WO2007075668A1 - Optimizing write and wear performance for a memory - Google Patents

Optimizing write and wear performance for a memory Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007075668A1
WO2007075668A1 PCT/US2006/048402 US2006048402W WO2007075668A1 WO 2007075668 A1 WO2007075668 A1 WO 2007075668A1 US 2006048402 W US2006048402 W US 2006048402W WO 2007075668 A1 WO2007075668 A1 WO 2007075668A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
data
speed memory
high speed
memory
low speed
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Ceased
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PCT/US2006/048402
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Michael. R. Fortin
Robert. L. Reinauer
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Microsoft Corp
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Microsoft Corp
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Publication date
Application filed by Microsoft Corp filed Critical Microsoft Corp
Priority to JP2008545888A priority Critical patent/JP5254031B2/ja
Priority to AU2006331830A priority patent/AU2006331830B2/en
Priority to DK06839426.1T priority patent/DK1960888T3/da
Priority to KR1020087014092A priority patent/KR101422855B1/ko
Priority to CN2006800473846A priority patent/CN101331463B/zh
Priority to EP06839426A priority patent/EP1960888B1/en
Publication of WO2007075668A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007075668A1/en
Priority to IL191502A priority patent/IL191502A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

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    • G06F2212/1032—Reliability improvement, data loss prevention, degraded operation etc
    • G06F2212/1036—Life time enhancement
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    • G06F2212/30—Providing cache or TLB in specific location of a processing system
    • G06F2212/304—In main memory subsystem
    • G06F2212/3042—In main memory subsystem being part of a memory device, e.g. cache DRAM
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2212/00—Indexing scheme relating to accessing, addressing or allocation within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F2212/30—Providing cache or TLB in specific location of a processing system
    • G06F2212/305—Providing cache or TLB in specific location of a processing system being part of a memory device, e.g. cache DRAM
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    • G06F2212/00—Indexing scheme relating to accessing, addressing or allocation within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F2212/72—Details relating to flash memory management
    • G06F2212/7211—Wear leveling

