an InAsSb-based light absorption layer in the method for implementing the compound semiconductor light-receiving element array.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a planar PD array formed by deep zinc diffusion.
- 1A is a plan view
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the element at the position of the arrow BB.
- the carrier concentration of the P-type InP substrate 1 is set to a concentration of 10 18 to 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 that can easily obtain ohmic characteristics by forming the P-side electrode 7.
- the InGaAs photosensitive layer 2 may be an undoped I-type layer or a low-concentration N-type having a carrier concentration of 10 14 to 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the InGaAs photosensitive layer 2 is used as a light absorption layer, and is made of In x Ga 1-x As y P 1-y having an arbitrary composition to extend the detection wavelength in order to provide selectivity of the detection wavelength. Therefore, an InAlAs composition may be used.
- the thickness of the photosensitive layer 2 is determined by the conditions for optimizing the quantum efficiency and the response speed. The thickness is about 1 ⁇ m for high speed and about 2 to 6 ⁇ m for applications in which quantum efficiency is prioritized.
- the N-type InP window layer 3 is usually 1 ⁇ m or less, but 0.2 ⁇ m or less is desirable in applications where sensitivity is also given to the visible light region.
- the carrier concentration of the N-type InP window layer 3 is set to 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more. The carrier concentration of the N-type InP window layer 3 may be lower than this, and the high-concentration N-type InGaAs contact layer 9 may be provided under the electrode.
- the P-type layer 4 is formed by selectively diffusing zinc from the opening 10 of the dielectric film 5 to the buffer layer 8 to separate the elements.
- the photosensitive layer 2 is a low density N type
- the window layer 3 is an N type
- the buffer layer 8 is a P type.
- the buffer layer 8 may be P-type, or may be N-type or semi-insulating when the P-side electrode 10 is provided on the zinc diffusion surface. However, when the buffer layer 8 is N-type, it is desirable to invert the periphery to P-type.
- the P-type layer 4 may be formed by burying growth of a semiconductor having a larger forbidden band than the photosensitive layer, for example, InP, but in order to avoid the influence of crystal defects at the regrowth interface, It is desirable to increase the mold dope concentration and form a PN junction inside the photosensitive layer by solid phase diffusion.
- adjacent PD elements are electrically separated by NPN junctions, so that crosstalk between elements can be greatly reduced as compared with a conventional planar PD array.
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a mesa separation type PD, and shows a plan view (A) and a cross-sectional view (B) at an arrow B.
- FIG. The wafer comprising the InGaAs photosensitive layer 2 and the N-type InP window layer 3 laminated on the P-type InP substrate 1 is mesa-etched in an island shape, and only the mesa side surface and the mesa bottom are selectively zinc-diffused to diffuse the P-type layer.
- the P-type InP barrier layer 8 is a buffer layer formed between the epitaxial layers laminated with the substrate in order to improve the quality of the epitaxial crystal layer, and also functions as an etching blocking film utilizing etching selectivity during mesa etching. .
- the P-type layer 4 formed on the mesa surface is obtained by doping with zinc by a normal thermal diffusion method, and the depth may be about 1 ⁇ m or less.
- an acceptor type impurity such as beryllium can be formed by ion implantation.
- the P type layer 4 does not become a depletion layer when a reverse bias is applied to the element.
- it is easy to control the carrier concentration of the P-type layer 4 with high precision so that a tunnel current does not flow due to reverse bias.
- this light receiving element array normally functions with a reverse bias of 0 bias or a low voltage of 2 V or less, there is no problem even if it is formed by a normal zinc diffusion method.
- the N-side electrode 6 is on the surface, so that a positive voltage can be applied to the N electrode and the substrate can be used as a common ground. is there. Further, in order to improve the crystallinity and to reduce the step of the heterobarrier to improve the carrier flow, an intermediate forbidden band width of one layer or a plurality of layers is provided at the boundary between the photosensitive layer 2 and the window layer 3 or the buffer layer 8. It is also effective to insert a semiconductor layer.
- Patent Document 7 zinc is diffused in the top, side, and bottom of the mesa to improve the exposure of the PN junction to the end surface of the mesa.
- the PN junction formed by zinc diffusion extends to the bottom of the N-type mesa.
