JP5970463B2 - 流動点が低い微生物油、それから生成される誘電性流体、及び関連する方法 - Google Patents
流動点が低い微生物油、それから生成される誘電性流体、及び関連する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
- C10M169/041—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being macromolecular compounds only
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- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
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- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/001—Refining fats or fatty oils by a combination of two or more of the means hereafter
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
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- C11B3/006—Refining fats or fatty oils by extraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
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-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
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- C11B3/02—Refining fats or fatty oils by chemical reaction
- C11B3/06—Refining fats or fatty oils by chemical reaction with bases
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/10—Refining fats or fatty oils by adsorption
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/12—Refining fats or fatty oils by distillation
- C11B3/14—Refining fats or fatty oils by distillation with the use of indifferent gases or vapours, e.g. steam
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
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- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
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- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
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Description
本出願は、2011年10月13日に出願した先行の米国仮特許出願第61/546.932号;2011年8月10日に出願した先行の米国仮特許出願第61/522,231号;2011年2月2日に出願した先行の米国仮特許出願第61/438,966号;2010年11月3日に出願した先行の米国仮特許出願第61/409,902号の利益を主張し、これらの出願は、全て、内容全体が本明細書によって参照により組み込まれる。
本明細書は、添付した1〜44ページに示されるように、配列表を含んでいる。
一つの重要な油脂化学品用途は、工業用誘電性流体の生産であり、誘電性流体は、変圧器及び他の電気装置の電気絶縁及び冷却又は熱放散に使用される。このような電気装置には、電源及び配電変圧器、回路遮断器、コンデンサ、開閉装置、X線機器及び絶縁ケーブルが含まれる。
1990年代から、シールド変圧器の誘電性流体としてバイオベースの油、特に高オレイン酸大豆油が用いられている(非特許文献1を参照)。現在のバイオベースの誘電性流体は、添加剤が組み込まれた、精製された高オレイン酸トリアシルグリセロール(TAG)である(特許文献2並びに特許文献3及び特許文献4を参照)。例えば、ミネラル油ベースの誘電性流体と比べた高オレイン酸大豆油の誘電性流体の主な利点は、(i)燃焼点の上昇(2倍)、(ii)変圧器寿命の増加(4〜8倍)、及び(iii)バイオベースの油の高い生分解性(>3倍)及び低い毒性による流出対策コストの低下である(非特許文献2を参照)。
特定の実施形態では、例えば以下が提供される:
(項目1)
微生物油を含む生成物であって、前記油が約−5℃未満の流動点を有し、及び前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が、少なくとも50%のC18:1及び10%未満のC18:2である、生成物。
(項目2)
約−10℃〜約−40℃の流動点を有する、項目1に記載の生成物。
(項目3)
前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも60%のC18:1である、項目1又は2に記載の生成物。
(項目4)
前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも70%のC18:1である、項目1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目5)
前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が5%未満のC18:2である、項目1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目6)
前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が、少なくとも80%のC18:1及び5%未満のC18:2である、項目1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目7)
