Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/80—Constructional details
  • H10H20/85—Packages
  • H10H20/851—Wavelength conversion means
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/80—Constructional details
  • H10H20/85—Packages
  • H10H20/851—Wavelength conversion means
  • H10H20/8514—Wavelength conversion means characterised by their shape, e.g. plate or foil
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/80—Constructional details
  • H10H20/85—Packages
  • H10H20/851—Wavelength conversion means
  • H10H20/8515—Wavelength conversion means not being in contact with the bodies
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/80—Constructional details
  • H10H20/85—Packages
  • H10H20/855—Optical field-shaping means, e.g. lenses
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
  • H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
  • H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/01—Manufacture or treatment
  • H10H20/036—Manufacture or treatment of packages
  • H10H20/0361—Manufacture or treatment of packages of wavelength conversion means
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10H—INORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
  • H10H20/00—Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H10H20/80—Constructional details
  • H10H20/85—Packages
  • H10H20/857—Interconnections, e.g. lead-frames, bond wires or solder balls

Definitions

• This invention relates to light emitters and, more particularly, to light emitters where the wavelength of at least some of the emitted light is converted to another wavelength by a conversion material region.
• LEDs are an important class of solid-state devices that convert electric energy to light energy and generally comprise an active layer of semiconductor material sandwiched between two oppositely doped layers . When a bias is applied across the doped layers, holes and electrons are injected into the active layer where they recombine to generate light. Light is typically emitted omnidirectionally from the active layer and from the surfaces of the LED.
• One disadvantage of conventional LEDs used for lighting applications is that they cannot generate white light from their active layers.
• One way to cause a single blue emitting LED to emit white light is to surround it with a yellow phosphor, polymer or dye.
• a yellow phosphor, polymer or dye See Nichia Corp. white LED, Part No. NSPW300BS, NSPW312BS, etc.; See also U.S. Patent No. 5959316 to Hayden, "Multiple Encapsulation of Phosphor-LED Devices"] .
• the surrounding material “downconverts" the wavelength of at least some of the light, changing its color.
• a blue emitting LED is surrounded by a yellow phosphor, then some of the blue light passes through the phosphor without being changed while the remaining light is downconverted to yellow. Hence, the LED emits both blue and yellow light, which combines to form a white 1ight .
• One conventional method for manufacturing an LED surrounded by a conversion material region is to mount the LED in a cup shaped submount with the necessary electrical connections to apply a bias to the LED.
• a syringe mechanism is filled with an optically clear and curable material (e.g. epoxy, silicon, sol gel, etc.) with the conversion material mixed in the material, where the conversion material typically includes phosphor particles.
• the syringe mixture is then injected into the submount, covering the LED and partially filling the submount.
• the clear material is first injected into the cup, the conversion particles are generally uniformly mixed/suspended throughout the material .
• the clear material is then cured to form the conversion material region and the entire assembly is encased in a clear epoxy.
• One disadvantage of this manufacturing method is that under certain circumstances the conversion particles can be non-uniformly distributed in the cured state. After the clear material mixture is injected into a cup, there can be a time delay before it is cured. During this delay, the conversion particles can settle toward the base of the cup and over the LED such that there are different concentrations of particles throughout the conversion material region. This settling problem can be compounded in clear materials that dehydrate during the curing process, which allows the conversion particles to settle more quickly. The settled conversion material region can result in light from the emitter appearing as different colors and/or intensities when viewed from different angles because the emitted light encounters different amounts of conversion material.
• Another disadvantage of this method is that the injection of the optically clear material from a syringe can introduce variations in the concentration of conversion particles from emitter to emitter, which can reduce the consistent reproducibility of the emitters.
• the conversion particles can settle in the syringe such that emitters injected with the clear material mixture when the syringe is full can have a greater concentration of conversion particles than emitters formed later.
• the amount of clear material injected from the syringe into the cup can also be difficult to control and different amounts of clear material mixture can be deposited in different emitters. This can also result in different amounts of conversion particles in different emitters.
