US20050075309A1 - Purine nucleoside analogues for treating Flaviviridae including hepatitis C - Google Patents

Purine nucleoside analogues for treating Flaviviridae including hepatitis C Download PDF

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US20050075309A1
US20050075309A1 US10/900,008 US90000804A US2005075309A1 US 20050075309 A1 US20050075309 A1 US 20050075309A1 US 90000804 A US90000804 A US 90000804A US 2005075309 A1 US2005075309 A1 US 2005075309A1
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alkyl
alkenyl
alkynyl
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Richard Storer
Gilles Gosselin
David Dukhan
Frederic Leroy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite Montpellier 2 Sciences et Techniques
Idenix Pharmaceuticals LLC
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Assigned to IDENIX PHARMACEUTICALS INC. reassignment IDENIX PHARMACEUTICALS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STORER, RICHARD, LEROY, FREDERIC, DUKHAN, DAVID, GOSSELIN, GILLES
Priority to US12/270,795 priority patent/US8742101B2/en
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Assigned to IDENIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., THE CENTRE NATIONAL DEL LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFICQUE, L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II reassignment IDENIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CENTRE NATIONAL DEL LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE, IDENIX (CAYMAN) LIMITED, IDENIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., IDENIX SARL, L'UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II
Priority to US14/269,003 priority patent/US9186369B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
    • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/044—Pyrrole radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/052—Imidazole radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/056—Triazole or tetrazole radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/23—Heterocyclic radicals containing two or more heterocyclic rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, not provided for in groups C07H19/14 - C07H19/22

Definitions

  • This invention is in the area of pharmaceutical chemistry, and, in particular, in the area of purine nucleosides, their syntheses, and their use as anti-Flaviviridae agents in the treatment of hosts infected with Flaviviridae and especially with Hepatitis C.
  • the Flaviviridae family of viruses comprises at least three distinct genera: pestiviruses, which cause disease in cattle and pigs; flaviviruses, which are the primary cause of diseases such as dengue fever and yellow fever; and hepaciviruses such as hepatitis C (HCV).
  • the flavivirus genus includes more than 68 members separated into groups on the basis of serological relatedness (Calisher et al., J. Gen. Virol, 1993, 70, 37-43). Clinical symptoms vary and include fever, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever ( Fields Virology, Editors: Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., and Howley, P.
  • Flaviviruses of global concern that are associated with human disease include Dengue virus, hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Lassa, Ebola, and yellow fever virus, shock syndrome, and Japanese encephalitis virus (Halstead, S. B., Rev. Infect. Dis., 1984, 6, 251-264; Halstead, S. B., Science, 239:476-481, 1988; Monath, T. P., New Eng. J. Med., 1988, 319, 641-643).
  • the pestivirus genus includes bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV, also called hog cholera virus) and border disease virus (BDV) of sheep (Moennig, V. et al. Adv. Vir. Res. 1992, 41, 53-98). Pestivirus infections of domesticated livestock (cattle, pigs and sheep) cause significant economic losses worldwide. BVDV causes mucosal disease in cattle and is of significant economic importance to the livestock industry (Meyers, G. and Thiel, H.-J., Advances in Virus Research, 1996, 47, 53-118; Moennig V., et al, Adv. Vir. Res. 1992, 41, 53-98). Human pestiviruses have not been as extensively characterized as the animal pestiviruses. However, serological surveys indicate considerable pestivirus exposure in humans.
  • BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus
  • CSFV classical swine fever virus
  • BDV border disease virus
  • Pestiviruses and hepaciviruses are closely related virus groups within the Flaviviridae family.
  • Other closely related viruses in this family include the GB virus A, GB virus A-like agents, GB virus-B and GB virus-C (also called hepatitis G virus, HGV).
  • the hepacivirus group (hepatitis C virus; HCV) consists of a number of closely related but genotypically distinguishable viruses that infect humans. There are approximately 6 HCV genotypes and more than 50 subtypes.
  • bovine viral diarrhea virus Due to the similarities between pestiviruses and hepaciviruses, combined with the poor ability of hepaciviruses to grow efficiently in cell culture, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is often used as a surrogate to study the HCV virus.
  • BVDV bovine viral diarrhea virus
  • RNA viruses possess a single large open reading frame (ORF) encoding all the viral proteins necessary for virus replication. These proteins are expressed as a polyprotein that is co- and post-translationally processed by both cellular and virus-encoded proteinases to yield the mature viral proteins.
  • the viral proteins responsible for the replication of the viral genome RNA are located within approximately the carboxy-terminal. Two-thirds of the ORF are termed nonstructural (NS) proteins.
  • NS nonstructural
  • the mature nonstructural (NS) proteins in sequential order from the amino-terminus of the nonstructural protein coding region to the carboxy-terminus of the ORF, consist of p7, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B.
  • NS proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses share sequence domains that are characteristic of specific protein functions.
  • the NS1 glycoprotein is a cell-surface protein that is translocated into the ER lumen.
  • NS1 was characterized initially as soluble complement-fixing antigen found in sera and tissues of infected animals, and now is known to elicit humoral immune responses in its extracellular form.
  • Antibodies to NS1 may be used to confer passive immunity to certain pestiviruses and flaviviruses.
  • NS1 has been implicated in the process of RNA replication where it is believed to have a functional role in the cytoplasmic processing of RNA.
  • NS2A is a small (approximately 22 kd) protein of unknown function.
  • NS2B also is a small (about 14 kd) protein that is membrane-associated, and is a required cofactor for the serine protease function of NS3, with which it forms a complex.
  • the NS3 proteins of viruses in both groups are large (about 70 kd), membrane-associated proteins that possess amino acid sequence motifs characteristic of serine proteinases and of helicases (Gorbalenya et al. (1988) Nature 333:22; Bazan and Fletterick (1989) Virology 171:637-639; Gorbalenya et al. (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17.3889-3897).
  • the NS3 proteins have enzymatic activity needed for processing polyproteins for RNA replication.
  • the C-terminal end of the NS3 proteins have an RNA triphosphotase activity that appears to modify the 5′ end of the genome prior to 5′-cap addition by guanylyltransferase.
  • NS4A and NS4B are membrane-associated, small (about 16 kd and about 27 kd, respectively), hydrophobic proteins that appear to function in RNA replication by anchoring replicase components to cellular membranes (Fields, Virology, 4 th Edition, 2001, p. 1001).
  • the NS5 proteins are the largest (about 103 kd) and most conserved, with sequence homology to other (+)-stranded RNA viruses. It also plays a pivotal role in viral replication.
  • the NS5B proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses are the enzymes necessary for synthesis of the negative-stranded RNA intermediate that is complementary to the viral genome, and of the positive-stranded RNA that is complementary to the negative-stranded RNA intermediate.
  • the NS5B gene product has Gly-Asp-Asp (GDD) as a hallmark sequence, which it shares with reverse transcriptases and other viral polymerases and which is predictive of RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity (DeFrancesco et al., Antiviral Research, 2003, 58:1-16).
  • GDD Gly-Asp-Asp
  • RdRP RNA dependent RNA polymerase
  • the NS5B enzyme products have the motifs characteristic of RNA-directed RNA polymerases, and in addition, share homology with methyltransferase enzymes that are involved in RNA cap formation (Koonin, E. V. and Dolja, V. V. (1993) Crit. Rev. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 28:375-430; Behrens et al.(1996) EMBO J. 15:12-22; Lchmannet al.(1997) J. Virol. 71:8416-8428; Yuan et al.(1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 232:231-235; Hagedorn, PCT WO 97/12033; Zhong et al.(1998) J. Virol.
  • the unliganded crystal structure of NS5B shows the unique structural feature of folding in a classic “right hand” shape, in which fingers, palm and thumb subdomains can be recognized (a feature it shares with other polymerases), but differs from other “half-open right hand” polymerases by having a more compact shapes due to two extended loops that span the finger and thumb domains at the top of the active site cavity (DeFrancesco et al. at 9).
  • the finger, thumb and palm subdomains encircle the active site cavity to which the RNA template and NTP substrates have access via two positively charged tunnels (Bressanelli et al., J. Virol., 2002, 76, 3482-92).
  • Finger and thumb domains have strong interactions that limit their ability to change conformation independently of one another, a structural feature shared by other RdRPs.