250℃〜375℃の引火点、又は300℃〜450℃の燃焼点を有する、項目1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目8)
前記微生物油のヨウ素価が25〜200である、項目1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目9)
流動点降下剤をさらに含む、項目1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目10)
潤滑剤、油圧作動液、工業用油、又は誘電性流体である、項目1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目11)
誘電性流体である、項目1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目12)
前記誘電性流体が20kV〜75kVの絶縁破壊電圧を有する、項目11に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目13)
20MV/m(RMS)〜75MV/m(RMS)の絶縁耐力を有する、項目11又は12に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目14)
抗酸化剤、金属イオン不活性化剤、腐食防止剤、解乳化剤、耐摩耗添加剤、流動点降下剤、又は抗加水分解性化合物をさらに含む、項目11〜13のいずれか一項に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目15)
前記微生物油が、1つ以上の外来遺伝子を発現するように操作された遺伝子操作された細菌により生成される、項目1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目16)
前記遺伝子操作された細菌がPrototheca又はChlorellaである、項目15に記載の生成物。
(項目17)
前記遺伝子操作された細菌がPrototheca moriformisである、請
求項16に記載の生成物。
(項目18)
前記1つ以上の外来遺伝子がショ糖インベルターゼ又は脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼをコードする、項目15〜17のいずれか一項に記載の生成物。
(項目19)
前記1つ以上の外来遺伝子が2つ以上の脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼをコードする、項目18に記載の生成物。
(項目20)
前記1つ以上の外来遺伝子がショ糖インベルターゼ及び1つ以上の脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼをコードする、項目18に記載の生成物。
(項目21)
遺伝子操作された細菌により生成された微生物油を含む誘電性流体であって、約−10℃〜約−40℃の流動点を有する誘電性流体。
(項目22)
前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも50%のC18:1及び10%未満のC18:2である、項目21に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目23)
前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも70%のC18:1である、項目21又は22に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目24)
前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも70%のC18:1及び5%未満のC18:2である、項目21〜23のいずれか一項に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目25)
前記遺伝子操作された細菌がPrototheca又はChlorellaである、項目21〜24のいずれか一項に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目26)
前記細菌がPrototheca moriformisである、項目25に記載の誘電性流体。
(項目27)
項目21〜26のいずれか一項に記載の誘電性流体を含む電気部品。
(項目28)
変圧器である、項目27に記載の電気部品。
(項目29)
RBD微生物油を生成する方法であって、前記微生物油が約−5℃未満の流動点を有し、及び前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも50%のC18:1及び10%未満のC18:2である方法において、
a.1つ以上の外来遺伝子を発現するように操作された遺伝子操作された細菌を、前記細菌が乾燥重量で少なくとも10%の油を有するまで育てることと;
b.前記細菌から前記油を分離することと;
c.前記油を精製、漂白、脱臭又は脱ガムに供してRBD微生物油を生成することと
を含む方法。
(項目30)
前記微生物油が約−10℃〜約−40℃の流動点を有する、項目29に記載の方法。
(項目31)
抗酸化剤、金属イオン不活性化剤、腐食防止剤、解乳化剤、耐摩耗添加剤、流動点降下剤、又は抗加水分解性化合物を前記RBD油に添加することをさらに含む、項目29又は30に記載の方法。
(項目32)
前記遺伝子操作された細菌がPrototheca又はChlorellaである、項目29〜31のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目33)
前記遺伝子操作された細菌がPrototheca moriformisである、項目30に記載の方法。
(項目34)
前記1つ以上の外来遺伝子がショ糖インベルターゼ又は脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼをコードする、項目29〜33のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目35)
前記1つ以上の外来遺伝子が2つ以上の脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼをコードする、項目34に記載の方法。
(項目36)
前記1つ以上の外来遺伝子がショ糖インベルターゼ及び1つ以上の脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼをコードする、項目34に記載の方法。
(項目37)
