WO2007135986A1 - 下引き層形成用塗布液、下引き層形成用塗布液の製造方法、電子写真感光体、画像形成装置及び電子写真カートリッジ - Google Patents
下引き層形成用塗布液、下引き層形成用塗布液の製造方法、電子写真感光体、画像形成装置及び電子写真カートリッジ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007135986A1 WO2007135986A1 PCT/JP2007/060221 JP2007060221W WO2007135986A1 WO 2007135986 A1 WO2007135986 A1 WO 2007135986A1 JP 2007060221 W JP2007060221 W JP 2007060221W WO 2007135986 A1 WO2007135986 A1 WO 2007135986A1
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- undercoat layer
- particle size
- coating solution
- metal oxide
- forming
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/10—Bases for charge-receiving or other layers
- G03G5/104—Bases for charge-receiving or other layers comprising inorganic material other than metals, e.g. salts, oxides, carbon
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
- G03G5/0503—Inert supplements
- G03G5/0507—Inorganic compounds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
- G03G5/0525—Coating methods
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/142—Inert intermediate layers
- G03G5/144—Inert intermediate layers comprising inorganic material
Definitions
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution undercoat layer forming coating solution production method, electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus, and electrophotographic cartridge
- the present invention relates to a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer used for coating and drying an undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a method for producing the same, and a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer.
- the present invention relates to the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the image forming apparatus, and the electrophotographic cartridge used.
- Electrophotographic photoreceptors (hereinafter referred to simply as “photoreceptors”), which are the core of electrophotographic technology, have less pollution and are easier to manufacture as photoconductive materials than inorganic photoconductive materials.
- An organic photoreceptor using an organic photoconductive material having advantages has been developed.
- the organic photoreceptor is formed by forming a photosensitive layer on a conductive support.
- the type of photoreceptor is a so-called single-layer photoreceptor having a single-layer photosensitive layer (single-layer photosensitive layer) in which a photoconductive material is dissolved or dispersed in a binder resin;
- a so-called multilayer photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer (laminated photosensitive layer) composed of a plurality of layers formed by laminating a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material is known.
- the layer of the organic photoreceptor is usually formed by applying and drying a coating solution in which a material is dissolved or dispersed in various solvents because of its high productivity.
- a coating solution in which a material is dissolved or dispersed in various solvents because of its high productivity.
- the acidic titanium particles and the binder resin are present in an incompatible state in the undercoat layer. Therefore, undercoat layer formation
- the coating solution for coating is formed by coating with a coating solution in which titanium oxide particles are dispersed.
- such a coating liquid is obtained by wet-dispersing titanium oxide particles in an organic solvent with a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time. It was common to manufacture (for example, refer patent document 1).
- a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time.
- a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time.
- a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11 202519
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-6-273962
- the present invention was devised in view of the background of the above-described electrophotographic technology, and forms an undercoat layer-forming coating solution having high stability, a method for producing the same, and a high-quality image even under various use environments.
- a high-performance electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of developing image defects such as black spots and color spots, and an image forming apparatus and an electrophotographic cartridge using the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. With the goal.
- the present inventors have achieved high performance by controlling the particle size of metal oxide particles such as acid titanium particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer within a specific range.
- a coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer is obtained, and the dispersion medium used for dispersion in producing the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer is more specific than the particle diameter of the dispersion media normally used.
- a photoreceptor having an undercoat layer obtained by applying and drying the undercoat layer forming coating solution has good electrical characteristics even in different use environments. Furthermore, an image forming apparatus using the photoconductor can form a high-quality image, and image defects such as black spots and color spots, which are considered to be generated due to dielectric breakdown, are extremely manifested. The knowledge that it was difficult was also obtained. Based on the above findings, the present inventors have completed the present invention.
- the gist of the present invention is that a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing metal oxide particles and a binder resin is used in the coating solution for forming an undercoat layer.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 measured by the dynamic light scattering method of metal oxide particles is less than 0 .: m, and the volume particle size distribution width index SD satisfies the following formula (1): In the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member (claim 1).
- the SD preferably satisfies the following formula (2) (claim 2).
- Another gist of the present invention is that, in the method for producing a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing metal oxide particles and a binder resin, as the metal oxide particles,
- Dynamic light scattering of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer using metal oxide particles dispersed using a medium having an average particle diameter of 5 to 200 ⁇ m in a wet stirring ball mill The volume average particle diameter D50 measured by the method is 0 .: L m or less, and the volume particle size distribution width index SD satisfies the above formula (1). It exists in the manufacturing method of the coating liquid for a drawing layer formation (Claim 3).
- the SD preferably satisfies the formula (2) (claim 4).
- the wet stirring ball mill as the wet stirring ball mill, a cylindrical stator, and a slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, The slurry discharge port provided at the other end of the stator, the medium filled in the stator, a rotor for stirring and mixing the slurry supplied from the supply port, and connected to the discharge port And a separator that is rotatably provided, separates the media and the slurry by the action of centrifugal force, and discharges the slurry from the discharge port, and a shaft that serves as a rotating shaft of the separator, It is preferable to use a wet stirring ball mill in which a hollow discharge passage communicating with the discharge port is formed at the shaft center of the shaft (Claim 5).
- a cylindrical stator As the wet stirring ball mill, a cylindrical stator, a slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, and the other end of the stator The slurry discharge port provided in the stator, the medium filled in the stator, and the rotor for stirring and mixing the slurry supplied from the supply port are connected to the discharge port and rotated into the stator.
- Two discs each having a groove, the blade fitted in the fitting groove and interposed between the discs, and the device including the blade It is also preferable to use a wet agitating ball mill comprising a support means to sandwich from both sides the disk ⁇ (claim 6).
- the average particle diameter of the media is preferably 10 to: LOO m (claim 7).
- Still another subject matter of the present invention is an electron having an undercoat layer containing a binder resin and metal oxide particles on a conductive support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer.
- a photoconductor measured by a dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles in a liquid in which the undercoat layer is dispersed in a solvent in which methanol and 1-propanol are mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 3.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member is characterized in that the volume cumulative average diameter D50 ′ is 0.1 ⁇ m or less and the volume particle size distribution width index SD, satisfies the following formula (3): ).
- the SD 'force preferably satisfies the following formula (4) (claim 9).
- Still another gist of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and performing image exposure on the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- An image forming apparatus comprising: an image exposure unit that forms an image; a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image with toner; and a transfer unit that transfers the toner to a transfer target.
- An undercoat layer containing a binder resin and metal oxide particles, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, and methanol and 1 propanol of 7: 3 The volume cumulative mean diameter D50 'measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles in a liquid in which the undercoat layer is dispersed in a solvent mixed at a weight ratio is 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- the charging unit is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- the wavelength of the light used for the image exposure means is 350 ⁇ ! It is also preferable that it is ⁇ 600 nm (Claim 13).
- Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and performing image exposure on the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member!
- An electrophotographic cartridge having at least one cleaning means for collecting the toner adhering to the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a binder resin and metal oxide particles on a conductive support.
- the undercoat layer has a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, and the undercoat layer is dispersed in a solvent in which methanol and 1-propanol are mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 3.
- Dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles in liquid Are more measured volume cumulative average diameter D50 'is equal to or lower than 0. 1 mu m, and the volume particle size distribution width index SD ′ satisfies the above formula (3), and resides in an electrophotographic cartridge (claim 14).
- the SD ' preferably satisfies the formula (4) (claim 15).
- the charging unit is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member (claim 16).
- a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer having high stability and a method for producing the same a high-quality image can be formed even under various use environments, and the strength and strength of a black spot and a color spot are also increased.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a main configuration of an embodiment of an image forming apparatus provided with the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum pattern with respect to CuKa characteristic X-rays of oxititum-umphthalocyanine used as a charge generating material in the electrophotographic photosensitive member of Example 12.
- FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a wet stirring ball mill according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a mechanical seal used in a wet stirring ball mill according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing another example of a wet stirring ball mill according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a separator of the wet stirring ball mill shown in FIG.
- the present invention relates to a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a method for producing the same, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor having an undercoat layer formed by coating and forming the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer,
- the present invention relates to an image forming apparatus using the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic cartridge using the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer on a conductive support.
- the undercoat layer according to the present invention is provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer, improves the adhesion between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer, conceals dirt and scratches on the conductive support, Prevention of carrier injection due to inhomogeneity of impurities and surface properties, improvement of non-uniformity of electrical characteristics, prevention of surface potential drop due to repeated use, prevention of local surface potential fluctuations that cause image quality defects, etc.
- This layer has at least one of the functions and is not essential for the development of photoelectric characteristics.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention is used for forming the undercoat layer, and contains metal oxide particles and a binder resin. Moreover, the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention usually contains a solvent. Furthermore, the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention may contain other components as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- any metal oxide particles that can be used for an electrophotographic photoreceptor can be used.
- metal oxides that form metal oxide particles include metal oxides containing one metal element, such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, and iron oxide. And metal oxides containing a plurality of metal elements such as calcium titanate, strontium titanate, and barium titanate. Among these, metal oxide particles made of metal oxide with a bandgap of 2-4 eV are preferred! /. If the band gap is too small, carrier injection due to the conductive support force tends to occur, and image defects such as black spots and color spots tend to occur. In addition, if the band gap is too large, charge movement is hindered by electron trapping, which may deteriorate electrical characteristics.
- the metal oxide particles only one type of particles may be used, or a plurality of types of particles may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the metal oxide particles may be formed of only one kind of metal oxide. Two or more kinds of metal oxides may be used. It can be formed in any combination and ratio!
- titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and zinc oxide are preferred, and titanium oxide and acid aluminum are more preferred. Titanium is particularly preferred.
- the crystal form of the metal oxide particles is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the crystal form of metal oxide particles ie, acid titanium particles
- any of rutile, anatase, brookite, and amorphous is used. be able to.
- the crystal form of the titanium oxide particles may include those in a plurality of crystal states from those having different crystal states.
- the surface of the metal oxide particles may be subjected to various surface treatments.
- a treating agent such as tin oxide, aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, or other organic matter such as stearic acid, polyol, organosilicon compound, etc. Cho.
- the surface is treated with an organosilicon compound.
- organosilicon compound include silicone oils such as dimethylpolysiloxane and methylhydrogenpolysiloxane; organosilanes such as methyldimethoxysilane and diphenyldimethoxysilane; silanes such as hexamethyldisilazane; And silane coupling agents such as ⁇ -mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane.
- the metal oxide particles are particularly preferably treated with a silane treating agent represented by the structure of the following formula (i).
- This silane treatment agent is a good treatment agent with good reactivity with metal oxide particles.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group.
- R 1 and R 2 charcoal The prime number is not limited, but is usually 1 or more, usually 18 or less, preferably 10 or less, more preferably 6 or less.
- suitable ones of R 1 and R 2 include a methyl group and an ethyl group.
- R 3 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group.
- the carbon number of R 3 is not limited, but is usually 1 or more, usually 18 or less, preferably 10 or less, more preferably 6 or less.
- suitable R 3 include methyl group, ethyl group, methoxy group, ethoxy group and the like.
- the outermost surface of these surface-treated metal oxide particles is usually treated with a treatment agent as described above.
- the surface treatment described above may be performed only on one surface treatment, or two or more surface treatments may be performed in any combination.
- a treating agent such as acid aluminum, silicon oxide or zirconium oxide.
- the metal oxide particles subjected to different surface treatments may be used in any combination and ratio.
- metal oxide particles according to the present invention examples of those that have been commercialized!
- the metal oxide particles according to the present invention are not limited to the products exemplified below.
- titanium oxide particles examples include surface treatment, ultrafine titanium oxide “TTO-55 (N)”; ultrafine titanium oxide “TTO-55” coated with A1 O.
- TTO- 55 (S) high purity titanium oxide“ CR-EL ”; sulfuric acid method titanium oxide“ R-550 ”,“ R-580 ”,“ R-630 ”,“ R-670 ”,“ R-680 ” ”,“ R-780 ”,“ A-100 ”,“ A-220 ”,“ W-10 ”; Chlorinated titanium oxides“ CR-50 ”,“ CR-58 ”,“ CR-60 ”,“ CR ” — 60— 2 ”,“ CR—67 ”; conductive titanium oxide“ SN—100P ”,“ SN—100D ”,“ ET—300W ” (Above, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.) and the like.
- titanium oxide such as “R-60”, “A-110”, “A-150”, etc., as well as “SR-1”, “R-GL”, “R—” with Al O coating
- Examples include “MT-100SAS” and “MT-500SAS” (manufactured by Tika Co., Ltd.) surface-treated with ganosiloxane.
- Examples of specific products of aluminum oxide particles include "Aluminium Oxide Cj (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.)".
- examples of specific products of silicon oxide particles include “200CF”, “R972” (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.), “KEP-30” (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- tin oxide particles include rSN-100Pj (Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.).
- MZ-305S manufactured by Tika Co., Ltd.
- Tika Co., Ltd. can be cited as examples of specific products of acid zinc particles.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention is not more than 0 .: m, and the volume The particle size distribution width index SD satisfies the following formula (1).
- the metal oxide particles according to the present invention have a volume cumulative average diameter D50 of 0.1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 95 nm or less, more preferably 90 nm or less.
- the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention are preferably present as primary particles. However, in most cases, such a situation is a little agglomerated and exists as aggregated secondary particles or a mixture of both. Therefore, how the particle size distribution should be in that state is very important.
- the volume accumulation average diameter D50 of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is set to the above range (0.1 m or less).
- the amount of precipitation and viscosity change in the coating solution for layer formation was reduced.