  • the thumb domain contains a ⁇ -hairpin loop that extends toward the cleft of the active site and may play a role in restricting the binding of the template/primer at the enzyme active site (DeFrancesco et al., at 10). Studies are in progress to determine the role of this loop in the initiation mechanism of RNA synthesis (Id.)
  • Palm domain geometry is highly conserved in all polymerases, and has a conserved two-metal-ion catalytic center that is required for catalyzing a phosphory transfer reaction at the polymerase active site.
  • RNA polymerization rather than a “copy back” mechanism, is utilized by pesti-, flavi- and hepaciviruses.
  • complementary RNA synthesis is initiated at the 3′-end of the genome by a nucleotide triphosphate rather than a nucleic acid or a protein primer.
  • Purified NS5B is capable of this type of primer-independent action, and the C-terminal ⁇ -loop is believed to correctly position the 3′-end of the RNA template by functioning as a gate that retards slippage of the RNA 3′-end through the polymerase active site (Hong et al., Virology, 2001, 285:6-11.
  • Bressanelli et al. reported the structure of NS5B polymerase in complex with nucleotides in which three distinct nucleotide-binding sites were observed in the catalytic center of the HCV RdRP, and the complex exhibited a geometry similar to the de novo initiation complex of phi 6 polymerase (Bressanelli et al., J. Virol., 2002, 76: 3482-92). Thus, de novo initiation occurs and apparently is followed by RNA elongation, termination of polymerization, and release of the new strand. At each of these steps is the opportunity for intervention and inhibition of the viral lifecycle.
  • NS3 serine proteinase is responsible for all proteolytic processing of polyprotein precursors downstream of its position in the ORF (Wiskerchen and Collett (1991) Virology 184:341-350; Bartenschlager et al. (1993) J. Virol. 67:3835-3844; Eckart et al. (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 192:399-406; Grakoui et al. (1993) J. Virol. 67:2832-2843; Grakoui et al. (1993) Proc.
  • NS4A protein acts as a cofactor with the NS3 serine protease (Bartenschlager et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:5045-5055; Failla et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68: 3753-3760; Lin et al. (1994) 68:8147-8157; Xu et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71:5312-5322).
  • the NS3 protein of both viruses also functions as a helicase (Kim et al. (1995) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 215: 160-166; Jin and Peterson (1995) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 323:47-53; Warrener and Collett (1995) J. Virol. 69:1720-1726).
  • the NS5B proteins of pestiviruses and hepaciviruses have the predicted RNA-directed RNA polymerases activity (Behrens et al.(1996) EMBO J. 15:12-22; Lchmannet al.(1997) J. Virol. 71:8416-8428; Yuan et al.(1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 232:231-235; Hagedorn, PCT WO 97/12033; Zhong et al.(1998) J. Virol. 72.9365-9369).
  • HCV hepatitis C virus
  • HCV Hepatitis B Virus
  • HCV is an enveloped virus containing a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 9.4 kb.
  • the viral genome consists of a 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a long open reading frame encoding a polyprotein precursor of approximately 3011 amino acids, and a short 3′ UTR.
  • the 5′ UTR is the most highly conserved part of the HCV genome and is important for the initiation and control of polyprotein translation.
  • Translation of the HCV genome is initiated by a cap-independent mechanism known as internal ribosome entry. This mechanism involves the binding of ribosomes to an RNA sequence known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES).
  • IRS internal ribosome entry site
  • An RNA pseudoknot structure has recently been determined to be an essential structural element of the HCV IRES.
  • Viral structural proteins include a nucleocapsid core protein (C) and two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2.
  • HCV also encodes two proteinases, a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase encoded by the NS2-NS3 region and a serine proteinase encoded in the NS3 region. These proteinases are required for cleavage of specific regions of the precursor polyprotein into mature peptides: the junction between NS2 and NS3 is autocatalytically cleaved the NS2/NS3 protease, while the remaining junctions are cleaved by the N-terminal serine protease domain of NS3 complexed with NS4A.
  • the NS3 protein contains the NTP-dependent helicase activity that unwinds duplex RNA during replication.
  • NS5B contains the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is essential for viral replication ( Fields Virology, Fourth Edition, Editors: Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., and Howley, P. M., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa., 2001, Chapter 32, pp. 1014-1015).
  • NS5B is known to bind RNAs nonspecifically, and to interact directly with NS3 and NS4A that, in turn, form complexes with NS4B and NS5A (Id. @ 1015; Ishido et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res.
  • HCV-RdRP may have a strict specificity for 5′-triphosphates and 2′- and 3′-OH groups (Watanabe et al., U.S. 2002/0055483). Otherwise, the function(s) of the remaining nonstructural proteins, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5A (the amino-terminal half of nonstructural protein 5) remain unknown.
  • HCV-derived enzymes such as protease, helicase, and polymerase inhibitors are being developed.
  • Drugs that inhibit other steps in HCV replication are also in development, for example, drugs that block production of HCV antigens from the RNA (IRES inhibitors), drugs that prevent the normal processing of HCV proteins (inhibitors of glycosylation), drugs that block entry of HCV into cells (by blocking its receptor) and nonspecific cytoprotective agents that block cell injury caused by the virus infection.
  • ribozymes which are enzymes that break down specific viral RNA molecules
  • antisense oligonucleotides which are small complementary segments of DNA that bind to viral RNA and inhibit viral replication
  • Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. discloses branched nucleosides, and their use in the treatment of HCV and flaviviruses and pestiviruses in U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2003/0050229 A1, 2004/0097461 A1, 2004/0101535 A1, 2003/0060400 A1, 2004/0102414 A1, 2004/0097462 A1, and 2004/0063622 A1 which correspond to International Publication Nos. WO 01/90121 and WO 01/92282.
  • a method for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (and flaviviruses and pestiviruses) in humans and other host animals is disclosed in the Idenix publications that includes administering an effective amount of a biologically active 1′, 2′, 3′ or 4′-branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, administered either alone or in combination, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See also U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2004/0006002 and 2004/0006007 as well as WO 03/026589 and WO 03/026675. Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. also discloses in U.S. patent Publication No.
  • 2004/0077587 pharmaceutically acceptable branched nucleoside prodrugs, and their use in the treatment of HCV and flaviviruses and pestiviruses in prodrugs. See also PCT Publication Nos. WO 04/002422, WO 04/002999, and WO 04/003000. Further, Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. also discloses in WO 04/046331 Flaviviridae mutations caused by biologically active 2′-branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • Biota Inc. discloses various phosphate derivatives of nucleosides, including 1′, 2′, 3′ or 4′-branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides, for the treatment of hepatitis C infection in International Patent Publication WO 03/072757.
  • Emory University and the University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. discloses the use of 2′-fluoronucleosides for the treatment of HCV in U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,587. See also U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0198171 and International Patent Publication WO 99/43691.
  • BioChem Pharma Inc. (now Shire Biochem, Inc.) discloses the use of various 1,3-dioxolane nucleosides for the treatment of a Flaviviridae infection in U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,365. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,340,690 and 6,605,614; U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2002/0099072 and 2003/0225037, as well as International Publication No. WO 01/32153 and WO 00/50424.
  • BioChem Pharma Inc. (now Shire Biochem, Inc.) also discloses various other 2′-halo, 2′-hydroxy and 2′-alkoxy nucleosides for the treatment of a Flaviviridae infection in U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0019363 as well as International Publication No. WO 01/60315 (PCT/CA01/00197; filed Feb. 19, 2001).
  • ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc. discloses various nucleoside analogs that are useful in modulating immune response in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,495,677 and 6,573,248. See also WO 98/16184, WO 01/68663, and WO 02/03997.
  • Pharmasset Limited discloses various nucleosides and antimetabolites for the treatment of a variety of viruses, including Flaviviridae, and in particular HCV, in U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2003/0087873, 2004/0067877, 2004/0082574, 2004/0067877, 2004/002479, 2003/0225029, and 2002/00555483, as well as International Patent Publication Nos. WO 02/32920, WO 01/79246, WO 02/48165, WO 03/068162, WO 03/068164 and WO 2004/013298.
  • Olsen et al. (Oral Session V, Hepatitis C Virus, Flaviviridae; 16 th International Conference on Antiviral Research (Apr. 27, 2003, Savannah, Ga.) p A76) also described the effects of the 2′-modified nucleosides on HCV RNA replication.