微生物油を含む生成物を生成する方法であって、前記生成物が約−5℃未満の流動点を有し、及び前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも50%のC18:1及び10%未満のC18:2である方法において、
a.第1の微生物油を精製、漂白、脱臭又は脱ガムに供してRBD油を生成することであって、前記RBD油が初期流動点及び第1の温度によって特徴づけられることと;
b.前記RBD油の温度を、前記第1の温度より低い第2の温度に下げることと;
c.前記RBD油を前記第2の温度に保持することと;
d.前記RBD油を前記第2の温度で濾過して、前記初期流動点より低い第2の流動点であって、約−5℃未満である第2の流動点によって特徴づけられる第2の微生物油を提供することと
を含む方法。
(項目38)
前記微生物油が約−10℃〜約−40℃の流動点を有する、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目39)
抗酸化剤、金属イオン不活性化剤、腐食防止剤、解乳化剤、耐摩耗添加剤、流動点降下剤、又は抗加水分解性化合物を前記第2の微生物油に添加することをさらに含む、項目37又は38に記載の方法。
(項目40)
a.1つ以上の外来遺伝子を発現するように操作された遺伝子操作された細菌を、前記細菌が乾燥重量で少なくとも10%の油を有するまで育てることと;
b.前記細菌から前記油を分離して前記第1の微生物油を生成することと
により前記第1の微生物油を生成することをさらに含む、項目37〜39のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目41)
前記第1の温度が15℃超〜約50℃であり、及び前記第2の温度が約−15℃〜約15℃である、項目37〜40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目42)
前記生成物が、潤滑剤、油圧作動液、工業用油、又は誘電性流体である、項目37〜41のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
(項目43)
前記生成物が誘電性流体である、項目42に記載の方法。
(項目44)
前記誘電性流体が、抗酸化剤、金属イオン不活性化剤、腐食防止剤、解乳化剤、耐摩耗添加剤、流動点降下剤、又は抗加水分解性化合物をさらに含む、項目43に記載の方法。
他の意味であると定義されていない限り、本明細書で用いられる全ての技術用語及び化学用語は、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者が一般的に理解している意味を有する。以下の参考文献は、本発明で用いられる多くの用語に関する一般的な定義に関する知識を与えるものである。Singleton et al.、Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology(第2版、1994);The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology(Walker編集、1988);The Glossary of Genetics、第5版、R.Rieger et al.(編集)、Springer Verlag(1991);Hale & Marham、The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology(1991)。本明細書で使用される場合、他の意味であると明記されていない限り、以下の用語は、それらに属する以下の意味を有する。
特定の実施形態では、本発明は、一般的に、微生物油(脂質)を生成するための、Chlorella及びProtothecaの種及び株、並びに酵母、真菌、及びバクテリアの種及び株を含めた、野生型及び組み換え微細藻類のような油産生微生物を育てることに関する。読者が読みやすいように、この章をいくつかの節に分けている。第1節は、Prototheca種及びPrototheca株と、新しいPrototheca種及びPrototheca株並びに関連する微細藻類をゲノムDNA比較によって同定し、さらに本明細書に記載される方法に有用な他の微細藻類、酵母、真菌類、及びバクテリアを同定するやり方とについて記載している。第2節は、育てるのに有用なバイオリアクターについて記載している。第3節は、育てるための培地について記載している。第4節は、本明細書に記載される例示的な育てる方法に従う油(脂質)の生成について記載している。第5節は、本明細書に記載される方法での使用に適した油産生酵母のタイプ、酵母バイオマスを生じさせるための培養条件、並びに本明細書に記載される例示的な方法に従って調製されたバイオマスの脂質プロフィール及び化学組成について記載している。
Protothecaは、高濃度の脂質を産生することができ、特に、誘電性流体及び他の潤滑剤の生成に適した脂質を産生することができるため、脂質の生成に使用するのに卓越した微生物である。Protothecaによって産生される脂質は、他の微細藻類によって生成される脂質よりも飽和度が高い。さらに、Protothecaの脂質は、一般的に、色素を含まず(クロロフィル及び特定のカロチノイドが低い乃至検出不能なレベル)、いかなる状況でも、他の微細藻類から得られる脂質よりもかなり色素の含有量が低い。さらに、本明細書に記載される方法で用いるために提供される組み換えPrototheca細胞を用い、他の微生物から脂質を生成する場合と比較して、低コストで、高収率及び高効率で脂質を生成させることができる。本明細書に記載される方法で用いる具体的なPrototheca種及びPrototheca株としては、Prototheca wickerhamii、Prototheca stagnora(UTEX 327を含む)、Prototheca portoricensis、Prototheca moriformis(UTEX株1441、1435を含む)、及びPrototheca zopfiiが挙げられる。Prototheca属の種は、偏性従属栄養生物である。
微生物は、遺伝子操作を行うこと、及び微生物油(例えば、脂質、脂肪酸、アルデヒド、アルコール、及びアルカンのような炭化水素)を生成することを目的として培養される。前者の種類の培養は、小スケールで、最初は少なくとも原材料微生物が成長可能な条件下で実施される。炭化水素を生成させるための培養は、通常は、バイオリアクターで大規模に行われる(例えば、10,000L、40,000L、100,000L又はそれより大きなバイオリアクター)。Prototheca種を含む微細藻類、並びに本明細書に記載される他の油産生微生物は、典型的には、バイオリアクター内の液体培地にて、本明細書に記載される方法で培養する。典型的には、バイオリアクターには多量の光を入れず、又はいかなる量の光も入れない。ある実施形態では、微細藻類を含めた、油産生細菌の1つ又は複数の培養工程の全体が、実質的に光が存在しない状態で行われる。
