WO2004065537A2 - Expressionskassette mit promotoren der stärkesynthase 3 zur expression von nukleinsäuren in stärkehaltigen geweben von pflanzen - Google Patents
Expressionskassette mit promotoren der stärkesynthase 3 zur expression von nukleinsäuren in stärkehaltigen geweben von pflanzen Download PDFInfo
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- 235000015113 tomato pastes and purées Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011426 transformation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000014621 translational initiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- 101150101900 uidA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8216—Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells
- C12N15/8222—Developmentally regulated expression systems, tissue, organ specific, temporal or spatial regulation
- C12N15/823—Reproductive tissue-specific promoters
- C12N15/8234—Seed-specific, e.g. embryo, endosperm
Definitions
- the invention relates to methods for transgenic expression of nucleic acid sequences predominantly in starch-containing tissues of plants, preferably in fruits, roots, seeds or tubers, the nucleic acid sequence being expressed under the control of a starch synthase 3 promoter.
- transgenic expression cassettes and vectors comprising a promoter of a starch synthase 3, and the use thereof for the production of food, feed, seeds, pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals.
- the aim of biotechnological work on plants is to produce plants with improved properties, for example to increase agricultural productivity.
- Transcriptional regulatory sequences or promoters that regulate the expression of genes in plants are essential elements of plant biotechnology.
- Various promoters that have been used successfully for the expression of heterologous genes in plants are available and include both plant promoters (such as the promoters of the heat shock protein hsp80 from cauliflower; US 5,612,472) and promoters from other non-plant sources, such as plant promoters Viruses (eg the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus) or plants infecting bacteria (eg the promoter of octopin synthase from Agrobacterium; Leisner and Gelvin (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 85 (8) .2553-2557).
- plant promoters such as the promoters of the heat shock protein hsp80 from cauliflower; US 5,612,472
- promoters from other non-plant sources such as plant promoters Viruses
- constitutive promoters are often used for the expression of heterologous nucleic acid sequences in transgenic plants, which regulate the expression of a gene product in the plant largely at any time and in any tissue.
- a targeted expression of genes in certain parts of plants or at certain times of development is not possible with these promoters.
- the transgenic protein to be expressed is thus expressed in places and at times when it is not required, which, for example, consumes energy unnecessarily, causes metabolic changes and can thus have an adverse effect on the growth of the plant.
- tissue and development-specific promoters are of great interest.
- Various such promoters are known.
- the promoter of the "sucrose-binding protein-like gene" (SBP) from Vicia faba mediates strong and specific expression in seeds of rapeseed and other plants (WO 00/26388).
- fruits, seeds, beets or tubers are of high agro-economic relevance. They serve to store proteins, oils and carbohydrates (especially starch). Such tissues are usually photosynthetically inactive and are also referred to as sink tissues or sink organs. They rely on the import of photoassimilates from the photosynthetically active parts of plants (source organs or source tissues). Both classic breeding and biotechnological processes were used to improve specific aspects of fruit and tuber quality. High quality, ripe fruits result from a number of coordinated biochemical and metabolic changes that can occur not only during ripening but also during fruit development. These changes determine the final quality and the amount of fruit.
- Examples of altered properties, for example, in tomato fruits, are increased sucrose import, conversion of starch, accumulation of various organic acids, modifications ⁇ of pigments and changes in fungicidal and insecticidal compounds.
- Such results can be achieved by overexpressing genes / proteins or by inhibition using double-stranded RNA, antisense RNA or co-suppression.
- sink tissues act as a storage location for the most important plant raw materials, promoters that enable selective expression in these tissues are of particular interest for plant biotechnology and allow a targeted modification of these tissues and their ingredients.
- the promoters mentioned show ⁇ expression only in the late phases of fruit development and can therefore only be used to a limited extent.
- the promoters TFM7 and TFM9 (US 5,608,150) are active during the fruit development in green and yellow stages.
- the fruit-specific regulation of the actinidine promoter from kiwi has been demonstrated for expression in petunias (Lin et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 23: 489-499).
- Thi-1, MADS2 and a promoter fusion between Thi-1 and the actin promoter of the melon regulate the expression of heterologous genes specifically in apples (WO 00/66610).
- promoters are, for example, promoters with a specificity for tubers, storage roots or roots, such as the tuber-specific patatin promoter class I (Bevan et al. (1986) Nucl Acids Res 14: 4625-4638), the promoter of the cathepsin D inhibitor Potato (Herbers et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 26: 73-83), the starch synthase promoter (GBSS1) or the Spora in promoter.
