JP6267735B2 - グルタチオンをベースとする薬物送達システム - Google Patents
グルタチオンをベースとする薬物送達システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP6267735B2 JP6267735B2 JP2016042232A JP2016042232A JP6267735B2 JP 6267735 B2 JP6267735 B2 JP 6267735B2 JP 2016042232 A JP2016042232 A JP 2016042232A JP 2016042232 A JP2016042232 A JP 2016042232A JP 6267735 B2 JP6267735 B2 JP 6267735B2
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- FBTUMDXHSRTGRV-ALTNURHMSA-N zorubicin Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@@](O)(CC=2C(O)=C3C(=O)C=4C=CC=C(C=4C(=O)C3=C(O)C=21)OC)C(\C)=N\NC(=O)C=1C=CC=CC=1)[C@H]1C[C@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 FBTUMDXHSRTGRV-ALTNURHMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940124648 γ-Secretase Modulator Drugs 0.000 description 1
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Description
本明細書で用いる「オリゴヌクレオチド」及び「ポリヌクレオチド」という用語は、ワトソン−クリック型の塩基対合、フーグスティーン若しくは逆フーグスティーン型の塩基対合又は類似のものなどの規則的パターンのモノマー間相互作用(例えば、ヌクレオシド間)により標的ポリヌクレオチドに特異的に結合することができるデオキシリボヌクレシド、リボヌクレシド、そのα−アノマー形、ポリアミド核酸などを含む、天然又は修飾モノマー又は連鎖の線状オリゴ及びポリマーを含む。通常モノマーは、リン酸ジエステル結合又はその類似物により連結されて、サイズが少数のモノマー単位、例えば、3〜4から数百のモノマー単位に及ぶオリゴヌクレオチドを形成する。「ATGCCTG」などの文字の配列によりオリゴヌクレオチドを表すときには、ヌクレオチドは左から右へ5’→3’の順序であり、特に示さない限り、「A」はデオキシアデノシンを意味し、「C」はデオキシシチジンを意味し、「G」はデオキシグアノシンを意味し、「T」はチミジンを意味することは理解されるであろう。リン酸ジエステル結合の類似物は、ホスホロチオエート、ホスホロジチオエート、ホスホロセレノエート、ホスホロジセレノエート、ホスホロアニロチオエート、ホスホロアニリデート、ホスホルアミデート、N3’→P5’ホスホルアミデートなどである。ポリヌクレオチドは、実質的に任意の長さ、一般的に約10ヌクレオチドから約1x109ヌクレオチドまで、又はより大きくてよい。本明細書で用いているように、「オリゴヌクレオチド」は、長さが4〜100ヌクレオチドのポリヌクレオチドと定義される。したがって、オリゴヌクレオチドは、ポリヌクレオチドのサブセットである。
本発明の複合体は、少なくとも1つの薬剤を含む。本発明の複合体に組み込む好ましい薬剤は、小分子化学物質である。化学物質は、本明細書では定義済み化学分子、通常、少なくとも部分的に有機物であり、化学合成により通常得ることができ、オリゴ又はポリヌクレオチドを含まないより小さい非ポリマー分子(例えば、2kDa未満)であると理解される。小分子薬物部分を得ることができる対象の薬剤化合物又は物質は、Goodman & Gilman’s、治療薬の薬理学的基礎(The Parmacological Basis of Therapeutics)(9版)(Goodmanら編)(McGraw−Hill)(1996年)及び1999 Physician’s Dewsk Reference(1998年)にも示されている。薬物部分を得ることができる対象の付加的な特定の薬物及び化合物は、以下のものを含むが、それらに限定されない。
本発明の複合体における第2の実体は、グルタチオントランスポーターのリガンドである。好ましくはグルタチオントランスポーターは、トランスポーターを発現する標的細胞内への、且つ/又はそれを介する、リガンド及びリガンドを含む複合体の特異的結合、エンドサイトーシス及びトランスサイトーシスの少なくとも1つを媒介する。トランスポーター又は受容体媒介性送達は、近年開発された1つの可能なターゲティング型薬物送達技術である。それは、薬物又は薬物担体と結合するリガンドの受容体/トランスポーターを発現する標的細胞への送達の高い特異性という潜在的利点を有する。細胞及び組織への、低分子量並びにポリペプチド及び核酸ベースの治療又は診断用薬、並びにこれらの薬剤を含むナノコンテナーの特異的ターゲティングは、トランスポーター/受容体媒介性送達を用いることにより著しく増大させることができる。
[式中、Z=CH2及びY=CH2又はZ=O及びY=C=Oであり、