微細藻類及び他の細菌の培地は、典型的には、固定窒素源、固定炭素源、微量元素、場合により、pHを維持するためのバッファー、ホスフェート(典型的には、リン酸塩として与えられる)のような成分を含有する。他の成分は、特に、海水微細藻類の場合には、塩化ナトリウムのような塩を含んでいてもよい。窒素源としては、有機窒素源及び無機窒素源が挙げられ、例えば、限定されないが、分子状窒素、硝酸エステル、硝酸塩、アンモニア(純水なもの、又は塩形態、例えば、(NH4)2SO4及びNH4OH)、タンパク質、大豆ミール、コーンスティープリカー、酵母抽出物が挙げられる。微量元素の例としては、例えば、それぞれZnCl2、H3BO3、CoCl2・6H2O、CuCl2・2H2O、MnCl2・4H2O、(NH4)6Mo7O24・4H2Oのような形態の亜鉛、ホウ素、コバルト、銅、マンガン、モリブデンが挙げられる。
本明細書に記載される方法に従って油(脂質)を生成するには、例えば、光が培養物にあたらないような、きわめて大きな(40,000リットル以上の)発酵槽を使用する場合のように、細胞を暗い場所で培養することが好ましい。例えば、Prototheca種及び他の微細藻類種は、固定炭素源を含有する培地内で、光が存在しない状態で、油を生成するように成長し、増殖することができる;このような成長は、従属栄養性の成長として知られている。
本発明は、油産生酵母バイオマスから油/脂質を生成する方法を提供する。本発明は、一部には、酵母バイオマスを高油含有量で調製することができ、且つ抽出した油を、誘電性流体及び他の潤滑剤を含めた、さまざまな有用な生成物に変換することができるという発見からもたらされた。飽和脂肪酸と中鎖乃至それより長鎖の脂肪酸(例えば、C16及びC18脂肪酸)との混合物を含み得る酵母油は、誘電性流体を含む化学品の調製に良好な出発物質を提供する。
本明細書に記載される方法は、組み換え微細藻類又は他の組み換え油産生微生物を使用して実施することができる。この章は、限定されないが、組み換えPrototheca moriformis、Prototheca zopfii、Prototheca krugani、及びPrototheca stagnora宿主細胞を含めた、本明細書に記載される方法に有用な組み換え宿主細胞を作製するための、特にPrototheca細胞により例示される、微細藻類のような油産生微生物を遺伝子改変する方法及び材料について記載する。これらの方法及び材料についての記載は、読者が読みやすいようにいくつかの節に分けている。第1節では、形質転換方法について記載している。第2節では、相同組み換えを用いる遺伝子操作方法について記載している。第3節では、発現ベクター及び構成要素について記載している。
細胞を、例えば、微粒子銃、エレクトロポレーション(Maruyama et al.(2004)、Biotechnology Techniques 8:821−826)、ガラスビーズによる形質転換、及び炭化ケイ素ウィスカーによる形質転換のような任意の適切な技術によって形質転換することができる。使用可能な別の方法は、プロトプラストを作成し、CaCl2及びポリエチレングリコール(PEG)を用い、組み換えDNAを微細藻類(又は他の微生物)細胞に導入することを含む(Kim et al.(2002)、Mar.Biotechnol.4:63−73、この論文は、Chorella ellipsoideaを形質転換するために、この方法を用いることを報告している)。微細藻類の共形質転換を利用し、2種類の別個のベクター分子を細胞に同時に導入することができる(例えば、Protist 2004 Dec;155(4):381−93)。
相同組み換えは、相同性領域を並べて交換する相補的DNA配列の能力に関する。相同組み換えプロセスでは、標的とするゲノム配列(「テンプレート」)と相同な、トランスジェニックDNA(「ドナー」)を含む配列が生物に導入され、次いで、対応するゲノム相同配列の部位においてゲノムへの組み換えが行われる。このプロセスの機構的な工程には、ほとんどの場合に以下が含まれる:(1)相同DNAセグメントの対形成;(2)ドナーDNA分子への二本鎖切断の導入;(3)遊離ドナーDNA末端によるテンプレートDNA分子への侵入と、それに続くDNA合成;及び(4)組み換え産物をもたらす二本鎖切断修復イベントの回復(resolution)。
微生物の形質転換用ベクターは、本明細書の開示を考慮して、当業者には有名な既知の技術によって調製することができる。ベクターは、典型的には1つ以上の遺伝子を含有し、それぞれの遺伝子は、所望の産物(遺伝子産物)の発現をコードし、且つ、遺伝子発現を調整し、又は遺伝子産物を組み換え細胞の特定の位置に標的化する1つ以上の制御配列に動作可能に連結されている。読者の助けとなるように、この節をいくつかの節に分けている。第A節は、ベクター上に含まれ得る制御配列について記載している。第B節は、ベクターに典型的に含まれる遺伝子並びにコドン最適化方法及びそれを用いて調製される遺伝子について記載している。
制御配列は、コード配列の発現を制御するか、又は遺伝子産物を、細胞内又は細胞外の特定の位置に向かわせる核酸である。発現を制御する制御配列としては、例えば、コード配列の転写を制御するプロモーター、コード配列の転写を止めるターミネーターが挙げられる。別の制御配列は、コード配列の末端に位置する3’非翻訳配列であり、ポリアデニル化シグナルをコードする。遺伝子産物を特定の位置に向かわせる制御配列としては、シグナルペプチドをコードする配列が挙げられ、この配列は、細胞内又は細胞外の特定の位置に、この配列が結合したタンパク質を向かわせる。
典型的には、遺伝子は、プロモーターと、コード配列と、停止制御配列とを含む。組み換えDNA技術によって組み立てられる場合、遺伝子は、発現カセットと呼ばれることもあり、組み換え遺伝子を宿主細胞に導入するために使用されるベクターに簡便に挿入するために、制限配列に隣接していてもよい。発現カセットは、ゲノム由来のDNA配列、又は相同組み換えにいよって発現カセットをゲノムに安定に組み込みやすくすることを標的とした他の核酸に隣接していてもよい。又は、ベクター及びその発現カセットは、組み込まれないままであってもよく、この場合には、ベクターは、典型的には、異種ベクターDNAを複製するために与えることができるような、複製起源を含んでいてもよい。
実施形態では、組み換えPrototheca又は他の微細藻類細胞又は他の微生物の細胞は、1つ以上の外来性のショ糖利用遺伝子を含む。種々の実施形態では、1つ以上の遺伝子は、フルクトキナーゼ、グルコキナーゼ、ヘキソキナーゼ、ショ糖インベルターゼ、ショ糖トランスポーターからなる群から選択される1つ以上のタンパク質をコードする。例えば、ショ糖トランスポーター及びショ糖インベルターゼが発現することにより、Prototheca又は任意の他の微細藻類細胞又は他の微生物の細胞が培地からショ糖を細胞に運び込み、ショ糖を加水分解してグルコース及びフルクトースを産生することが可能になる。場合により、フルクトースのリン酸化を最大にするのに内在するヘキソキナーゼ活性では不十分な場合、フルクトキナーゼもまた発現させてよい。適したショ糖トランスポーターの例は、GenBank寄託番号CAD91334、CAB92307、及びCAA53390である。適したフルクトキナーゼの例は、GenBank寄託番号P26984、P26420及びCAA43322である。