- the buffer layer 8 forming the mesa bottom is P-type, the PN junction remains in the mesa region. Therefore, compared with the structure of Patent Document 7, the structure of the present invention has a small junction capacitance and excellent high speed, and the dark current can be reduced by the difference in the PN junction area, thereby obtaining a more excellent minimum light receiving sensitivity.
- this difference is based on whether the mesa surface is doped with a conductivity type different from the conductivity type of the semiconductor layer under the substrate or the light absorption layer as in Patent Document 7, or the same conductivity type as in the present invention. ing.
- the PN junction is formed by zinc diffusion that is difficult to control to 0.2 ⁇ m or less, so that the light transmission window becomes slightly thicker, the detection wavelength range is narrowed, and the characteristics are uniform due to the thermal diffusion method. And disadvantageous in terms of yield.
- the structure of Patent Document 7 is disadvantageous in forming a fine element array because an electrode is formed on the bottom of the mesa.
- a mesa structure is formed in a double hetero type epitaxial layer and the side surface thereof is diffused with zinc to thereby form a planar structure. Achieves low leakage characteristics equivalent to the type photodiode.
- the PN junction of the light absorption layer having a narrow forbidden band width is prevented from being exposed to the crystal surface with many crystal defects and the increase in dark current due to the surface current is suppressed, Since there is a zinc diffusion front in the N-type buffer layer, the PN junction is also formed in the N-type buffer layer, so that the stray capacitance is large.
- the PN junction surface is limited to only the light absorption layer surface, so that the junction capacitance is small and the structure is advantageous for speeding up.
- adjacent PD elements are separated by mesa grooves and electrically separated by an NPN junction, so that crosstalk between elements can be greatly reduced as compared with a conventional planar PD array.
- the tip of the P-type layer 4 formed by Zn diffusion may stay in the buffer layer 8 or may penetrate the buffer layer 8 and reach the P-type substrate 1. Further, a P-type electrode can be formed on the P-type layer 4 from the element surface side.
- the buffer layer 8 may be N-type
- the substrate 1 may be semi-insulating. Further, by performing mesa etching using a dry process and performing shallow impurity diffusion from the etching end face, a PD array with a narrow pitch can be realized while removing the influence of processing damage due to the dry process.
- FIG. 3 shows an example in which a one-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array is formed and light is incident from the substrate side.
- the P-side surface electrode 11 is formed in contact with the P-type diffusion layer surface 4, and is bonded to the readout integrated circuit (ROIC) or the wiring substrate 12 via the metal bumps 13.
- ROIC readout integrated circuit
- FIG. 4 shows an example in which a large number of the elements shown in FIG. 1 are arranged in a matrix.
- the P-type layer 4 formed by zinc diffusion reaches the buffer layer 8 in a lattice pattern, thereby separating the photosensitive layer 2 into pixels.
- FIG. 5 shows an example in which conventional planar PDs are arranged in a matrix, and a P-type layer 4 formed by shallow zinc diffusion is arranged corresponding to each pixel.
- FIG. 6 shows the potential profile of the conduction band in the direction of the arrow along the line AA ′ across the boundary of adjacent PDs in the PD array arranged with a 10 ⁇ m gap according to the present invention of FIG.
- the calculation results of the photoexcitation currents induced in the left and right PDs when the luminous flux having a width of 1 ⁇ m is swept are shown.
- FIG. 7 shows the potential profile of the conduction band in the arrow direction along the line BB ′ across the boundary of adjacent PDs in the conventional planar PD shown in FIG.
- the calculation result of photoexcitation current along is shown.
- the thickness of the InGaAs photosensitive layer 2 is 2 ⁇ m, and the potential of the conduction band at the center is displayed.
- the dark current when no light was irradiated was 0 dB.
- the P-type layer formed by deep zinc diffusion raises the potential of the conduction band by about 0.3 eV in a region sandwiched between adjacent elements. For this reason, the electrons excited on the left element side of the point A cannot move out of the single element surrounded by the zinc diffusion layer, and signal separation between elements of about 60 dB can be achieved.
- FIG. 7 since the photosensitive layers of the respective elements are continuously connected, there is no potential barrier. For this reason, signal separation between elements remains below about 20 dB. In order to improve this separation characteristic, it is necessary to increase the distance between elements or to use mesa separation.