R1及びR2は、独立にH、直鎖又は分枝アルキル(1〜25C)、アラルキル(6〜26C)、シクロアルキル(6〜25C)、複素環(6〜20C)、エーテル又はポリエーテル(3〜25C)からなる群から選択され、R1−R2は、一緒に2〜20個のC原子を有し、式Iの残りとマクロ環を形成し、
R3は、H及びCH3からなる群から選択され、
R4は、6〜8Cアルキル、ベンジル、ナフチル及び治療上活性な化合物からなる群から選択され、
R5は、H、フェニル、CH3及びCH2フェニル又はその薬学的に許容される塩からなる群から選択される]を含む。
本発明の複合体におけるリガンドは、薬剤に直接結合させることができ、又は別法としては、リガンドを、薬剤を含む薬学的に許容されるナノコンテナーに結合させることができる。そのような複合体において、薬剤は、例えば、ナノ粒子、リポソーム又はナノゲルなどのナノコンテナー内に封入することができ、それにより、リガンドがナノコンテナーに連結した状態で結合されていることが好ましい。ナノコンテナーへのそのような結合は、直接的又はスフィンゴミエリン、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)若しくは他の有機ポリマーなどの周知のポリマー結合剤のいずれかを介するものであってよい。ターゲティング型(PEG)リポソームを含むそのような医薬組成物の製造の詳細は、米国特許第6,372,250号に記載されている。したがって、好ましい実施形態において、本発明による複合体は、薬学的に許容される担体が、担体タンパク質、ナノコンテナー、リポソーム、ポリプレックスシステム、リポプレックスシステム及びポリエチレングリコールの少なくとも1つを含む複合体である。
以下のパラグラフに、本発明の様々な実施形態において、GSHトランスポーターターゲティング型活性薬を含む本発明の複合体により治療し、且つ/又は予防することができるCNSの様々な病変、及び随伴状態又は関連障害の記述を示す。
本発明の他の態様において、例えば、CNS、血液脳関門(BBB)、網膜及び精巣のような特定の血液組織関門により保護されている標的部位への有効量の薬剤又は薬剤を含む薬学的に許容される担体のターゲティング型薬物送達の方法を提供し、a)薬剤又は薬学的に許容される担体が、標的部位のインターナライジングGSH取込み受容体への特異的結合及びそれによるインターナリゼーションを促進するリガンドに結合しており、それによって上記で定義した複合体を形成し、b)薬剤が、必要とする人への投与後約1日目〜約5日目の期間内に標的部位に送達される。好ましい実施形態において、該方法における血液組織関門、例えば、血液脳関門は、血液組織関門を崩壊させる薬剤の投与により崩壊させられない。他の好ましい実施形態において、期間は、約1日目〜約7日目、より好ましくは約1日目〜約10日目、より好ましくは約1日目〜約14日目、最も好ましくは約1日目〜約21日目の期間である。
本発明のいくつかの態様は、上で定義したオリゴ又はポリヌクレオチドを含む作用物質をコードするヌクレオチド配列を含む発現ベクターの使用に関する。遺伝子治療に適するベクターは、Anderson、1998年、Nature、392巻、25〜30頁;Walther及びStein、2000年、Drugs、60巻、249〜71頁;Kayら、2001年、Nat.Med.、7巻、33〜40頁;Russell、2000年、J.Gen.Virol.、81巻、2573〜604頁;Amado及びChen、1999年、Science、285巻、674〜6頁;Federico、1999年、Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.、10巻、448〜53頁;Vigna及びNaldini、2000年、J.Gene Med.、2巻、308〜16頁;Marinら、1997年、Mol.Med.Today、3巻、396〜403頁;Peng及びRussell、1999年、Curr.Opin.Biotechnol.、10巻、454〜7頁;Sommerfelt、1999年、J.Gen.Virol.、80巻、3049〜64頁;Reiser、2000年、Gene Ther.、7巻、910〜3頁;並びにそれらに引用されている参考文献に記載されている。特に適切な遺伝子治療ベクターは、アデノウイルス及びアデノ関連ウイルス(AAV)ベクターなどである。これらのベクターは、多数の分裂及び非分裂細胞型を感染させる。さらに、アデノウイルスベクターは、高レベルのトランス遺伝子発現の能力がある。しかし、細胞侵入後のアデノウイルス及びAAVベクターのエピソーム性のため、これらのウイルスベクターは、上で示したようにトランス遺伝子の一時的発現のみを必要とする治療適用に最も適している(Russell、2000年、J.Gen.Virol.、81巻、2573〜2604頁)。好ましいアデノウイルスベクターは、Russell(2000年、前出)によりレビューされたように宿主反応を低減させるために修飾する。