  • Drug-resistant variants of viruses can emerge after prolonged treatment with an antiviral agent. Drug resistance most typically occurs by mutation of a gene that encodes for an enzyme used in viral replication, and, for example, in the case of HIV, reverse transcriptase, protease, or DNA polymerase. It has been demonstrated that the efficacy of a drug against viral infection can be prolonged, augmented, or restored by administering the compound in combination or alternation with a second, and perhaps third, antiviral compound that induces a different mutation from that caused by the principle drug. Alternatively, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, or other parameter of the drug can be altered by such combination or alternation therapy. In general, combination therapy is typically preferred over alternation therapy because it induces multiple simultaneous pressures on the virus.
  • compositions for the treatment of pestivirus, flavivirus and hepatitis C virus infection include administering an effective amount of a beta-D or beta-L-nucleoside of the Formulae (I) and (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • Bases (A)-(G) have a structure selected from the group consisting of: wherein
  • the compounds of the present invention comprise nucleosides in which each variable in Formula (I) is selected from the following, in any combination: X is O or S; R is H or phosphate; R 1 is H, CH 2 OH, or CONH 2 ; R 2 is OH or F; R 3 is alkyl, especially methyl or propynyl, or H at the 3′ position; A is H, CH or N; Z is O, S, or NH; W is NH 2 , Cl, OMe, OH, NH-cyclopropyl, S-Me; and each R′ and R′′ independently is Cl, CN, CONH 2 or Me.
  • the compounds of the present invention comprise nucleosides in which each variable in Formula (II) is selected from the following, in any combination: X* is CH; R is H or phosphate; R 1 is H, CH 2 OH, or CONH 2 ; R 2 is OH or F; R 3 is alkyl, especially methyl or propynyl, or H at the 3′ position; A is H, CH or N; Z is O, S, or NH; W is NH 2 , Cl, OMe, OH, NH-cyclopropyl, S-Me; and each R′ and R′′ independently is Cl, CN, CONH 2 or Me.
  • optional substituents are selected from the group consisting of one or more halogen, amino, hydroxy, carboxy and alkoxy groups or atoms, among others. It is to be understood that all stereoisomeric and tautomeric forms of the compounds shown are included herein.
  • the active compounds of the present invention can be administered in combination, alternation or sequential steps with another anti-HCV agent.
  • combination therapy effective dosages of two or more agents are administered together, whereas in alternation or sequential-step therapy, an effective dosage of each agent is administered serially or sequentially.
  • the dosages given will depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens and schedules should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
  • FIG. 1 show generalized structural depictions for Formula (I) and Formula (II) of the ribofuranosylnucleosides of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows generalized structures for the 2-azapurine bases of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows structural depictions for preferred bases of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a compound, method and composition for the treatment of a pestivirus, flavivirus and/or hepatitis C in humans or other host animals that includes administering an effective anti-pestivirus, anti-flavivirus or anti-HCV treatment amount of a beta-D- or beta-L-nucleoside as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compounds of this invention either possess antiviral activity, or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity.
  • Flaviviruses included within the scope of this invention are discussed generally in Fields Virology, Editors: Fields, N., Knipe, D. M. and Howley, P. M.; Lippincott-Raven Pulishers, Philadelphia, Pa.; Chapter 31 (1996).
  • flaviviruses include, without limitation: Absettarov; Alfuy; AIN; Aroa; Bagaza; Banzi; Bououi; Bussuquara; Cacipacore; Carey Island; Dakar bat; Dengue viruses 1, 2, 3 and 4; Edge Hill; Entebbe bat; Gadgets Gully; Hanzalova; Hypr; Uheus; Israel turkey meningoencephalitis; Japanese encephalitis; Jugra; Jutiapa; Kadam; Karshi; Kedougou; Kokoera; Koutango; Kumlinge; Kunjin; Kyasanur Forest disease; Langat; Louping ill; Meaban; Modoc; Montana myotis leukoencephalitis; Murray valley encephalitis; Naranjal; Negishi; Ntaya; Omsk hemorrhagic fever; Phnom-Penh bat; Powassan; Rio Bravo; Rocio; Royal Farm; Russian spring-summer encephalitis; Saboya; St.
  • Pestiviruses included within the scope of this invention are also discussed generally in Fields Virology (Id.). Specific pestiviruses include, without limitation: bovine viral diarrhea virus (“VDV”); classical swine fever virus (“CSFV”) also known as hog cholera virus); and border disease virus (“DV”).
  • VDV bovine viral diarrhea virus
  • CSFV classical swine fever virus
  • DV border disease virus
  • HCV is a member of the family, Flaviviridae; however, HCV now has been placed in a new monotypic genus, hepacivirus.
  • Bases (A)-(G) have a structure selected from the group consisting of: wherein
  • the compounds of the present invention comprise nucleosides in which each variable in Formula (I) is selected from the following, in any combination: X is O or S; R is H or phosphate; R 1 is H, CH 2 OH, or CONH 2 ; R 2 is OH or F; R 3 is alkyl, especially methyl or propynyl, or H at the 3′ position; A is H, CH or N; Z is O, S, or NH; W is NH 2 , Cl, OMe, OH, NH-cyclopropyl, S-Me; and each R′ and R′′ independently is Cl, CN, CONH 2 or Me.
  • the compounds of the present invention comprise nucleosides in which each variable in Formula (II) is selected from the following, in any combination: X* is CH; R is H or phosphate; R 1 is H, CH 2 OH, or CONH 2 ; R 2 is OH or F; R 3 is alkyl, especially methyl or propynyl, or H at the 3′ position; A is H, CH or N; Z is O, S, or NH; W is NH 2 , Cl, OMe, OH, NH-cyclopropyl, S-Me; and each R′ and R′′ independently is Cl, CN, CONH 2 or Me.
  • optional substituents are selected from the group consisting of one or more halogen, amino, hydroxy, carboxy and alkoxy groups or atoms, among others. It is to be understood that all stereoisomeric and tautomeric forms of the compounds shown are included herein.
  • a compound of the Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof is provided:
  • X is O or S. In another embodiment, X is O.
  • X is O or S. In another embodiment, X is O.
  • the active compounds of the present invention can be administered in combination, alternation or sequential steps with another anti-HCV agent.
  • combination therapy effective dosages of two or more agents are administered together, whereas in alternation or sequential-step therapy, an effective dosage of each agent is administered serially or sequentially.
  • the dosages given will depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens and schedules should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
  • nucleosides of the present invention have several chiral centers and may exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. Some compounds may exhibit polymorphism. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses any racemic, optically-active, diastereomeric, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound of the invention, which possess the useful properties described herein. It being well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase).
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbon of typically C 1 to C 10 , and specifically includes methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethybutyl, and 2,3-dimethylbutyl.
  • the term includes both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups.
  • Moieties with which the alkyl group can be substituted with one or more substituents are selected from the group consisting of halo, including Cl, F, Br and I so as to form, for eg., CF 3 , 2-Br-ethyl, CH 2 F, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 CF 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ; hydroxyl, for eg.
  • CH 2 OH amino, for eg., CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , or CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 ; carboxylate; carboxamido; alkylamino; arylamino; alkoxy; aryloxy; nitro; azido, for eg., CH 2 N 3 ; cyano, for eg., CH 2 CN; thio; sulfonic acid; sulfate; phosphonic acid; phosphate; and phosphonate, either unprotected or protected as necessary, known to those skilled in the art, for eg., as taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition (1991), incorporated herein by reference.
  • lower alkyl refers to a C 1 to C 6 saturated straight, branched, or if appropriate, cyclic as in cyclopropyl, for eg., alkyl group, including both substituted and unsubstituted forms. Unless otherwise specifically stated in this application, when alkyl is a suitable moiety, lower alkyl is preferred. Similarly, when alkyl or lower alkyl is a suitable moiety, unsubstituted alkyl or lower alkyl is preferred.
  • protected refers to a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for other purposes. Numerous oxygen and nitrogen protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • aryl refers to phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl, and preferably phenyl.
  • the term includes both substituted and unsubstituted moieties.
  • the aryl group can be substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, thio, alkylthio, carboxamido, carboxylate, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for eg., as taught in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition (1991), incorporated herein by reference.
  • alkaryl and “akylaryl” refer to an alkyl group with an aryl sustituent.
  • aralkyl and “arylalkyl” refer to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent.
  • halo as used herein includes bromo, chloro, iodo and fluoro.