- FIG. 8 shows a comparative comparison between the simulated spectral sensitivity characteristics of the InGaAs / InP-based PD according to the present invention and the typical value of the PD having the conventional planar structure.
- the conventional type since it enters the photosensitive layer through a zinc diffusion layer having a depth of about 1 ⁇ m, the light absorption loss in the InP window layer is large, and the sensitivity rapidly decreases at a short wavelength of 900 nm or less.
- the sensitivity at a short wavelength is greatly improved by forming an N-type InP window layer by crystal growth to a thickness of 0.2 ⁇ m or less. It is possible to further improve the sensitivity on the short wavelength side by growing the window layer thinner.
- FIG. 9 shows that after forming the structure shown in FIG. 1 using a semi-insulating substrate, a trench 14 is dug in the zinc diffusion region to a depth reaching the substrate for column separation of the two-dimensional array, and element rows are arranged as adjacent device rows. An embodiment electrically separated from the above is shown.
- the grooves 14 can be filled with an insulator such as polyimide, and a two-dimensional array wiring pattern can be formed thereon.
- the principle of the present invention is that it is composed of a compound semiconductor material made of In, Al, Ga, As, Sb, etc. Needless to say, can be applied to the opposite conductivity type.
- the substrate may be an insulating substrate or an N-type substrate.
- FIG. 10A shows a band profile when an InGaSb ternary mixed crystal that is not lattice-matched with a binary compound semiconductor is used as the photosensitive layer 2 and the wavelength sensitivity is extended to 2.4 ⁇ m.
- FIG. A cross-sectional view is shown.
- an InAs 0.68 Sb 0.32 lattice matching relaxation layer 16 lattice-matched to the In 0.25 Ga 0.75 Sb light absorption layer 2 having a lattice constant of 6.19 ⁇ was formed on the GaSb relaxation layer 15. Since GaSb and InAs 0.68 Sb 0.32 have a small critical stress, residual strain due to lattice mismatch with the GaAs substrate 1 is effectively reduced.
- the substrate side barrier layer 8 In 0.22 Al 0.23 Ga 0.55 Sb having a large band offset on the conduction band side with respect to the anode contact layer 17 and the surface side window layer 3 as the layer 9 In 0.67 Al 0.33 As 0.41 Sb 0.59 having a large band offset in the valence band is used as an electron barrier and a hole barrier, respectively, to prevent dark current from flowing into the photosensitive layer.
- the window layer 3 is N-type, and the band offset ⁇ Ec 23 of the conduction band is 0.10 eV and the band offset ⁇ Ev 23 of the valence band is 0.26 eV at the joint surface with the photosensitive layer 2.
- the band offset of the conduction band is smaller than the band offset of the valence band.
- the forbidden band width of the In 0.25 Ga 0.75 Sb photosensitive layer 2 is 0.51 eV, In 0.22 Al 0.23 Ga 0.55 Sb substrate side barrier layer 8, and In 0.67 Al 0. .33 As 0.41 Sb 0.59
- the forbidden band widths of the surface-side window layer 3 are each 0.87 eV.
- FIG. 11A shows a band profile when the In composition ratio of the InGaAs photosensitive layer 2 is increased and the absorption edge wavelength is extended to 2.4 ⁇ m
- FIG. 11B shows a device cross-sectional view.
- the band offset barrier generated between the anode contact layer 17 and the cathode contact layer 9 prevents inflow of electrons and holes generated outside the photosensitive layer 2 into the photosensitive layer and holes generated in the photosensitive layer 2. And electrons can be selectively output to the outside.
- GaAs 0.31 Sb 0.69 lattice-matched to the In 0.77 Ga 0.23 As photosensitive layer 2 is formed on the GaSb layer as the lattice matching relaxation layer 16, and residual strain due to lattice mismatch with the GaAs substrate 1 is reduced. It is relaxed. There is a large potential barrier between the valence band of the GaAsSb relaxation layer 16 and the valence band of the In 0.76 Al 0.24 As electron barrier layer 8, and crystal defects such as misfit dislocations are concentrated at the interface. Although it is difficult to take out the holes to the substrate side, in FIG. 11B according to the configuration of the present invention, the P-side surface is formed through the anode contact layer 17 doped in the P-type and the high-concentration Zn diffusion layer 4.