抗体又は抗体断片は、本発明の複合体又は薬剤の構成部分であってよい。好ましくは抗体又はその断片は、モノクローナル抗体(MAb)である。補体成分に対するMAbは、ハイブリドーマ、組換え及びファージディスプレー技術又はそれらの組合せを含む、当技術分野で公知の様々な技術を用いて調製することができる。例えば、モノクローナル抗体は、当技術分野で公知であり、例えば、Harlowら、Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、第2版、1988年);Hammerlingら、:Monoclonal Antibodies and T−Cell Hybridomas、568〜681頁(Elsevier、N.Y.、1981年)に教示されているものを含むハイブリドーマ技術を用いて製造することができる。ヒトを治療するために、抗補体MAbsは、好ましくはキメラ、脱免疫化(deimmunized)、ヒト化又はヒト抗体として用いられるであろう。そのような抗体は、免疫原性を減少させ、それにより、ヒト抗マウス抗体(HAMA)反応を避けることができる。抗体は、IgG4、IgG2、又は抗体依存性細胞性細胞毒性(S.M.Canfield及びS.L.Morrison、J.Exp.Med.、1991年、173巻、1483〜1491頁)及び補体媒介性細胞溶解(Y.Xuら、J.Biol.Chem.、1994年、269巻、3468〜3474頁;V.L.Pulitoら、J.Immunol.、1996年、156巻、2840〜2850頁)を増加させない他の遺伝的に変異させたIgG若しくはIgMであることが好ましい。キメラ抗体は、当技術分野で周知の組換え法により産生させ、動物可変領域及びヒト定常領域を有する。ヒト化抗体は、キメラ抗体より大きい程度のヒトペプチド配列を有する。ヒト化抗体において、抗原結合及び特異性に関与する相補性決定領域(CDRs)のみが動物由来であり、動物抗体に対応するアミノ酸配列を有し、分子の実質的にすべての残りの部分(場合によって、可変領域内のフレームワーク領域の小部分を除く)は、ヒト由来であり、ヒト抗体のアミノ酸配列に相当する。L.Riechmannら、Nature、1988年、332巻、323〜327頁;G.Winter、米国特許第5,225,539号;C.Queenら、米国特許第5,530,101号を参照のこと。脱免疫化抗体は、WO9852976に記載されているように、T及びB細胞エピトープが除去された抗体である。それらは、in vivoで適用したとき低い免疫原性を有する。ヒト抗体は、ヒト抗体の断片(VH、VL、Fv、Fd、Fab又は(Fab’)2)を産生させるためのヒト免疫グロブリン発現ライブラリー(Stratagene Corp.、La Jolla、California)の使用、及びキメラ抗体を産生させるものと同様な技術を用いて全ヒト抗体を構築するためのこれらの断片の使用を含む、いくつかの異なる方法により調製することができる。ヒト抗体はまた、ヒト免疫グロブリンゲノムを有するトランスジェニックマウスにおいて産生させることができる。そのようなマウスは、Abgenix,Inc.(Fremont、California)及びMedarex,Inc.(Annadale、New Jersey)から入手できる。重鎖及び軽鎖Fv領域が結合している単一ペプチド鎖結合分子を作製することもできる。単鎖抗体(「ScFv」)及びそれらの構築の方法は、米国特許第4,946,778号に記載されている。或いは、Fabは、同様な手段により構築し、発現させることができる(M.J.Evansら、J.Immunol.Meth.、1995年、184巻、123〜138頁)。本発明との関連において用いることができる他のクラスの抗体は、重鎖抗体及びその誘導体である。そのような単鎖重鎖抗体は、例えば、ラクダ科(Camelidae)において天然で存在し、それらの単離可変ドメインは、一般的に「VHHドメイン」又は「ナノ抗体」と呼ばれる。重鎖抗体及び可変ドメインを得る方法は、とりわけ次の参考文献に記載されている:WO94/04678、WO95/04079、WO96/34103、WO94/25591、WO99/37681、WO00/40968、WO00/43507、WO00/65057、WO01/40310、WO01/44301、EP1134231、WO02/48193、WO97/49805、WO01/21817、WO03/035694、WO03/054016、WO03/055527、WO03/050531、WO01/90190、WO03/025020、WO04/041867、WO04/041862、WO04/041865、WO04/041863、WO04/062551。完全及び部分的ヒト抗体のすべてが完全マウスMAbs(又は他の非ヒト動物からのMAbs)より免疫原性が低く、断片及び単鎖抗体も免疫原性が低い。したがって、これらの種類の抗体はすべて、免疫又はアレルギー反応を引き起こす可能性がより低い。その結果として、それらは、特に反復又は長期投与が必要な場合、完全動物抗体よりヒトにおけるin vivoでの投与によく適している。さらに、より小さいサイズの抗体断片は、組織生物学的利用能を改善する助けとなり得、これは腫瘍の治療又はある種のウイルス感染などの急性疾患適応におけるより十分な用量蓄積のために重要である可能性がある。