- Other genes with specific high activity in tubers are, for example, the promoter of the gene for ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (Müller-Röber et al. (1990) Mol Gen Genet 224: 136-146), sucrose synthase (Salanoubat and Belliard (1987) Gene 60:47 -56; Salanoubat and Belliard (1989)
- the promoters do not have the desired level of expression and / or are only active in a few plant species.
- a large number of biosynthetic enzymes such as e.g. the starch synthases (EC 2.4.1.21) are involved.
- Starch synthases serve to extend the chain of ⁇ -1,4-glucans by transferring glucosyl units from ADP-glucose to the non-reducing ends of existing ⁇ -1,4-glucans.
- GBSS granule bound starch synthase
- three further classes of starch synthases in plants are described SSI (wheat: Li et al. (1999) Theor Appl Genet 98: 1208-1216; GenBank Acc.-No .: U48227; rice : Baba, et al.
- a first subject of the invention relates to methods for the targeted, transgenic expression of nucleic acid sequences in at least one starch-containing tissue of a plant, the following steps being included
- transgenic expression cassette into plant cells, the transgenic expression cassette containing at least the following elements
- promoter sequences and a further nucleic acid sequence are functionally linked to one another and said further nucleic acid sequence is heterologous with respect to the promoter sequence
- Another object of the invention therefore relates to an isolated nucleic acid sequence comprising the promoter of starch synthase 3 from potato.
- Said isolated 5 nucleic acid sequence preferably comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from
- fragments of at least 25 contiguous nucleotides preferably at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, particularly preferably at least 100 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 44 or the sequences complementary thereto, 3.
- Sequences which have a homology of at least 50%, preferably 70%, preferably at least 80%, particularly preferably at least 90%, very particularly preferably at least 95%, most preferably 99% of the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 44 or the sequences complementary thereto, wherein the homology extends over a length of at least 100 base pairs, preferably at least 200 base pairs, particularly preferably of at least 300 base pairs, very particularly preferably of at least 400 base pairs, most preferably over the entire length of the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 44 stretches.
- homology between two nucleic acids is understood to mean the identity of the nucleic acid sequence over the respectively specified sequence length, which is determined by comparison using the program algorithm GAP (Wisconsin Package Version 10.0, University of Wisconsin, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, USA) is calculated by setting the following parameters:
- Gap Weight 12 Length Weight: 4
- transgenic expression cassettes such as e.g. can be used in the method according to the invention.
- the transgenic expression cassettes preferably comprise for the targeted, transgenic expression of nucleic acid sequences in at least one starch-containing tissue of a plant,
- the expression cassettes according to the invention can contain further genetic control sequences and / or additional functional elements.
- the transgenic expression cassettes can preferably enable expression of a protein encoded by said nucleic acid sequence and / or expression of a sense RNA, antisense RNA or double-stranded RNA encoded by said nucleic acid sequence by means of the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
- the invention further relates to transgenic expression vectors which contain one of the expression cassettes according to the invention.
- the invention further relates to transgenic organisms which contain one of the expression cassettes or expression vectors according to the invention.
- the organism can be selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeasts, fungi, non-human animal and plant organisms or cells, cell cultures, parts, tissues, organs or propagation material derived from them, the organism is preferably selected from the group of agricultural useful plants.
- the expression of the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically in at least one starch-containing tissue e.g. the potato tuber, beet, root, seed or tomato fruit
- the expression of the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically in at least one starch-containing tissue is preferably higher than in another tissue.
- Another object relates to the use of the isolated nucleic acid sequences, transgenic expression vectors or transgenic organisms according to the invention for the transgenic expression of nucleic acids and / or proteins. It is particularly preferred to use the said transgenic organisms or cells, cell cultures, parts, tissues, organs or propagation material derived therefrom for the production of foodstuffs, animal feed, seeds, pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals, the fine chemicals preferably enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, Sugar, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, natural or synthetic flavors, aromas or colors.
- the invention also encompasses processes for producing said foodstuffs, animal feed, seeds, pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals using the transgenic organisms according to the invention or cells, cell cultures, parts, tissues, organs or objects derived therefrom.
- a particular advantage of the starch synthase 3 pro otor according to the invention is their activity in starchy tissues, preferably during the entire development and storage of potato tubers and its high activity in green tomato fruits.
- the expression of the natural starch synthase 3 from potato ie the expression activity of the non-transgenic, homologous combination of the starch synthase 3 promoter and the coding region of the starch synthase 3 gene
- the heterologous transgenic expression cassettes provided in the context of this invention show no relevant expression in leaves, which is of great importance for numerous biotechnological applications.