Definitions

  • Memory device have many trade offs. Memory which is fast may be expensive. Memory which is slow may be inexpensive. As the memory demands of modern applications exceed the physical capacity of customer systems, paging operations to the hard drive quickly make the system and applications appear slow and unresponsive, particularly when switching between tasks or users. In an ideal computer, all the memory would be as fast as possible, but such a computer would be too expensive to be realistic. In addition, there are some applications where cheap, long term storage is all that is needed. As a result, computers have a variety of memory from ultra fast memory close to the processor to slower memory such as disk based memory. In addition, computers have the ability to add more and different types of memory such as portable hard drives, floppy disks and flash memory devices. Each of these devices have performance and wear characteristics which may be maximized.
  • Determining and using the ideal size of memory to be transferred from high speed memory to a low speed memory may result in speedier saves to the low speed memory and a longer life for the low speed memory.
  • some flash memory devices have memory write sizes that minimize the number of erases and writes to the flash memory.
  • Other low speed memory devices may have ideal write sizes that enable large blocks on the low speed memory to store contiguous data.
  • data may be accessed in fast memory even thought the data has been indicated to be sent to lower speed memory.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computing system that may operate in accordance with the claims.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram of a method in accordance with the claims.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a suitable computing system environment 100 on which a system for the steps of the claimed method and apparatus may be implemented.
  • the computing system environment 100 is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the method of apparatus of the claims. Neither should the computing environment 100 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment 100.
  • program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
  • the methods and apparatus may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network.
  • program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
  • an exemplary system for implementing the steps of the claimed method and apparatus includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer 110.
  • Components of computer 110 may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 120, a system memory 130, and a system bus 121 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 120.
  • the system bus 121 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures.
  • such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VES A) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.
  • ISA Industry Standard Architecture
  • MCA Micro Channel Architecture
  • EISA Enhanced ISA
  • VES A Video Electronics Standards Association
  • PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
  • Computer 1 10 typically includes a variety of computer readable media.
  • Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media.
  • Computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media.
  • Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data.
  • Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 110.
  • Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media.
  • modulated data signal means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal.
  • communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
  • the system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132.
  • ROM read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • BIOS basic input/output system
  • RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates operating system 134, application programs 135, other program modules 136, and program data 137.
  • the computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a hard disk drive 140 that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 151 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 152, and an optical disk drive 155 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk 156 such as a CD ROM or other optical media.
  • removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like.
  • the hard disk drive 141 is typically connected to the system bus 121 through a non-removable memory interface such as interface 140, and magnetic disk drive 151 and optical disk drive 155 are typically connected to the system bus 121 by a removable memory interface, such as interface 150.
  • the drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in Fig. 1 provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer 110.
  • hard disk drive 141 is illustrated as storing operating system 144, application programs 145, other program modules 146, and program data 147. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system 134, application programs 135, other program modules 136, and program data 137. Operating system 144, application programs 145, other program modules 146, and program data 147 are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies.
  • a user may enter commands and information into the computer 20 through input devices such as a keyboard 162 and pointing device 161, commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad.
  • Other input devices may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like.
  • These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 120 through a user input interface 160 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB).
  • a monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190.
  • computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer 196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 190.
  • the computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180.
  • the remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in Fig. 1.
  • the logical connections depicted in Fig. 1 include a local area network (LAN) 171 and a wide area network (WAN) 173, but may also include other networks.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.
  • the computer 110 When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet.
  • the modem 172 which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism.
  • program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof may be stored in the remote memory storage device.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates remote application programs 185 as residing on memory device 181. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
  • Fig. 2 may illustrate a method of efficiently storing data where there is a plurality of data storage devices with a hierarchy of data storage speeds.
  • Memory device have many trade offs. Memory which is fast may be expensive. Memory which is slow may be inexpensive. In an ideal computer, all the memory would be as fast as possible, but such a computer would be too expensive for a majority of uses. In addition, there are some applications where cheap, long term storage is all that is needed. As a result, computers have a variety of memory from ultra fast memory close to the processor to slower memory such as disk based memory. In addition, computers have the ability to add more and different types of memory such as portable hard drives 140 and flash memory devices 152. Each of these devices have performance and wear characteristics which may be maximized.
  • flash memory 152 is made in two common forms: NOR flash and NAND flash. Other forms of flash memory 152 are also contemplated. Both types of flash memory 152 and EEPROM wear out after many erase operations, due to wear on the insulating oxide layer around the charge storage mechanism used to store data. A typical NOR flash memory 152 unit may wear out after 10,000-100,000 erase/write operations, a typical NAND flash 152 memory may wear out after 1,000,000.
  • flash memory 152 is that, although it can be read or programmed a byte or a word at a time in a random access fashion, it must be erased a "block" at a time. Starting with a freshly erased block, any byte within that block can be programmed.
  • flash memory 152 is limited in that it has a finite number of erase- write cycles, so that care has to be taken to minimize the number of erase/write cycles.
  • the slowness of the write cycle may be a factor in determining a preferred write size. For example, if there is significant overhead time required to set up a write function, time could be saved by minimizing the number of writes by maximizing the size of the data to be written. Similarly, in some storage devices, repeated small saves can result in data being spread out across the storage device, which may result in longer read times than if the data was stored contiguously as may be the result of fewer, larger saves. In addition, the write cycle may be taxing on the processor and during times of high processor usage, it may make sense to save less frequently with larger storage sizes at less frequent intervals.