• the end surface shape of the cured material can also vary such that light from different LEDs pass through different amounts of clear material and particles.
• Another disadvantage of the conventional emitter manu acturing method is the waste of material when the emitter does not meet the necessary emission standards. There is no practical method for separating the two so the entire emitter must be discarded if the emitter or the conversion material region is defective. Hence, if the LED is good but the conversion material region is defective, then both will be unusable. Discarding the entire emitter results in the excessive wasting of otherwise good LEDs, which can add to the overall cost of manufacturing .
• an emitter comprises a light source which emits a first spectrum of light.
• a conversion material region is included that is formed separately from said light source and includes conversion particles.
• the conversion material region is positioned in proximity to the light source such that at least some of the light source light passes through the conversion material region.
• the conversion particles absorb at least some of the light source light passing through the conversion material region and emitting a second spectrum of light.
• Another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention comprises a light source which emits a first spectrum of light and a conversion material region formed separately from said light source.
• the conversion material region is positioned proximate to the light source and arranged to absorb at least some of the light emitted by the light source and re-emit light at a second spectrum of light.
• the emitter emits a combination of the first and second spectrums of light in a uniform third spectrum of light.
• One embodiment of a method of fabricating an emitter according to the present invention comprises providing a light source and providing a separately formed conversion material region which includes conversion particles. The conversion material region is then bonded proximate to the light source. The conversion material region is positioned so that at least some of the light emitted from the light source at different angles flows through said conversion material region and through the substantially the same amount of conversion particles.
• FIG. 1 is a sectional view of one embodiment of a light emitter according to the present invention having a hemispheric shaped phosphor-containing lens that is manufactured separately from the LED and submount;
• FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 2, with the separate pieces bonded together;
• FIG. 3 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention having a dome shaped phosphor-containing lens;
• FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 3, with the separate pieces bonded together;
• FIG. 5 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention having a dome shaped phosphor-containing lens;
• FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 5 with the separate pieces bonded together;
• FIG. 7 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention having a dome shaped phosphor-containing lens;
• FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 7 with the separate pieces bonded together;
• FIG. 9 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention having a hemispheric lens with a phosphor-containing layer and scattering particles;
• FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 9 with the separate pieces bonded together;
• FIG. 11 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention having a generally hemispheric lens with a phosphor-containing layer;
• FIG. 12 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 11 with the separate pieces bonded together;
• FIG. 13 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention having a phosphor-loaded cap;
• FIG. 14 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 13 with the separate pieces bonded together;
• FIG. 15 is a sectional view of another embodiment of an emitter according to the present invention having a perforated phosphor loaded cap;
• FIG. 16 is a sectional view of the emitter of FIG. 15 with the separate pieces bonded together.
• FIGS. 17 and 18 are flow diagrams illustrating methods of fabricating an emitter according to the present invention.
• FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate one embodiment of a light emitter 10 in accordance with the present invention.
• Emitter 10 can be used in many different applications such as being included in a display system where it is desired to emit light at a uniform color and/or intensity through a range of angles.
• the system can include a single emitter or an array of emitters, but one emitter is illustrated here for simplicity and ease of discussion.
• Emitter 10 includes a light source 12 positioned on a surface 11 of a cup shaped submount 14.
• Light source 12 can be mounted on surface 11 using known bonding methods.
• a filler material 19 is positioned on surface 11 and surrounds light source 12 so that filler material 19 fills the volume within the cup.
• a hemispheric lens 16, which includes phosphor, is positioned adjacent to submount 14.
• Lens 16 includes conversion particles 22 distributed throughout so that lens 16 and particles 22 form a conversion material region 21.
• Surface 11 can be reflective at the wavelengths of interest so that light emitted by light source 12 reflects from surface 11 and contributes to the light emission of emitter 10. It should be noted that conversion particles 22 are represented as dots in lens 16 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and the rest of the figures shown in this disclosure .
• a surface 13 of lens 16 bonds to filler material 19 and is held in place relative to submount 14.