本発明はさらに、本明細書で上で定義した複合体を有効成分として含む医薬品に関する。組成物は、好ましくは、有効成分(複合体)に加えて薬学的に許容される担体(複合体中の担体以外)を少なくとも含む。いくつかの方法において、複合体は、哺乳動物、昆虫又は微生物細胞培養から、トランスジェニック哺乳動物の乳汁又は他の源から精製された本発明のポリペプチド又は抗体を含み、精製された形で医薬担体とともに医薬組成物として投与される。ポリペプチドを含む医薬組成物を製造する方法は、米国特許第5,789,543号及び第6,207,718号に記載されている。好ましい形態は、意図される投与方法及び治療適用に依存する。医薬担体は、患者にポリペプチド、抗体又は遺伝子治療ベクターを送達するのに適する適合性のある非毒性物質であり得る。滅菌済みの水、アルコール、脂肪、ワックス及び不活性固体を担体として用いることができる。薬学的に許容されるアジュバント、緩衝剤、分散剤なども医薬組成物に組み込むことができる。医薬組成物中の本発明の複合体の濃度は、広く、すなわち、約0.1重量%未満、通常少なくとも約1重量%から20重量%又はそれ以上の程度まで変わり得る。経口投与については、有効成分は、カプセル剤、錠剤及び散剤などの固体剤形で、又はエリキシル剤、シロップ及び懸濁剤などの液体剤形で投与することができる。活性化合物(単数又は複数)は、グルコース、ラクトース、スクロース、マンニトール、デンプン、セルロース若しくはセルロース誘導体、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸、サッカリンナトリウム、タルク、炭酸マグネシウムなどの不活性成分及び粉末状担体とともにゼラチンカプセルに封入することができる。望ましい色、味、安定性、緩衝能、分散又は他の公知の望ましい特徴を与えるために添加することができる追加の不活性成分の例は、赤色酸化鉄、シリカゲル、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、二酸化チタン、可食性白色インクなどである。圧縮錠剤を調製するために同様な希釈剤を用いることができる。錠剤及びカプセル剤は、数時間の期間にわたる薬物の連続的放出をもたらすために徐放性製剤として製造することができる。圧縮錠剤は、不快な味をマスクし、錠剤を大気から保護するために糖衣をかけるか、又はフィルムコーティングを施し、或いは胃腸管における選択的な崩壊のための腸溶コーティングを施すことができる。経口投与用の液体剤形は、患者の受入を向上させるために着色剤及び着香剤を含んでいてよい。本発明の複合体は、好ましくは非経口投与する。非経口投与用の複合体を含む製剤は、無菌性でなければならない。滅菌は、凍結乾燥及び再構成の前又は後に無菌ろ過膜を介するろ過により容易に達成される。複合体の非経口投与経路は、公知の方法、例えば、静脈内、腹腔内、筋肉内、動脈内、病変内、頭蓋内、髄腔内、経皮、鼻、口腔、直腸又は膣経路による注射又は注入によるものである。複合体は、注入又はボーラス注射により連続的に投与する。静脈内注入用の一般的な組成物は、20%アルブミン溶液を場合によって添加した10〜500mlの滅菌0.9%NaCl又は5%グルコース及び必要な用量の複合体を含むように調製することができる。筋肉内注射用の一般的な医薬組成物は、1〜10mlの滅菌緩衝水及び必要な用量の本発明の複合体を含むように構成される。非経口投与できる組成物を調製する方法は、当技術分野で周知であり、例えば、Remington’s Pharmaceutical Science(第15版、Mack Publishing、Easton、PA、1980年)(すべての目的のためにその全体として参照として組み込まれる)を含む種々の情報源により詳細に記載されている。
受容体特異的リガンドへの薬剤の結合
GSHへの薬剤の結合の例として、タンパク質薬物へのGSHの結合の好ましい方法を開示する。同様な結合化学を本明細書で開示する他の薬剤及び本明細書で開示する他のGSH誘導体に適用する。GSHトランスポーター特異的細胞取込み、並びに親水性薬剤に結合させたGSHのin vivoでの薬物動態及び生体分布を視覚化するために、GSHを親水性経口色素フルオレセインイソチオシアネート(FITC)又はCy5.5で標識する。このために、GSHをPBS及びNaHCO3pH9.0に溶解する。FITC又はCy5.5を加え、溶液を暗所で室温で1時間撹拌する。過剰のFITC又はCy5.5をカラム遠心分離(Zeba(商標)、Pierce、Rockford、USA)により除去し、その後、溶液を暗所で4℃で保存する。
封入薬剤を含むナノコンテナーへのGSHトランスポーター特異的リガンドの結合並びにその薬物動態及び薬力学
GSHトランスポーター特異的リガンドで被覆された薬剤含有ナノコンテナーの例として、薬物負荷PEG化リポソームへのGSHの結合の好ましい方法を開示する。リポソームは、いくつかのモル比(例えば、2.0:1.5)のリン脂質とコレステロールからなっている。転移/処理温度及び血漿中の粒子の安定性を改善するために、1,2−ジパルミトイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホコリン(DPPC)、ジミリストイルホスファチジルコリン(DMPC)、水素化大豆ホスファチジルコリン(HSPC)、大豆ホスファチジルコリン(SPC)、ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC)又は卵黄ホスファチジルコリン(EYPC)をコレステロール(Chol)と種々の比で用いた。混合物中のCholが少ないほど、血漿中のリポソームの安定性が低い。化合物をエタノール又はイソプロパノールに溶解する。リポソームの調製の前にDSPE−PEG−MAL及び還元型グルタチオン(トリペプチドのシステイン部分のMAL反応性チオール基を与える)の新鮮な溶液を用いて合成したDSPE−PEG−GSH(0.2〜10モル%)を含むミセル及びDSPE−mPEG(Mw2000)を種々のモルパーセント(合計5〜10モル%まで)で溶液に加える。或いは、GSHのアミン基に対して活性を有するDSPE−PEG−NHSを用いてDSPE−PEG−GSHを結合させるか、又はGSHをN若しくはC末端残基においてDSPE−PEGに直接合成する。