  • every write to the hard disk 140 may involve a performance hit while the system waits for the hard disk 140 to access the correct location on the hard disk 140 and write the data. This may take at least 10 milliseconds on most drives, which is a long time in the computer world and may really slow down performance as the system waits for the hard disk.
  • RAM 132 also referred to as write caching enabled
  • the logic circuit records the write in its much faster cache or high speed memory 132, and then immediately sends back an acknowledgement to the operating system saying, in essence, "finished.” The rest of the system can then proceed on without having to wait for the actuator to position and the disk to spin, and so on which improves performance.
  • the drive 140 sends back saying "finished” when it really isn't finished—the data isn't on the disk at all, it's only in the cache 132.
  • the hard disk's 140 logic circuits begin to write the data to the disk, but of course this takes some time.
  • Typical PC 110 use involves loading programs, and loading and saving data frequently. All of these operations may require access to the hard disk 140. And therefore, hard disk 140 performance becomes an issue. Making the CPU 120 fast enough to process two million instructions while it waits doesn't really gain a user much unless it has something to do with that time.
  • the applications where hard disk 140 performance issues are most important are those that do a lot of reading and writing to the hard disk 140, instead of doing a lot of processing, such as multimedia editing applications, especially those dealing with large audio and video files.
  • Access time is the metric that represents the composite of all the other specifications reflecting random performance positioning in the hard disk 140.
  • the most common definition is:
  • Access Time Command Overhead Time + Seek Time + Settle Time + Latency
  • Command overhead may refer to the time that elapses from when a command is given to the hard disk 140 until something actually starts happening to fulfill the command.
  • the seek time of a hard disk 140 may measure the amount of time required for the read/write heads to move between tracks over the surfaces of the platters. Switching between tracks requires the head actuator to move the head arms physically, which being a mechanical process, takes a specific amount of time. The amount of time required to switch between two tracks depends on the distance between the tracks. However, there is a certain amount of "overhead" involved in track switching, so the relationship is not linear. It may not take double the time to switch from track 1 to track 3 that it does to switch from track 1 to track 2.
  • Seek time is normally expressed in milliseconds (commonly abbreviated "msec” or “ms”).
  • msec millisecond
  • ms high speed system memory
  • a 1 GHz processor may (theoretically) execute over one million instructions in a millisecond. Even small reductions in seek times can result in improvements in overall system performance, because the rest of the system is often waiting for the hard disk 140.
  • the hard disk 140 platters are spinning around at high speed, and the spin speed may not be synchronized to the process that moves the read/write heads to the correct cylinder on a random access on the hard disk 140. Therefore, at the time that the heads arrive at the correct cylinder, the actual sector that is needed may be anywhere. After the actuator assembly has completed its seek to the correct track, the drive 140 may wait for the correct sector to come around to where the read/write heads are located. This time is called latency. Latency is directly related to the spindle speed of the drive and such is influenced solely by the drive's spindle characteristics. Accordingly, any actions that can reduce access time may have a large impact on system performance.
  • the amount of available RAM 132 may also have an effect on the size of data that is capable of being stored in high speed memory. For example, if a system only has 8k of high speed RAM 132, more frequent write operations will have to occur than if the system had 512kb of high speed RAM 132 simply because the RAM 132 cannot store much data.
  • the method may receive data to be stored on a lower speed data storage device.
  • a word processing file may be designated to be stored on a hard drive 140.
  • the data may be stored in a high speed memory.
  • the word processing file may be stored in a cache in RAM 132.
  • the method may collect additional data in the high speed memory 132 until a preferred amount of data is stored that is destined for a particular lower speed data device such as the hard drive 140.
  • the method may store the data in high speed memory 132 until it is of a size that is appropriate write size for a particular storage device. As described previously, the preferred amount of data may vary by device.
  • the preferred write size may be a multiple of 2 raised to a power such as is one of 128 kb, 256 kb, and 512 kb.
  • the size may be the size of a flash memory block such that erase/write operations will be minimize by only writing to the flash device when an entire flash block is ready to be stored (rather than multiple erase/write operations).
  • the data may be written to the lower speed device 140.
  • the method may keep the data in high speed storage 132 until a determination is made that the data no longer is needed in high speed storage 132. For example, if a system has excess RAM 132, it may not tax the system to keep data that has already been written to low speed memory 140 also in high speed memory 132. As the data has already been stored in low speed memory 140, it may not be needed in high speed memory 132, but it may be kept there anyway as a convenience to the user.
  • the method of claim 1 wherein the data to be written to the low speed storage device 140 is backed up on an additional low speed storage device 140.
  • a user or a program may instruct that data be stored on a low speed storage device 140.
  • the method may wait for an optimal amount of data before writing to the low speed memory.
  • the low speed memory such as a flash memory unit 152 may be removed from the system.
  • the data may be moved from the high speed memory 132 to an additional memory that is lower speed that the high speed memory 132 but higher speed than the low speed memory.
  • the method may warn a user that the data has yet to be written to the low speed memory device such as the flash 152 when a low speed memory device has been removed from the system before the data has been written from the high speed memory 132 to the low speed memory device 152.
  • the user may be presented the option to write the data from the high speed memory 132 to the low speed memory 152 before the low speed memory device is removed.
  • the method may wait until a period of low system activity to write to the low speed storage device.
  • the user or method may indicate that a word processing file is to be stored on a flash memory 152.
  • the method may wait for enough data to match the optimal write size for flash memory 152 so the data may not be written to the flash memory 152 immediately if the size of the word processing file is less than the size of the optimal write size. If the flash is removed 152, the user may be warned that the data has yet to be written to the flash memory 152.
  • the data may be already backed up in a "medium" speed storage device and this backup may be used to keep the data from being overwritten while in the high speed storage device 132.
  • the method may organize the data in the high speed memory 132 such that the write to the low speed memory 140 is more efficient. The organization can be as simple as rearranging the data in the high speed memory 132 to be contiguous such that a transfer to the low speed memory 140 may proceed more efficiently.
  • the method may analyze the data in the high speed memory 132 to determine if any of the data has been replaced with newer data before the data is written to the low speed memory 140.
  • the method may analyze the data in the high speed memory 132 to determine whether any of the data to be written to the low speed memory 140 is duplicate data wherein the older duplicate data is not written to the low speed memory 140 device.
  • the method may invalidate blocks in the high speed memory 132 when write operations impact those blocks before they have been committed to the low speed device 140.
  • the method may keep an index of data in high speed memory 132 that is to be written to low speed memory 140 and if the data written to be written to the low speed device 140 is resident in the high speed memory 132, the method may serve read requests for the data from the high speed memory 132 without regard as to whether the data has been written to low speed memory 140.
  • the method may test the low speed memory 140 to determine the preferred write size for the low speed memory 140. For example, the method may inquire of a flash memory 152 what is the ideal erase/write size. At block 280, the method may also use indication from the low speed storage device 140 to calculate the preferred write size. For example, in the flash memory 152 example, the method may determine that blocks are erased in 1024 byte increments so the method may determine that save operations should occur in 1024 byte increments. The preferred write size may be related to the preferred erase size of the low speed memory 152. .