  • purine base includes, but is not limited to, adenine, 2-azapurine bases that are optionally substituted imidazo-triazines, imidazo-pyridazines, pyrrolo-pyridazines, pyrrolo-triazines, triazolo-triazines including triazolo[4,5-d]triazines, pyrazolo-triazines including pyrazolo[4,5-d]triazines, N 6 -alkylpurines, N 6 -acylpurines (wherein acyl is C(O)(alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl), N 6 -benzylpurine, N 6 -halopurine, N 6 -vinylpurine, N 6 -acetylenic purine, N 6 -acyl purine, N 6 -hydroxyalkyl purine, N 6 -thioalkyl purine, N 2 -alkylpurines,
  • the Base maybe selected from the group consisting of:
  • acyl refers to a carboxylic acid ester in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the ester group is selected from straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl or lower alkyl; alkoxyalkyl including methoxymethyl; aralkyl including benzyl; aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl; aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including methanesulfonyl; the mono-, di- or triphosphate ester; trityl or monomethoxytrityl; substituted benzyl; trialkylsilyl as, for eg., dimethyl-t-butylsilyl or diphenylmethylsilyl.
  • Aryl groups in the esters optimally comprise a phenyl group.
  • the terms “substantially free of” and “substantially in the absence of” refer to a nucleoside composition that includes at least 85-90% by weight, preferably 95%-98% by weight, and even more preferably 99%-100% by weight, of the designated enantiomer of that nucleoside.
  • the compounds listed in the methods and compounds of this invention are substantially free of enantiomers other than for the one designated.
  • isolated refers to a nucleoside composition that includes at least 85%-90% by weight, preferably 95%-98% by weight, and even more preferably 99%-100% by weight, of the nucleoside, the remainder comprising other chemical species or enantiomers.
  • both R′′s can be carbon, both R′′s can be nitrogen, or one R′′ can be carbon and the other nitrogen.
  • the term “host”, as used herein, refers to a unicellular or multicellular organism in which the virus can replicate, including cell lines and animals, and preferably a human. Alternatively, the host can be carrying a part of the flavivirus or pestivirus genome, whose replication or function can be altered by the compounds of the present invention.
  • the term host specifically refers to infected cells, cells transfected with all or part of the flavivirus or pestivirus genome and animals, in particular, primates (including chimpanzees) and humans. In most animal applications of the present invention, the host is a human patient. Veterinary applications, in certain indications, however, are clearly anticipated by the present invention such as in chimpanzees.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug is used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable form (ester, phosphate ester, salt of an ester or a related group) of a nucleoside compound, which, upon administration to a patient, provides the nucleoside compound.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, among numerous other acids well known in the pharmaceutical art.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs refer to a compound that is metabolized, for example, hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the compound of the present invention.
  • prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated to produce the active compound.
  • the compounds of this invention possess antiviral activity against flavivirus, pestivirus or HCV, or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity.
  • nucleosides described herein can be administered as a nucleotide prodrug to increase the activity, bioavailability, stability or otherwise alter the properties of the nucleoside.
  • a number of nucleotide prodrug ligands are known. In general, alkylation, acylation or other lipophilic modification of the mono-, di- or triphosphate of the nucleoside reduces polarity and allows passage into cells.
  • substituent groups that can replace one or more hydrogens on the phosphate moiety are alkyl, aryl, steroids, carbohydrates, including sugars, 1,2-diacylglycerol, alcohols, acyl (including lower acyl); alkyl (including lower alkyl); sulfonate ester including alkyl or arylalkyl sulfonyl including methanesulfonyl and benzyl, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as provided in the definition of an aryl given herein; optionally substituted arylsulfonyl; a lipid, including a phospholipid; an amino acid residue or derivative; a carbohydrate; a peptide; cholesterol; or other pharmaceutically acceptable leaving group which, when administered in vivo, provides a compound wherein R 1 is independently H or phosphate. Many more are described in R. Jones and N. Bischoferger, Antiviral Research, 1995, 27:1-17. Any
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids, which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, ⁇ -ketoglutarate, and ⁇ -glycerophosphate.
  • Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts.
  • salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine
  • a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.
  • the active nucleoside can also be provided as a 5′-phosphoether lipid or a 5′-ether lipid, as disclosed in the following references, which are incorporated by reference herein: Kucera, L. S., N. Iyer, E. Leake, A. Raen, Modest E. K., D. L. W., and C. Piantadosi. 1990. “Novel membrane-interactive ether lipid analogs that inhibit infectious HIV-1 production and induce defective virus formation.” AIDS Res. Hum. Retro Viruses. 6:491-501; Piantadosi, C., J. Marasco C. J., S. L. Morris-Natschke, K. L. Meyer, F. Gumus, J. R. Surles, K. S. Ishaq, L. S. Kucera, N. Iyer, C. A. Wallen, S. Piantadosi, and E. J. Modest. 1991.
  • Nonlimiting examples of U.S. patents that disclose suitable lipophilic substituents that can be covalently incorporated into the nucleoside, preferably at the 5′-OH position of the nucleoside or lipophilic preparations include U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,794 (Sep. 22, 1992, Yatvin et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,654 (Mar. 16, 1993, Hostetler et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,263 (Jun. 29, 1993, Hostetler et al.); all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • HCV drug-resistant variants of HCV can emerge after prolonged treatment with an antiviral agent. Drug resistance most typically occurs by mutation of a gene that encodes for an enzyme used in viral replication.
  • the efficacy of a drug against HCV infection can be prolonged, augmented, or restored by administering the compound in combination or alternation with a second, and perhaps third, antiviral compound that induces a different mutation from that caused by the principle drug.
  • the pharmacokinetics, biodistriution or other parameter of the drug can be altered by such combination or alternation therapy.
  • combination therapy is typically preferred over alternation therapy because it induces multiple simultaneous stresses on the virus.
  • HCV treatments described in the Background of the Invention can be used in combination or alternation with the compounds described in this specification.
  • Nonlimiting examples include:
  • Interferons are compounds that have been commercially available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis for nearly a decade. IFNs are glycoproteins produced by immune cells in response to viral infection. IFNs inhibit viral replication of many viruses, including HCV, and when used as the sole treatment for hepatitis C infection, IFN suppresses serum HCV-RNA to undetectable levels. Additionally, IFN normalizes serum amino transferase levels. Unfortunately, the effects of IFN are temporary and a sustained response occurs in only 8%-9% of patients chronically infected with HCV (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,884 to Blatt et al. discloses methods for re-treatment of patients afflicted with HCV using consensus interferon.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,223 to Bazer et al. discloses an anti-HCV therapy using ovine or bovine interferon-tau.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,636 to Alber et al. discloses the combination therapy of interleukin-12 and interferon alpha for the treatment of infectious diseases including HCV.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,696 to Chretien et al. discloses the use of thymosins, alone or in combination with interferon, for treating HCV.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,455 to Valtuena et al. discloses a combination HCV therapy employing interferon and a free radical scavenger.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,738,845 to Imakawa discloses the use of human interferon tau proteins for treating HCV.
  • Other interferon-based treatments for HCV are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,942 to Testa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,808 to Blatt et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,696.
  • Ribavirin (1- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl-1-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a synthetic, non-interferon-inducing, broad spectrum antiviral nucleoside analog. It is sold under the trade names VirazoleTM (The Merck Index, 11th edition, Editor: Budavari, S., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., p1304, 1989); Rebetol (Schering Plough) and Co-Pegasus (Roche).
  • VirazoleTM The Merck Index, 11th edition, Editor: Budavari, S., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., p1304, 1989
  • Rebetol Schering Plough
  • Co-Pegasus Roche.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,798,209 and RE29,835 disclose and claim ribavirin.
  • Ribavirin is structurally similar to guanosine, and has in vitro activity against several DNA and RNA viruses including Flaviviridae (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000).
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,771 discloses the use of ribavirin as an antiviral agent. Ribavirin reduces serum amino transferase levels to normal in 40% of patients, but it does not lower serum levels of HCV-RNA (Gary L. Davis. Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000). Thus, ribavirin alone is not effective in reducing viral RNA levels. Additionally, ribavirin has significant toxicity and is known to induce anemia.
  • Schering-Plough sells ribavirin as Rebetol® capsules (200 mg) for administration to patients with HCV.
  • the U.S. FDA has approved Rebetol capsules to treat chronic HCV infection in combination with Schering's alpha interferon-2b products Intron® A and PEG-IntronTM.