- the promoters of starch synthase-3 provided in the context of this invention, in particular the SSS3 promoter from potato, mediate both a high expression during the entire tuber development into the late storage phase and a high tissue specificity, which is of significant value for the use underlines in transgenic plants.
- SSS3 promoter also produces strong expression in the fruit, predominantly in the green fruit. Weak side activities were only found in 'pollen and seeds. Of particular interest is a pronounced activity after the harvest and during storage of the trange plants (especially tubers). This makes the promoters according to the invention suitable for so-called "post-harvest” applications.
- the SSS3 promoter according to the invention is of particular value for plant biotechnology. Due to the function of the soluble starch synthase-3 in the starch metabolism and the expression pattern found, it can be expected that the promoter in all starch-containing tissues is preferably active in fruits, seeds, beets and tubers of other plants. The use in approaches which serve to modify the carbohydrate and / or starch metabolism is very particularly advantageous here. Because of their fruit or tuber specificity, the promoters according to the invention can be used in particular to improve the quality of the developing fruit or tuber or to influence the ripening process.
- Nucleic acid sequences are preferably expressed transgenically under the control of the promoters according to the invention, which modulate the sugar or starch metabolism, modify the ingredients, improve nutritional values, change the sink-source relationships, taste components, pathogen resistance, tissue consistency, etc bein influence.
- an SSS3 promoter can be used to modify flavanoids and carotenoids. Specific uses are listed below.
- the genes which are regulated by the promoter according to the invention can be plant genes, fruit- and tuber-specific genes or heterologous genes whose expression in the fruit or tubers is desired.
- Promoter of a starch synthase-3 gene or "starch synthase-3 promoter” (as a result also of the SSS3 promoter) generally means the natural regulatory region of a gene coding for a starch synthase-3.
- the starch synthase-3 is also known as soluble starch synthase-3 ("soluble starch synthase 3, SSS3).
- promoters which have a sequence region of at least 250 base pairs, preferably at least 500 base pairs, particularly preferably 1000 base pairs, most preferably at least 2000 base pairs in the 5 'direction in front of the ATG start codon of said genomic sequences encoding a starch kesynthase-3.
- strong synthase means any enzymatically active peptide, polypeptide, oligopeptide, protein or enzyme molecule which is at least capable of transferring a glucosyl unit from ADP-glucose to an ⁇ -1,4-glucan molecule, as well as fra- elements of said enzymatically active molecules.
- Starch synthase-3 "soluble starch synthase 3" or “SSS3” means a starch synthase according to the above definition which also has one or more of the following properties:
- nucleotide sequence comprising at least 20 nucleotides of a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 or 17;
- nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence which has at least 85% or more homology to a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 or 17;
- It comprises a sequence of at least 10 contiguous amino acids, preferably at least 20 contiguous amino acids, particularly preferably at least 50 contiguous Amino acids of a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18;
- amino acid sequence encoding the starch synthase comprises at least one sequence motif selected from the group consisting of:
- NGIDPDIWDP SEQ ID NO: 29
- GI L / V / I
- NGIDPDIWDP Y / L
- T / N D
- N / K FIP
- SSS3 proteins Other motifs characteristic of SSS3 proteins can easily be derived from a comparison of known SSS3 protein or nucleic acid sequences (see FIG. 7).
- GAP Garnier Weight: 8 ⁇ Length Weight: 2
- a sequence which has a homology of at least 85% on a protein basis with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 6 over the entire length is understood to be a sequence which, when compared with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 6, according to the above program algorithm with the above parameter set has a homology of at least 85%.
- the SSS3 promoter means nucleotide sequences which comprise a nucleic acid sequence selected from
- fragments of at least 25 contiguous nucleotides preferably at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, particularly preferably at least 100 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44 or the sequences complementary thereto,
- Base pairs particularly preferably from at least 300 base pairs, very particularly preferably from at least 400 base pairs, most preferably from at least 500 base pairs.
- an SSS3 promoter comprises the potato SSS3 promoter according to SEQ ID NO 1 or 44 or fragments thereof with a length of at least 50 nucleotides, preferably 100 nucleotides.
- an SSS3 promoter has essentially the same promoter activity as one of the promoters according to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44, preferably like the promoter according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 44 deviate below and upwards compared to a comparison value.