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PCT/US2006/048402 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 Optimizing write and wear performance for a memory Ceased WO2007075668A1 (en)

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JP2008545888A JP5254031B2 (ja) 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 メモリの書き込み及び損耗性能の最適化
AU2006331830A AU2006331830B2 (en) 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 Optimizing write and wear performance for a memory
DK06839426.1T DK1960888T3 (da) 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 Optimering af skrive- og slidydelsen for en hukommelse
KR1020087014092A KR101422855B1 (ko) 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 데이터를 효율적으로 저장하는 방법, 컴퓨터 판독가능 매체및 컴퓨터 시스템
CN2006800473846A CN101331463B (zh) 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 优化存储器的写入和磨损性能
EP06839426A EP1960888B1 (en) 2005-12-16 2006-12-18 Optimizing write and wear performance for a memory
IL191502A IL191502A (en) 2005-12-16 2008-05-15 Optimize write and erase performance for memory

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US11/303,382 US8914557B2 (en) 2005-12-16 2005-12-16 Optimizing write and wear performance for a memory

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US11334484B2 (en) 2022-05-17
US20070162700A1 (en) 2007-07-12
EP1960888B1 (en) 2013-01-16
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US20170052892A1 (en) 2017-02-23
AU2006331830A1 (en) 2007-07-05
US9529716B2 (en) 2016-12-27
MY151964A (en) 2014-07-31
KR101422855B1 (ko) 2014-07-24
EP1960888A4 (en) 2009-06-10
CN101331463B (zh) 2012-02-08
US20140047189A1 (en) 2014-02-13
IL191502A (en) 2014-07-31
JP2009520280A (ja) 2009-05-21
AU2006331830B2 (en) 2011-06-02
KR20080084948A (ko) 2008-09-22
US8914557B2 (en) 2014-12-16

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