- the film thickness and surface properties after forming the undercoat layer can be made uniform.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 of the metal oxide particles becomes too large (0 .: exceeding L m)
- precipitation and viscosity change in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer increase, As a result, the film thickness and surface properties after forming the undercoat layer become non-uniform, which may adversely affect the quality of the upper layer (such as the charge generation layer).
- the lower limit of the volume cumulative average diameter D50 of the metal oxide particles is not limited, but is usually 0.0 2 / z m or more. If the volume cumulative average diameter D50 of the metal oxide particles is excessively small, re-aggregation may occur in the dispersion liquid for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention.
- the metal oxide particles according to the present invention have a volume particle size distribution width index SD of usually 0.001 or more, preferably 0.020 or more, and usually 0.040 or less, preferably 0.030 or less. Therefore, the metal oxide particles according to the present invention satisfy the following formula (1), and preferably satisfy the following formula (2).
- As a coating solution for forming the undercoat layer it has been newly found that the gel can be stored for a long time with little change in viscosity, and as a result, the film thickness and surface properties after the formation of the undercoat layer are uniform.
- the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer do not satisfy the formula (1), for example, if D84 is too large, the sedimentation phenomenon of coarse particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer For example, when D16 is too small, reagglomeration of fine particles in the liquid is observed.As a result, the viscosity of the gel in the liquid is greatly changed. Since the surface property is not uniform, the quality of the upper layer (such as a charge generation layer) may be adversely affected.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 and the volume particle size distribution width index SD of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention indicate the dynamic light scattering of the particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention. It is a value obtained by direct measurement by the method. At this time, the value measured by the dynamic light scattering method is used regardless of the existence form of the metal oxide particles.
- the dynamic light scattering method detects the speed of Brownian motion of finely dispersed particles, and detects light scattering (Doppler shift) with different phases according to the velocity of the laser beam irradiated to the particles.
- Doppler shift light scattering
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 and volume particle size distribution width index SD of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention indicate that the metal oxide particles are stable in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. It does not mean the particle size of the metal oxide particles and wet cake as the powder before dispersion.
- the volume particle size distribution cumulative curve used for the above-mentioned volume cumulative average diameter D50 and volume particle size distribution width index SD is, specifically, a dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).
- the specific measurement operation is performed based on the above particle size analyzer instruction manual (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Document No. T15-490A00, Revision No. E). [0044], Setting of dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer
- Dispersion medium type Solvent (* *) used for coating solution for undercoat layer formation
- Dispersion medium refractive index Refractive index of the solvent used in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer
- Density values are for titanium dioxide particles, and for other particles, the values described in the instruction manual are used.
- the concentration of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer falls within a measurable range.
- the lower layer I is coated with a mixed solvent of methanol and 1 propanol so that the sample concentration index (SIGNAL L EVEL) suitable for measurement is 0.6 to 0.8. Dilute the solution.
- Cumulative average diameter D50 and volume particle size distribution width index SD are the volume cumulative values measured by the dynamic light scattering method of metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention. It shall be handled as “average diameter D50 and volume particle size distribution width index SD”.
- the particle size measurement by dynamic light scattering shall be performed at 25 ° C.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 in the present invention is 50% when the volume particle size distribution cumulative curve is obtained from the small particle size side with the total volume of one powder group as 100%. It is the particle size of a point ( ⁇ m) and means the central diameter (Median diameter).
- volume particle size distribution width index SD in the present invention is defined as follows. That is, the particle size (m) at which the cumulative curve of the volume particle size distribution (volume particle size distribution accumulated curve) where the small particle size side force is accumulated is 84% is D84, and the particle at the point where the cumulative curve is also 16%.
- the volume particle size distribution width index SD is expressed by the following formula (A).
- the absorbance of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention can be measured by a generally known spectrophotometer (ab sorption spectrophotometer). Conditions such as cell size and sample concentration when measuring absorbance vary depending on physical properties such as the particle diameter and refractive index of the metal oxide particles to be used. Therefore, in general, the wavelength region to be measured (in the present invention, In 400 ⁇ ! ⁇ LOOOnm), adjust the sample concentration appropriately so that the measurement limit of the detector is not exceeded. In the present invention, the sample concentration is adjusted so that the amount of the metal oxide particles in the liquid is 0.000075 wt% to 0.012 wt%.
- the solvent used to prepare the sample concentration is usually a solvent used as a solvent for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer, but is compatible with the solvent for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer and the binder resin.
- a solvent used as a solvent for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer but is compatible with the solvent for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer and the binder resin.
- Specific examples include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1 propanol and 2-propanol; hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone. Used.
- the cell size (optical path length) for measurement is 10 mm. Any cell may be used as long as it is substantially transparent in the range of 400 nm to lOOOnm, but it is preferable to use a quartz cell, particularly the sample cell and the standard cell. It is preferable to use a matched cell that has a difference in transmittance characteristics within a specific range. Good.
- the difference from the absorbance is 1.
- the refractive index of metal oxide particles is 2.0 or more, 1. O (Abs) or less is preferred.
- the refractive index of metal oxide particles is 2.0 or less. In this case, it is preferably 0.02 (Abs) or less.
- the average primary particle diameter of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention is not limited, and is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the average primary particle size of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention is usually 1 nm or more, preferably 5 nm or more, and usually 10 nm or less, preferably 70 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less.
- the average primary particle diameter can be obtained by an arithmetic average value of the particle diameters directly observed with a transmission electron microscope (hereinafter referred to as “TEM” t).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- any material can be used as long as it can be used for an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the refractive index of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention is not limited.
- the refractive index of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention is usually 1.3 or more, preferably 1.4 or more, and usually 3.0 or less, preferably 2.9 or less, more preferably 2. 8.
- the use ratio of the metal oxide particles and the binder resin is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the metal oxide particles are usually 0.3 parts by weight or more, preferably 0.5 parts by weight or more, relative to 1 part by weight of the binder resin.
- the amount of the metal oxide particles is too small relative to the binder resin, the electric characteristics of the obtained electrophotographic photosensitive member deteriorate, and in particular, the residual potential may increase. There is a possibility that image defects such as black spots and color spots will increase in images formed using.
- it is soluble in organic solvents and the like, and the undercoat layer after formation is insoluble and soluble in organic solvents such as organic solvents used in the coating liquid for forming the photosensitive layer.
- binder resins include resins such as phenoxy, epoxy, polybulurpyrrolidone, polybulal alcohol, casein, polyacrylic acid, celluloses, gelatin, starch, polyurethane, polyimide, and polyamide.
- polyamide resins such as alcohol-soluble copolymerized polyamides and modified polyamides are preferred because of their good dispersibility and coating properties.
- polyamide resin examples include so-called copolymer nylon obtained by copolymerizing 6-nylon, 66-nylon, 610-nylon, 11-nylon, 12-nylon, N-alkoxymethyl-modified nylon, N —Alcohol-soluble nylon resin such as a type in which nylon is chemically modified, such as alkoxyethyl-modified nylon.
- Specific products include, for example, “CM4000”, “CM8000” (above, manufactured by Toray), “F-30K”, “MF-30”, “EF-30T” (above, manufactured by Nagase Chemtech Co., Ltd.) and the like. .
- a diamine component corresponding to the diamine represented by the following formula (ii) (hereinafter referred to as “diamin component corresponding to the formula (ii)” t ⁇ as appropriate) is included as a constituent component.
- Copolymerization Polyamide resin is particularly preferably used.
- R 4 to R 7 represent a hydrogen atom or an organic substituent.
- m and n each independently represents an integer of 0 to 4. When there are a plurality of substituents, these substituents may be the same as or different from each other.
- Examples of suitable ones as organic substituent represented by R 4 to R 7, include hydrocarbon groups may be Idei contain a hetero atom. Among these, preferred are, for example, alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl; alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, and isopropoxy; Group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, pyrenyl group and the like are mentioned, more preferably an alkyl group or an alkoxy group. Particularly preferred are methyl group and ethyl group. In addition, the carbon number of the organic substituent represented by R 4 to R 7 does not significantly impair the effects of the present invention!
- it is usually 20 or less, preferably 18 or less, more preferably 12 or less, and usually 1 or more. If the number of carbon atoms is too large, the solubility deteriorates, and even if dissolution is possible, the storage stability as a coating solution for forming the undercoat layer tends to deteriorate.
- the copolymerized polyamide resin containing a diamine component corresponding to the above formula (ii) as a constituent component is a constituent component other than the diamine component corresponding to the formula (ii) (hereinafter simply referred to as "other polyamide constituent components" as appropriate). t, u)) as a constituent unit.
- polyamide constituents include: ⁇ column free, y butyrolatatam, epsilon prolactam, laurinolactam, and other lactams; 1, 4 butanedicarboxylic acid, 1,12 dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,20 eicosa Dicarboxylic acids such as dicarboxylic acids; 1,4 butanediamine, 1,6 hexamethylenediamine, 1,8-otatamethylenediamine, 1,12 dodecandiamine and other diamines; piperazine and the like.
- examples of the copolymerized polyamide resin include those obtained by copolymerizing the constituent components into, for example, binary, ternary, quaternary and the like.
- the diamine corresponding to the formula (ii) occupying in all the constituent components
- the proportion of the component is not limited, but is usually 5 mol% or more, preferably 10 mol% or more, more preferably 15 mol% or more, and usually 40 mol% or less, preferably 30 mol% or less. If there are too many diamine components corresponding to formula (ii), the stability of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer may be deteriorated, and if it is too small, the change in the electrical characteristics under high temperature and high humidity conditions will increase. May be less stable against environmental changes.
- the copolymerization ratio represents the monomer charge ratio (molar ratio).
- the method for producing the copolyamide is not particularly limited, and an ordinary polyamide polycondensation method is appropriately applied.
- a polycondensation method such as a melt polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, and an interfacial polymerization method can be applied as appropriate.
- a monobasic acid such as acetic acid or benzoic acid
- a monoacid base such as hexylamine or aline may be contained in the polymerization system as a molecular weight regulator.
- binder resin may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the number average molecular weight of the binder resin according to the present invention is not limited.
- the number average molecular weight of the copolyamide is usually 10,000 or more, preferably ⁇ 15,000 or more, and usually 50,000 or less, preferably ⁇ is 35,000 or less. . If the number average molecular weight is too small or too large, it is difficult to maintain the uniformity of the undercoat layer.
- the content of Noinda rosin in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the content of the binder resin in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention is usually 0.5% by weight or more, preferably 1% by weight or more, and usually 20% by weight or less, preferably 10% by weight. Used in the following range.
- the present invention Any one can be used as long as it can dissolve the Noinda rosin.
- an organic solvent is usually used.
- solvents include carbon number such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or normal propyl alcohol.
- Alcohols of 5 or less halogenated hydrocarbons such as black mouth form, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, trichlene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloro mouth propane; nitrogen-containing organic solvents such as dimethylformamide; And aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene.
- halogenated hydrocarbons such as black mouth form, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, trichlene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloro mouth propane
- nitrogen-containing organic solvents such as dimethylformamide
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene.
- the solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio. Furthermore, even if the solvent alone does not dissolve the binder resin according to the present invention, the binder resin can be obtained by using a mixed solvent with another solvent (for example, the organic solvent exemplified above). If it can be dissolved, it can be used. In general, coating unevenness can be reduced by using a mixed solvent.
- a mixed solvent for example, the organic solvent exemplified above.
- the amount ratio between the solvent and the solid content such as the metal oxide particles and the binder resin varies depending on the coating method of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. Depending on the application method to be used, it can be used by appropriately changing it so that a uniform coating film is formed.
- the concentration of the solid content in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is usually 1% by weight or more, preferably 2% by weight or more, and usually 30% by weight or less, preferably 25% by weight or less. It is preferable from the viewpoint of the stability and coating property of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention may contain components other than the metal oxide particles, binder resin and solvent described above, as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution may contain additives as other components.
- Examples of the additive include sodium phosphite, sodium hypophosphite, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid, a heat stabilizer typified by hindered phenol, and other polymerization additives. .
- One additive may be used alone, or two or more additives may be used in any combination and in any ratio.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention has high storage stability. There are various storage stability indicators.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention can be used at the time of preparation and at room temperature.
- Viscosity change rate after storage for 120 days (that is, the value obtained by dividing the difference between the viscosity after storage for 120 days and the viscosity at the time of preparation) by the viscosity at the time of preparation is usually 20% or less, preferably 15% or less, more Preferably it is 10% or less.
- the viscosity can be measured by a method according to J IS Z 8803 using an E-type viscometer (manufactured by Tokimec, product name ED).
- the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention is used, it is possible to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member with high quality and high efficiency.
- the coating solution for forming the lower bow layer of the present invention contains metal oxide particles, and the metal oxide particles are dispersed in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. Therefore, the method for producing the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention usually has a dispersion step of dispersing the metal oxide particles.
- a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill is used.
- a dispenser solvent By this dispersion step, it is considered that the metal oxide particles according to the present invention are dispersed and have the predetermined particle size distribution described above.
- the dispersion solvent a solvent used for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer may be used, or another solvent may be used.
- the metal oxide particles and the solvent used for the undercoat layer forming coating solution are mixed or solvent exchanged after the dispersion.
- the above-mentioned mixing or solvent exchange may be performed while the metal oxide particles are aggregated to have a predetermined particle size distribution V.
- any known dispersion apparatus can be used as a dispersion apparatus for dispersion using a dispersion medium. May be used and dispersed.
- a dispersing device that disperses using a dispersion medium include a pebble mill, a ball mill, a sand mill, a screen mill, a gap mill, a vibration mill, a painter, and an attritor. Among these, those that can circulate and disperse metal oxide particles are preferable.