• lens 16 is positioned so that a portion of the light emitted by light source 12 flows through lens 16 from surface 13 to a surface 15.
• filler material 19 is optional and lens 16 can be bonded directly to a surface 17 of submount 14.
• Filler material 19 can include an epoxy or another filler material capable of bonding lens 16 to submount 1 .
• Lens 16 and filler material 19 can include a material transparent to the wavelengths of interest.
• Conversion particles 22 can include one or more fluorescent or phosphorescent materials such as a phosphor, a fluorescent dye, or a photoluminescent semiconductor material .
• light source 12 includes a single light emitting diode (LED) .
• light source 12 can include other light emitters, such as a solid-state laser, a laser diode, an organic light emitting diode, among others.
• the desired wavelengths of interest typically range from the infrared to the ultraviolet regions, although other wavelengths could be used.
• light source 12 can include multiple light sources which emit light at the same or different wavelengths .
• LEDs typically include an active region sandwiched between two oppositely doped layers that are either doped p-type or n-type.
• the top layer of the LED is usually p- type and the bottom layer is usually n-type, although LEDs also work if the conductivities of the layers are reversed.
• the p- and n-type layers have respective contacts and an electrical signal can be applied across the contacts so that a current is injected into the active region to produce light emission.
• Submount 14 can include electrical circuitry (not shown) coupled to light source 12, such as electrical circuitry to provide power for light emission. Submount 14 can also include components and circuitry to protect light source 12 from large electrical signals such as electrostatic shock.
• light source 12 emits light at a desired wavelength where the emitted light flows through lens 16 either directly from the light source or indirectly by reflection from surface 11. A portion of the light emitted by light source 12 flows through lens 16 and is absorbed by conversion particles 22 [0038] A portion of the absorbed radiation is re-emitted at one or more wavelength spectrums which are generally different from the absorbed wavelength, with the re- emitted light typically having a longer wavelength than the absorbed light. The combination of the transmitted light and the retransmitted light allows the emitter 10 to emit different wavelengths of light than the original emitted light. For example, light source 12 can emit blue light and conversion particles 22 can absorb a portion of the blue light and convert it to yellow light.
• the emitter 10 then emits a white light combination of The blue and yellow light.
• a full range of broad yellow spectral emission is possible using conversion particles which include phosphors based on the (Gd, Y) 3 (Al,Ga) 5 0 ⁇ 2 :Ce system.
• conversion particles 22 can re-emit green light, with a suitable green emitting material being a Sr: thiogallate phosphor.
• Other conversion particles can be used that absorb blue light and re-emit at different wavelengths of light.
• Different conversion particles can also be used that absorb different wavelengths of light and re-emit light at different wavelengths, such as particles the absorb ultra-violet light and emit light at a different wavelength.
• lens 16 is fabricated separately from submount 14 and light source 12.
• material can be used to mass produce lenses using known methods such as injection molding or the conventional syringe manufacturing process.
• One advantage is that the manufacturing process can provide lenses which are less expensive than conventional techniques.
• One reason the process is less expensive is because the formation of emitter 10 reduces the waste generated since light source 12 can be tested before lens 16 is bonded onto submount 14. If emitter 10 has substandard emission or is otherwise defective, then a determination can be made as to whether light source 12 or lens 16 is defective. The defective component can then be discarded and substituted with a new component. The replacement process avoids the waste associated with the conventional manufacturing processes where the entire emitter is discarded if the emission is substandard.
• Another advantage is that the emitters can be formed with a more flexible manufacturing process. For example, different lenses can be used to match the geometry of submount 14 and light source 12.
• the color emitted by a particular emitter 10 can be changed by using a lens which includes a different type of conversion particles to produce different light combinations.
• the changing of lenses can be done at the assembly line by simply substituting a different supply of lenses .
• Flexibility in the manufacturing process is also obtained because a wider selection of materials can be used to form lens 16. For example, because the clear material is injected directly on the LED in the conventional syringe method, only material with a relatively low melting/curing temperature can be used. If higher temperature materials are used, then light source 12 or submount 14 can be damaged when contacted by the clear material mixture.