- Preference is given to sequences whose level of expression, measured on the basis of the transcribed mRNA or as a result Translated protein, under otherwise unchanged conditions, quantitatively by no more than 50%, preferably 25%, particularly preferably 10%, obtained from a comparison value obtained using the promoters described by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 44.
- a promoter activity is said to be “essentially the same” with respect to an SSS3 promoter if the transcription of a certain nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically shows a targeted expression in at least one starch-containing tissue under the control of the functionally equivalent promoter under otherwise unchanged conditions.
- Starch-containing tissues means tissues which have a starch content at least at a point in time during their development which can be demonstrated by means of a strength test. Staining with Lugol's solution is preferred as proof of strength (Lugol's solution: e.g. dissolve 2 g KJ in 5 ml water, dissolve 1 g iodine in it and add 300 ml water). The coloring takes place until a recognizable shade of blue (approx. 15 min at RT) and can be stopped by washing with water.
- the starch content can also be measured photometrically using the method described in Hajirezaei et al. (1994, Planta 192: 16-30).
- starchy tissue storage tissue of a vegetable tuber, beet or fruit such as e.g. the potato tuber, the beet or tomato fruit.
- Starchy tissue also includes “sink tissue” of starch-producing plants.
- sink fabric means fabrics that are net importers of photosynthetically fixed carbon dioxide and are generally not photosynthetically active. Examples of sink fabrics are: roots, fruits, beets, tubers and seeds.
- “Selective” 'preferably means in relation to expression in a starch-containing tissue that the expression under control of the promoters of the invention preferably in the first fabric at least ten times, most preferably at least 5 five, tens of times, most preferably at least one hundred times is than in a second tissue, the starch content in the first tissue (determined, for example, by dyeing with Lugol's solution) at least twice, preferably at least five times, particularly preferably at least ten times, on
- starch content in the second fabric Most preferably at least fifty times the starch content in the second fabric.
- “specifically” means that expression under the control of one of the promoters according to the invention in a starchy “sink” tissue such as the tubers is preferably at least ten times, very particularly preferably
- 15 is at least 50 times, most preferably at least 100 times, than in a "source fabric" such as the leaves.
- “Otherwise unchanged conditions” means that the expression which is initiated by one of the transgenic expression cassettes to be compared is not modified by combination with additional genetic control sequences, for example enhancer sequences. Unchanged conditions also means that all framework conditions such as plant type, stage of development of plants, breeding conditions, assay conditions (such as buffer, temperature, substrates etc.) are kept identical between the expressions to be compared.
- the expression within at least one specific starch-containing tissue is preferably essentially constant over all development stages.
- “Substantially constant” in this context means preferably that the standard deviation of expression between the different development times of each tissue based on the statistical mean of the expression of all 35 development time points is less than '50%, preferably 20%, more preferably 10%, most preferably 5%.
- the invention further relates to the use of at least one nucleic acid sequence or a part thereof in methods for identifying and / or isolating promoters of genes which code for said nucleic acid sequence, said nucleic acid sequence coding for an amino acid sequence which has at least one sequence motif according to SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 21, 22,
- Said nucleic acid sequence preferably codes for an amino acid sequence comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18. Particularly preferably, said nucleus
- 15 small acid sequence a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 or 17.
- Part in relation to the nucleic acid sequence preferably means a sequence of at least 15 bases, preferably 25 bases, particularly preferably 50 bases, on most preferably 100 bases.
- the invention also encompasses methods for identifying and / or isolating promoters of SSS3 genes, with at least one nucleic acid sequence or a part thereof being used in the identification and / or isolation, said nucleic acid sequence coding for an amino acid sequence which min.
- Said nucleic acid sequence preferably codes for an amino acid sequence comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or
- said nucleic acid sequence comprises a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 or 17. “Part” in relation to the nucleic acid sequence preferably means a sequence of at least 15 bases, preferably 25 bases, more preferably 50 bases, most preferably 10E bases. In a preferred one
- the method according to the invention is based on the polymerase chain reaction, wherein said nucleic acid sequence or a part thereof is used as a primer.
- RNA sequence for example a gene transcript such as, for example, a cDNA
- iPCR inverse PCR
- / 'TAIL PCR Thermal Asymmetry Interlaced PCR
- the large number of ring-shaped DNA molecules which are formed also contain those which contain the known sequence (for example the sequence coding for the homologous protein). Based on this, the ring-shaped molecule can be amplified by PCR using a pair of primers in which both primers can attach to the known sequence section.