- wet stirring ball mills such as a sand mill, a screen mill, and a gap mill are particularly preferable from the viewpoints of dispersion efficiency, fineness of the reached particle diameter, ease of continuous operation, and the like.
- These mills may be either vertical or horizontal.
- the disc shape of the mill can be any plate type, vertical pin type, horizontal pin type or the like.
- a liquid circulation type sand mill is used.
- These dispersing devices may be implemented with only one type, or may be implemented with any combination of two or more types.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 can be reduced, and at the same time,
- the volume particle size distribution width index SD can fall within the above-described range.
- a dispersion medium having an average particle size of usually 5 m or more, preferably 10 m or more, and usually 200 ⁇ m or less, preferably 100 m or less is used as the dispersion media of the wet stirring ball mill. Dispersion media with a small particle size tend to give a uniform dispersion in a short time. However, if the particle size becomes too small, the mass of the dispersion media becomes too small and efficient dispersion may not be possible. Is
- the use of the dispersion medium having the average particle diameter as described above means that the volume accumulation average diameter D50 of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer can be determined by the manufacturing method described above. This is considered to be one reason why the volume particle size distribution width index SD can fall within the desired range. Therefore, the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer produced using the metal oxide particles dispersed using the dispersion medium having the above average particle diameter in the wet stirring ball mill is used for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention. It satisfies the requirements of the coating solution.
- a preferred method for producing the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention is a method for producing a coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing metal oxide particles and a binder resin.
- metal oxide particles dispersed using a dispersion medium having an average particle size of 5 to 200 m in a wet stirring ball mill are used as the metal oxide particles in the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles is 0.1 ⁇ m or less, and the volume particle size distribution width index SD is expressed by the above formula (1). To meet.
- the volume particle size distribution width index SD preferably satisfies the above formula (2).
- the average particle size can be determined by sieving with a sieve described in JIS Z 8801: 20000 or the like, or by measuring by image analysis.
- the density can be measured by the Archimedes method.
- the average particle diameter and sphericity of the dispersion medium can be measured by an image analyzer represented by LUZEX50 manufactured by Reco.
- the density of the dispersion medium is not limited, but usually 5.5 gZcm 3 or more is used, preferably 5.9 gZcm 3 or more, more preferably 6. OgZcm 3 or more. In general, dispersion using a higher density dispersion medium tends to give a uniform dispersion in a shorter time.
- the sphericity of the distributed media is preferably 1.08 or less, more preferably 1. Use distributed media having a sphericity of 07 or less.
- the material of the dispersion medium is any material that is insoluble in the dispersion solvent contained in the slurry and has a specific gravity greater than that of the slurry and does not react with the slurry or alter the slurry.
- Any known distributed media can be used. Examples include steel balls such as chrome balls (ball balls for ball bearings) and carbon balls (carbon steel balls); stainless steel balls; ceramic balls such as silicon nitride balls, silicon carbide, zirconium carbide, and alumina; titanium nitride, Examples thereof include a sphere coated with a film such as titanium carbonitride. Of these, ceramic balls are preferred, and in particular, zirconia fired balls are preferred. More specifically, it is particularly preferable to use the sintered zirconium beads described in Japanese Patent No. 3400836. Only one type of dispersion media may be used. Two or more types of dispersion media may be used in any combination and ratio.
- a cylindrical stator a slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the other end of the stator, The dispersion medium filled in the stator and the rotor that is agitated and mixed with the slurry supplied from the supply port, and connected to the discharge port and rotatably provided, and the dispersion medium and the slurry are rotated by the action of centrifugal force.
- a separator provided with a separator for separating the slurry and discharging the slurry from the discharge port.
- the slurry contains at least metal oxide particles and a dispersion solvent.
- the stator is a cylindrical (usually cylindrical) container having a hollow portion inside, and a slurry supply port is formed at one end and a slurry discharge port is formed at the other end. Further, the inner hollow portion is filled with a dispersion medium, and the metal oxide particles in the slurry are dispersed by the dispersion medium. Slurry is supplied into the stator from the supply port, and the slurry in the stator is discharged out of the stator through the discharge port.
- the rotor is provided inside the stator, and stirs and mixes the dispersion medium and the slurry.
- a force V with a pin, disk, annular type, etc., or a rotor with a displacement type may be used!
- the separator separates the dispersion medium and the slurry.
- This separator is provided so as to be connected to the discharge port of the stator. Then, the slurry and the dispersion medium in the stator are separated, and the slurry is sent out of the stator through the stator discharge port.
- the separator used here is rotatably provided, preferably an impeller type, and the dispersion medium and the slurry are separated by the action of the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the separator. It will be done.
- the separator may be rotated independently of the rotor, or may be rotated independently of the rotor.
- the wet stirring ball mill is provided with a shaft serving as a rotating shaft of the separator.
- a hollow discharge passage communicating with the discharge port is formed at the shaft center of the shaft. That is, the wet stirring ball mill is equipped with at least a cylindrical stator and a stay. A slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the other end of the stator, a dispersion medium filled in the stator, and a rotor for stirring and mixing the slurry supplied from the supply port; It is connected to the discharge port, and is provided rotatably, and separates the dispersion medium and the slurry by the action of centrifugal force and discharges the slurry from the discharge port, and a shaft that serves as the rotation shaft of the separator. Further, it is preferable that a hollow discharge path that communicates with the discharge port is formed in the shaft center of the shaft.
- the discharge passage formed in the shaft communicates the rotation center of the separator and the discharge port of the stator. For this reason, the slurry separated by the dispersion media force by the separator is sent to the discharge port through the discharge path, and is discharged to the outside of the discharge rotor stator. At this time, since the centrifugal force does not act on the force axis passing through the shaft center of the discharge path, the slurry is discharged without kinetic energy. For this reason, kinetic energy is not wasted and useless power is not consumed.
- Such a wet stirring ball mill may be in the horizontal direction! /, But is preferably in the vertical direction in order to increase the filling rate of the dispersion medium.
- the discharge port is preferably provided at the upper end of the mill. Further, in this case, it is desirable that the separator is also provided above the dispersion medium filling level.
- the supply port is provided at the bottom of the mill.
- the supply port is constituted by a valve seat, and a V-shaped, trapezoidal, or cone-shaped valve body that is fitted to the valve seat so as to be movable up and down and can be in line contact with the edge of the valve seat. Constitute.
- an annular slit can be formed between the edge of the valve seat and the valve body so that the dispersion medium cannot pass therethrough. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent a drop in the force distribution medium to which the slurry is supplied at the supply port.
- the slit is formed by the edge of the valve body and the valve seat, coarse particles (metal oxide particles) in the slurry are difficult to stagnate, and even if squeezed, they are likely to come out vertically and are not easily clogged.
- the valve body is vibrated up and down by the vibration means, the coarse particles trapped in the slit can be allowed to escape from the slit, and the stagnation itself does not easily occur.
- the shearing force is applied to the slurry by the vibration of the valve body, the viscosity is lowered, and the amount of slurry passing through the slit (that is, the supply amount) can be increased.
- the vibration means for vibrating the valve body For example, in addition to mechanical means such as a vibrator, means for changing the pressure of compressed air acting on the piston integrated with the valve body, for example, reciprocating compression An electromagnetic switching valve or the like that switches between intake and exhaust of compressed air can be used.
- Such a wet stirring ball mill is also provided with a screen for separating the dispersion medium at the bottom and a slurry outlet, so that the slurry remaining in the wet stirring ball mill can be taken out after the dispersion is completed. Desire! /
- the wet stirring ball mill is placed vertically, and the shaft is supported on the upper end of the stator, and an O-ring and a mechanical seal having a mating ring are provided on the bearing portion for supporting the shaft at the upper end of the stator.
- an O-ring is fitted to the bearing part and an O-ring is fitted to the annular groove, the lower part of the annular groove is urged downward to expand. It is preferable to form a tapered cut that opens. That is, a wet stirring ball mill is supported by a cylindrical vertical stator, a slurry supply port provided at the bottom of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the upper end of the stator, and an upper end of the stator.
- the separator is provided near the outlet and separates the dispersed media from the slurry, and the mechanical seal is provided on the bearing that supports the shaft at the top of the stator, and the mechanical seal mating ring
- a tapered notch is formed in the lower part of the annular groove where the O-ring to be contacted is expanded. Rukoto is preferred,.
- the mechanical seal is provided at the upper end of the stator above the liquid surface level at the axial center where the dispersion medium or slurry has almost no kinetic energy.
- the lower part of the annular groove into which the O-ring fits is expanded downward by cutting and the clearance is widened, so that slurry and dispersion media enter and swallow. Therefore, the mating ring, which is hard to cause clogging due to solidification, can smoothly follow the seal ring, and the mechanical seal function can be maintained.
- the lower part of the fitting groove into which the o-ring fits has a V-shaped cross section, and the whole is not thin, so the strength is not impaired and the o-ring holding function is impaired. That's also true.
- the separator includes two disks having blade fitting grooves on opposing inner surfaces, a blade fitted in the fitting groove and interposed between the disks, and a blade. It is preferable to comprise a supporting means for sandwiching the interposed disk from both sides. That is, as the wet stirring ball mill, a cylindrical stator, a slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the other end of the stator, and the stator filled A dispersion medium and a rotor that stirs and mixes the slurry supplied from the supply port, and is connected to the discharge port and is rotatably provided in the stator. The dispersion medium and the slurry are rotated by the action of centrifugal force.
- the separator for discharging the slurry from the discharge port.
- the separator is provided with two disks each provided with a blade fitting groove on the opposite inner surface, and the fitting.
- the blade that fits in the groove and is interposed between the disks, and the support that sandwiches the disk with the blade interposed from both sides It is preferred to make a stage.
- the support means is composed of a step of a shaft that forms a stepped shaft and a cylindrical presser that fits the shaft and presses the disc, and the step and the presser of the shaft support the blade. It is configured so that the intervening disk is sandwiched and supported from both sides.
- the separator preferably has an impeller type configuration.
- FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the wet stirring ball mill of this embodiment.
- the slurry (not shown) is supplied to a vertical wet stirring ball mill, pulverized by stirring with a dispersion medium (not shown) in the mill, and then separated.
- the dispersion medium is separated by the motor 14 and discharged through a discharge path 19 formed at the shaft center of the shaft 15, and is circulated and ground through a return path (not shown).
- the vertical wet-stir ball mill includes a stator 17 having a longitudinally cylindrical shape and a jacket 16 through which cooling water for powerful mill cooling is passed. 1 Located at the shaft center of 7 and is rotatably supported at the upper part of the stator 17, and the bearing portion is provided with a mechanical seal shown in FIG. 4 (described later), and the shaft center of the upper portion is a hollow discharge passage.
- the separator 14 is composed of a pair of disks 31 fixed to the shaft 15 at a predetermined interval and a blade 32 connecting the disks 31 to form an impeller.
- the separator 14 rotates together with the shaft 15. Centrifugal force is applied to the dispersion medium and the slurry that have entered between the disks 31 and the dispersion medium is blown outward in the radial direction due to the difference in specific gravity, while the slurry is discharged through the discharge path 19 at the center of the shaft 15. It is supposed to let you.
- the slurry supply port 26 includes an inverted trapezoidal valve body 35 that fits up and down on a valve seat formed at the bottom of the stator 17, and a bottomed cylinder that projects downward from the bottom of the stator 17.
- an annular slit (not shown) is formed between the valve seat and the valve seat 35 so that the slurry is supplied into the stator 17. It has been.
- valve body 35 at the time of raw material supply rises against the pressure in the mill due to the supply pressure of the slurry fed into the cylindrical body 36, and forms a slit between the valve seat and the valve seat. ! /
- the valve body 35 In order to eliminate clogging at the slit, the valve body 35 can be lifted and lowered up to the upper limit position in a short cycle so that stagnation can be eliminated. This vibration of the valve body 35 However, it may be performed when the slurry contains a large amount of coarse particles. Also, when the slurry supply pressure rises due to clogging, it may be performed in conjunction with this. Good.
- the mechanical seal is formed by pressing the mating ring 101 on the stator side to the seal ring 100 fixed to the shaft 15 by the action of the panel 102 and mating with the stator 17. Sealing with the ring 101 is performed by an O-ring 104 that fits in the fitting groove 103 on the stator side.
- the lower part of the O-ring fitting groove 103 faces downward.
- a taper-shaped cut (not shown) that expands is inserted, and the length of the minimum clearance “a” between the lower side of the fitting groove 103 and the mating ring 101 is narrow, and media and slurry enter.
- the movement of the mating ring 101 is not hindered and the seal with the seal ring 100 is not damaged.
- the rotor 21 and the separator 14 are fixed to the same shaft 15.
- the rotor 21 and the separator 14 are fixed to separate shafts arranged on the same axis and are driven to rotate separately.
- the structure is simplified because only one driving device is required.
- the rotor and the shaft are attached to different shafts and are separated.
- the rotor and the separator can be driven at optimum rotational speeds, respectively.
- the ball mill shown in FIG. 5 has a shaft 105 as a stepped shaft, a separator 106 is inserted from the lower end of the shaft, and then a spacer 107 and a disk or pin-shaped rotor 108 are alternately inserted, A stopper 109 is fixed to the lower end of the shaft with a screw 110, and a separator 106, a spacer 107 and a rotor 108 are sandwiched and connected by a step 105a of the shaft 105 and the stopper 109, and the separator 106 is shown in FIG.