リポソームの電荷を変化させることが必要である場合、リン酸デシル(DP)又はDOTAPを混合物に加える。さらに、非イオン性界面活性剤ポリソルベート80(Tween80)を混合物に加えてもよい。また、Tween20、Tween40、Brij76、Brij78又は米国特許第6,288,040号に記載されているもの(すなわち、カルボジイミド、n−エトキシカルボニル−2−エトキシ−1,2−ジヒドロキノリン、グルタルジオールデヒド、ブロモチアン、メタ過ヨウ素酸塩(Na塩又はK塩)、塩化トシル及びクロロギ酸エステル)のような他の非イオン性界面活性剤を用いることができる。(脂質)混合物を、賦形剤若しくはシクロデキストリンのような可溶化剤の存在下又は不存在下で親水性薬剤を含む水溶液に注入する。親油性薬剤は、脂質混合物に加えるか、又は例えば、硫酸アンモニウム若しくは酢酸カルシウムを前充てんしたリポソームを用いた能動負荷法を用いて封入する(場合によって病院薬局における製造後工程として)。ボルテックス混合した後、小胞を膜を介して押し出すか、又は乳化機でホモジナイズする。或いは、DSPE−PEG−GSHを、25℃〜60℃で2〜24時間(脂質混合物の転移温度及び薬剤の温度感受性によって)のインキュベーションによるリポソームの調製の後に加える。リポソームは、粒径(Malvern Zetasizerで50〜200nm)、ゼータ電位、リン脂質含量(Phospholipids Bキット又はHPLC/UPLCシステムを用いる)及びペプチド含量(HPLC/UPLC又はPierceのOPAアッセイに基づいて0.2〜10モル%GSH)、並びに薬物負荷を測定することにより特徴づけられる。このリポソーム封入戦略を本明細書で開示した薬剤に適用し、同様な結合又は合成化学をターゲティングのためのリガンドとしての他の本明細書で開示したGSH誘導体に適用する。さらに、同様なリポソーム封入を核酸ベースの薬物に適用し、Gao及びHuang、1991年、Biochem Biophys Res Commun、179巻(1号)、280〜5頁に詳述されているようにリポソームにコレステロールの陽イオン誘導体(DC−Chol)を加えることにより、又はWO2002/066012に詳述されているように両性リポソームを用いることにより、核酸封入がさらに増加する。受容体特異的細胞取込み、並びに薬剤を充てんしたリポソームに結合させたGSHのin vivo薬物動態及び生体内分布を視覚化するために、1,2−ジオレイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホエタノールアミン−N−リスアミンローダミンBスルホニル(Rho−PE)をリポソームの調製中に脂質混合物に加える。或いは、リポソームを放射性トレーサー分子で標識するか、又は封入薬剤が、蛍光分子(Cy5.5など)、若しくは薬剤に蛍光プローブ(Cy5.5若しくはFITCなど)が結合している化合物である。
核酸ベースの薬物の担体へのGSHの結合
ターゲティング型取込み機構による核酸ベースの薬物の非ウイルス性送達システムの例として、ポリエチレンイミン(PEI)、jetPEIなど又はそれらの断片へのPEG化GSHの結合の好ましい方法を開示する。PEG化複合体は、次のように調製する。PEIをPBSに溶解する。ポリ(エチレングリコール)−α−マレイミド−ω−NHS(NHS−PEG−VS)をこの溶液に加え、撹拌しながら室温でインキュベートする。過剰のNHS−PEG−VSを限外ろ過により除去する。PEI−PEG−VSを還元型GSHのチオール基への結合に直接用いる。
タンパク質へのGSHの結合
直接結合法の例として、酵素、成長因子、モノクローナル抗体又はその断片へのGSHの結合の好ましい方法を開示する。GSH結合タンパク質は、次のように調製する。好ましくはリシン基のアミン基を(スルホ)−SMCCで修飾し、タンパク質上のマレイミド基をチオール反応性にする。その後、この反応性タンパク質を還元型GSHのチオール基への結合に直接用いる。
ターゲティング型薬剤のGSG特異的細胞取込み及び/又は細胞間輸送
GSH複合体のGSG特異的細胞取込みをGSH複合体の特異的取込みの分析により視覚化し、対照複合体の取込みのレベルと比較する。ブタ腎臓表皮細胞(LLC−PK1)、ウシ脳毛細血管内皮細胞(BCEC)及びイヌMDCK細胞を含む、いくつかの種及び起源のGSHトランスポーターの既知の発現(の不存在)を有する細胞を用いる。細胞取込み実験:ターゲティング型及び非ターゲティング型リポソームの200ナノモルの分割試料を血液脳関門のin vitroモデル(ラット星状細胞及びウシ毛細管内皮細胞の共培養)並びにBCECの単一培養に加えた。インキュベーション時間は、37℃で1/2〜3時間であった。処理の終了時にカバーガラス上の細胞を4%PFAで固定し、DAPI(核対比染色)を含むVectashield封入剤を用いてスライドガラス上にマウントする前に洗浄した。NIKON TE2000−E倒立顕微鏡、ローダミン用トリプルバンドフィルター、GFP及び20倍又は60倍のDAPIを用いた蛍光顕微鏡検査により、細胞培養中のリポソームの運命を評価した。図1にBCEC単一培養(プレートA)及びBBB共培養モデル(プレートB)におけるウシ毛細血管内皮細胞(BCEC)によるGSH標的リポソームの取込みを示す。顕微鏡写真に1/2時間(A)及び2時間(B)のインキュベーション時間後のBCEC培養(核を青色で対比染色)によるGSH標的リポソーム(赤色のRho−PE)の取込みを示す。非ターゲティング型リポソームを用いたインキュベーションでは、細胞中又はその周囲に赤色シグナルが存在しないことが明確に示されている。