- the "TAIL-PCR” is based on the use of, on the one hand, a set of successively shortened, highly specific primers which attach to the known genomic sequence (for example the sequence coding for the homologous protein), and on the other hand a set of shorter random primers with a low melting temperature, so that there is a more sequence-unspecific attachment to the known genomic sequence flanking genomic DNA.
- the attachment of the primers to the DNA to be amplified can be designed in such a way that a specific amplification of the desired target sequence is possible.
- Promoter sequences can be easily found, for example, in various organisms whose genomic sequence is known, such as, for example, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum tuberosum, Helianthium a nuus, Linum sativum by comparing homology in databases.
- genomic sequence such as, for example, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum tuberosum, Helianthium a nuus, Linum sativum by comparing homology in databases.
- SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44 For this purpose, one can preferably start from the coding regions of the genes whose promoters are described by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44.
- the corresponding homologous genes can be found in others Plant species by screening databases or Genbanke ⁇ (using appropriate gene probes) can be easily identified in the manner familiar to those skilled in the art.
- the invention further relates to methods for producing a transgenic expression cassette with specificity for starch-containing tissues, comprising the following steps:
- nucleic acid sequence codes for an amino acid sequence which has at least one sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 , 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 or 39 or a variation given for these sequences
- Said nucleic acid sequence preferably codes for an amino acid sequence comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18. Particularly preferably said nucleic acid sequence comprises a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 , 15 or
- Part in relation to the nucleic acid sequence preferably means a sequence of at least 15 bases, preferably 25 bases, particularly preferably 50 bases, most preferably 100 bases.
- the method according to the invention is based on the polymerase chain reaction, the said nucleotide
- Suitable SSS3 promoters also include natural or artificial mutations of the promoter sequences described under SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44. "Mutation” means substitution, addition, deletion, inversion or insertion of one or more nucleotide residues.
- the present invention also encompasses those nucleotide sequences which are obtained by modifying an SSS3 promoter according to SEQ ID NO: 1,
- the aim of such a modification can be to further narrow down the sequence contained therein or e.g. also inserting or removing restriction endonuclease sections, removing unnecessary DNA or adding
- Transition means a base pair exchange of a purine / pyrimidine pair into another purine / pyrimidine pair (eg AT against GC).
- Transversion means a base pair exchange of a purine / pyrimidine pair for a pyrimidine / purine pair (eg AT against TA).
- Deletion means the removal of one or more base pairs.
- Insertion means the introduction of one or more base pairs.
- Manipulations such as restriction, "chewing-back” or filling in overhangs for "blunt ends” can provide complementary ends of the fragments for the ligation.
- Analogous results can also be obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific oligonucleotide primers.
- Methods for mutagenizing nucleic acid sequences include, for example, the use of oligonucleotides with one or more mutations in comparison to the region to be mutated (e.g. as part of a "site-specific mutagenesis").
- primers with approximately 15 to approximately 75 nucleotides or more are used, preferably approximately 10 to approximately 25 or more nucleotide residues being located on both sides of the sequence to be changed.
- the details and implementation of said mutagenesis methods are known to the person skilled in the art (Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol 154: 367-382; Tomic et al.
- Mutagenesis can also be achieved by treating, for example, transgenic expression vectors which contain one of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention with mutagenizing agents such as hydroxylamine.
- non-essential sequences of a promoter according to the invention can be deleted without significantly impairing the essential properties mentioned.
- deletion variants represent functionally equivalent fragments to the promoters described by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44.
- the promoter sequence can be limited to specific, essential regulatory regions, for example using search routines to search for promoter elements , Certain prompter elements are often present in the regions relevant to promoter activity. This analysis can be carried out, for example, using computer programs such as the PLACE program ("Plant Curing Regulatory DNA Elements"; Higo K et al.
- Said fragments according to the invention preferably comprise at least 25 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, particularly preferably at least 100 contiguous nucleotides of one of the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44.
- Functions equivalent fragments of one of the promoters according to the invention for example the promoters described by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44 - at least 200 base pairs, very particularly preferably at least 500 base pairs, most preferably at least 1000 base pairs of the 3 'end of the respective promoter according to the invention - for example the promoters described by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44 - the length from the start of the transcription ("ATG" codon) being calculated upstream in the 5 'direction.
- Suitable SSS3 promoters also comprise DNA sequences which hybridize under standard conditions with one of the nucleic acid sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44 or with the nucleic acid sequences complementary to these and which have essentially the same promoter properties.
- hybridization conditions is to be understood broadly and means both stringent and less stringent hybridization conditions. Such hybridization conditions are described, inter alia, in Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T et al., In Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, pages 9.31-9.57 or in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. described.