- a pair of disks 115 each having a blade fitting groove 114 formed on the inner surface, a blade 116 interposed between both disks and fitted in the blade fitting groove 114, and both disks 115
- the impeller is constituted by an annular spacer 113 formed with a hole 112 that is maintained at a constant interval and communicates with the discharge passage 111.
- the wet stirring ball mill of the present embodiment is configured as described above. Therefore, when the slurry is dispersed, the following procedure is performed. That is, a dispersion medium (not shown) is filled in the stator 17 of the wet stirring ball mill of the present embodiment, and the rotor 21 and the separator 14 are driven to rotate by external power, while a certain amount of slurry is supplied. Sent to feeder 26. As a result, slurry is supplied into the stator 7 through a slit (not shown) formed between the edge of the valve seat and the valve body 35.
- the slurry in the stator 7 and the dispersion medium are agitated and mixed to pulverize the slurry.
- the dispersion medium and the slurry that have entered the separator 14 are separated by the difference in specific gravity due to the rotation of the separator 14, and the dispersion medium having a high specific gravity is blown outward in the radial direction, whereas the slurry having a low specific gravity is formed on the shaft. It is discharged through a discharge passage 19 formed at the center of 15 shafts and returned to the raw material tank.
- the particle size of the slurry is appropriately measured at a stage where the pulverization has progressed to some extent. When the desired particle size is reached, the raw material pump is stopped once, then the mill operation is stopped, and the pulverization is terminated.
- the filling rate of the dispersion medium filled in the wet stirring ball mill is usually 50% or more. Preferably it is 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and usually 100% or less, preferably 95% or less, more preferably 90% or less.
- the separator may be a screen or a slit mechanism, but as described above, the impeller type is the desired vertical type. It is preferable. It is desirable that the wet stirring ball mill be oriented vertically and the separator be placed on the top of the mill. Especially when the filling rate of the dispersion medium is set in the above range, the grinding is most efficiently performed and the separator is set at the media filling level. This makes it possible to prevent the dispersion medium from being discharged onto the separator.
- the operating conditions of the wet stirring ball mill applied to disperse the metal oxide particles are the volume cumulative average diameter D50 and the volume particle size distribution of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer.
- Width index SD stability of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer
- the slurry supply speed is related to the time during which the slurry stays in the wet-stirred ball mill, and is therefore affected by the mill volume and its shape.
- the wet-stirred ball mill volume 1 It is usually in the range of 20 kgZ hours or more, preferably 30 kgZ hours or more, and usually 80 kgZ hours or less, preferably 70 kgZ hours or less per liter (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as L).
- the rotational speed of the rotor is affected by parameters such as the shape of the rotor and the gap with the stator.
- the peripheral speed of the rotor tip is usually 5 mZ seconds or more. It is preferably in the range of 8 mZ seconds or more, more preferably 10 mZ seconds or more, and usually 20 mZ seconds or less, preferably 15 mZ seconds or less, more preferably 12 mZ seconds or less.
- the dispersion medium is usually used in a volume ratio of 1 to 5 times that of the slurry.
- a dispersion aid that can be easily removed after dispersion. Examples of the dispersion aid include sodium chloride and sodium nitrate.
- the dispersion of the metal oxide particles is preferably carried out in the presence of a dispersion solvent in a wet manner.
- components other than the dispersion solvent may coexist.
- examples of such components that may coexist include binder resin and various additives.
- the dispersion solvent is not particularly limited, but if the solvent used in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is used, it is preferable that steps such as solvent exchange are not required after dispersion. Any one of these dispersion solvents may be used alone. Two or more of these dispersion solvents may be used in any combination and ratio, and may be used as a mixed solvent. [0113] From the viewpoint of productivity, the amount of the dispersion solvent used is usually 0.1 parts by weight or more, preferably 1 part by weight or more, and usually 500 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of the metal oxide to be dispersed. Less than
- the range is preferably 100 parts by weight or less.
- the temperature at the time of mechanical dispersion is a force that can be carried out at a temperature higher than the freezing point of the solvent (or mixed solvent) and lower than the boiling point.
- the dispersion treatment using the dispersion medium it is preferable to separate and remove the slurry force dispersion medium and to further perform ultrasonic treatment.
- the ultrasonic treatment applies ultrasonic vibration to the metal oxide particles.
- the ultrasonic treatment conditions such as vibration frequency are not particularly limited, but ultrasonic vibration is usually applied by an oscillator having a frequency of 10 kHz or more, preferably 15 kHz or more, and usually 40 kHz or less, preferably 35 kHz or less.
- the output of the ultrasonic oscillator there is no particular limitation on the output of the ultrasonic oscillator, but normally 100W to 5kW is used.
- the amount of slurry to be treated at one time is usually 1L or more, preferably 5L or more, more preferably 10L or more, and usually 50L or less, preferably 30L or less, more preferably 20L or less.
- the output of the ultrasonic oscillator is usually 200 W or more, preferably 300 W or more, more preferably 500 W or more, and usually 3 kW or less, preferably 2 kW or less, more preferably 1.5 kW or less. is there.
- the method of applying ultrasonic vibration to the metal oxide particles is not particularly limited.
- a method of directly immersing an ultrasonic oscillator in a container containing slurry, or a container outer wall containing slurry examples include a method of bringing an ultrasonic oscillator into contact, and a method of immersing a container containing slurry in a liquid that has been vibrated by an ultrasonic oscillator.
- a method of immersing a container containing slurry in a liquid that has been vibrated by an ultrasonic oscillator is preferably used.
- the liquid to be vibrated by the ultrasonic oscillator there is no limitation on the liquid to be vibrated by the ultrasonic oscillator, but for example, water; Examples include alcohols such as methanol; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene; and fats and oils such as silicone oil. Among these, it is preferable to use water in consideration of safety in production, cost, cleanability and the like.
- the efficiency of ultrasonic treatment changes depending on the temperature of the liquid. Is preferably maintained.
- the added ultrasonic vibration may increase the temperature of the liquid to which vibration is applied.
- the temperature of the liquid is usually 5 ° C or higher, preferably 10 ° C or higher, more preferably 15 ° C or higher, and usually 60 ° C or lower, preferably 50 ° C or lower, more preferably 40 ° C or lower. Sonication is preferred over the temperature range.
- any container can be used as long as it is a container that is usually used to contain a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer used for forming a photosensitive layer for an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- a resin-made container such as polyethylene and polypropylene
- a glass container such as polyethylene and polypropylene
- metal cans are preferred, and 18 liter metal cans are preferably used as specified in JIS Z 1602. This is because it is strong against impacts that are hardly affected by organic solvents.
- the slurry after dispersion and the slurry after ultrasonic treatment are used after being filtered as necessary in order to remove coarse particles.
- any filtering material such as cellulose fiber, rosin fiber, glass fiber or the like usually used for filtration may be used.
- a so-called wind filter in which various fibers are wound around a core material is preferable because of a large filtration area and high efficiency.
- the core material any conventionally known core material can be used. Examples of the core material include stainless steel core material, polypropylene, and the like, and the core material made of resin not dissolved in the slurry or the solvent contained in the slurry.
- the slurry thus obtained further contains a solvent, a binder resin (binder), other components (auxiliaries, etc.), if necessary, and a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer.
- the metal oxide particles may be any of the solvent and binder resin for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer, either before, during or after the dispersion or ultrasonic treatment step, and What is necessary is just to mix with the other component used as needed. Therefore, mixing of the metal oxide particles with the solvent, binder resin, and other components does not necessarily have to be performed after the dispersion or ultrasonic treatment.
- the method for producing the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention it is possible to efficiently produce the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention and obtain a coating solution for forming the undercoat layer having higher storage stability. be able to. Therefore, a higher quality electrophotographic photoreceptor can be obtained efficiently.
- An undercoat layer for an electrophotographic photosensitive member can be formed by applying the coating solution for forming an undercoat layer of the present invention on a conductive support and drying it.
- the method for applying the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention is not limited, and examples thereof include dip coating, spray coating, nozzle coating, spiral coating, ring coating, bar coating coating, roll coating coating, blade coating and the like. It is done. These coating methods may be performed with only one type, or two or more types may be arbitrarily combined!
- Examples of the spray coating method include air spray, airless spray, electrostatic worker spray, electrostatic worker spray, rotary atomizing electrostatic spray, hot spray, hot airless spray and the like.
- the transport method disclosed in the republished Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-805198, that is, the cylinder It is preferable to carry out the continuous work without rotating the workpiece in the axial direction while rotating the workpiece. As a result, an electrophotographic photoreceptor excellent in uniformity of the thickness of the undercoat layer can be obtained with a comprehensively high adhesion efficiency.
- the method of applying the snail there is a method using a liquid application coating machine or a curtain coating machine disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 52-119651, and a method disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-231966.
- the opening force there are a method of continuously flying the paint in a streak shape, a method using a multi-nozzle body disclosed in JP-A-3-193161, and the like.
- the coating film is dried, but it is preferable to adjust the drying temperature and time so that necessary and sufficient drying is performed.
- the drying temperature is usually 100 ° C or higher, preferably 110 ° C or higher, more preferably 115 ° C or higher, and usually 250 ° C or lower, preferably 170 ° C or lower, more preferably 140 ° C or lower. Range.
- a hot air dryer, a steam dryer, an infrared dryer, a far-infrared dryer, or the like can be used.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer on a conductive support. Therefore, the undercoat layer is provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer.
- any configuration applicable to a known electrophotographic photosensitive member can be employed.
- a so-called single-layer type photoreceptor having a single-layer photosensitive layer that is, a single-layer type photosensitive layer
- a charge generating substance is provided.
- Examples include so-called multilayer photoreceptors having a photosensitive layer comprising a plurality of layers formed by laminating a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material (that is, a multilayer photosensitive layer).
- the photoconductive material exhibits the same performance as a function regardless of whether it is a single layer type or a laminated type.
- the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention may be in any known form, but comprehensively taking into account the mechanical properties, electrical characteristics, manufacturing stability, etc. of the photosensitive member.
- a stacked type photoreceptor is preferred.
- a sequential lamination type photoreceptor in which an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order on a conductive support is more preferable.
- the constituent elements of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention will be described below with reference to embodiments. However, the constituent elements of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention are not limited to the following embodiments.
- the conductive support there are no particular restrictions on the conductive support, but for example, metal materials such as aluminum, aluminum alloys, stainless steel, copper and nickel; conductive powders such as metal, carbon and tin oxide are used.
- metal materials such as aluminum, aluminum alloys, stainless steel, copper and nickel
- conductive powders such as metal, carbon and tin oxide are used.
- the form of the conductive support for example, a drum shape, a sheet shape, a belt shape or the like is used.
- a conductive material having an appropriate resistance value may be coated on a conductive support made of a metal material for the control of the conductive surface property and for covering defects.
- the conductive support when a metal material such as an aluminum alloy is used as the conductive support, it may be used after being anodized. When anodizing is performed, it is desirable to perform sealing by a known method.
- an anodic acid coating is formed by anodizing in an acidic bath of chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, boric acid, sulfamic acid, etc. Anodizing at gives better results.
- the sulfuric acid concentration is 100-300gZL
- the dissolved aluminum concentration is 2-15gZL
- the liquid temperature is 15-30.
- the electrolysis voltage is preferably set within the range of 10 to 20 V, and the current density within the range of 0.5 to 2 AZdm 2 ! /, But is not limited to the above conditions.
- the sealing treatment may be performed by a known method.
- the sealing treatment may be performed by immersing in an aqueous solution containing nickel fluoride as a main component, or in an aqueous solution containing nickel acetate as a main component. It is preferable to apply a high-temperature sealing treatment to be immersed.
- the nickel fluoride aqueous solution concentration used in the case of the low-temperature sealing treatment is used in the range of 3 to 6 gZL, which can be appropriately selected, more preferable results are obtained.
- the treatment temperature is usually 25 ° C or higher, preferably 30 ° C or higher, and usually 40 ° C or lower, preferably 35 ° C or lower.
- the pH of the aqueous nickel fluoride solution is usually 4.5 or more, preferably 5.5 or more, and usually 6.5 or less, preferably 6.0 or less. preferable.
- the pH regulator for example, oxalic acid, boric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate, ammonia water and the like can be used.
- the processing time is 1 to 3 minutes per 1 ⁇ m of film thickness. It is preferable to process in the range.
- cobalt fluoride, cobalt acetate, nickel sulfate, a surfactant and the like may be contained in the nickel fluoride aqueous solution. Subsequently, it is washed with water and dried to finish the low temperature sealing treatment.
- an aqueous metal salt solution such as nickel acetate, cobalt acetate, lead acetate, nickel cobalt acetate, and barium nitrate
- an aqueous nickel acetate solution it is preferable to use an aqueous nickel acetate solution.
- the concentration in the case of using an aqueous nickel acetate solution is preferably 5 to 20 gZL.
- the treatment temperature is usually 80 ° C or higher, preferably 90 ° C or higher, and usually 100 ° C or lower, preferably 98 ° C or lower.
- the pH of the aqueous nickel acetate solution is 5.0 to 6.0.
- the pH adjuster for example, aqueous ammonia, sodium acetate and the like can be used.
- the treatment time is usually 10 minutes or longer, preferably 15 minutes or longer.
- sodium acetate, an organic carboxylic acid, an ionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant and the like may be contained in the nickel acetate aqueous solution. Further, it may be treated with high temperature water or high temperature steam substantially free of salts. Subsequently, it is washed with water and dried to finish the high temperature sealing treatment.