GSH標的薬剤の薬物動態及び生体内分布
GSH標的リポソームの薬物動態及び生体内分布を、ハムスターに12日間毎日静脈内ボーラス注射した後のリポソーム中のRho−PE標識の分析により視覚化し、非ターゲティング型リポソームと比較した。GSH標的リポソームは、最終注射の3日後に脳で検出できなかった(ほとんど)が、肺、腎臓及び肝臓で比較的より高いレベルであった対照リポソームと比較したとき、潅流ハムスター脳でより高く且つ特異的蓄積を、分析した他の組織(心臓、肺、肝臓、脾臓及び腎臓を含む)の選択でより低い蓄積を示した。図2に高用量群のハムスター脳スライド標本の代表的写真を示す。
また、本発明の好ましい態様は以下も含まれる。
(1)a)グルタチオントランスポーターのリガンド、並びに
b)i)診断用又は治療用薬剤、及び
ii)薬剤を含む薬学的に許容されるナノコンテナー
の少なくとも1つを含み、
a)におけるリガンドがb)における薬剤及びナノコンテナーの少なくとも1つに結合している複合体。
(2)前記リガンドが、BCEC又はMDCK標的細胞への前記リガンドの添加後18時間以内に測定したとき、a)GSHトランスポーターの発現を欠く細胞;b)過剰な遊離GSHで前処理した細胞;及びc)GSH部分を欠く参照化合物から選択される対照条件と比較して少なくとも10%高い率で前記標的細胞に特異的に結合する、又は前記標的細胞内にエンドサイトーシスされる、若しくは前記標的細胞を介してトランスサイトーシスされるリガンドである、(1)に記載の複合体。
(3)前記リガンドが、グルタチオン、S−(p−ブロモベンジル)グルタチオン、ガンマ−(L−ガンマ−アザグルタミル)−S−(p−ブロモベンジル)−L−システイニルグリシン、S−ブチルグルタチオン、S−デシルグルタチオン、還元型グルタチオンエチルエステル、グルタチオンスルホン酸、S−ヘキシルグルタチオン、S−ラクトイルグルタチオン、S−メチルグルタチオン、S−(4−ニトロベンジル)グルタチオン、S−オクチルグルタチオン、S−プロピルグルタチオン、n−ブタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、エタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、ヘキサノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、オクタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、ドデカノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、GSHモノイソプロピルエステル(N−(N−L−グルタミル−L−システイニル)グリシン1−イソプロピルエステル硫酸一水和物)及び以下の式I
[式中、Z=CH2及びY=CH2又はZ=O及びY=C=Oであり、
R1及びR2は、H、直鎖又は分枝アルキル(1〜25C)、アラルキル(6〜26C)、シクロアルキル(6〜25C)、複素環(6〜20C)、エーテル又はポリエーテル(3〜25C)からなる群から独立に選択され、R1−R2は、一緒に2〜20個のC原子を有し、式Iの残りとマクロ環を形成し、
R3は、H及びCH3からなる群から選択され、
R4は、6〜8Cアルキル、ベンジル、ナフチル及び治療上活性な化合物からなる群から選択され、
R5は、H、フェニル、CH3−及びCH2−フェニル又はその薬学的に許容される塩からなる群から選択される]のグルタチオン誘導体からなる群から選択される、(1)又は(2)に記載の複合体。
(4)式Iの誘導体において、R3がHであり、R4がベンジルであり、R5がフェニルである、(3)に記載の複合体。
(5)前記薬剤が
a.中枢神経系抑制薬、
b.中枢神経系刺激薬、
c.向精神薬、
d.気道薬、
e.末梢神経系薬、
f.シナプス又は神経効果器接合部に作用する薬物、
g.平滑筋作用薬、
h.ヒスタミン作用薬、
i.抗ヒスタミン薬、
j.心血管薬、
k.血液又は造血系薬、
l.胃腸管薬、
m.ステロイド薬、
n.細胞増殖抑制又は抗腫瘍薬、
o.抗感染薬、
p.抗生物質、
q.抗真菌薬、
r.駆虫薬、
s.抗マラリア薬、
t.抗原虫薬、
u.抗菌薬、
v.抗炎症薬、
w.免疫抑制薬、
x.サイトカイン、
y.酵素、
z.イミノ糖、
aa.セラミド類似体、
bb.脳作用ホルモン又は神経伝達物質、
cc.神経ペプチド又はその誘導体、
dd.神経栄養因子、
ee.抗体又はその断片、
ff.アルツハイマー病薬又は化合物、
gg.核酸ベースの化合物、
hh.造影剤、
ii.(有機リン)解毒薬、
の少なくとも1つである、(1)から(4)までのいずれかに記載の複合体。
(6)前記薬学的に許容されるナノコンテナーが
a)担体タンパク質、
b)リポソーム、
c)ポリプレックスシステム、
d)リポプレックスシステム、及び
e)ポリエチレングリコール
の少なくとも1つを含む、(1)から(5)までのいずれかに記載の複合体。
(7)前記薬学的に許容されるナノコンテナーが陽イオン脂質若しくは両性脂質の少なくとも1つを含むリポプレックスシステム、又はポリ−L−リシン、ポリ−L−オルニチン、ポリエチレンイミン及びポリアミドアミンの少なくとも1つを含むポリプレックスシステムである、(6)に記載の複合体。
(8)CNS障害の治療、予防又は診断に用いる、(1)〜(7)までのいずれかに記載の複合体。