• Lens 16 is manufactured separate from light source 12 and submount 14 and then bonded to submount 14 as discussed above. As a result, materials that might otherwise cause damage in the conventional syringe process can now be used, one such material being glass. By encasing conversion particles 22 in a rugged material such as glass, conversion particles 22 are better protected from contaminants in the ambient atmosphere that can undesirably react with particles 22 and reduce the usable lifetime of emitter 10. It should be understood that the lens 16 can be made of many different materials beyond glass, such as an epoxy or plastic, and the invention is not limited to the particular lens materials mentioned herein.
• the manufacturing process also has the advantage that the light is emitted with a more uniform color, intensity, and temperature than provided by conventional manuf cturing techniques.
• One reason better uniformity is achieved is because the light emitted from source 12 at different angles passes through similar thicknesses of lens 16 and, accordingly, through substantially similar amounts of conversion particles 22 since they are have substantially uniform distribution throughout region 21. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, light paths 1, 2, and 3 travels through substantially the same thickness of lens 16 and through substantially the same amount of conversion particles.
• the uniformity of conversion particles 22 is better controlled since lens 16 is formed separately.
• the settling of conversion particles 22 can be avoided by quickly curing the material mixture after the mixture is injected into the mold or by shaking the injection mold during curing.
• conversion material region 21 does not generally contact light source 12, so variations in the surface or shape of light source 12 will not significantly impact the performance of emitter 10. Further, heat can damage conversion particles 22 if conversion material region 21 is positioned too close to light source 12.
• FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate an embodiment of an emitter 30 in accordance with the present invention. It should be noted that emitter 30 includes components similar to the components illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Similar numbering is used on similar components with the understanding that the discussion above in conjunction with emitter 10 applies equally to emitter 30 and the other embodiments discussed in the rest of the disclosure.
• Emitter 30 includes light source 12 mounted to submount 14. Filler material 19 can be positioned on surface 11 to surround light source 12, but is left out here and in the rest of the figures for simplicity and ease of discussion.
• Emitter 30 includes a lens 36 mounted to surface 17.
• Lens 36 includes an inside layer 38 with conversion particles 22 and an outside layer 40, where layers 38 and 40 preferably have uniform thicknesses throughout.
• Lens 36 is dome shaped and is positioned on surface 17 so that a portion of the light emitted from light source 12 flows through lens 36 from a surface 33 to a surface 35.
• Conversion particles 22 are distributed throughout conversion material region 21.
• conversion material region 21 includes only a portion of lens 36.
• conversion particles 22 are distributed throughout inside layer 38 and preferably not within outside layer 40.
• inside layer 38 can include clear material mixed with conversion particles 22 and outside layer 40 can include clear material.
• light emitted at different angles from light source 12 passes through nearly the same thickness of lens 36 and the same amount of conversion particles 22. (i.e. light paths 1, 2, and 3 are equal)
• an inside distance 42 (See FIG. 4) can be maintained between light source 12 and inside layer 38 and conversion particles 22, with distance 42 being optimized for the particular light source 12 and submount 14.
• the optimum value for distances 42 and thickness 44 depends on the type and dimensions of light source 12 and submount 14.
• Distance 42 is chosen to allow for light source 12 to provide a higher intensity of light without generating excessive heat which can damage conversion particles 22. Heat can damage conversion particles 22 if conversion material region 21 is positioned too close to light source 12.
• Distance 42 can also affect the light efficiency of emitter 30.
• directional light from light source 12 passes into inner layer 38 and is redirected back towards light source 12, a portion of the directional light can be absorbed by conversion particles 22 and re- emitted omnidirectionally. If distance 42 is too small or if conversion particles 22 are positioned directly on light source 12, then some of the re-emitted light can be directed back into and absorbed by light source 12. The absorption of this light can reduce the overall light emitting efficiency of emitter 30 because it can increase the temperature of light source 12. If distance 42 is too large, then thickness 44 can be reduced to a point that light from conversion particles 22 can be trapped in lens 36 by total internal reflection, which also reduces the overall efficiency of emitter 30.
• FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate an emitter 50 in accordance with the present invention, where emitter 50 includes a flat submount 5 .
• a dome shaped lens 56 is positioned over light source 12 and mounted to a surface 51 of submount 54, with light source 12 arranged in the space provided between an inside surface 53 of lens 56 and submount 54 (See FIG. 6) .
• Light source 12 and inside surface 53 can be spaced apart such that the absorption by light source 12 of re-emitted light from conversion material regions 22 is minimized.
• Lens 56 includes conversion particles 22 distributed throughout lens 56 such that when light emitted from light source 12 passes through lens 56, a portion of it is absorbed by conversion particles 22 and re-emitted at a different wavelength.
• FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate an embodiment of an emitter 70 in accordance with the present invention.
• emitter 70 includes a dome shaped lens 76 mounted to surface 51 of submount 54.
• Lens 76 includes an inside layer 78 which has clear material mixed with conversion particles 22 and an outside layer 80 which has clear material, preferably without any conversion particles.
• Light flow is from light source 12 through lens 76 from a surface 73 to a surface 75.
• an inside distance 82 is chosen between light source 12 and inside layer 78 to minimize the absorption of re- emitted light from conversion particles 22 into light source 12.
• FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate an embodiment of an emitter 90 in accordance with the present invention where emitter 90 includes light source 12 mounted to surface 11 of submount 14.
• a hemispheric shaped lens 96 is mounted to surface 17 where lens 96 includes a bottom layer 98 with conversion particles 22.
• layer 98 also includes scattering particles 100 for redirecting some of the light.
• a portion of the light absorbed and re-emitted by conversion particles 22 in layer 98 is directed along layer 98, as shown by arrow 99 (See FIG. 10) .
• This re- emitted light can be directed away from surface 95.
• scattering particles 100 are included in layer 98 is to redirect the light towards surface 95 so that the light emitting efficiency of emitter 90 is increased.
• the conversion and scattering efficiency of conversion particles 22 can depend on the wavelength of the light and the size of the conversion particles.
• Conversion material region 21 typically does not scatter light effectively because the conversion efficiency of particles 22 decreases as their size decreases. As a result, it is difficult to obtain high conversion efficiency particles that are smaller than approximately one micron in diameter.
• the diameter of scattering particles 100 should be approximately one half of the wavelength of the light being scattered. In air, this would result in particles 100 being approximately 0.2 to 0.25 microns in diameter. This range of diameters would be smaller for particles in a different medium, such as epoxy or another material with an index of refraction greater than free space. As a result, phosphor particles are generally too large to effectively scatter light.
• FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate an embodiment of an emitter 110 in accordance with the present invention, where emitter 110 includes light source 12 mounted to a surface 111 of a submount 114.
• a lens 116 is positioned on a surface 117 of submount 114 where lens 116 has a bottom layer 118 which includes conversion particles 22.
• Light flow is from light source 12 through lens 116 from a surface 103 to a surface 105.
• Submount 114 includes a surface 101 and a surface 115 which are oriented to redirect light emitted from conversion particles 22 towards surface 105.
• bottom layer 118 does not have to include scattering particles similar to scattering particles 100 discussed above to scatter the re-emitted light from conversion particles 22.
• scattering particles 100 can still be included in layer 118, but are left out for simplicity and ease of discussion.
• Surfaces 101 and 115 are shaped so light directed along layer 118 reflects off surfaces 101 and/or 117 and is combined with the light emitted from light source 12 that flows through layer 118 to surface 105.
• the light reflected from surfaces 101 and 115 can contribute to the light emitted by emitter 110.
• the light emission efficiency of emitter 110 is increased by including surfaces 101 and 115 in submount 114.
• FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate an embodiment of an emitter 130 in accordance with the present invention, where emitter 130 includes an LED 152 which can be shaped.