- the average film thickness of the anodic acid coating is thick, strong sealing conditions may be required due to high concentration of the sealing liquid and high-temperature / long-time treatment. In this case, productivity may deteriorate and surface defects such as stains, dirt, and dusting may easily occur on the coating surface. From this point of view, it is preferable that the average thickness of the anodic acid coating is usually 20 m or less, particularly 7 m or less.
- the surface of the conductive support may be smooth, or may be roughened by using a special cutting method or polishing treatment. Further, it may be roughened by mixing particles having an appropriate particle diameter with the material constituting the support. In order to reduce the cost, it is possible to use the drawn pipe as it is without cutting. In particular, when using non-cutting aluminum supports such as drawing, impact processing, and ironing, the treatment eliminates dirt and foreign matter deposits on the surface, small scratches, etc., and a uniform and clean support is obtained. Because it is preferred.
- the undercoat layer is a layer containing binder resin and metal oxide particles. Further, the undercoat layer may contain other components as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. These binder resin, metal oxide particles, and other components are the same as those described in the description of the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 'and volume particle size distribution width index SD' measured by the light scattering method satisfy the same conditions as the volume cumulative average diameter D50 and volume particle size distribution width index SD described above, respectively. .
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 ′ is 0.1 l ⁇ m or less (see the description of [volume cumulative average diameter D50]).
- D84 ′ represents the particle size m at which the volume particle size distribution cumulative curve is 84%)
- D 16 ′ represents the particle size ( ⁇ m) at which the volume particle size distribution cumulative curve is 16%. The particle size distribution is accumulated from the small particle size side.
- volume cumulative average diameter D50 'and the volume particle size distribution width index SD' do not satisfy the above ranges, according to the study by the present inventors, as a photoconductor, repeated exposure-charging under low temperature and low humidity. However, the characteristics are not stable, and image defects such as black spots and color spots frequently occur in the obtained image.
- the volume average diameter D50 ′ and the number average diameter SD ′ are measured by the subbing layer formed by a layer that is not a direct measurement of the metal oxide particles in the coating liquid for forming the subbing layer. Is dispersed in a mixed solvent of methanol and 1-propanol in a weight ratio of 7: 3 (this is the dispersion medium when measuring the particle size), and the particle size of the metal oxide particles in the dispersion is reduced.
- Measurement of volume average diameter D50 and number average diameter SD described above in terms of measurement by dynamic light scattering method It is different from the method, but the other points are the same (refer to the description of [Measurement method of volume cumulative average diameter D50 and volume particle size distribution width index SD]).
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is arbitrary, but is usually 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of improving the photoreceptor characteristics and coating properties of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention. A range is preferred.
- the undercoat layer may contain additives such as a known anti-oxidation agent.
- the surface layer of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is not limited in its surface shape, but is usually in-plane root mean square roughness (RMS), in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra), in-plane maximum Characterized by roughness (P-V). These numbers are the values obtained by extending the standard length of root mean square height, arithmetic mean height, and maximum height to the reference plane in the JIS B 0601: 2001 standard. Using Z (X), the in-plane value, the root mean square roughness (RMS) is the root mean square of Z (X), and the in-plane arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) is Z (x).
- the average in-plane roughness (P—V) is the sum of the maximum peak height and the maximum valley depth of Z (x).
- the in-plane root mean square roughness (RMS) of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is usually in the range of lOnm or more, preferably 20 nm or more, and usually lOOnm or less, preferably 50 nm or less. If the in-plane Root Mean Square Roughness (RMS) is too small, the adhesion with the upper layer may be deteriorated. If it is too large, the coating thickness uniformity of the upper layer may be deteriorated.
- the in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra) of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is usually in the range of 1 Onm or more and usually 50 nm or less. If the in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra) is too small, the adhesion to the upper layer may be deteriorated, and if it is too large, the uniformity of the coating thickness of the upper layer may be deteriorated.
- the in-plane maximum roughness (P ⁇ V) of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is usually in the range of lOOnm or more, preferably 3 OOnm or more, and usually lOOOnm or less, preferably 800 nm or less. If the in-plane maximum roughness (P-V) is too small, the adhesion to the upper layer may be adversely affected. If it is too large, the coating thickness uniformity of the upper layer may be adversely affected. .
- the numerical values (RMS, Ra, P-V) relating to the surface shape described above are concave in the reference plane.
- Any surface shape analyzer can be used as long as it is measured by a surface shape analyzer capable of measuring the convexity with high accuracy. It is preferable to measure by a method of detecting the unevenness of the sample surface by combining the interference fringe order count. More specifically, it is preferable to measure in the Wave mode by the interference fringe addressing method using the Micromap of Ryoji System Co., Ltd.
- the absorbance of the dispersion is specific. It shows physical properties.
- the absorbance of the dispersion can also be measured in the same manner as when measuring the absorbance of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention.
- the binder resin binding the undercoat layer is not substantially dissolved and formed on the undercoat layer.
- a binder solution that binds the undercoat layer is dissolved in the solvent to obtain a dispersion.
- the solvent that can dissolve the undercoat layer is 400 ⁇ ! ⁇ Do not have large light absorption in the wavelength range of lOOOnm!
- the solvent that can dissolve the undercoat layer include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol.
- alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol are used.
- these may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- Absorbance difference is as follows. That is, the difference in absorbance is usually 0.3 (Abs) or less, preferably 0.2 (Abs) or less, when the refractive index of the metal oxide particles is 2.0 or more. When the refractive index of the metal oxide particles is less than 2.0, it is usually 0.02 (Abs) or less, preferably 0.0 Ol (Abs) or less.
- the absorbance value depends on the solid content concentration of the liquid to be measured. Therefore, when measuring the absorbance, the concentration of the metal oxide particles in the dispersion is 0.003 wt% to 0 wt%. It is preferable to disperse in a range of 0075% by weight.
- the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer according to the present invention usually shows a specific value in the present invention.
- the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer according to the present invention indicates the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer on the conductive support relative to the conductive support. Since the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer varies depending on the thickness of the undercoat layer, it is defined here as the reflectivity when the thickness of the undercoat layer is 2 m.
- the subbing layer according to the present invention is converted into the case where the subbing layer is 2 m when the refractive index of the metal oxide particles contained in the subbing layer is 2.0 or more.
- the ratio of the regular reflection for light with a wavelength of 480 nm of the undercoat layer to the regular reflection for light with a wavelength of 480 nm of the conductive support is usually 50% or more.
- the refractive index of the metal oxide particles contained in the undercoat layer is less than 2.0
- the conductive support having a wavelength of 400 nm converted to the case where the undercoat layer is 2 m is used.
- the specific power of regular reflection with respect to light with a wavelength of 400 nm of the undercoat layer relative to regular reflection with respect to light is usually 50% or more.
- the undercoat layer contains a plurality of types of metal oxide particles having a refractive index of 2.0 or more, it contains a plurality of types of metal oxide particles having a refractive index of less than 2.0. Even in such a case, a specular reflection similar to the above is preferable. Further, when the metal oxide particles having a refractive index of 2.0 or more and the metal oxide particles having a refractive index of less than 2.0 are simultaneously contained, the metal oxide having a refractive index of 2.0 or more is included. As in the case of containing the object particles, the regular reflection of the conductive support with respect to the light with a wavelength of 480 nm, when the undercoat layer is The specific power of reflection is preferably within the above range (50% or more).
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is 2 m.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is limited to 2 m. Any film thickness can be used.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is other than 2 / zm, use the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer used to form the undercoat layer, and is equivalent to the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- An undercoat layer having a thickness of 2 m can be applied and formed on the conductive support, and the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer can be measured.
- Another method is to use the electronic copy. There is a method of measuring the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer of the true photoconductor and converting it when the film thickness is 2 m.
- 0 represents the intensity of incident light.
- Equation (D) is the same as what is called Lambert's law in a solution system, and can also be applied to reflectivity measurement in the present invention.
- the light that has reached the surface of the conductive support according to the formula) is regularly reflected after being multiplied by the reflectivity R, and again passes through the optical path length L and exits to the surface of the undercoat layer. That is,
- the optical path length is a force of 4 m in a round trip.
- the reflectivity T of the undercoat layer on the arbitrary conductive support T is the film of the undercoat layer. It is a function of the thickness L (the optical path length is 2L at this time) and is expressed as T (L). From equation (G)
- T (2) T (L) 2 / L ⁇
- the reflectance T when the undercoat layer is 2 m is measured by measuring the reflectivity T (L) of the undercoat layer. (2) can be estimated with considerable accuracy.
- the thickness L of the undercoat layer can be measured with an arbitrary film thickness measuring device such as a roughness meter.
- any material that has been proposed for use in the present application can be used.
- examples of such substances include azo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, anthanthrone pigments, quinacridone pigments, cyanine pigments, pyrylium pigments, thiapyrylium pigments, indigo pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, And squaric acid pigments.
- Particularly preferred are phthalocyanine pigments or azo pigments.
- Phthalocyanine pigments provide high sensitivity to relatively long wavelength laser light, and azo pigments have sufficient sensitivity to white light and relatively short wavelength laser light. And each is excellent.
- a phthalocyanine compound when used as the charge generation material, a high effect is shown and preferable.
- the phthalocyanine compounds include metal-free phthalocyanine, copper, indium, gallium, tin, titanium, zinc, vanadium, silicon, germanium, and other metals, or oxides, halides, hydroxides, alkoxides, and the like.
- the Examples include talocyanine.
- the crystal form of the phthalocyanine compound is not limited, but in particular, the highly sensitive crystal forms X-type, ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine, ⁇ -type (also known as
- phthalocyanines ⁇ type (
- oxytitanium that exhibits a main diffraction peak at the Bragg angle (2 0 ⁇ 0.2 °) force of 27.3 ° of the X-ray diffraction spectrum for CuKa characteristic X-rays.
- Phthalocyanine, oxytitanium phthalocyanine which shows the main diffraction peaks at 9.3 °, 13.2 °, 26.2 ° and 27.1 °, 9.2. 14.1. 15.3. 19.7. , 27.1.
- Phthalocyanine and black gallium phthalocyanine exhibiting diffraction peaks at 7.4 °, 16.6 °, 25.5 ° and 28.3 ° are preferred.
- oxytitanium phthalocyanine showing a main diffraction peak at 27.3 ° is particularly preferred.
- oxytitanium phthalocyanine showing a main diffraction peak at 9.5 °, 24.1 ° and 27.3 ° is used. Especially preferred.
- the phthalocyanine compound may be a single compound or a mixture of two or more compounds or a mixed crystal state.
- the mixed or mixed crystal state of the phthalocyanine compound here, the respective constituent elements may be mixed and used later, or phthalocyanine for synthesis, pigmentation, crystallization, etc. It may be the one in which a mixed state is produced in the production process step of the system compound. Examples of such treatment include acid paste treatment, grinding treatment, solvent treatment, and the like.
- the method for generating the mixed crystal state For example, as described in JP-A-10-48859, two types of crystals are mixed, mechanically ground and made amorphous, and then treated with a solvent. Can be converted into a specific crystal state.
- a charge generating substance other than the phthalocyanine compound may be used in combination.
- charge generation materials such as azo pigments, perylene pigments, quinacridone pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, indigo pigments, benzimidazole pigments, pyrylium salts, thiapyrylium salts, squalium salts, and the like can be used.
- the charge generating material is dispersed in the photosensitive layer forming coating solution, but may be pre-ground before being dispersed in the photosensitive layer forming coating solution.
- Pre-grinding is a force that can be performed using various apparatuses. Usually, a ball mill, a sand grind mill, or the like is used. Any grinding media can be used as the grinding media to be fed into these grinding devices as long as the grinding media is not pulverized during the grinding treatment and can be easily separated after the dispersion treatment. Examples thereof include beads, balls, and the like such as glass, alumina, zirconia, stainless steel, and ceramics.
- the volume average particle diameter is 500 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less.
- the volume average particle diameter of the charge generation material may be measured by any method commonly used by those skilled in the art, but is usually measured by a normal sedimentation method or a centrifugal sedimentation method.
- charge transport material examples include: high molecular weight compounds such as polyvinyl carbazole, polybutylpyrene, polyglycidyl carbazole, and polyacenaphthylene; polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pyrene and anthracene; indole derivatives, imidazoles Derivatives, force rubazole derivatives, pyrazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives, etc .; , N Dihydryl-hydrazone and other hydrazone compounds; 5— (4— (Di-triarylamino) benzylidene) — 5H-dibenzo (a, d) cyclohept Styryl compounds such as ten; triarylamine compounds such as p-tritolylamine; benzidine compounds such as N, N, ⁇ ', ⁇ , and -tetra
- a hydrazone derivative a strong rubazole derivative, a styryl compound, a butadiene compound, a triarylamine compound, a benzidine compound, or a combination of these is preferably used.
- These charge transport materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the photosensitive layer according to the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is formed in a form in which a photoconductive material is bound with various binder resins.
- the binder resin for the photosensitive layer any known kind of binder resin that can be used for the electrophotographic photoreceptor can be used.
- Specific examples of binder resin for photosensitive layer include polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic acid ester, polymethacrylic acid ester, polyester, polyarylate, polycarbonate, polyesterolate polycarbonate, polyvinylenosetter.
- the layer containing a charge generating substance is usually a charge generating layer.
- a charge generation material may be included in the charge transport layer as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the volume average particle diameter of the charge generation material is usually 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.5. m or less.
- the volume average particle diameter of the charge generation material can be measured by the laser diffraction scattering method, the light transmission centrifugal sedimentation method, etc. in addition to the dynamic light scattering method described above.
- the film thickness of the charge generation layer is arbitrary force. Usually 0.1 m or more, preferably 0.15 m or more, and usually 2 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or less.