- the conditions during the washing step can be selected from the range of conditions limited by those with low stringency (with approximately 2X SSC at 50 ° C.) and those with high stringency (with approximately 0.2X SSC at 50 ° C., preferably at 65 ° C) (20X SSC: 0.3M
- the temperature during the washing step can be raised from low stringent conditions at room temperature, about 22 ° C, to more stringent conditions at about 65 ° C. Both parameters, salt concentration and temperature, can be varied simultaneously, one of the two parameters can also be kept constant and only the other can be varied.
- the hybrid denaturing agents such as formamide or SDS can also be used. In the presence of 50% formamide, the hybridization is preferably carried out at 42 ° C.
- 0.1X SSC at 65 ° C
- 0.1X SSC 0.5% SDS at 68 ° C
- 0.1X SSC 0.5% SDS, 50% formamide at 42 ° C
- 0.2X SSC 0.1% SDS at 42 ° C
- e) 2X SSC at 65 ° C (weakly stringent condition)
- 40 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 1% SDS, 2 mM EDTA.
- Methods for producing functional equivalents according to the invention preferably include the introduction of mutations into one of the promoters according to, SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44. Mutagenesis can take place in an undirected manner ("random"), the mutagenized ones Sequences are then screened for their properties according to a "trial-and-error" procedure. Particularly advantageous selection criteria include, for example, the level of the resulting expression of the nucleic acid sequence introduced in a starchy tissue.
- “Expression” means the transcription of the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically, but can - in the case of an open reading frame in “sense” orientation — also include the translation of the transcribed RNA of the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically into a corresponding polypeptide.
- "Transgene” means - for example in relation to a transgenic expression cassette, a transgenic expression vector, a transgenic organism or a method for transgenic expression of nucleic acids - all such constructions which have been obtained by genetic engineering methods or methods using the same, in which either
- an SSS3 promoter for example a promoter according to SQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44, or
- transgenic nucleic acid sequence to be expressed in functional linkage with the SSS3 promoter according to a), or
- the SSS3 promoter sequence according to the invention contained in the expression cassettes is heterologous with respect to the further nucleic acid sequence to be functionally linked and transgenically expressed.
- heterologous means that the further nucleic acid sequence does not code for the gene which is naturally under the control of said promoter.
- Natural genetic environment means the natural chromosomal locus in the organism of origin or the presence in a genomic library.
- the natural, genetic environment of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably at least partially preserved.
- the environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least on one side and has a sequence length of at least 50 bp, preferably at least 500 bp, particularly preferably at least 1000 bp, very particularly preferably at least 5000 bp.
- transgenic expression construct for example, the naturally occurring combination of the SSS3 promoter from caramel according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 44 and the coding sequence of the potato SSS3 gene becomes a transgenic expression construct if this is achieved by non-natural, synthetic ( "artificial") methods such as an in vitro mutagenization is changed. Corresponding methods are described (US 5,565,350; WO 00/15815; see also above).
- transgenic expression “transgenic expression”), “transgene” preferably means all those expressions which have been implemented using a transgenic expression cassette, transgenic expression vector or transgenic organism - in accordance with the definitions given above.
- At least one of the promoters according to the invention is functionally linked to at least one transgene. expressing nucleic acid sequence.
- a functional link is understood, for example, to mean the sequential arrangement of one of the promoters according to the invention (described, for example, by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44) with a tranigenic nucleic acid sequence to be expressed and, if appropriate, further genetic control sequences such as, for example a terminator or a polyadenylation sequence such that the promoter can fulfill its function in the transgenic expression of the nucleic acid sequence under suitable conditions and the expression of the nucleic acid sequence (ie transcription and optionally translation) takes place.
- Suitable conditions preferably means the presence of the expression cassette in a plant cell, preferably a plant cell comprised of a starchy tissue of a plant.
- nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically is positioned behind one of the promoters according to the invention (e.g. described by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44), so that both sequences are covalently linked to one another.
- the distance between the promoter sequence and the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically is preferably less than 200 base pairs, particularly preferably less than 100 base pairs, very particularly preferably less than 50 base pairs.
- the production of a functional link as well as the production of a transgenic expression construct can be realized by means of common recombination and cloning techniques, as described for example in Maniatis T, Fritsch EF and Sambrook J (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Sprung Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor (NY), in Silhavy TJ, Berman ML and Enquist LW (1984) Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor (NY) and in Ausubel FM et al. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience.
- a suitable method in this context is, for example GATEWAY TM cloning technology based on recombination (Invitrogen Ine.).