ショ糖を含有する原材料のような原材料をPrototheca(又は他の微細藻類細胞又は他の微生物細胞)が利用する能力を変えることに加え、生成される脂質の特性及び/又は割合を変えるように改変された組み換えPrototheca(又は他の微細藻類細胞又は他微生物の細胞)が、本明細書に記載される方法において有用である。それに加えて、又は代えて、脂肪酸経路における脂質及び中間物の酵素処理によって生成されるさまざまな脂質分子の特性及び/又は割合を変えるため、この経路を改変することができる。種々の実施形態では、この組み換え細胞は、形質転換されていない対応する細胞と比較して、単位容積あたり及び/又は単位時間当たりの脂質収量、炭素鎖長(例えば工業用化学物質、限定されないが誘電性流体用に、及び脂質原材料を必要とする他の用途のため)が増加又は最適化され、二重結合又は三重結合の数が場合によりゼロまで減らされ、及び特定の脂質種(脂肪酸)の、又は別個の脂質の集合の水素:炭素比が大きくなっている。
1.微生物油の生成
本明細書に記載される方法に従い微生物油を生成するため、微生物細胞により生成された未処理の原料油(脂質)を任意の好都合な方法で回収し、又は他の方法で集める。油は、例えば全細胞の抽出によって単離することができる。この方法では、まず細胞を破壊し、次いで、上述のような遠心分離を用いるなどして、細胞内の及び細胞膜/細胞壁に関連する脂質及び脂肪酸、並びに細胞外の炭化水素を、細胞塊から分けることができる。微生物で生成される細胞内脂質は、多くの実施形態において、微生物細胞を溶解するプロセスの後又はその最中に抽出される。
従って、in vivoで細胞によって産生されるか、又は、in vitroで酵素によって改変される脂質及び炭化水素は、本明細書に記載されるように、従来の手段によってさらに処理されてもよい。処理は、「クラッキング」して、炭化水素分子を小さくし、水素:炭素比を大きくすることを含んでいてもよい。触媒によるクラッキング方法及び熱によるクラッキング方法は、炭化水素及びトリグリセリド油脂の処理において通常用いられる。触媒による方法は、固体酸触媒のような触媒の使用を含む。触媒は、シリカ−アルミナ又はゼオライトであってもよく、この触媒により、炭素−炭素結合が不均衡又は非対称に破壊され、カルボカチオンとヒドリドアニオンが生じる。これらの反応性中間体は、次いで、転移するか、又は別の炭化水素にヒドリドが移動する。このように、この反応によって、中間体が再生し、自己連鎖的な機構を生じ得る。また、炭化水素を処理し、炭化水素中の炭素−炭素二重結合又は三重結合を減らしてもよく、場合によりゼロにしてもよい。また、炭化水素を処理し、炭化水素中の環又は環状構造を除去するか、又は取り除いてもよい。また、水素:炭素比が大きくなるように、炭化水素を処理してもよい。この処理は、水素添加(「水素化」)及び/又は炭化水素を小さな炭化水素にする「クラッキング」を含んでいてもよい。
また、本明細書に記載される微生物油を使用して、潤滑剤、油圧作動液、工業用油、又は誘電性流体のような生成物を生成することもできる。一般的な工業用油としては、チェーンソーバー潤滑剤、金属加工液、食品級潤滑剤、ギヤオイル、海洋用オイル、エンジン潤滑剤、トラクター用オイル、農業機器潤滑剤、エレベータ用オイル、離型油などが挙げられる。誘電性流体(dielectic fluid)は、典型的には、電気部品(特に高電圧の電気出力分布機器のもの)、例えば、オートリクローザ、コンデンサ、回路遮断器、高電圧流体で満たされたトランスミッションケーブル、配電部品、スイッチングギヤ(例えば、高電圧負荷開閉器、例えば米国特許第6,797,909号に記載されるもの)、変圧器、変速装置部品、及び電圧調整器の冷却及び/又は電気的絶縁に使用される。
実施例1:Protothecaを培養する方法
細胞乾燥重量で高い割合の油を得るようにPrototheca株を育てた。凍結保存した細胞を室温で解凍し、細胞500μlを、2%グルコースを含む培地4.5ml(4.2g/L K2HPO4、3.1g/L NaH2PO4、0.24g/L MgSO4・7H2O、0.25g/L クエン酸一水和物、0.025g/L CaCl2 2H2O、2g/L 酵母抽出物)に入れ、6ウェルプレートで撹拌しつつ(200rpm)、28℃で7日間成長させた。細胞乾燥重量は、あらかじめ秤量しておいたエッペンドルフ管中、培養物1mlを14,000rpmで5分間遠心分離することによって決定した。培養物の上澄みを棄て、得られた細胞ペレットを脱イオン水1mlで洗浄した。培養物を再び遠心分離処理し、上澄みを棄て、細胞ペレットを凍結するまで−80℃に置いた。次いで、サンプルを24時間凍結乾燥し、細胞乾燥重量を算出した。培養物中の総脂質を決定するために、培養物3mlを取り出し、Ankomシステム(Ankom Inc.、Macedon、NY)を用い、製造業者のプロトコルに従って分析した。サンプルを、Amkom XT10抽出機を用い、製造業者のプロトコルに従って、溶媒抽出した。酸によって加水分解して乾燥させたサンプルと、溶媒抽出して乾燥させたサンプルとの質量差として、総脂質を決定した。細胞乾燥重量での油の割合を測定した値を表9に示す。
検出感度
カロチノイド(mcg/g)nd=<0.003mcg/g
クロロフィルII(mcg/g)nd=<0.03mcg/g
ステロール(%)nd=0.25%
トコフェロール(mcg/g);nd=3mcg/g
Seashell製の金マイクロキャリア550ナノメートルを製造業者のプロトコルに従って調製した。プラスミド(20μg)を、結合バッファー50μl及びS550d金担体60μl(30mg)と混合し、氷中、1分間インキュベートした。沈殿バッファー(100μl)を加え、この混合物を氷中でさらに1分間インキュベートした。ボルテックスした後、DNAでコーティングされた粒子を、エッペンドルフ5415C微量遠心器で10,000rpmで10秒間回転させることによって、ペレット状にした。この金ペレットを冷たい100%エタノール500μlで1回洗浄し、微量遠心器で軽く回転させることによってペレット状にし、氷冷したエタノール50μlで再び懸濁させた。軽く(1〜2秒)音波処理した後、10μlのDNAコーティングされた粒子を、すぐにキャリア膜に移した。