  • Rebetol capsules are not approved for monotherapy (i.e., administration independent of Intron®A or PEG-Intron), although Intron A and PEG-Intron are approved for monotherapy (i.e., administration without ribavirin).
  • Hoffman La Roche is selling ribavirin under the name Co-Pegasus in Europe and the United States, also for use in combination with interferon for the treatment of HCV.
  • Interferon products include Roferon-A (Hoffmann-La Roche), Infergen® (Intermune, formerly Amgen's product), and Weliferon® (Wellcome Foundation) are currently FDA-approved for HCV monotherapy.
  • Interferon products currently in development for HCV include: Roferon-A (interferon alfa-2a) by Roche, PEGASYS (pegylated interferon alfa-2a) by Roche, INFERGEN (interferon alfacon-1) by InterMune, OMNIFERON (natural interferon) by Viragen, ALBUFERON by Human Genome Sciences, REBIF (interferon beta-1a) by Ares-Serono, Omega Interferon by BioMedicine, Oral Interferon Alpha by Amarillo Biosciences, and Interferon gamma-1b by InterMune.
  • Protease inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of Flaviviridae infections. Examples, include, but are not limited to the following
  • Substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors see, for example, Attwood et al., Antiviral peptide derivatives, PCT WO 98/22496, 1998; Attwood et al., Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 1999, 10, 259-273; Attwood et al., Preparation and use of amino acid derivatives as anti-viral agents, German Patent Pub. DE 19914474; Tung et al.
  • Inhibitors of serine proteases particularly hepatitis C virus NS3 protease, PCT WO 98/17679), including alphaketoamides and hydrazinoureas, and inhibitors that terminate in an electrophile such as a boronic acid or phosphonate (see, for example, Llinas-Brunet et al, Hepatitis C inhibitor peptide analogues, PCT WO 99/07734);
  • Non-substrate-based inhibitors such as 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro-benzamide derivatives (see, for example, Sudo K. et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997, 238, 643-647; Sudo K. et al. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 1998, 9, 186), including RD3-4082 and RD3-4078, the former substituted on the amide with a 14 carbon chain and the latter processing a para-phenoxyphenyl group;
  • Phenanthrenequinones possessing activity against protease for example in a SDS-PAGE and/or autoradiography assay, such as, for example, Sch 68631, isolated from the fermentation culture broth of Streptomyces sp., (see, for example, Chu M. et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1996, 37, 7229-7232), and Sch 351633, isolated from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum, which demonstrates activity in a scintillation proximity assay (see, for example, Chu M. et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9, 1949-1952); and
  • Selective NS3 inhibitors for example, based on the macromolecule elgin c, isolated from leech (see, for example, Qasim M. A. et al., Biochemistry, 1997, 36, 1598-1607). Nanomolar potency against the HCV NS3 protease enzyme has been achieved by the design of selective inhibitors based on the macromolecule eglin c.
  • Eglin c isolated from leech, is a potent inhibitor of several serine proteases such as S. griseus proteases A and B, ⁇ -chymotrypsin, chymase and subtilisin.
  • U.S. patents disclose protease inhibitors for the treatment of HCV.
  • Non-limiting examples include, but are not limited to the following.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,933 to Spruce et al. discloses a class of cysteine protease inhibitors for inhibiting HCV endopeptidase.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,276 to Zhang et al. discloses synthetic inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. The inhibitor is a subsequence of a substrate of the NS3 protease or a substrate of the NS4A cofactor.
  • restriction enzymes to treat HCV is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • NS3 serine protease inhibitors of HCV are disclosed in WO 02/008251 to Corvas International, Inc, and WO 02/08187 and WO 02/008256 to Schering Corporation.
  • HCV inhibitor tripeptides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,534,523, 6,410,531, and 6,420,380 to Boehringer Ingelheim and WO 02/060926 to Bristol Myers Squibb.
  • Diaryl peptides as NS3 serine protease inhibitors of HCV are disclosed in WO 02/48172 to Schering Corporation.
  • Iridazoleidinones as NS3 serine protease inhibitors of HCV are disclosed in WO 02/08198 to Schering Corporation and WO 02/48157 to Bristol Myers Squibb.
  • WO 98/17679 to Vertex Pharmaceuticals and WO 02/48116 to Bristol Myers Squibb also disclose HCV protease inhibitors.
  • Thiazolidine derivatives for example, that show relevant inhibition in a reverse-phase HPLC assay with an NS3/4A fusion protein and NS5A/5B substrate (see, for example, Sudo K. et al., Antiviral Research, 1996, 32, 9-18), especially compound RD-1-6250, possessing a fused cinnamoyl moiety substituted with a long alkyl chain, RD4 6205 and RD4 6193;
  • Helicase inhibitors see, for example, Diana G. D. et al., Compounds, compositions and methods for treatment of hepatitis C, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,358; Diana G. D. et al., Piperidine derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and their use in the treatment of hepatitis C, PCT WO 97/36554);
  • Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary, for example, to sequence stretches in the 5′ non-coding region (NCR) of the virus (see, for example, Alt M. et al., Hepatology, 1995, 22, 707-717), or to nucleotides 326-348 comprising the 3′ end of the NCR and nucleotides 371-388 located in the core coding region of the HCV RNA (see, for example, Alt M. et al., Archives of Virology, 1997, 142, 589-599; Galderisi U. et al., Journal of Cellular Physiology, 1999, 181, 251-257).
  • Inhibitors of IRES-dependent translation see, for example, Ikeda N et al., Agent for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C, Japanese Patent Pub. JP-08268890; Kai Y. et al. Prevention and treatment of viral diseases, Japanese Patent Pub. JP-10101591).
  • Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. discloses branched nucleosides, and their use in the treatment of HCV and flaviviruses and pestiviruses in U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2003/0050229 A1, 2004/0097461 A1, 2004/0101535 A1, 2003/0060400 A1, 2004/0102414 A1, 2004/0097462 A1, and 2004/0063622 A1 which correspond to International Publication Nos. WO 01/90121 and WO 01/92282.
  • a method for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (and flaviviruses and pestiviruses) in humans and other host animals is disclosed in the Idenix publications that includes administering an effective amount of a biologically active 1′, 2′, 3′ or 4′-branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, administered either alone or in combination, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See also U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2004/0006002 and 2004/0006007 as well as WO 03/026589 and WO 03/026675. Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. also discloses in U.S. patent Publication No.
  • 2004/0077587 pharmaceutically acceptable branched nucleoside prodrugs, and their use in the treatment of HCV and flaviviruses and pestiviruses in prodrugs. See also PCT Publication Nos. WO 04/002422, WO 04/002999, and WO 04/003000. Further, Idenix Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. also discloses in WO 04/046331 Flaviviridae mutations caused by biologically active 2′-branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • Biota Inc. discloses various phosphate derivatives of nucleosides, including 1′, 2′, 3′ or 4′-branched ⁇ -D or ⁇ -L nucleosides, for the treatment of hepatitis C infection in International Patent Publication WO 03/072757.
  • Emory University and the University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. discloses the use of 2′-fluoronucleosides for the treatment of HCV in U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,587. See also U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0198171 and International Patent Publication WO 99/43691.
  • BioChem Pharma Inc. (now Shire Biochem, Inc.) discloses the use of various 1,3-dioxolane nucleosides for the treatment of a Flaviviridae infection in U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,365. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,340,690 and 6,605,614; U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2002/0099072 and 2003/0225037, as well as International Publication No. WO 01/32153 and WO 00/50424.
  • BioChem Pharma Inc. (now Shire Biochem, Inc.) also discloses various other 2′-halo, 2′-hydroxy and 2′-alkoxy nucleosides for the treatment of a Flaviviridae infection in U.S. patent Publication No. 2002/0019363 as well as International Publication No. WO 01/60315 (PCT/CA01/00197; filed Feb. 19, 2001).
  • ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc. discloses various nucleoside analogs that are useful in modulating immune response in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,495,677 and 6,573,248. See also WO 98/16184, WO 01/68663, and WO 02/03997.
  • Pharmasset Limited discloses various nucleosides and antimetabolites for the treatment of a variety of viruses, including Flaviviridae, and in particular HCV, in U.S. patent Publication Nos. 2003/0087873, 2004/0067877, 2004/0082574, 2004/0067877, 2004/002479, 2003/0225029, and 2002/00555483, as well as International Patent Publication Nos. WO 02/32920, WO 01/79246, WO 02/48165, WO 03/068162, WO 03/068164 and WO 2004/013298.