- the usage ratio of the charge generation material in the charge generation layer is 100 parts by weight of the binder resin for the photosensitive layer contained in the charge generation layer.
- the amount is usually 30 parts by weight or more, preferably 50 parts by weight or more, and usually 500 parts by weight or less, preferably 300 parts by weight or less. If the amount of the charge generating substance used is too small, the electrical characteristics as an electrophotographic photoreceptor may not be sufficient, and if it is too large, the stability of the coating solution may be impaired.
- the charge generation layer has a known plasticizer for improving film formability, flexibility, mechanical strength and the like, an additive for suppressing residual potential, and an improvement in dispersion stability. It may contain a dispersion aid, a leveling agent for improving coating properties, a surfactant, silicone oil, fluorine oil and other additives. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is a so-called single layer type photosensitive member, it is contained in a matrix mainly composed of a binder resin for a photosensitive layer and a charge transporting material having the same mixing ratio as the charge transporting layer described later.
- the charge generating material is dispersed.
- the volume average particle diameter of the charge generation material is usually not more than 0, preferably not more than 0.3 / zm, more preferably not more than 0.15 m.
- the film thickness is arbitrary.
- the force is usually 5 m or more, preferably 10 m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 45 ⁇ m or less.
- the amount of the charge generating material dispersed in the photosensitive layer is arbitrary, but if it is too small, sufficient sensitivity may not be obtained, and if it is too large, the chargeability and sensitivity may decrease. It can happen. For this reason, the content of the charge generating material in the single-layer type photosensitive layer is usually 0.5. % By weight or more, preferably 10% by weight or more, and usually 50% by weight or less, preferably 45% by weight or less.
- the photosensitive layer of the single-layer type photoreceptor is also a known plasticizer for improving film formability, flexibility, mechanical strength, etc., an additive for suppressing residual potential, and improved dispersion stability. It may contain a dispersion aid for the coating, a leveling agent for improving coating properties, a surfactant, silicone oil, fluorine-based oil and other additives. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the layer containing a charge transport material is usually a charge transport layer.
- the charge transport layer may be formed of a resin having a charge transport function alone, but a configuration in which the charge transport material is dispersed or dissolved in the binder resin for the photosensitive layer is more preferable.
- the thickness of the charge transport layer can be any force. Usually 5 m or more, preferably 10 m or more, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, and usually 60 ⁇ m or less, preferably 45 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m. m or less.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is a so-called single layer type photosensitive member
- the single layer type photosensitive layer is a matrix in which the charge generating material is dispersed, and the charge transport material is a binder resin. A composition dispersed or dissolved therein is used.
- the binder resin used in the layer containing the charge transport material the above-described binder resin for photosensitive layers can be used.
- examples of materials that are particularly suitable for use in a layer containing a charge transport material include butyl polymers such as polymethylmetatalylate, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride, and copolymers thereof, polycarbonate, polyarylate, Polyester, polyester carbonate, polysulfone, polyimide, phenoxy, epoxy, silicone resin, etc., as well as partially crosslinked cured products thereof.
- this binder resin may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the ratio of the binder resin to the charge transport material is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the charge transport material is usually 20 parts by weight or more, preferably 30 parts by weight or more, more preferably 40 parts by weight or more, and usually 200 parts by weight or less, preferably 150 parts by weight or less, based on 00 parts by weight. Preferably it is used in the range of 120 parts by weight or less.
- the layer containing the charge transporting material may be provided with an anti-oxidation agent such as a hindered phenol or hindered amine, an ultraviolet absorber, a sensitizer, a leveling agent, or an electron withdrawing material as necessary.
- an anti-oxidation agent such as a hindered phenol or hindered amine, an ultraviolet absorber, a sensitizer, a leveling agent, or an electron withdrawing material as necessary.
- Various additives such as these may be contained. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention may have other layers in addition to the above-described undercoat layer and photosensitive layer.
- a conventionally known surface protective layer or overcoat layer mainly composed of a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer may be provided as the outermost surface layer.
- any method can be used with no limitation on the method of forming each layer other than the undercoat layer of the photoreceptor.
- a coating solution obtained by dissolving or dispersing the substance contained in the layer in a solvent (photosensitive layer forming coating solution, The coating solution for forming the charge generation layer, the coating solution for forming the charge transport layer, and the like) are sequentially applied using a known method such as a dip coating method, a spray coating method, or a ring coating method, and dried.
- the coating solution should contain various additives such as leveling agents, anti-oxidation agents, and sensitizers for improving coating properties as necessary.
- the solvent used in the coating solution is not limited, but an organic solvent is usually used.
- preferred solvents include, for example, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, 1-hexanol, and 1,3-butanediol; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; Ethers such as 4-methyl-4-methyl-2-pentanone; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, etc .; methyl acetate, Esters such as ethyl acetate; N, N dimethylform Amides, amides such as N, N dimethylacetamide; and sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide.
- solvents alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and ether ketones are particularly preferred. More preferable examples include toluene, xylene, 1-hexanol, 1,3 butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, 4-methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, and the like.
- the above solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the solvent include 1,2-dimethoxy ester, among which ethers, alcohols, amides, sulfoxides, sulfoxides, ether ketones and the like can be mentioned.
- Ethers such as tantalum and alcohols such as 1-pronool V are suitable.
- Particularly preferred are ethers.
- This is a surface strength such as crystal form stability and dispersion stability of phthalocyanine, particularly when a coating solution is produced using oxytitanium phthalocyanine as a charge generation material.
- the amount of solvent used in the coating solution is not limited, and an appropriate amount may be used depending on the composition of the coating solution, the coating method, and the like.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention can form high quality images even under various usage environments. In addition, it has excellent durability and stability, and image defects such as black spots and color spots are less likely to occur. Therefore, when the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is used for image formation, it is possible to form a high-quality image while suppressing the influence of the environment.
- the undercoat layer contains coarse metal oxide particle aggregates formed by aggregation of metal oxide particles, and the coarse metal oxide particle aggregates provide an image. Defects could occur during formation.
- a contact type is used as the charging means, when the photosensitive layer is charged, the charge moves from the photosensitive layer to the conductive support through the metal oxide particles, and appropriately There was also a possibility that charging could not be performed.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention includes an undercoat layer using metal oxide particles having a very small average particle diameter and a good particle size distribution, It is possible to suppress the failure to appropriately charge, and high-quality image formation is possible.
- the image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member 1, a charging device (charging means) 2, an exposure device (exposure means; image exposure means) 3, a developing device (developing means) 4, and a transfer device.
- An apparatus (transfer means) 5 is provided, and a cleaning device (cleaning means) 6 and a fixing device (fixing means) 7 are further provided as necessary.
- the image forming apparatus of the present invention includes the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention described above as the photosensitive member 1. That is, the image forming apparatus of the present invention performs image exposure on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- V image exposure means for forming an electrostatic latent image
- development means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner
- an image forming apparatus including a transfer unit that transfers the toner to a transfer target, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer containing a binder resin and metal oxide particles on a conductive support; And a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, and the metal oxide particles in a liquid in which the undercoat layer is dispersed in a solvent in which methanol and 1-pronanol are mixed at a weight ratio of 7 : 3 .
- An image forming apparatus in which the volume cumulative average diameter D50 ′ measured by a dynamic light scattering method is 0.1 l / zm or less and the volume particle size distribution width index SD ′ satisfies the above formula (3). It is configured. At this time, the volume particle size distribution width index SD ′ more preferably satisfies the above formula (4).
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 ′ and the volume particle size distribution width index SD ′ do not satisfy the above ranges, according to the study by the present inventors, the exposure and charge repetitive characteristics under low temperature and low humidity are not stable as a photoreceptor. For this reason, image defects such as black spots and color spots frequently occur in an image obtained using the image forming apparatus of the present invention, and the image forming apparatus may not be able to form a clear and stable image.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 is not particularly limited as long as it is the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
- the photosensitive layer described above is formed on the surface of a cylindrical conductive support. This shows a drum-shaped photoconductor formed.
- a charging device 2, an exposure device 3, a developing device 4, a transfer device 5 and a cleaning device 6 are arranged.
- the charging device 2 charges the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 and uniformly charges the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 to a predetermined potential.
- the charging device is preferably disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1.
- Fig. 1 shows a roller-type charging device (charging roller) as an example of the charging device 2, but other corona charging devices such as corotron and scorotron, and contact-type charging devices such as a charging brush are often used. Used.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 and the charging device 2 are designed to be removable from the main body of the image forming apparatus as a cartridge including both (hereinafter, referred to as a photoreceptor cartridge). ing.
- the photoreceptor cartridge can be removed from the image forming apparatus main body, and another new photosensitive cartridge can be mounted on the image forming apparatus main body.
- the toner described later is often stored in the toner cartridge and designed to be removable from the main body of the image forming apparatus, and this toner cartridge is used when the toner in the toner cartridge used is exhausted.
- the main body of the image forming apparatus can be removed, and another new toner cartridge can be installed.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member charging device 2 and a cartridge equipped with all the toner may be used.
- the exposure apparatus 3 can perform an exposure (image exposure) on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to form an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1, the exposure apparatus 3 may be of any type. There are no particular restrictions. Specific examples include halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps, lasers such as semiconductor lasers and He-Ne lasers, and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Further, the exposure may be carried out by a photoconductor internal exposure method. The light used for the exposure is arbitrary, but for example, monochromatic light with a wavelength of 780 nm, wavelength 600 ⁇ ! ⁇ 700nm monochromatic light near a short wavelength, wavelength 350 ⁇ !
- the exposure may be performed with monochromatic light having a short wavelength of ⁇ 600 nm.
- the wavelength is 350 ⁇ ! It is more preferable to expose with monochromatic light with a short wavelength of ⁇ 600 nm, and more preferably with monochromatic light with a wavelength of 380 nm to 500 nm.
- the developing device 4 develops the electrostatic latent image.
- the type of dry development such as cascade development, one-component conductive toner development, or two-component magnetic brush development.
- Arbitrary apparatuses such as a formula and a wet development system, can be used.
- the developing device 4 includes a developing tank 41, an agitator 42, a supply roller 43, a developing roller 44, and a regulating member 45, and stores toner T inside the developing tank 41.
- a replenishing device (not shown) for replenishing toner T may be attached to the developing device 4 as necessary. This replenishing device is configured to replenish toner T from a container such as a bottle or cartridge.
- the supply roller 43 is formed of a conductive sponge or the like.
- the developing roller 44 is made of a metal roll such as iron, stainless steel, aluminum, or nickel, or a resin roll obtained by coating such a metal roll with a silicone resin, a urethane resin, a fluorine resin, or the like. If necessary, the surface of the image roller 44 may be smoothed or roughened.
- the developing roller 44 is disposed between the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and the supply roller 43, and is in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 and the supply roller 43, respectively.
- the supply roller 43 and the developing roller 44 are rotated by a rotation drive mechanism (not shown).
- the supply roller 43 carries the stored toner T and supplies it to the developing roller 44.
- the developing roller 44 carries the toner T supplied by the supply roller 43 and contacts the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1.
- the regulating member 45 is made of a resin blade such as silicone resin or urethane resin, a metal blade such as stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass or phosphor bronze, or a blade obtained by coating such metal blade with resin. Is formed.
- the regulating member 45 abuts on the developing roller 44 and is pressed against the developing roller 44 side with a predetermined force by a spring or the like (a general blade linear pressure is 5 to 500 gZcm). If necessary, the regulating member 45 may be provided with a function of charging the toner T by frictional charging with the toner T.
- the agitator 42 is rotated by a rotation drive mechanism, and agitates the toner T and conveys the toner T to the supply roller 43 side.
- Multiple agitators 42 may be provided with different blade shapes and sizes.
- the type of toner T is arbitrary, and in addition to powdered toner, polymerized toner using suspension polymerization method, emulsion polymerization method, or the like can be used.
- polymerized toner when polymerized toner is used, a toner having a small particle size of about 8 to 8 m is preferred, and the toner particles have a shape close to a sphere, and various spheres on the potato are removed. Can be used.
- Polymerized toner In addition, it is excellent in charging uniformity and transferability and is suitably used for high image quality.
- the transfer device 5 should be a device using any method such as electrostatic transfer methods such as corona transfer, roller transfer, belt transfer, pressure transfer method, adhesive transfer method, etc., which are not particularly limited in type. Can do.
- the transfer device 5 includes a transfer charger, a transfer roller, a transfer belt, and the like that are disposed to face the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1.
- the transfer device 5 applies a predetermined voltage value (transfer voltage) having a polarity opposite to the charging potential of the toner T, and transfers the toner image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 to a transfer material (transferred material, paper, medium). It is transferred to P.
- transfer voltage transfer voltage
- the cleaning device 6 There are no particular restrictions on the cleaning device 6. Any cleaning device such as a brush cleaner, magnetic brush cleaner, electrostatic brush cleaner, magnetic roller cleaner, blade cleaner, etc. can be used.
- the cleaning device 6 scrapes off residual toner adhering to the photoreceptor 1 with a cleaning member and collects the residual toner. However, if there is little or almost no toner remaining on the surface of the photoreceptor, the cleaning device 6 may be omitted.
- the fixing device 7 includes an upper fixing member (fixing roller) 71 and a lower fixing member (fixing roller) 72, and a heating device 73 is provided inside the fixing member 71 or 72.
- FIG. 1 shows an example in which a heating device 73 is provided inside the upper fixing member 71.