• emitter 130 does not include a submount as in the embodiments discussed previously. Instead, emitter 130 includes contacts 134 and 135 arranged on the bottom of LED 152. Hence, LED 152 can be mounted in a metal cup with contacts 134 and 135 electrically connected to a bias source at the cup to provide power for the illumination of LED 152.
• emitter 130 includes a phosphor loaded cap 136 having the same basic shape as LED 152 and, preferably, having a generally consistent thickness.
• Cap 136 can be made of a similar material as the lenses described above and can include conversion particles distributed thoughout .
• Cap 136 can be manufactured separately from LED 152 by the same methods as the lenses described above, one method being injection molding.
• Cap 136 can be mounted in place over LED 152 with an epoxy or another similar material.
• FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate an embodiment of an emitter 150 in accordance to the present invention where emitter 150 includes LED 152 and a phosphor-loaded cap 154.
• LED 152 has a bottom contact 156 and a top contact 158.
• Cap 154 has a top perforation 160 slightly larger that top contact 158 so that when cap 154 is bonded to LED 152, top contact 158 is arranged within, and accessible though, top perforation 160.
• Perforation 160 can be positioned anywhere along the phosphor cap, but is shown centered on the top for simplicity and ease of discussion.
• top contact 158 allows an electrical signal to be provided to LED 152 through bottom and top contacts 156 and 158, respectively.
• the electrical signal is provided to top contact 158 through conductor 162 which is wire bonded to contact 158.
• the electrical signal can also be provided to bottom contact 156 through a conductor (not shown) or through a metal cup .
• FIG. 17 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of an emitter fabrication method 170 according to the present invention, where the components of the emitter are fabricated separately and then bonded together.
• an LED is fabricated using any know method such as fabrication in a MOCVD reactor.
• the submount is fabricated and in step 176 the LED is bonded to the base of the submount using known bonding methods.
• the lens with conversion material region is fabricated using known fabrication methods such as injection molding.
• the lens is bonded to the submount over the LED, with a preferred method being filling the space between the lens and submount/LED with an epoxy or another filler material, and contacting the inside surface of the lens to hold it in place.
• the emitter can be tested with the lens in place on the submount, but before it is bonded to the submount. If the emission of the emitter is substandard a determination can be made as to whether the LED or the lens is defective. The defective part can then be discarded and replaced with a new part. Bonding step 180 can occur after the testing process is repeated until the emitter operates efficiently.
• FIG. 18 is a flow diagram of another embodiment of an emitter fabrication method 190 in accordance with the present invention.
• a step 192 an LED is fabricated using any known method such as fabrication in a MOCVD reactor, where the LED can be arbitrarily shaped.
• contacts are formed on the LED using known methods such as sputtering.
• a step 196 a phosphor- loaded cap is fabricated using known methods, such as injection molding.
• the cap is mounted to the LED so that a portion of the LED light passes through the cap.
• the cap can be mounted to the LED using epoxy or another bonding material.
• the contacts are deposited on the bottom surface of the LED and the cap cover's the LED's top and side surfaces.
• a contact is deposited on the LED's bottom surface and another contact is deposited on the LED's top surface.
• the cap is perforated on its top surface and when it is bonded to the LED the top contact is housed in, and accessible through, the perforation.
• the method can also include intermediate steps of testing the emitter before it the cap is bonded to the LED. If either the cap or the LED are found to be defective, then the defective part can be discarded and replaced with a different part. The testing can be repeated until the emitter emits light at a sufficient color and intensity over a range of viewing angles before the cap is bonded to the LED.
• the sequence of the steps in the methods described above can be different.
• Other methods according to the invention can use more or less steps and can use different steps.
• the lenses and caps described above can take many different shapes and layers and can include many different types of conversion particles.
• the lens and caps can be shaped to adapt to the particular application and can be shaped to focus the emitted light.
• Each of the lenses and caps described can also include scattering particles throughout or in different locations.

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