- sequences can be positioned between the promoter and the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically, which for example have the function of a linker with certain restriction enzyme interfaces or a signal peptide.
- the insertion of sequences can also lead to the expression of fusion proteins.
- a transgenic expression cassette according to the invention is produced, for example, by fusing one of the promoters according to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44 according to the invention with a nucleotide sequence to be expressed transgenically, optionally a sequence coding for a transit peptide, preferably a chloroplast-specific transit peptide, which is preferably arranged between the promoter and the respective nucleotide sequence, and optionally a terminator or polyadenylation signal.
- the transgenic expression construct consisting of a linkage of promoter and nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, can preferably be integrated in a vector and inserted into a plant genome by, for example, transformation.
- an expression cassette is also to be understood to mean constructions in which one of the promoters according to the invention (described, for example, by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44), without it having been functionally linked beforehand to a nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, for example via a targeted homologous recombination or a random insertion into a host genome, there takes over regulatory control over endogenous nucleic acid sequences then functionally linked to it and controls the transgenic expression thereof.
- an expression cassette according to the invention which selectively controls the expression of the specific polypeptide in a starchy tissue.
- the natural promoter of an endogenous gene can also be exchanged for one of the promoters according to the invention (e.g. described by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44) and the expression behavior of the endogenous gene can be modified in this way.
- the insertion of the promoter can also be carried out in such a way that antisense RNA is expressed to form the nucleic acid coding for a specific polypeptide. This will selectively express sion of the particular polypeptide down-regulated or switched off in the starchy tissue.
- a nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically - for example by homologous recombination - can code behind the sequence for one of the promoters according to the invention (for example described by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 44), which are in in their natural chromosomal context, are placed in such a way that an expression cassette according to the invention is obtained which controls the expression of the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically in the starch-containing tissue.
- transgenic expression cassettes according to the invention can comprise further genetic control sequences.
- control sequences is to be understood broadly and means all those sequences which have an influence on the formation or the function of a transgenic expression cassette according to the invention. Genetic control sequences modify, for example, transcription and translation in prokaryotic or
- the transgenic expression cassettes according to the invention preferably comprise 3 'downstream of the respective nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically, a terminator sequence as an additional genetic control sequence, and, if appropriate, further customary regulatory elements
- Genetic control sequences also include other promoters, promoter elements or minimal promoters that express
- Genetic control sequences can, for example, also result in tissue-specific expression depending on certain stress factors.
- Corresponding elements are, for example, for water stress, abscisic acid (La E and 'Chua NH, J Biol Chem 1991;
- promoters can also be functionally linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, which is a transgenic
- Plant-specific promoters basically means any promoter that expresses genes, especially foreign
- the expression can be constitutive, inducible or development-dependent, for example. Constitutive promoters, tissue-specific promoters, development-dependent promoters, chemically-inducible stress-inducible or pathogen-inducible promoters are preferred. Corresponding promoters are generally known to the person skilled in the art.
- control sequences can be found, for example, in the promoters of gram-positive bacteria such as amy and SP02 or in the yeast or fungal promoters ADCl, MFa, AC, P-60, CYC1, GAPDH, TEF, rp28, ADH.
- Genetic control sequences also include the 5'-untranslated regions, introns or non-coding 3 'regions of genes such as the actin-1 intron, or the Adhl-S introns 1, 2 and 6 (general: The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, New York (1994)), preferably the genes with the locus At2g46720, At3g01980 and Atlg63140 from Arabidopsis thaliana. It can be shown that such regions can play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression. It has been shown that 5 'untranslated sequences can increase the transient expression of heterologous genes.
- An example of translation enhancers is the 5 'leader sequence from the tobacco mosaic virus (Gallie et al.
- the promoter sequences given under SEQ ID NO: 2, 3 and 4 contain the section of the respective SSS3 genes which represents the promoter and the 5 untranslated region up to the ATG start codon of the SSS3 protein.
- the promoter sequences given under SEQ ID: 1 and 44 contain the promoter including 10 75 bp of the 5 untranslated region of the cDNA.
- the transgenic expression construct can advantageously contain one or more so-called “enhancer sequences” functionally linked to the promoter that contain an increased transgenic
- nucleic acid sequences to be expressed transgenically can be in a
- Polyadenylation signals suitable as control sequences are plant polyadenylation signals and - preferably - those which essentially comprise T-DNA polyadenylation signals
- the transgenic expression cassette contains a terminator sequence which is functional in plants.