Prototheca種を含む微細藻類細胞で異種チオエステラーゼ遺伝子を発現させる方法及びその結果が、以前に、本明細書によって参照により組み込まれるPCT出願番号第PCT/US2009/66412号に記載されている。本実施例では、高等植物種に由来する他のチオエステラーゼ遺伝子/遺伝子産物を使用した結果について記載する。
A.遺伝子ノックアウトアプローチによるステアロイルACPデサチュラーゼ(desaturease)及びデルタ12脂肪酸デサチュラーゼ発現の低減
Prototheca moriformis(UTEX 1435)に由来するゲノムDNAのcDNA、Illumiaトランスクリプトーム及びRoche 454シーケンシングに基づくバイオインフォマティクスベースのアプローチを用いたゲノムスクリーンの一部として、脂肪酸不飽和化に関わる2つの特定の遺伝子群を同定した:ステアロイルACPデサチュラーゼ(SAD)及びデルタ12脂肪酸デサチュラーゼ(Δ12 FAD)。ステアロイルACPデサチュラーゼ酵素は脂質合成経路の一部であり、脂肪酸アシル鎖に二重結合を導入する働きをし、例えば、C18:0脂肪酸からC18:1脂肪酸を合成する。デルタ12脂肪酸デサチュラーゼもまた脂質合成経路の一部であり、既に不飽和の脂肪酸に二重結合を導入する働きをし、例えば、C18:1脂肪酸からC18:2脂肪酸を合成する。バイオインフォマティクスを試みる間に同定されたこれらの2つの脂肪酸デサチュラーゼ遺伝子クラスに基づくプローブを使用したサザンブロット分析から、デサチュラーゼ遺伝子の各クラスが複数のファミリーメンバーから構成されている可能性が高いことが示された。さらに、ステアロイルACPデサチュラーゼをコードする遺伝子は、2つの別個のファミリーに分類された。これらの結果に基づき、デサチュラーゼ酵素の各ファミリー内でより高度に保存されたコード領域を標的とすることにより複数の遺伝子ファミリーメンバーを破壊する3つの遺伝子破壊構築物を設計した。
プライマー1 5’−TCACTTCATGCCGGCGGTCC−3’ 配列番号74
プライマー2 5’−GCGCTCCTGCTTGGCTCGAA−3’ 配列番号75
ヘアピンRNAによりFADc(デルタ12デサチュラーゼ遺伝子)の遺伝子発現を下方調節するベクターを、Prototheca moriformis UTEX 1435の遺伝的背景に導入した。唯一の炭素源としてショ糖で成長する能力を陽性クローンに付与するSaccharomyces cerevisiae suc2ショ糖インベルターゼ遺伝子を選択可能なマーカーとして利用し、2つのタイプの構築物を使用した。第1のタイプの構築物は、FADcコード領域の第1エクソンがシスでその第1のイントロンに連結し、その後に逆方向の第1エクソンの反復単位が続く部分を利用した。このタイプの構築物は、mRNAとして発現したときにヘアピンを形成するように設計された。この第1のタイプの構築物を2つ作製し、1つはPrototheca moriformis Amt03プロモーター(配列番号84)により駆動されるもので、pSZ1468と命名され、2つ目は、Chlamydomomas reinhardtii β−チューブリンプロモーター(配列番号89)により駆動されるもので、pSZ1469と命名された。第2のタイプの構築物は、アンチセンス方向の大きいFADcエクソン2を利用し、Prototheca moriformis Amt03プロモーター(配列番号84)により駆動されるか(pSZ1470と命名された)、又はChlamydomomas reinhardtii β−チューブリンプロモーター(promter)(配列番号89)により駆動された(pSZ1471と命名された)。4つの構築物はいずれも、S.cerevisiae suc2ショ糖インベルターゼカセット(配列番号78)と、核ゲノムに組み込むための、6Sゲノム領域に対する5’(配列番号100)及び3’(配列番号101)相同組み換え標的配列(構築物に隣接する)とを有した。各ヘアピンRNA構築物のFADc部分の配列を、各構築物の関連する部分とともに、以下のとおり配列表に列挙する:
Olea europaeaステアロイル−ACPデサチュラーゼ(GenBank寄託番号AAB67840.1)を、Prototheca moriformis UTEX1435の遺伝的背景に導入した。この発現構築物は、核ゲノムに組み込むための、6Sゲノム領域に対する5’(配列番号100)及び3’(配列番号101)相同組み換え標的配列(構築物に隣接する)と、C.reinhardtii β−チューブリンプロモーター/5’UTR及びChlorella vulgaris硝酸還元酵素3’UTRの制御下にあるS.cerevisiae suc2ショ糖インベルターゼコード領域とを含んだ。このS.cerevisiae suc2発現カセットは配列番号78として列挙され、選択マーカーとして機能した。Olea europaeaステアロイル−ACPデサチュラーゼコード領域は、Prototheca moriformis Amt03プロモーター/5’UTR(配列番号84)及びC.vulgaris硝酸還元酵素3’UTRの制御下にあり、天然トランジットペプチドがChlorella protothecoidesステアロイル−ACPデサチュラーゼトランジットペプチド(配列番号86)に置き換えられた。コドンが最適化されたcDNA配列及びアミノ酸配列(置き換えられたトランジットペプチドを含む)を、配列表にそれぞれ配列番号98及び配列番号99として列挙する。O.europaea SAD発現カセットの全体をpSZ1377と命名し、Prototheca moriformisの遺伝的背景に形質転換した。ショ糖を唯一の炭素源とするプレートで陽性クローンをスクリーニングした。陽性クローンの一部を選択し、脂質生成条件下で成長させ、上述のような直接的なトランスエステル化法を用いて脂肪酸プロフィールを決定した。選択されたクローンの脂肪酸プロフィールを、以下の表18にまとめている。
この実施例及び続く実施例で使用した油産生酵母株は、Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen un Zellkulturen GmbH(DSMZ)、所在地Inhoffenstrabe 7B、38124 Braunschweig、ドイツ、又はCentraalbureau voor Schimmelscultures(CBS)Fungal Biodiversity Centre、所在地P.O.Box 85167,3508 Utrecht、オランダのいずれかから入手した。185個の油産生酵母株を、成長率及び脂質生成についてスクリーニングした。