  • Olsen et al. (Oral Session V, Hepatitis C Virus, Flaviviridae; 16 th International Conference on Antiviral Research (Apr. 27, 2003, Savannah, Ga.) p A76) also described the effects of the 2′-modified nucleosides on HCV RNA replication.
  • miscellaneous compounds including 1-amino-alkylcyclohexanes (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,134 to Gold et al.), alkyl lipids (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), vitamin E and other antioxidants (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), squalene, amantadine, bile acids (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,964 to Ozeki et al.), N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (for example, U.S. Pat. No.
  • Hosts including humans, infected with pestivirus, flavivirus, HCV or another organism replicating through a RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase, can be treated by administering to the patient an effective amount of the active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salt thereof in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the active materials can be administered by any appropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, or topically, in liquid or solid form.
  • a preferred dose of the compound for pestivirus, flavivirus or HCV will be in the range from about 1 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 1 to 20 mg/kg, of body weight per day, more generally 0.1 to about 100 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day.
  • the effective dosage range of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs can be calculated based on the weight of the parent nucleoside to e delivered. If the salt or prodrug exhibits activity in itself, the effective dosage can be estimated as above using the weight of the salt or prodrug, or by other means known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compound is conveniently administered in unit any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to one containing 7 to 3000 mg, or 70 to 1400 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • An oral dosage in one embodiment is 50-1000 mg.
  • the dosage form contains 0.5-500 mg; or 0.5-100 mg; or 0.5-50 mg; or 0.5-25 mg; or 1.0-10 mg.
  • the active ingredient should be administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of from about 0.2 to 70 ⁇ M, preferably about 1.0 to 10 ⁇ M. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of a 0.1 to 5% solution of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or administered as a bolus of the active ingredient.
  • the concentration of active compound in the drug composition will depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.
  • the active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time.
  • Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
  • the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can e included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • the compound can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like.
  • a syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salts thereof can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, or other antivirals, including other nucleoside compounds.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, sucutaneous, or topical application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • the parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • preferred carriers are physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation.
  • Liposomal suspensions are also preferred as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container.
  • appropriate lipid(s) such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol
  • aqueous solution of the active compound or its monophosphate, diphosphate, and/or triphosphate derivatives is then introduced into the container.
  • the container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.
  • the nucleosides of the present invention can be synthesized by any means known in the art.
  • the synthesis of the present nucleosides can be achieved by either alkylating the appropriately modified sugar, followed by glycosylation or glycosylation followed by alkylation of the nucleoside, though preferably alkylating the appropriately modified sugar, followed by glycosylation.
  • the following non-limiting embodiments illustrate some general methodology to obtain the nucleosides of the present invention.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted lactone.
  • the lactone may be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution and cyclization techniques.
  • the lactone optionally can be protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the protected lactone can then be coupled with a suitable coupling agent, such as an organometallic carbon nucleophile like a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TAF with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, to give the 1′-alkylated sugar.
  • a suitable coupling agent such as an organometallic carbon nucleophile like a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TAF with the appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, to give the 1′-alkylated sugar.
  • the optionally activated sugar can then be coupled to the base by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend, Chemistry of Nuceleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in the appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 1′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired.
  • the synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 1.
  • deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside an optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2′-OH can be activated to facilitate reduction as, for example, via the Barton reduction.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted hexose.
  • the hexose can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization (as, for example, via alkaline treatment), substitution and coupling techniques.
  • the hexose can be protected selectively to give the appropriate hexa-furanose, as taught by Townsend, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • the 1′-OH optionally can be activated to a suitable leaving group such as an acyl group or a halogen via acylation or halogenation, respectively.
  • the optionally activated sugar can then be coupled to the base by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in an appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a halo-sugar can be coupled to a silylated base in the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate.
  • the 1′-CH 2 —OH if protected, selectively can be deprotected by methods well known in the art.
  • the resultant primary hydroxyl can be reduced to give the methyl, using a suitable reducing agent.
  • the hydroxyl can be activated prior to reduction to facilitate the reaction, i.e., via the Barton reduction.
  • the primary hydroxyl can be oxidized to the aldehyde, then coupled with a carbon nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TAF with an appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • the 1′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired.
  • the synthesis of a ribonucleoside is shown in Scheme 2.
  • deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside optionally can be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2′-OH can be activated to facilitate reduction as, for example, via the Barton reduction.
  • L-enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention can be prepared following the same general methods (1 or 2), beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as the starting material.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted sugar with a 2′-OH and 2′-H, with an appropriate leaving group (LG), such as an acyl or halogen group, for example.
  • the sugar can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution, oxidation and/or reduction techniques.
  • the substituted sugar can then be oxidized with an appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2′-modified sugar.
  • Possible oxidizing agents are Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide.
  • Jones' reagent a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids
  • Collins' reagent dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide
  • Corey's reagent
  • an organometallic carbon nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TAF with the ketone and an appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, yields the 2′-alkylated sugar.
  • the alkylated sugar optionally can be protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the optionally protected sugar can then be coupled to the base by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in an appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a halo-sugar can e coupled to a silylated base in the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate.
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 2′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 3.
  • a deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can e reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2′-OH can be activated to facilitate reduction, such as, for example, by the Barton reduction. Modification of a Pre-Formed Nucleoside
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted nucleoside with a 2′-OH and 2′-H.
  • the nucleoside can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard coupling techniques.
  • the nucleoside optionally can be protected with suitable protecting groups, preferably with acyl or silyl groups, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as described in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the appropriately protected nucleoside then can be oxidized with an appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2′-modified sugar.
  • oxidizing agents include Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide.
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • a 2′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 4.
  • the deoxyribonucleoside may be desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside optionally may be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2′-OH can be activated to facilitate reduction such as, for example, by the Barton reduction.
  • L-enantiomers are desired.
  • These L-enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention may be prepared following the same general methods given above, but beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as the starting material.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted sugar with a 3′-OH and a 3′-H, with an appropriate leaving group (LG) such as, for example, an acyl group or a halogen.
  • LG leaving group
  • the sugar can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution, oxidation and/or reduction techniques.
  • the substituted sugar then can be oxidized by an appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 3′-modified sugar.
  • Possible oxidizing agents include Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide.
  • Jones' reagent a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids
  • Collins' reagent dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide
  • Corey's reagent
  • an organometallic carbon nucleophile such as a Grignard reagent, an organolithium, lithium dialkylcopper or R 6 —SiMe 3 in TAF with the ketone and an appropriate non-protic solvent at a suitable temperature, yields the 3′-C-branched sugar.
  • the 3′-C-branched sugar optionally can e protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the optionally protected sugar can then be coupled to the base by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught in Townsend, Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in an appropriate solvent at a suitable temperature.
  • a halo-sugar can be coupled to a silylated base in the presence of trimethylsilyltriflate.
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 3′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 5.
  • a deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2′-OH can be activated to facilitate reduction, such as, for example, by the Barton reduction. Modification of a Preformed Nucleoside.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted nucleoside with a 3′-OH and 3′-H.
  • the nucleoside can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard coupling techniques.
  • the nucleoside can be optionally protected with suitable protecting groups, preferably with acyl or silyl groups, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the appropriately protected nucleoside can then be oxidized with the appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2′-modified sugar.
  • oxidizing agents include Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide.
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 3′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired, the synthesis of which is shown in Scheme 6.
  • a deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2′-OH can be activated to facilitate reduction, such as, for example, by the Barton reduction.
  • L-enantiomers are desired.
  • These L-enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention may be prepared following the same general methods given above, but beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as the starting material.
  • the key starting material for this process is an appropriately substituted pentodialdo-furanose.
  • the pentodialdo-furanose can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization, substitution and cyclization techniques.
  • the pentodialdo-furanose is prepared from the appropriately substituted hexose.
  • the hexose can be purchased or can be prepared by any known means including standard epimerization (for eg., via alkaline treatment), substitution, and coupling techniques.
  • the hexose can be in either the furanose form or cyclized by any means known in the art, such as methodology taught by Townsend in Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994, preferably by selectively protecting the hexose, to give the appropriate hexafuranose.