- a hole current can be extracted from the electrode 11.
- the N-type doped cathode contact layer 9 remains only under the N-side electrode 6 and the window layer 3 is exposed to the surface by removing the portion on the photosensitive layer. It is effective in obtaining efficiency.
- the forbidden band width of the In 0.77 Ga 0.23 As photosensitive layer 2 is 0.51 eV, In 0.76 Al 0.24 As substrate side barrier layer 8, and InAs 0.5 P 0.5 window layer.
- the forbidden bandwidths of 3 are 0.86 eV and 0.83 eV, respectively.
- the window layer 3 is N-type, and the conduction band band offset ⁇ Ec 23 is 0.07 eV and the valence band offset ⁇ Ev 23 is 0.24 eV at the joint surface with the photosensitive layer 2.
- the band offset of the band is smaller than the band offset of the valence band.
- FIG. 10 the use of Sb-based materials facilitates the design of forbidden bandwidth and band offset, and can be applied to a wider wavelength range.
- FIG. 11 has an advantage that InGaAs whose process and performance are established can be used as the photosensitive layer.
- FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram in the case where an InGaAs / InP-based PD is configured on the GaAs substrate 1 in the method for implementing the compound semiconductor light receiving element array.
- a GaSb relaxation layer 15 is grown on the GaAs substrate 1
- a GaAs 0.5 Sb 0.5 lattice matching relaxation layer 16 lattice-matched with InP is grown, and an InP barrier layer 8 and In 0.53 Ga 0 are grown thereon.
- InP window layer 3, and In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As cathode contact layer 9 are grown sequentially. Since the InP window layer 3 has a low barrier to electrons, it does not inhibit electron conduction even at a low concentration heterointerface.
- the layer serves as a barrier against holes, but as shown in FIG. 12B, high-concentration zinc diffusion is performed so as to penetrate the photosensitive layer 2 from the surface and reach the P-type barrier layer 8. Therefore, holes can be transferred to the anode side with low resistance.
- FIG. 13A shows a band profile of an infrared detector having a detection wavelength of 2 to 10 ⁇ m
- FIG. 13B shows a cross-sectional view thereof.
- the In 0.82 Al 0.18 Sb barrier layer 8 is lattice-matched to the InAs 0.15 Sb 0.85 photosensitive layer 2 having a lattice constant of 6.42 ⁇ , it does not cause crystal defects due to lattice distortion.
- the In 0.82 Al 0.18 Sb barrier layer 8 and the In 0.82 Al 0.18 Sb window layer 3 serve as a barrier only to the conduction band with respect to the InAs 0.15 Sb 0.85 photosensitive layer 2. Therefore, when extracting holes from the P-type layer, the InAsSb / InAlSb heterointerface does not become a current barrier. Therefore, in FIG. 13, the photosensitive layer 2 and the window layer 3 are P-type, and Sn that is an N-type impurity is selectively diffused.
- the window layer 3 is P-type, and ⁇ Ec 23 is 0.38 eV and ⁇ Ev 23 is almost zero eV at the joint surface with the photosensitive layer 2, and the band offset of the valence band is the band offset of the conduction band. Is smaller than Therefore, at the interface between the InAsSb photosensitive layer 2 made of a P-type epitaxial layer having a relatively low doping concentration and the InAlSb window layer 3, photoinduced holes pass through the anode contact layer 17 and the P-side surface electrode 11 without a potential barrier. And can be recovered.
- the forbidden band width of the InAs 0.15 Sb 0.85 photosensitive layer 2 is 0.12 eV, In 0.82 Al 0.18 Sb substrate side barrier layer 8, and In 0.82 Al 0.18 Sb surface side
- the forbidden bandwidths of the window layer 3 are each 0.49 eV.
- the structure shown in FIGS. 10 to 13 can provide an inexpensive PD.
- GaAs is wet etched with a mixed solution of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, while InP acts as an etch stop layer for the etchant. Therefore, when this composition is used, thinning required for the infrared camera is facilitated.
- the substrate 1 Si is also possible to make the substrate 1 Si less expensive than GaAs and having higher mechanical strength.