- Each of the upper and lower fixing members 71 and 72 includes a fixing roll in which a metal base tube such as stainless steel or aluminum is coated with silicon rubber, a fixing roll in which fluorine resin is further coated, a fixing sheet, and the like. Can be used. Further, each of the fixing members 71 and 72 may be configured to supply a release agent such as silicone oil in order to improve the releasability, or may be configured to force the pressure to be mutually forced by a panel or the like. .
- the toner transferred onto the recording paper P passes between the upper fixing member 71 and the lower fixing member 72 heated to a predetermined temperature, the toner is heated to a molten state and cooled after passing. The toner is fixed on the recording paper P.
- a landing device can be provided.
- an image is recorded as follows. That is, first, the surface (photosensitive surface) of the photoreceptor 1 is charged to a predetermined potential (for example, ⁇ 600 V) by the charging device 2. At this time, charging can be performed by superimposing AC voltage on DC voltage, which can be charged by DC voltage.
- a predetermined potential for example, ⁇ 600 V
- the charged photosensitive surface of the photoreceptor 1 is exposed by the exposure device 3 according to the image to be recorded, and an electrostatic latent image is formed on the photosensitive surface.
- the developing device 4 develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive surface of the photoreceptor 1.
- the developing device 4 thins the toner T supplied by the supply roller 43 with a regulating member (developing blade) 45 and has a predetermined polarity (here, the same charge potential as the photosensitive member 1). And negatively charged), transported while being carried on the developing roller 44, and brought into contact with the surface of the photoreceptor 1.
- the final image is obtained by passing the fixing device 7 and thermally fixing the toner image onto the recording paper P.
- the image forming apparatus may have a configuration capable of performing, for example, a static elimination process.
- the neutralization step is a step of neutralizing the electrophotographic photosensitive member by exposing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a fluorescent lamp, LED, or the like is used as the neutralizing device.
- the light used in the static elimination process is often light having an exposure energy that is at least three times that of the exposure light.
- the image forming apparatus may be further modified.
- the image forming apparatus may be configured to perform a process such as a pre-exposure process or an auxiliary charging process, or may be configured to perform offset printing. May be configured as a full-color tandem system using a plurality of types of toner.
- the photosensitive member 1 is configured as a cartridge in combination with the charging device 2 as described above, and instead of the charging device 2 or together with the charging device 2, the exposure device 3, the developing device 4, It is preferable that one or more of the transfer device 5, the cleaning device 6, and the fixing device 7 be provided. That is, the photosensitive member 1 is combined with at least one of the charging device 2, the exposure device 3, the developing device 4, the transfer device 5, the cleaning device 6, and the fixing device 7 to form an integrated cartridge (electrophotographic cartridge).
- the electrophotographic cartridge may be configured to be detachable from a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus such as a copying machine or a laser beam printer.
- the electrophotographic cartridge of the present invention comprises at least an electrophotographic photosensitive member, charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and image exposure to the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- Image exposing means for forming the toner developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner, transfer means for transferring the toner to the transfer target, and fixing the toner transferred to the transfer target.
- volume cumulative average diameter D50 ′ is 0.1 ⁇ m or less and the volume particle size distribution width index SD is measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles in the liquid in which It is preferable that 'is configured so as to satisfy the formula (3). At this time, it is even more preferable that the volume particle size distribution width index SD ′ satisfies the formula (4).
- the charging unit is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, this effect is remarkably exhibited, and thus this configuration is desirable.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 ′ and the volume particle size distribution width index SD ′ are not stable in terms of the repeated charge and charge characteristics under low temperature and low humidity as the photoreceptor. For this reason, image defects such as black spots and color spots frequently occur in an image obtained using the electrophotographic cartridge of the present invention, and a clear and stable image formation may not be performed as an electrophotographic cartridge.
- this electrophotographic cartridge is removed from the main body of the image forming apparatus, and another new U, electrophotographic cartridge is removed. To the main body of the image forming apparatus This facilitates maintenance and management of the image forming apparatus.
- the image forming apparatus and the electrophotographic cartridge of the present invention a high-quality image can be formed.
- the transfer device 5 is placed in contact with the photoconductor via a transfer material, the image quality is likely to deteriorate.
- the image forming apparatus and the electrophotographic cartridge of the present invention are such a device. This is effective because there is little possibility of quality degradation.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is in a stable state, and can be stored and used for a long period of time without gelation or precipitation of the dispersed titanium oxide particles. .
- the change in physical properties such as viscosity during use of the coating solution is small, and each of the produced photosensitive layers is formed when the photosensitive layer is formed by continuous coating on a support and drying. The layer thickness is uniform.
- an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an undercoat layer formed using a coating solution produced by the method for producing a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer of the present invention has stable electrical characteristics even at low temperature and low humidity. And has excellent electrical properties.
- the image forming apparatus using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention it is possible to form a good image with extremely few image defects such as black spots and color spots, and particularly in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- the image forming apparatus charged by the charging means it is possible to form a good image with extremely few image defects such as black spots and color spots.
- the wavelength of light used for the image exposure means is 350 ⁇ ! According to the image forming apparatus of ⁇ 600 nm, a high quality image can be obtained due to high initial charging potential and sensitivity.
- Example 1 Rutile-type titanium oxide with an average primary particle size of 40 nm (“TT055N” manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.) and 3% by weight of methyldimethoxysilane (“TSL8117J” manufactured by Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.) with respect to the titanium oxide Disperse lkg of raw slurry made by mixing 50 parts of surface-treated titanium oxide obtained by mixing with a Henschel mixer and 120 parts of methanol, and Zirconia beads (YTZ manufactured by Nitsukato Co., Ltd.) with a diameter of about 100 ⁇ m.
- an ultra apex mill (UAM-015 type) manufactured by Kotobuki Industry Co., Ltd. with a mill volume of about 0.15L was used, and the dispersion was performed for 1 hour in a liquid circulation state with a rotor peripheral speed of 10 mZ seconds and a liquid flow rate of lOkgZ hours.
- a titanium oxide dispersion was prepared.
- a mixed solvent of the above titanium oxide dispersion and methanol Z1-propanol Z-toluene, and ⁇ -strength prolatatam [compound represented by the following formula ( ⁇ )] ⁇ bis (4 amino-3-methylcyclohexyl) Methane [compound represented by the following formula (B)] Z hexamethylenediamine [compound represented by the following formula (C)] Z decamethylene dicarboxylic acid [compound represented by the following formula (D)] Z Kutadecamethylenedicarboxylic acid [Compound represented by the following formula (E)] composition molar ratio force 60% Z15% Z5% Z15% Z5% force After dissolving, the ultrasonic dispersion treatment with an ultrasonic oscillator with an output of 120 W is performed for 1 hour, and further filtered through a PTF E membrane filter (Advantech Mytex LC) with a pore size of m, and the surface treatment acid titaniumZ copolymer polyamide has a weight
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution B was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that Zirconia beads having a diameter of about 50 m (YTZ manufactured by Nitsukato Co., Ltd.) was used as a dispersion medium when dispersing with an Ultra Apex mill. It was fabricated and the physical properties were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the mixture was diluted in a mixed solvent dispersion, and the difference between the absorbance of the diluted solution with respect to light having a wavelength of 400 nm and the absorbance with respect to light having a wavelength of lOOOnm was measured with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-1650PC, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The results are shown in Table 3.
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution C was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the rotor peripheral speed during dispersion with the Ultra Apex mill was set to 12 mZ seconds, and the physical properties were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Set. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution D was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that Zirconia beads having a diameter of about 30 m (YTZ manufactured by Nitsukato Co., Ltd.) was used as a dispersion medium when dispersing with an Ultra Apex mill. It was fabricated and the physical properties were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution E was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated acid / titanium Z copolymer polyamide used in Example 2 was 2Z1, and the solid content concentration was The same as in Example 2 except that the content was changed to 0.015 wt% (metal oxide particle concentration, 0.01 wt%).
- the difference between the absorbance for light with a wavelength of 400 nm and the absorbance for light with a wavelength lOOOnm was measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- a coating solution F for forming an undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated titanium oxide Z-copolymerized polyamide was changed to 4Z1, and the solid content concentration was adjusted to 0.015% by weight (metal The difference between the absorbance with respect to light having a wavelength of 400 ⁇ m and the absorbance with respect to light having a wavelength of lOOOnm was measured in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the oxide particle concentration was 0.012 wt%. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 2 aluminum oxide particles (Aluminum Oxide C manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) having an average primary particle size of 13 nm were used instead of the surface-treated titanium oxide used in this example, and the concentration of the solid content was 8
- a coating solution G for forming an undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the weight ratio of the aluminum oxide particle Z-copolymerized polyamide was 1 Z1, and the physical properties were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the absorbance and wavelength lOOOnm for light with a wavelength of 400 nm were the same as in Example 2 except that the solid content was diluted to 0.015 wt% (metal oxide particle concentration, 0.007 wt%). The difference with the light absorbency with respect to was measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution H was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated titanium oxide Z-copolymerized polyamide was 6Z1, and the physical properties were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution I was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated titanium oxide Z-copolymerized polyamide was 8Z1, and the physical properties were measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
- a coating liquid K for forming the undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the ball used for ball mill dispersion in Comparative Example 1 was a Zirco Your Ball (YTZ manufactured by Nitsukato Co., Ltd.) having a diameter of about 5 mm.
- the physical properties were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution L was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated acid-titanium Z-copolymerized polyamide used in Comparative Example 1 was 2Z1, and the solid content concentration was The difference between the absorbance with respect to light with a wavelength of 400 nm and the absorbance with respect to light with a wavelength lOOOnm was measured in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the content was changed to 0.015 wt% (metal oxide particle concentration, 0.01 wt%). . The results are shown in Table 3.
- a coating solution M for forming the undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated acid / titanium Z copolymer polyamide used in Comparative Example 1 was 4Z1, and the solid content concentration was The difference between the absorbance with respect to light with a wavelength of 400 nm and the absorbance with respect to light with a wavelength lOOOnm was measured in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the concentration was changed to 0.015 wt% (metal oxide particle concentration, 0.012 wt%). did. The results are shown in Table 3.
- a coating liquid N for forming an undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated acid / titanium Z copolymer polyamide used in Comparative Example 1 was changed to 6Z1.
- a coating solution O for forming an undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated acid / titanium Z copolymer polyamide used in Comparative Example 1 was 8Z1.
- Example 2 The disperser used in Example 2 was replaced with Kotobuki Kogyo's Ultra Avex Mill (U AM-015 type), and the mill volume was approximately 1L.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution P was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the flow rate of the undercoat layer forming coating solution was changed to 30 kgZ hours.
- the physical properties were measured in the same manner as in 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Comparative Example 1 instead of the surface-treated titanium oxide used in this example, Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd. Aluminum Oxide C (aluminum oxide particles) with an average primary particle size of 13 nm was used, and the concentration of the solid content contained was 8. Same as Comparative Example 1 except that the weight ratio of the aluminum oxide particle Z-copolymerized polyamide is 1 Z1 and dispersed for 6 hours by an ultrasonic oscillator with an output of 600 W instead of dispersing with a ball mill. A coating liquid R for forming an undercoat layer was prepared and measured for physical properties. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the absorbance with respect to light with a wavelength of 400 nm and the light with respect to light with a wavelength of 1000 ⁇ m were the same as in Example 2 except that the solid content concentration was adjusted to 0.015 wt% (metal oxide particle concentration, 0.007 wt%). The difference from the absorbance was measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- the ratio of regular reflection of the undercoat layer formed on the conductive support using the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer prepared in Examples 2, 5 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1, 3, 4, and 7 is as follows: It was evaluated as follows. The results are shown in Table 4.
- the thickness shown in Table 4 is adjusted so that the film thickness after drying is 2 m.
- the undercoat layer was formed by applying and drying the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer.
- the reflectivity of this undercoat layer for light with a wavelength of 400 nm or light with a wavelength of 480 nm is Measured with a spectrophotometer (MCPD-3000, manufactured by Otsuka Electronics).
- MCPD-3000 manufactured by Otsuka Electronics
- a halogen lamp is used as the light source, and the tip of the optical fiber cable installed in the light source and detector is placed 2 mm away from the surface of the undercoat layer in the vertical direction, and light in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the undercoat layer is emitted.
- Incident light was detected that reflected in the opposite direction of the coaxial line.
- the reflected light is measured on the surface of the aluminum cutting tube not coated with an undercoat layer, and the reflected light on the surface of the undercoat layer is measured using this value as 100%. did.
- the results are shown in Table 4.
- the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer produced by the method of the present invention has a small average particle size and a small particle size distribution range, and thus the liquid stability is high and uniform. It was confirmed that an undercoat layer can be formed, and that the viscosity change is small and the stability is high even with long-term storage. In addition, it was confirmed that the regular reflectance is high because the undercoat layer formed by applying the undercoat layer forming coating solution has high uniformity and it is difficult to scatter light.
- a charge generation material CuK o shown in Fig. 2; 20 parts by weight of oxytitanium phthalocyanine having a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum pattern for characteristic X-rays and 280 parts by weight of 1,2-dimethoxyethane were mixed. Then, a dispersion was made by carrying out a dispersion treatment for 2 hours in a sand grind mill.
- this dispersion 10 parts by weight of polyvinyl butyral (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., trade name “Denkabutyral” # 6000C), 253 parts by weight of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 85 parts by weight of 4-methoxy
- a PTFE membrane filter with a pore size Mytecs LC manufactured by Advantech. Filtration was performed to prepare a coating solution for the charge generation layer.
- This charge generation layer coating solution was applied by dip coating and dried to form a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer such that the film thickness after drying was 0.4 m.