  • the 4′-hydroxymethylene of the hexafuranose then can be oxidized with an appropriate oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 4′-aldo-modified sugar.
  • oxidizing agents are Swern reagents, Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molybdate, NarO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxid
  • the pentodialdo-furanose optionally can be protected with a suitable protecting group, preferably with an acyl or silyl group, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • a suitable protecting group preferably with an acyl or silyl group
  • the protected pentodialdo-furanose then can be coupled with a suitable electrophilic alkyl, halogeno-alkyl (such as CF 3 ), alkenyl or alkynyl (i.e., allyl), to obtain the 4′-alkylated sugar.
  • the protected pentodialdo-furanose can be coupled with a corresponding carbonyl, such as formaldehyde, in the presence of a base like sodium hydroxide and with an appropriate polar solvent like dioxane, at a suitable temperature, and then reduced with an appropriate reducing agent to provide the 4′-alkylated sugar.
  • the reduction is carried out using PhOC(S)Cl and DMAP in acetonitrile at room temperature, followed by reflux treatment with ACCN and TMSS in toluene.
  • the optionally activated sugar can be coupled to the base by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as taught by Townsend in Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • an acylated sugar can be coupled to a silylated base with a Lewis acid, such as tin tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, or trimethylsilyltriflate in an appropriate solvent at room temperature.
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991.
  • the 4′-C-branched ribonucleoside is desired.
  • a deoxyribonucleoside is desired.
  • the formed ribonucleoside can optionally be protected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, and then the 2′-OH can be reduced with a suitable reducing agent.
  • the 2′-OH can be activated to facilitate reduction, such as, for example, by the Barton reduction.
  • L-enantiomers are desired.
  • These L-enantiomers corresponding to the compounds of the invention may be prepared following the same general methods given above, but beginning with the corresponding L-sugar or nucleoside L-enantiomer as the starting material.
  • the title compound can be prepared according to the published procedure of Farkas and Sorm (J. Farkas and F. Sorm, “Nucleic acid components and their analogues. XCIV. Synthesis of 6-amino-9-(1-deoxy-beta-D-psicofuranosyl)purine,” Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1967, 32:2663-7; and J. Farkas, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1966, 31:1535 (Scheme 7).
  • 2,8-diaza-3-deazaadenine derivative compounds may be prepared (see Scheme 13) according to the published synthesis by Chen et al. in J.Heterocyclic Chem., 1982, 285-88; however, no condensation of this compound with ribofuranose is found.
  • the compounds of the present invention can also be prepared by synthetic methods well known to those skilled in the art of nucleoside and nucleotide chemistry, such as taught by Townsend in Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides, Plenum Press, 1994.
  • a representative general synthetic method is provided in Scheme 14.
  • the starting material is a 3,5-is-O-protected beta-D-alkyl ribofuranoside, but it will be understood that any 2′, 3′, or 5′-position may carry a protecting group to shield it from reacting.
  • the 2′-C—OH then is oxidized with a suitable oxidizing agent in a compatible solvent at a suitable temperature to yield the 2′-keto-modified sugar.
  • oxidizing agents are Swern reagents, Jones' reagent (a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids), Collins' reagent (dipyridine Cr(VI)oxide), Corey's reagent (pyridinium chlorochromate), pyridinium dichromate, acid dichromate, potassium permanganate, MnO 2 , ruthenium tetroxide, phase transfer catalysts such as chromic acid or permanganate supported on a polymer, Cl 2 -pyridine, H 2 O 2 -ammonium molydate, NarO 2 —CAN, NaOCl in HOAc, copper chromate, copper oxide, Raney nickel, palladium acetate, Meerwin-Pondorf-Verley reagent (aluminum t-butoxide with another ketone) and N-bromosuccinimide.
  • a Grignard reagent such as, for example, an alkyl-, alkenyl- or alkynyl-magnesium halide like CH 3 MgBr, CH 3 CH 2 MgBr, vinylMgBr, allylMgBr and ethynylMgBr, or an alkyl-, alkenyl- or alkynyl-lithium, such as CH 3 Li, in a suitable organic solvent, such as, for example, diethyl ether or THF, across the double bond of the 2′-carbonyl group provides a tertiary alcohol at this position.
  • a suitable organic solvent such as, for example, diethyl ether or THF
  • LG leaving group
  • suitable solvent such as, for example, Hr in HOAc
  • LGs include C-1 sulfonates such as, for example, methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate and/or p-toluenesulfonate.
  • a metal salt (Li, Na or K) of an appropriately substituted 2-azapurine in a suitable organic solvent such as, for example, THF, acetonitrile of DMF results in the formation of the desired nucleosidic linkage and addition of the desired 2-azapurine base.
  • This displacement reaction may be catalyzed by a phase transfer catalyst like TDA-1 or triethylbenzylammonium chloride.
  • the introduction of a “Z” substituent on any of base formulae (i)-(vi) optionally may be performed subsequent to the initial addition of protecting groups.
  • an amino group for “Z” is accomplished by the addition of an appropriate amine in an appropriate solvent to the 2′-C-halo intermediate just prior to the last step of removal of the protecting groups.
  • Appropriate amines include alcoholic or liquid ammonia to generate a primary amine (—NH 2 ), an alkylamine to generate a secondary amine (—NHR), or a dialkylamine to generate a tertiary amine (—NRR′).
  • nucleoside can be deprotected by methods well known to those skilled in the art, as by Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991. It is to be noted that this reaction scheme can be used for joining any of the purine nucleoside analogue bases provided for in Schemes 8-13 with a ribofuranosyl moiety.
  • test compounds were dissolved in DMSO at an initial concentration of 200 ⁇ M and then were serially diluted in culture medium.
  • HK-21 bay hamster kidney (ATCC CCL-10) and bos Taurus (T) (ATCC CRL 1390) cells were grown at 37° C. in a humidified CO 2 (5%) atmosphere.
  • HK-21 cells were passaged in Eagle MEM additioned of 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal ovine serum (FS, Gibco) and Earle's SS adjusted to contain 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate and 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids.
  • T cells were passaged in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 4 mM L-glutamine and 10% horse serum (HS, Gibco), adjusted to contain 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, 4.5 g/L glucose and 1.0 mM sodium pyruvate.
  • the vaccine strain 17D (YFV-17D) (Stamaril®, Pasteur Merieux) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) (ATCC VR-534) were used to infect HK and T cells, respectively, in 75 cm 2 bottles. After a 3 day incubation period at 37° C., extensive cytopathic effect was observed.
  • nucleosides of Formulae (I) or (II) may be prepared: wherein: base may be any of the Formulae (A)-(G) as described herein where R in each instance may exist in mono-, di- or triphosphate form.
  • the Dimroth rearrangement may be used for making 2-azapurines from the corresponding purine base.
  • an N-alkylated or N-arylated imino heterocycle undergoes rearrangement to its corresponding alkylamino or arylamino heterocycle.
  • Step 1 2-azaadenine, NaH, ACN, rt, 24 hrs; Step 2: MeONa/MeOH
  • the starting material 2-azaadenine may be prepared starting from malonitrile by the synthesis taught by D. W. Wooley, Journal of Biological Chemistry, (1951), 189:401.
  • nucleosides of Formulae (I) or (II) may be prepared: wherein: base may be any of the Formulae (A)-(G) as described herein where R in each instance may exist in mono-, di- or triphosphate form.
  • the Dimroth rearrangement may be used for making 2-azapurines from the corresponding purine base.
  • an N-alkylated or N-arylated imino heterocycle undergoes rearrangement to its corresponding alkylamino or arylamino heterocycle.
  • Step 1 H 2 O 2 , AcOH, 80%; Step 2: BnBr, DMAc, Step 3: NaOH, H 2 O, EtOH, 30%, Step 4: NH 3 /MeOH, 80° C., 2 days, 60%; Step 5: H 2 /Pd/C, 3 atm, MeOH, 30% Step 6: .NaNO 2 , AcOH, H 2 O, 50%.
  • 2-azaadenosine shown as the final product in Example 2.a. may be prepared starting with adenosine, according to the procedure of J. A. Montgomery, Nucleic Acid Chemistry, 1978, Part II, 681-685 starting with 2′-C-methyladenosine, or via 2-azainosine in a synthetic procedure taught by R. P. Panzica, Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1972, 9:623-628 starting with AICA riboside.