48個の異なる油産生酵母株の遺伝子型決定を行った。以下のような油産生酵母バイオマスの48個の異なる株の各々から、ゲノムDNAを単離した。液体培養物から、細胞(約200mg)を14,000×gで5分間遠心分離処理した。次いで、細胞を滅菌蒸留水に再び懸濁させ、14,000×gで5分間遠心分離処理し、上澄みを棄てた。このバイオマスに、直径約2mmの1個のガラスビーズを加え、この管を−80℃で少なくとも15分間置いた。サンプルを取り出し、研磨バッファー(1% Sarkosyl、0.25M ショ糖、50mM NaCl、20mM EDTA、100mM Tris−HCl、pH8.0、RNase A 0.5ug/ul)150μlを加えた。ペレットを短時間ボルテックスすることによって再び懸濁させた後、5M NaCl 40μlを加えた。サンプルを短時間ボルテックスした後、5% CTAB(臭化セチルトリメチルアンモニウム)66μlを加え、最後に短時間ボルテックスした。次いで、サンプルを65℃で10分間インキュベートした後、14,000×gで10分間遠心分離処理した。新しい管に上澄みを移し、フェノール:クロロホルム:イソアミルアルコール 12:12:1 300μlで1回抽出し、次いで、14,000×gで5分間遠心分離処理した。0.7体積部のイソプロパノール(約190μl)を含む新たな管に、得られた水相を移し、ひっくり返すことによって混合し、室温で30分間インキュベートするか、又は4℃で一晩インキュベートした。14,000×gで10分間遠心分離処理することによってDNAを回収した。次いで、得られたペレットを70%エタノールで2回洗浄した後、100%エタノールで最後に洗浄した。ペレットを室温で20〜30分風乾した後、10mM TrisCl、1mM EDTA(pH8.0)50μlで再び懸濁させた。
250mlバッフルフラスコ内において、4%ショ糖を含有する50mlのMSM培地(Schlegel,et al.,(1961)Arch Mikrobiol 38,209−22を参照)に播種した2mlの凍結保存ストックを使用して、Rhodococcus opacus PD630(DSM 44193、Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkuttwen GmbH)の種培養物を産生した。この種培養物を、それが600nmで1.16の光学密度に達するまで、30℃で、200rpmで撹拌しながら成長させた。2つの異なる窒素条件下:10mM NH4Cl及び18.7mM NH4Cl(それぞれ2回ずつ)で脂質を生成させるため、10mlの種フラスコ培養物を使用して培養物を播種した。成長培養物を、30℃、200rpmで撹拌しながら6日間成長させた。10mM NH4Cl条件での細胞成長は、6日間の培養後、DCWで最高57.2%の(平均)脂質に達した。18.7mM NH4Cl条件での細胞成長は、5日間の培養後、DCWで最高51.8%の(平均)脂質に達した。
A.連続圧搾機及び圧縮助剤を用いた微細藻類からの油の抽出
ドラム乾燥機を用い、DCWで38%の油を含む微細藻類バイオマスを乾燥させ、得られた含水量は5〜5.5%であった。バイオマスをFrench L250プレスに供給した。バイオマス30.4kg(67lbs)をプレスに供給したが、油は回収されなかった。同じ乾燥させた微生物バイオマスに、種々の割合のスイッチグラスを圧縮助剤として組み合わせ、プレスに供給した。乾燥微生物バイオマス及び20%w/w スイッチグラスを組み合わせると、最も良好な油の総回収率が得られた。次いで、圧縮したケーキをヘキサンで抽出し、スイッチグラスが20%の条件で、最終収率は、61.6%の利用可能な油(重量によって算出)の総量であった。細胞乾燥重量の50%を超える油を有するバイオマスは、油を抽出するために、スイッチグラスのような圧縮助剤を使う必要はなかった。連続圧搾機を用いた微細藻類からの油の他の抽出方法は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれるPCT出願番号第PCT/US2010/31108号に記載されている。
酵母株Rhodotorula glutinis(DSMZ−DSM 70398)を、Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH(German Collection of Microorganism and Cell Culture,Inhoffenstrasse 7B,38124 Braunschweig、ドイツ)から入手した。凍結保存した細胞を解凍し、1×DASビタミン溶液(1000×:9g/L トリシン;0.67g/L チアミンHCl;0.01g/L d−ビオチン;0.008シアノコバラミン;0.02 パントテン酸カルシウム;及び0.04g/L p−アミノ安息香酸)を含有する50mL YPD培地(上記)に加え、30℃で、200rpmで撹拌しながら18〜24時間、ODの読みが5OD(A600)を超えるまで成長させた。次いで、培養物を7L発酵槽に移し、1×DASビタミン溶液を含有するYP1培地(アミノ酸及び硫酸アンモニウム不含の8.5g/L Difco酵母窒素原基礎、3g/L 硫酸アンモニウム、4g/L 酵母エキス)に切り換えた。培養物のサンプルを1日2回採取し、OD(A600)、乾燥細胞重量(DCW)及び脂質濃度についてアッセイした。培養物が50g/L DCW超に達したとき、培養物を収穫した。乾燥細胞重量を基準として、酵母バイオマスは約50%の油を含んだ。2つの酵母バイオマスサンプルを直接的なトランスエステル化に供し、脂肪酸プロフィールについてGC/FIDにより分析した。結果は面積パーセントで表し、以下の表22に示す。
油産生菌種Rhodococcus opacus PD630(DSMZ−DSM 44193)を本明細書に提供される方法に従い培養し、DCWで約32%の脂質を含む油産生バクテリアバイオマスを生成した。
まとめ
前述の例に従い調製される微生物油は、食品及び潤滑剤での使用向けにその特性を向上させるため、本明細書に記載される方法に従い処理することができる。上記の例に記載される微生物に加え、微細藻類Chlorella protothecoidesが、微生物油の優れた生成体である。Chlorellaの種及び株を培養して高油量を得て、そこから油を抽出する方法については、参照により本明細書に組み込まれるPCT公開番号第2008/151149号、第2010/120939号、及び第2010/138,620号を参照のこと。
材料
藻類油(精製、漂白、及び脱臭されたもの)が、Solazyme,Inc(South San Francisco、CA)によって生成された。表23は、本研究に使用した油の特性をまとめている。
A.乾式画分化:結晶化
約2.5kgの藻類油を、生成物を加熱及び冷却するように働く温度制御式循環水浴に接続された、3Lジャケット付き容器に入れた(Crystallization & Degumming、Charleroi、ベルギー)。リアクターには変速撹拌機を装着した。冷却は、油の温度及びリアクターの二重壁の間を循環する水の温度をモニタリングすることにより制御した。冷却終了時に、リアクターから結晶懸濁液の液滴サンプルを棒で取り、カバーグラスに載せて結晶形成を観察した。サンプルは、結晶が期せずして溶解する前に、直ちに顕微鏡下に分析した。