(9)CNS障害の治療、予防又は診断用の医薬品の製造のための(1)〜(8)までのいずれかに記載の複合体の使用。
(10)それを必要とする対象への(1)〜(7)までに記載の有効量の複合体の投与を含む、CNS障害の治療、予防又は診断の方法。
(11)a)グルタチオントランスポーターのリガンド、及び
b)ステロイド薬を含む薬学的に許容されるナノコンテナー
を含み、
a)におけるリガンドがb)におけるステロイド薬及びナノコンテナーの少なくとも1つに結合している複合体。
(12)前記ステロイド薬がヒドロコルチゾン、酢酸コルチゾン、プレドニゾン、プレドニゾロン、メチルプレドニゾロン、酢酸メチルプレドニゾロン、ヘミコハク酸メチルプレドニゾロン、デキサメタゾン、ベタメタゾン、トリアムシノロン、ベクロメタゾン、酢酸フルドロコルチゾン、ヘミコハク酸フルドロコルチゾン、酢酸デオキシコルチコステロン、ヘミコハク酸デオキシコルチコステロン、及びアルドステロンからなる群から選択される(11)に記載の複合体。
(13)前記リガンドが、a)GSHトランスポーターの発現を欠く細胞;b)過剰な遊離GSHで前処理した細胞;及びc)GSH部分を欠く参照化合物から選択される対照条件と比較して少なくとも10%高い率でBCEC又はMDCK標的細胞に特異的に結合する、又は該標的細胞内にエンドサイトーシスされる、若しくは該標的細胞を介してトランスサイトーシスされるリガンドである、(11)又は(12)に記載の複合体。
(14)前記リガンドが、グルタチオン、S−(p−ブロモベンジル)グルタチオン、ガンマ−(L−ガンマ−アザグルタミル)−S−(p−ブロモベンジル)−L−システイニルグリシン、S−ブチルグルタチオン、S−デシルグルタチオン、還元型グルタチオンエチルエステル、グルタチオンスルホン酸、S−ヘキシルグルタチオン、S−ラクトイルグルタチオン、S−メチルグルタチオン、S−(4−ニトロベンジル)グルタチオン、S−オクチルグルタチオン、S−プロピルグルタチオン、n−ブタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、エタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、ヘキサノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、オクタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、ドデカノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、GSHモノイソプロピルエステル(N−(N−L−グルタミル−L−システイニル)グリシン1−イソプロピルエステル硫酸一水和物)及び以下の式I
[式中、Z=CH 2 及びY=CH 2 又はZ=O及びY=C=Oであり、
R 1 及びR 2 は、H、直鎖又は分枝アルキル(1〜25C)、アラルキル(6〜26C)、シクロアルキル(6〜25C)、複素環(6〜20C)、エーテル又はポリエーテル(3〜25C)からなる群から独立に選択され、R 1 −R 2 は、一緒に2〜20個のC原子を有し、式Iの残りとマクロ環を形成し、
R 3 は、H及びCH 3 からなる群から選択され、
R 4 は、6〜8Cアルキル、ベンジル、ナフチル及び治療上活性な化合物からなる群から選択され、
R 5 は、H、フェニル、CH 3 −及びCH 2 −フェニル又はその薬学的に許容される塩からなる群から選択される]のグルタチオン誘導体からなる群から選択される、(11)〜(13)のいずれかに記載の複合体。
(15)式Iの誘導体において、R 3 がHであり、R 4 がベンジルであり、R 5 がフェニルである、(14)に記載の複合体。
(16)前記薬学的に許容されるナノコンテナーが
a)担体タンパク質、
b)リポソーム、
c)ポリプレックスシステム、
d)リポプレックスシステム、及び
e)ポリエチレングリコール
の少なくとも1つを含む、(11)から(15)までのいずれかに記載の複合体。
(17)前記薬学的に許容されるナノコンテナーが陽イオン脂質若しくは両性脂質の少なくとも1つを含むリポプレックスシステム、又はポリ−L−リシン、ポリ−L−オルニチン、ポリエチレンイミン及びポリアミドアミンの少なくとも1つを含むポリプレックスシステムである、(16)に記載の複合体。
(18)CNS障害の治療、予防又は診断に用いる、(11)〜(17)までのいずれかに記載の複合体。
(19)CNS障害の治療、予防又は診断用の医薬品の製造のための(11)〜(18)までのいずれかに記載の複合体の使用。
(20)それを必要とする対象への(11)〜(17)までに記載の有効量の複合体の投与を含む、CNS障害の治療、予防又は診断の方法。
Claims (11)
- a)グルタチオントランスポーターのリガンド、並びに
b)少なくとも1つの
i)ベータ−グルコセレブロシダーゼ、ベラルグルセラーゼ、アルファ−ガラクトシダーゼA、アルガルシダーゼベータ、アルファ−L−イズロニダーゼ、イズロネート−2−スルファターゼ、ヘパランスルファミダーゼ、アルファ−N−アセチルグルコサミニダーゼ、アルファ−グルコサミニドN−アセチルトランスフェラーゼ、N−アセチルガラクトサミン−6−硫酸−スルファターゼ、N−アセチルガラクトサミン−6−スルファターゼ、アリールスルファターゼB、ベータ−グルクロニダーゼ、ガラクトセレブロシダーゼ、酸スフィンゴミエリナーゼ、アリールスルファターゼA、N−アセチルグルコサミン−1−ホスホトランスフェラーゼ、ベータ−ガラクトシダーゼ、ベータ−ヘキソサミニダーゼA、及びアルファ−ヘキソサミニダーゼAからなる群から選択される治療剤、及び