  • Step 1 NCS, DMF; Step 2: mcPBA, AcOH; Step 3: a) BnBr, DMAc; b) NaOH, H 2 O, EtOH, Step 4: NH 3 /MeOH, 80° C., Step 5: H 2 /Pd/C, MeOH; Step 6: NaNO 2 , AcOH, H 2 O.
  • nucleosides of Formulae (I) and (II) may be prepared: wherein: base may be any of the Formulae (A)-(G) as described herein where R in each instance may exist in mono-, di- or triphosphate form.
  • the Dimroth rearrangement may be used for making 2-azapurines from the corresponding purine base.
  • an N-alkylated or N-arylated imino heterocycle undergoes rearrangement to its corresponding alkylamino or arylamino heterocycle.
  • nucleosides of Formulae (I) or (II) may be prepared: wherein: base may be any of the Formulae (A)-(G) as described herein where R in each instance may exist in mono-, di- or triphosphate form.
  • the Dimroth rearrangement may be used for making 2-azapurines from the corresponding purine base.
  • an N-alkylated or N-arylated imino heterocycle undergoes rearrangement to its corresponding alkylamino or arylamino heterocycle.
  • Step A 1-(2,3,5-tri-O-Benzoyl- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)-5-benzyloxymethylimidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-one
  • Step C 4-chloro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-Benzoyl- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine
  • Step D 4-amino-1- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine
  • Step A 1-(2-C-methyl-2,3,5-tri-O-Benzoyl- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazin-4-one
  • Step B 4-chloro-1-(2-C-methyl-2,3,5-tri-O-Benzoyl- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine
  • Step C 4-amino-1-(2-C-methyl- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine
  • the compound from Step B (590 mg, 0.96 mmol) was added to a solution of ammonia in methanol and stirred in a steel bomb at 150° C. for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness to remove methanol. The crude product was purified on silica gel reverse-phase (C18) using water as eluant to give the title compound (35 mg) as a white powder.
  • Step A Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the protected 4,7-dichloroimidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step B Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the 4,7-dichloroimidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step C Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step D Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the chloro-methoxy-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step E Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the methoxy-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step F Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the Protected 4,7-diazidoimidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step G Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the azido-methoxy-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step H Typical Procedure for the Preparation of the amino-azido-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides
  • Step A 4-amino-6-bromo-7-( ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]- ⁇ -triazine
  • the 2-azaadenosine [for preparation see Patent WO 01/16149. 2001] (70 mg, 0.26 mmol) was added to a solution of sodium acetate 0.5M (1.4 mL). The solution was heated until the 2-azaadenosine was solubilized. A solution of bromine (100 ⁇ L of Br 2 in 10 mL of water) (6.3 mL, 1.22 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 3 days. A second portion of the bromine's solution (6.3 mL, 1.22 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified on silica gel reverse-phase (C18) using water/acetonitrile (9/1) as eluant to give the title compound as a yellow powder.
  • Step B 4-amino-6-methyl-7-( ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]- ⁇ -triazine
  • Step A 7-( ⁇ -D-Ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]- ⁇ -triazin-4-one
  • Step B 7-(2,3,5-Tri-O-acétyl- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]- ⁇ -triazin-4-one
  • the 4-methylamino-7-( ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]- ⁇ -triazine Va may be prepared according the following synthesis, where the starting material used is the AICAR I.
  • the AICAR may be prepared according to the published synthesis of Y. Yamamoto and N. Kohyama, Synthesis, 2003, 17:2639-2646.
  • the 4-substituted-7-(2,3-dideoxy- ⁇ -D-glycero-pentofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]- ⁇ -triazine compounds IXa, IXb and IXc may be prepared according the following synthesis according to the published synthesis of R. Panzica and Co, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1999, 7:2373-2379.
  • the 4-substituted-7-(2,3-dideoxy- ⁇ -D-glycero-pent-2-ene-furanosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]- ⁇ -triazine derivative compounds XIa, XIb and XIc may be prepared according the following synthesis:
  • HepG2 cells are obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), and are grown in 225 cm 2 tissue culture flasks in minimal essential medium supplemented with non-essential amino acids, 1% penicillin-streptomycin. The medium is renewed every three days, and the cells are subcultured once a week.
  • confluent HepG2 cells are seeded at a density of 2.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells per well in a 6-well plate and exposed to 10 ⁇ M of [ 3 H] labeled active compound (500 dpm/pmol) for the specified time periods.
  • the cells are maintained at 37° C. under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.
  • the cells are washed three times with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PS).
  • Intracellular active compound and its respective metabolites are extracted by incubating the cell pellet overnight at ⁇ 20° C. with 60% methanol followed by extraction with an additional 20 ⁇ L of cold methanol for one hour in an ice bath. The extracts are then combined, dried under gentle filtered air flow and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until HPLC analysis.
  • the cynomolgus monkey is surgically implanted with a chronic venous catheter and sucutaneous venous access port (VAP) to facilitate lood collection and underwent a physical examination including hematology and serum chemistry evaluations and the body weight was recorded.
  • VAP chronic venous catheter and sucutaneous venous access port
  • Each monkey (six total) receives approximately 250 ⁇ Ci of 3 H activity with each dose of active compound at a dose level of 10 mg/kg at a dose concentration of 5 mg/mL, either via an intravenous olus (3 monkeys, IV), or via oral gavage (3 monkeys, PO).
  • Each dosing syringe is weighed efore dosing to gravimetrically determine the quantity of formulation administered.
  • Urine samples are collected via pan catch at the designated intervals (approximately 18-0 hours pre-dose, 0-4, 4-8 and 8-12 hours post-dosage) and processed. Blood samples are collected as well (pre-dose, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-dosage) via the chronic venous catheter and VAP or from a peripheral vessel if the chronic venous catheter procedure should not be possible.
  • the blood and urine samples are analyzed for the maximum concentration (C max ), time when the maximum concentration is achieved (T max ), area under the curve (AUC), half life of the dosage concentration (T 1/2 ), clearance (CL), steady state volume and distribution (V SS ) and bioavailability (F).
  • Human one marrow cells are collected from normal healthy volunteers and the mononuclear population are separated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation as described previously by Sommadossi J-P, Carlisle R. “Toxicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine for normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1987; 31:452-454; and Sommadossi J-P, Schinazi R F, Chu C K, Xie M-Y.
  • HepG2 cells are cultured in 12-well plates as described above and exposed to various concentrations of drugs as taught by Pan-Zhou X-R, Cui L, Zhou X-J, Sommadossi J-P, Darley-Usmer V M. “Differential effects of antiretroviral nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial function in HepG2 cells” Antimicro Agents Chemother 2000; 44:496-503. Lactic acid levels in the culture medium after 4 day drug exposure are measured using a Boehringer lactic acid assay kit. Lactic acid levels are normalized by cell number as measured by hemocytometer count.
  • Cells are seeded at a rate of between 5 ⁇ 10 3 and 5 ⁇ 10 4 /well into 96-well plates in growth medium overnight at 37° C. in a humidified CO 2 (5%) atmosphere. New growth medium containing serial dilutions of the drugs is then added. After incubation 5 for 4 days, cultures are fixed in 50% TCA and stained with sulforhodamine. The optical density was read at 550 nm. The cytotoxic concentration was expressed as the concentration required to reduce the cell numer by 50% (CC 50 ). The preliminary results are tabulated in the Table 3 below.
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ATE478886T1 (de) 2010-09-15
CA2533367C (en) 2013-10-01
ES2351603T3 (es) 2011-02-08
DK1658302T3 (da) 2010-11-22
EP1658302A2 (de) 2006-05-24
CA2533367A1 (en) 2005-02-03
WO2005009418A2 (en) 2005-02-03
PT1658302E (pt) 2010-10-25
US20090169507A1 (en) 2009-07-02
WO2005009418A3 (en) 2005-04-07
PL1658302T3 (pl) 2011-03-31
JP2007501185A (ja) 2007-01-25
US8742101B2 (en) 2014-06-03
US9186369B2 (en) 2015-11-17
BRPI0412849A (pt) 2006-09-26
RU2006105640A (ru) 2007-09-10
AU2004258750A1 (en) 2005-02-03
EP1658302B1 (de) 2010-08-25
KR20060084845A (ko) 2006-07-25
US20140234251A1 (en) 2014-08-21
DE602004028841D1 (de) 2010-10-07
CN1852915A (zh) 2006-10-25

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