- photoreceptor P1 This electrophotographic photoreceptor is designated as photoreceptor P1.
- the dielectric breakdown strength of the photoreceptor P1 was measured as follows. That is, the photoconductor is fixed in an environment of a temperature of 25 ° C and a relative humidity of 50%, a volume resistivity is about 2 ⁇ ⁇ 'cm, and a charging roller having a length shorter by about 2 cm than the drum length is pressed against the DC voltage— 3kV was applied and the time until dielectric breakdown was measured. The results are shown in Table 5.
- the photoconductor PI is used in an electrophotographic characteristic evaluation apparatus (basic and applied electrophotographic technology, edited by Electrophotographic Society, Corona, pages 404 to 405) prepared according to the Electrophotographic Society measurement standard.
- the 780nm laser beam was irradiated at an intensity of 5. 0 / zjZcm 2, the surface potential VL after exposure after 100m seconds, temperature 25.
- the measurement was performed under the conditions of C, relative humidity 50% (hereinafter sometimes referred to as NN environment), and at a temperature of 5 ° C and relative humidity 10% (hereinafter sometimes referred to as LL environment). The results are shown in Table 5.
- a photoconductor P2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer was provided so that the thickness of the undercoat layer was. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- Table 5 shows the results of evaluating the photoreceptor P2 in the same manner as in Example 12.
- a photoconductor P3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the coating liquid A2 was used as the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- a photoreceptor Q1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution B described in Example 2 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- the surface shape of this undercoat layer is measured in the Wave mode by Micromap of Ryoka System Co., Ltd., with a measurement wavelength of 552 nm, objective lens magnification of 40 times, measurement surface 190 m X 148 m, and background shape correction (Term) cylinder
- the in-plane root mean square roughness (RMS) value is 43.2 nm
- the in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra) value is 30.7 nm
- the in-plane maximum roughness (P — The value of V) was 744 nm.
- Table 5 shows the results of evaluating the photoreceptor Q 1 in the same manner as in Example 12.
- the surface potential drop rate (DDR) was measured when the initial surface potential (1700V) was held in the dark for 5 seconds.
- DDR the ratio of the surface potential after holding for 5 seconds to the initial surface potential is displayed in%. The results are shown in Table 6.
- a photoconductor Q2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 15 except that the undercoat layer was provided so that the thickness of the undercoat layer was. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- a photoconductor Q3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 15 except that the coating liquid E was used as the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- Table 5 shows the results of evaluating the photoreceptor Q3 in the same manner as in Example 12.
- a photoreceptor R1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution C described in Example 3 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- a photoconductor R2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 18 except that the undercoat layer was provided so that the thickness of the undercoat layer was. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- a photoreceptor R3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 18 except that the coating liquid C2 was used as a coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- a photoreceptor S1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution D described in Example 4 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- the in-plane root mean square roughness (RMS) value was 25.5 nm
- the in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra) The value was 17.7 nm
- the value of the maximum in-plane roughness (P ⁇ V) was 510 nm.
- a photoreceptor S2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 21 except that the undercoat layer was provided so that the thickness of the undercoat layer was. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- a photoreceptor S3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 21 except that the coating liquid D2 was used as the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer. In this case, when the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, almost no aggregates were observed.
- a photoreceptor QA1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution F described in Example 6 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution. [Example 25]
- a photoreceptor QB1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12, except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution H described in Example 8 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution.
- a photoreceptor QC1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution I described in Example 9 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution.
- a photoconductor T1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12, except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution described in Comparative Example 1 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, a large number of titanium oxide aggregates were observed.
- the in-plane root mean square roughness (RMS) value was 148.4 nm
- the in-plane arithmetic average roughness was The (Ra) value was 95.3 nm
- the in-plane maximum roughness (P—V) value was 2565 nm.
- Table 5 shows the results of evaluating the photoreceptor T1 in the same manner as in Example 12.
- Photoreceptor T2 was produced in the same manner as Comparative Example 8, except that the undercoat layer was provided so that the thickness of the undercoat layer was. When the surface of the undercoat layer at this time was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, a large number of titanium oxide aggregates were observed.
- a photoconductor T3 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 8, except that the coating solution L was used as the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, a large number of acid-titanium aggregates were observed.
- Table 5 shows the results of evaluating the photoreceptor T3 in the same manner as in Example 12.
- a photoreceptor U1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution K described in Comparative Example 2 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution. In this case, When the surface was observed with a scanning electron microscope in the same manner as in Example 12, a large number of titanium oxide aggregates were observed.
- Photoconductor U1 was unable to evaluate the electrical characteristics of the underlayer component and the uneven thickness.
- a photoreceptor TA1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution M described in Comparative Example 4 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution.
- a photoreceptor TBI was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution N described in Comparative Example 5 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution.
- a photoreceptor TC1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution O described in Comparative Example 6 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution.
- Table 6 shows the DDR measurement results of Examples 24-26 and Comparative Examples 8, 12-14 measured in the same manner as in Example 15.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has a uniform undercoat layer free from aggregation and the like, the potential fluctuation due to environmental differences is small, and the dielectric breakdown resistance is excellent, and It was confirmed that the dark decay was small, and that it was particularly remarkable as the ratio of metal oxide fine particles increased.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer As the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer, the coating solution B for forming the undercoat layer described in Example 2 was used, and dip coating was performed on an aluminum cutting tube having an outer diameter of 30 mm, a length of 285 mm, and a wall thickness of 0.8 mm. Was applied so that the film thickness after drying was 2.4 m and dried to form an undercoat layer. When the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- undercoat layer 94 2 cm 2 was immersed in a mixed liquid for methanol 70cm 3, 1-propanol 30 cm 3, an undercoat layer dispersion was sonicated for 5 minutes by an ultrasonic oscillator output 600W Then, the particle size distribution of the metal oxide particles in the dispersion was measured by UPA in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 was 0.0776 m, and the volume distribution width index SD was 0.029. In the meantime.
- the photosensitive layer 94.2 cm 2 of this electrophotographic photosensitive member was immersed in 100 cm 3 of tetrahydrofuran, dissolved and removed by sonication for 5 minutes with an ultrasonic oscillator with an output of 600 W, and the same part was treated with 70 cm 3 of methanol.
- 1-Propanol is immersed in a mixing solution of 30 cm 3 and sonicated for 5 minutes with a 600 W ultrasonic oscillator to obtain a subbing layer dispersion, and the particle size distribution of the metal oxide particles in the dispersion is determined.
- the cumulative volume average diameter was D 50 ⁇ or 0.091 / ⁇ ⁇
- the volume distribution width indicator SDi was 0.029.
- the prepared photoreceptor is mounted on a color printer (product name: Intercolor LP—1500C, resolution 600 dpi) cartridge manufactured by Seiko Epson Corporation (which has a scorotron charging member and a blade cleaning member as an imaging unit cartridge). When a full color image was formed, a good image could be obtained. Obtained images 1.6 Table 7 shows the number of minute color points observed in the 6 cm square.
- Example 27 A full color image was formed in the same manner as in Example 27 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution C described in Example 3 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution, and a good image was obtained. I was able to. Obtained images 1.
- Table 7 shows the number of minute color points observed in a 6 cm square.
- Example 27 a full color image was formed after 3 months and image defects after 3 months. Was measured. The results are also shown in Table 7.
- Example 27 A full color image was formed in the same manner as in Example 27 except that the undercoat layer forming coating solution D described in Example 4 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution, and a good image was obtained. I was able to. Obtained images 1.
- Table 7 shows the number of minute color points observed in a 6 cm square.
- Example 27 a full color image was formed after 3 months, and image defects after 3 months were measured. The results are also shown in Table 7.
- An electrophotographic photosensitive member was produced in the same manner as in Example 27 except that the undercoat layer-forming coating rod described in Comparative Example 1 was used as the undercoat layer-forming coating solution.
- the undercoat layer 94. 2 cm 2 of the electrophotographic photosensitive layer, methanol 70cm 3, 1 was immersed in a mixed liquid for propanol 3 0 cm 3, an undercoat layer dispersion was sonicated for 5 minutes by an ultrasonic oscillator output 600W A liquid was obtained, and the particle size distribution of secondary particles of metal oxide aggregates in the dispersion was measured in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the volume cumulative average diameter D50 was 0.1097 / ⁇ ⁇
- the product distribution width index SD was 0.042.
- Example 27 a full color image was formed after 3 months, and image defects after 3 months were measured. The results are also shown in Table 7.
- Example 2 the coating solution of Example 2 and the coating of Comparative Example 1 were applied! The same amount was charged in a dipping type coating tank and circulated while overflowing from the upper part of the coating tank opened in an environment of about 23 ° C. and 30% RH.
- Table 8 shows the results of sampling the liquid of the upper force over time and examining the water content by the Karl Fischer method.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has excellent performance with few characteristics such as good photoreceptor characteristics, high dielectric strength, and low image defects such as color points. confirmed. Also, in terms of liquid stability, the difference after 2 months when water absorption with time was small was remarkable. Therefore, the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer of the present invention can be applied stably over a long period of time without causing image defects.
- the photoconductor Q1 prepared in Example 15 was fixed in an environment of a temperature of 25 ° C and a humidity of 50%, and the volume resistivity was about 2 ⁇ 'cm, and both ends of the drum length were about 2cm shorter than the drum length. Press the roller against the photoconductor Q1 and apply DC voltage lkV for 1 minute, then DC voltage 1.5 kV was applied for 1 minute, and every time it was applied for 1 minute, it was repeated to decrease the voltage by -0.5 kV. When DC voltage -4.5 kV was applied, dielectric breakdown occurred.
- dielectric breakdown occurred when a DC voltage of 4.5 kV was applied.
- a DC voltage was applied to the photoconductor in the same manner as in Example 30 except that the photoconductor T1 produced in Comparative Example 6 was used instead of the photoconductor Q1 produced in Example 15. 3. When 5 kV was applied, dielectric breakdown occurred.
- the photoconductor Q1 produced in Example 15 is mounted on a printer ML1430 manufactured by Samsung (having a contact charging roller member and a monochrome developing member as a body cartridge), and an image defect due to dielectric breakdown occurs at a print density of 5%. When the image formation was repeated until it was observed, even if 50,000 images were formed, no image defects were observed.
- the photoconductor T1 prepared in Comparative Example 8 was mounted on a Samsung printer ML1430, and image formation was repeated until image defects due to dielectric breakdown were observed at a print density of 5%, forming 35,000 images. At that time, image defects were observed.
- Coating solution B for forming the undercoat layer is applied onto an aluminum cutting tube with an outer diameter of 24 mm, a length of 236.5 mm, and a wall thickness of 0.75 mm so that the film thickness after drying is 2 m. And dried to form a lower bow I layer.
- a charge generating material represented by the following formula: 1. 5 parts,
- Charge coating solution for charge transport layer prepared by dissolving 0.02 part by weight of silicone oil in 640 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran Ztoluene (8Z2) mixed solvent is applied so that the film thickness after drying is 25 m. This was coated, air-dried at room temperature for 25 minutes, and further dried at 125 ° C. for 20 minutes to provide a charge transport layer to produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member obtained as described above is used in an electrophotographic characteristic evaluation apparatus (basic and applied electrophotographic technology, edited by Electrophotographic Society, Corona, pp. Pp. 40-405) manufactured according to the Electrophotographic Society standard. After installation, the electrical characteristics were evaluated by charging, exposure, potential measurement, and static elimination sites according to the following procedure.
- the initial surface potential of the photoconductor was measured when the photoconductor was charged by discharging at a grid voltage of 800 V of a scorotron charger in a dark place. Next, illuminate the halogen lamp with 450 nm monochromatic light using an interference filter, and measure the irradiation energy j / cm 2 ) when the surface potential is 350 V.
- An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 except that the undercoat layer forming coating basket described in Comparative Example 1 was used as the undercoat layer forming coating solution.
- the initial charging potential was -696V and the sensitivity E was 3.304 J.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has an exposure wavelength of 350 ⁇ ! Excellent sensitivity when exposed to monochromatic light at ⁇ 600nm.
- the present invention can be used in any industrial field, and in particular, an electrophotographic system. It can be suitably used for printers, facsimiles, copiers, and the like.
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Abstract
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US12/300,853 US8420283B2 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-05-18 | Coating liquid for forming undercoat layer, method for preparing coating liquid for forming undercoat layer, electrophotographic photoreceptor, image-forming apparatus, and electrophotographic cartridge |
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KR (1) | KR101029224B1 (ja) |
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ES2378233T3 (es) * | 2004-09-21 | 2012-04-10 | G & I Irtech S.L. | Proceso y máquina para la aglomeración y/o secado de materiales en polvo usando radiación infrarroja |
CN101794091A (zh) * | 2004-11-19 | 2010-08-04 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 底涂层形成用涂布液以及具有涂布该涂布液所形成的底涂层的电子照相感光体 |
US20090041500A1 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2009-02-12 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Image forming apparatus |
RU2538115C1 (ru) * | 2013-07-11 | 2015-01-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Кубанский государственный технологический университет" (ФГБОУ ВПО "КубГТУ") | Ленточно-вальцовый станок |
CN107971120B (zh) * | 2017-12-13 | 2023-11-03 | 瑞安市永历制药机械有限公司 | 一种粉碎机的水冷装置 |
JP2020067598A (ja) * | 2018-10-25 | 2020-04-30 | キヤノン株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置 |
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CN101443708A (zh) | 2009-05-27 |
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US20090208249A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
KR101029224B1 (ko) | 2011-04-14 |
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TW200805009A (en) | 2008-01-16 |
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