ii)該治療剤を含むリポソームを含み、
a)におけるリガンドがb)における治療剤及びリポソームの少なくとも1つに結合している複合体。 - 治療剤がベータ−グルコセレブロシダーゼ、ベラルグルセラーゼ、イズロネート−2−スルファターゼ、又はアルファガラクトシダーゼAである、請求項1に記載の複合体。
- 前記リガンドが、a)GSHトランスポーターの発現を欠く細胞;b)過剰な遊離GSHで前処理した細胞;及びc)GSH部分を欠く参照化合物から選択される対照条件と比較して少なくとも10%高い率でBCEC又はMDCK標的細胞に特異的に結合する、又は該標的細胞内にエンドサイトーシスされる、若しくは該標的細胞を介してトランスサイトーシスされるリガンドである、請求項1又は2に記載の複合体。
- 前記リガンドが、グルタチオン、S−(p−ブロモベンジル)グルタチオン、ガンマ−(L−ガンマ−アザグルタミル)−S−(p−ブロモベンジル)−L−システイニルグリシン、S−ブチルグルタチオン、S−デシルグルタチオン、還元型グルタチオンエチルエステル、グルタチオンスルホン酸、S−ヘキシルグルタチオン、S−ラクトイルグルタチオン、S−メチルグルタチオン、S−(4−ニトロベンジル)グルタチオン、S−オクチルグルタチオン、S−プロピルグルタチオン、n−ブタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、エタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、ヘキサノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、オクタノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、ドデカノイルガンマ−グルタミルシステイニルグリシン、GSHモノイソプロピルエステル(N−(N−L−グルタミル−L−システイニル)グリシン1−イソプロピルエステル硫酸一水和物)及び以下の式I
[式中、Z=CH2及びY=CH2又はZ=O及びY=C=Oであり、
R1及びR2は、H、直鎖又は分枝アルキル(1〜25C)、アラルキル(6〜26C)、シクロアルキル(6〜25C)、複素環(6〜20C)、エーテル又はポリエーテル(3〜25C)からなる群から独立に選択され、R1−R2は、一緒に2〜20個のC原子を有し、式Iの残りとマクロ環を形成し、
R3は、H及びCH3からなる群から選択され、
R4は、6〜8Cアルキル、ベンジル、ナフチル及び治療上活性な化合物からなる群から選択され、
R5は、H、フェニル、CH3−及びCH2−フェニル又はその薬学的に許容される塩からなる群から選択される]のグルタチオン誘導体からなる群から選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の複合体。 - 式Iの誘導体において、R3がHであり、R4がベンジルであり、R5がフェニルである、請求項4に記載の複合体。
- リソソーム貯蔵病の治療、予防又は診断に用いる、請求項1〜5までのいずれかに記載の複合体。
- リソソーム貯蔵病の治療、予防又は診断用の医薬品の製造のための請求項1〜6までのいずれかに記載の複合体の使用。
- リソソーム貯蔵病が
a)ゴーシェ病;
b)ファブリー病;
c)MPSI、II、IIIA、IIIB、IIIC、IIID、IV、VI、VII又はIX;
d)クラッベ病;
e)ニーマン−ピック病A及びB又はニーマン−ピック病C;
f)異染性白質ジストロフィー;
g)ムコリピド症II/III型;
h)ガングリオシド蓄積症;
i)サンドホフ病;
j)テイサックス病;
k)ウォルマン病;
l)ダノン病;
m)ファーバー病;
n)ポンペ病;
o)シンドラー病;及び
p)バッテン病
からなる群から選択される請求項7に記載の使用。 - i)治療剤がイズロネート−2−スルファターゼであり、リソソーム貯蔵病がMPSIIである、
ii)治療剤がアルファガラクトシダーゼAであり、リソソーム貯蔵病がファブリー病である、又は
iii)治療剤がベータ−グルコセレブロシダーゼ若しくはベラルグルセラーゼであり、リソソーム貯蔵病がゴーシェ病である、
請求項7に記載の使用。 - リソソーム貯蔵病が
a)ゴーシェ病;
b)ファブリー病;
c)MPSI、II、IIIA、IIIB、IIIC、IIID、IV、VI、VII又はIX;
d)クラッベ病;
e)ニーマン−ピック病A及びB又はニーマン−ピック病C;
f)異染性白質ジストロフィー;
g)ムコリピド症II/III型;
h)ガングリオシド蓄積症;
i)サンドホフ病;
j)テイサックス病;
k)ウォルマン病;
l)ダノン病;
m)ファーバー病;
n)ポンペ病;
o)シンドラー病;及び
p)バッテン病
からなる群から選択される請求項6に記載の複合体。 - i)治療剤がイズロネート−2−スルファターゼであり、リソソーム貯蔵病がMPSIIである、
ii)治療剤がアルファガラクトシダーゼAであり、リソソーム貯蔵病がファブリー病である、又は
iii)治療剤がベータ−グルコセレブロシダーゼ若しくはベラルグルセラーゼであり、リソソーム貯蔵病がゴーシェ病である、
請求項6に記載の複合体。
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