- the InSb layer having low mechanical strength is formed as a buffer layer, the influence of thermal strain before and after crystal growth can be avoided. Furthermore, threading dislocations associated with lattice mismatch can be effectively terminated by forming InSb quantum dots on the InAlSb buffer layer.
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Abstract
Description
また、通常のプレーナ型PDでは、共通電極がN型、個別アレイ要素に対応する電極がP型となるため、共通電極を正電位にバイアスする必要がある。したがって、パッケージに対してPDの基板を絶縁する必要がある。
一方、図5は従来のプレーナ型PDをマトリクス状に配置した例で、各画素に対応して浅い亜鉛拡散で形成したP型層4が配置されている。
また、本例では、窓層3がN型であり、感光層2との接合面において、伝導帯のバンドオフセットΔEc23が0.10eV、価電子帯のバンドオフセットΔEv23が0.26eVであり、伝導帯のバンドオフセットのほうが価電子帯のバンドオフセットよりも小さくなっている。そのため、微弱光や低バイアス条件においてもキャリアが停留することなく排出される。なお、In0.25Ga0.75Sb感光層2の禁制帯幅は、0.51eV、In0.22Al0.23Ga0.55Sb基板側バリア層8および、In0.67Al0.33As0.41Sb0.59表面側窓層3の禁制帯幅は、それぞれ、0.87eVである。
なお、In0.77Ga0.23As感光層2の禁制帯幅は、0.51eV、In0.76Al0.24As基板側バリア層8および、InAs0.5P0.5窓層3の禁制帯幅は、それぞれ、0.86eVおよび0.83eVである。また、本例では、窓層3がN型であり、感光層2との接合面において、伝導帯のバンドオフセットΔEc23が0.07eV、価電子帯のバンドオフセットΔEv23が0.24eVで伝導帯のバンドオフセットのほうが価電子帯のバンドオフセットよりも小さくなっている。
2 感光層
3 N型窓層
4 P型層
5 誘電体膜
6 N側電極
7 P側電極
8 バリア層
9 カソードコンタクト層
10 開口部
11 表面側P側電極
12 集積回路もしくプリント基板
13 バンプ
14 素子分離溝
15 緩和層
16 格子整合緩和層
17 アノードコンタクト層
41 N型層
Claims (6)
- 禁制帯幅が大きな化合物半導体からなるバリア層上に形成された禁制帯幅が小さな化合物半導体からなる感光層と該感光層上に形成された禁制帯幅が大きな化合物半導体からなる第1電導型の窓層が積層されており、隣接素子から電気的に分離するために少なくとも各素子の感光層の周辺、および窓層の周辺が第2電導型不純物でドープされていることを特徴とする化合物半導体受光素子アレイ。
- 上記感光層の周辺および窓層の周辺がメサ構造によって分離されており、メサ側面及びメサ底部の表面層が第2電導型不純物でドープされている請求項1に記載の化合物半導体受光素子アレイ。
- 上記窓層と感光層の接合面の伝導帯および価電子帯のバンドオフセットをそれぞれΔEc23、ΔEv23したとき、該窓層がN型の場合にΔEc23がΔEv23より小さく、該窓層がP型の場合にはΔEc23がΔEv23より大きいことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化合物半導体受光素子アレイ。
- N側及びP側電極が基板とは反対の面に形成されており、基板側から光入射せしめることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化合物半導体受光素子アレイ。
- 第2電導型不純物がドープされた領域に設けられた溝により、素子単体もしくは素子列を隣接素子もしくは隣接素子列から電気的に分離されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化合物半導体受光素子アレイ。
- 基板とは格子定数が異なる緩和層を介して感光層が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の化合物半導体受光素子アレイ。
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JP7163803B2 (ja) | 2019-02-01 | 2022-11-01 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 半導体受光デバイス |
JP2020126894A (ja) * | 2019-02-01 | 2020-08-20 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 半導体受光デバイス |
WO2022107723A1 (ja) * | 2020-11-18 | 2022-05-27 | 国立大学法人千葉大学 | 近赤外光を利用した撮像システム及び撮像方法 |
WO2022176975A1 (ja) * | 2021-02-19 | 2022-08-25 | 国立大学法人千葉大学 | 静脈撮像装置、静脈撮像方法 |
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US8610170B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 |
JP5942068B2 (ja) | 2016-06-29 |
US20120286328A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 |
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