結晶化が終わると、1L膜加圧フィルター(Choquenet SA、Chauny、フランス)を使用して結晶懸濁液を濾過した。濾過は、最終冷却温度に保たれたチャンバ内で実行した。濾過時間は20分間であり、濾過供給圧力は4bargであった。
流動点降下剤(0.5及び1.0グラム)をフラスコに秤量した。各フラスコに、藻類油、オレイン及びスーパーオレイン画分(100g)を加えた。混合物を十分に混合した。D 97 ASTM(The American Society for Testing and Materials)の標準方法に従い、各サンプルを試験した。サンプルを試験管に流し込み、温度を48.0℃に設定した水浴中、撹拌なしに加熱し、サンプルは、それが46.0℃に達するまで加熱した。加熱後、サンプルを25.0℃に冷却(水浴中)した。次いで、サンプルをメタノール浴中の金属製シリンダーに入れた。メタノール浴の温度は、サンプルの温度が10.0℃に達するまで、−1.0℃〜−2.0℃に設定した。次いで、サンプルの温度が−7.0℃に達するまで、メタノール浴の温度を−17.0℃に下げた。サンプルの温度が予想流動点を約11.0℃上回るとき、3.0℃下がる毎にメタノール浴からサンプルを取り出し、流動能力を確認した。サンプルの流動点は、メタノール浴から取り出したときに試験管内のサンプルが流動しなくなったときの温度として決定した。記録する温度には3.0℃を加え、サンプルの実際の流動点の値を提供した。
Protheca moriformis(UTEX 1435)を、実施例2の方法を用いて、以下の表25のプラスミド構築物のうちの1つで形質転換した。
上述のように、Prototheca種の特定の内在する脂質経路酵素をノックアウト又はノックダウンする異種遺伝子の組み込みにより、脂肪酸プロフィールを変えることができる。内在する脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼは、脂質合成中におけるアシルキャリアータンパク質からの脂肪酸の切断を触媒するため、宿主生物の脂質プロフィールを構築する際に重要な脂質経路酵素である。内在する脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼ遺伝子FATA1をノックアウト又はノックダウンする結果として、宿主細胞の脂質プロフィールが影響を受け得るかどうかを評価するため、プラスミド構築物を作製した。
Protheca moriformis UTEX 1435、S1920の古典的に変異を誘発した誘導体を、実施例2の方法を用いて、以下の表28のプラスミド構築物のうちの1つで形質転換した。各構築物は、内在するFATA1遺伝子を分断するように核ゲノムに組み込むための領域と、C.reinhardtii β−チューブリンプロモーター/5’UTR及びChlorella vulgaris硝酸還元酵素3’UTRの制御下にあるS.cerevisiae suc2ショ糖インベルターゼコード領域とを含んだ。このS.cerevisiae suc2発現カセットは配列番号78として列挙され、選択マーカーとして機能した。全てのタンパク質コード領域は、Prototheca moriformis UTEX 1435(表2を参照)の核遺伝子に固有のコドンの偏りを反映するようにコドンを最適化した。核ゲノムの組み込みに使用したFATA1遺伝子の標的領域の関連する配列を、以下に示す。
ヘアピンRNAによりPrototheca moriformis FATA1遺伝子の発現を下方調節する構築物pSZ1773を、Prototheca moriformis UTEX 1435 S1920の遺伝的背景に導入した。Saccharomyces cerevisiae suc2ショ糖インベルターゼ遺伝子を選択可能なマーカーとして利用し、唯一の炭素源としてショ糖で成長する能力を付与した。ヘアピンRNAをコードする構築物部分には、FatA1コード領域の第1エクソンと、それに続く内在するイントロン、及び逆方向の第1エクソンの反復単位を利用した。ヘアピン構築物を核ゲノムに組み込むため、それぞれ配列番号100及び101として列挙される6Sゲノム領域に対する5’及び3’相同組み換え標的配列(構築物に隣接する)が含まれた。この構築物は、6S::β−Tub:suc2:nr::β−tub:ヘアピンFatA:nr::6Sと命名される。
配列表
Claims (8)
- 微生物油を含む誘電性流体を生成する方法であって、前記誘電性流体が−5℃未満の流動点を有し、及び前記微生物油の脂肪酸組成が少なくとも50%のC18:1及び2%未満のC18:2である方法において、
a.第1の微生物油を精製、漂白、脱臭又は脱ガムに供してRBD油を生成することであって、前記RBD油が初期流動点及び第1の温度を有し、該第1の温度が15℃〜50℃であることと;
b.前記RBD油の温度を、前記第1の温度より低い第2の温度に下げることと;
c.前記RBD油を前記第2の温度に保持することと;
d.前記RBD油を前記第2の温度で濾過して、前記初期流動点より低い第2の流動点であって、−5℃未満である第2の流動点を有する第2の微生物油を提供することと
を含む方法。 - a.1つ以上の外来遺伝子を発現するように操作された遺伝子操作された細菌を、前記細菌が乾燥重量で少なくとも10%の油を有するまで育てることと;
b.前記細菌から前記油を分離して前記第1の微生物油を生成することと
により前記第1の微生物油を生成することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記微生物油が−10℃〜−40℃の流動点を有する、請求項1または請求項2に記載の方法。
- 抗酸化剤、金属イオン不活性化剤、腐食防止剤、解乳化剤、耐摩耗添加剤、流動点降下剤、又は抗加水分解性化合物を前記RBD油又は第2の微生物油に添加することをさらに含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝子操作された細菌がPrototheca又はChlorellaである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝子操作された細菌がPrototheca moriformisである、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上の外来遺伝子がショ糖インベルターゼ及び/又は1つ以上の脂肪酸アシル−ACPチオエステラーゼをコードする、請求項2、5または6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の温度が−15℃〜15℃である、請求項1に記載の方法。
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