- Terminator sequences which are functional in plants generally mean those sequences which are able to terminate the transcript in plants.
- Suitable terminator sequences are the OCS (octopine synthase) terminator and the NOS (nopalin synthase) terminator.
- OCS octopine synthase
- NOS nopalin synthase
- plant terminator sequences are particularly preferred. Plant terminator sequences generally mean those sequences which are part of a
- Gens from potato GenBank Acc. No .: X74985
- VfLElB3 GenBank Acc. No.: Z26489
- Control sequences are also to be understood as those which enable homologous recombination or insertion into the genome of a host organism or which allow removal from genome 45.
- homologous recombination for example, the natural promoter of a specific gene can be exchanged for one of the promoters according to the invention.
- promoters according to the invention can be placed by means of homologous recombination in front of an endogenous target gene to be expressed transgenically, by linking the promoter to DNA sequences which are, for example, homologous to endogenous sequences which are upstream of the reading frame of the target gene.
- Such sequences are to be understood as genetic control sequences.
- cre / lox technology allow tissue-specific, possibly inducible, removal of the transgenic expression cassette from the genome of the host organism (Sauer B (1998) Methods (Duluth) 14 (4): 381-92).
- certain flanking sequences are added to the target gene (lox sequences) which later enable removal by means of the cre recombinase.
- lox sequences For the selection of successfully homologous recombined or also transformed cells, it is generally necessary to additionally introduce a selectable marker (see below).
- Homologous, recombination is a relatively rare occurrence in higher eucapryotes, especially in plants. Random integrations into the host genome predominate.
- One way of removing the randomly integrated sequences and thus enriching cell clones with a correct homogeneous recombination is to use a sequence-specific recombination system as described in US Pat. No. 6,110,736.
- the transgenic expression of the proteins encoded by the nucleic acid sequences under the control of an SSS3 promoter is possible in any desired cell compartment, such as the endomembrane system, the vacuole and the chloroplasts.
- desired glycosylation reactions, special folds, etc. are possible.
- the signal peptide sequences necessary for this as genetic control sequences can be provided both in individual transgenic expression cassettes, and can be introduced into the transgenic expression cassette together with the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, using a suitable cloning strategy. Both gene-specific or heterologous sequences can be used as signal or transit peptide sequences.
- Additional, heterologous sequences preferred but not limited to the functional linkage are further targeting sequences to ensure subcellular localization in the apoplast, in the vacuole, in plastids, in mitochondria, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in the cell nucleus, in Oil corpuscles or other compartments; and translation enhancers such as the 5 'leader sequence from tobacco mosaic virus (Gallie et al. (1987) Nucl Acids Res 15: 8693-8711) and the like.
- transit peptides derived from genes of plant fatty acid biosynthesis such as the transit peptide of the plastid "acyl carrier protein" (ACP), the stearyl-ACP desaturase, ⁇ -keto-acyl-ACP synthase or the acyl-ACP thioesterase,
- ACP acyl carrier protein
- stearyl-ACP desaturase stearyl-ACP desaturase
- ⁇ -keto-acyl-ACP synthase or the acyl-ACP thioesterase
- the target sequences can be linked to other targeting sequences that differ from the transit peptide in order to achieve subcellular localization in the apoplast, in the vacuole, in plastids, in mitochondria, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in the cell nucleus, in oil corpuscles or others To ensure comparisons.
- transgenic expression cassettes according to the invention and the transgenic expression vectors derived from them can contain further functional elements.
- functional element is to be understood broadly and means all those elements which have an influence on the production, multiplication or function of the transgenic expression cassettes according to the invention or transgenic expression vectors or organisms derived therefrom. Examples include, but are not limited to:
- selection marker includes both positive selection markers that are resistant to an antibiotic, or herbicide. lend other biocide, as well as negative selection markers, which give sensitivity to these, as well as markers which give the transformed organism a growth advantage (for example by expression of key genes of cytokine biosynthesis; Ebinuma H et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 94 : 2117-2121). With positive selection, only those thrive Organisms that express the corresponding selection marker, while negative selections enter into it. When producing transgenic plants, the use of a positive selection marker is preferred. In addition, preference is given to using selection markers which give growth advantages. Negative selection markers can be used advantageously when it comes to removing certain genes or genomic sections from an organism (for example as part of a cross-breeding process).
- the selectable marker introduced with the transgenic expression cassette gives the successfully transformed cells resistance to a biocide, for example a herbicide (such as phosphinothricin, glyphosate or bromoxynil), a metabolism inhibitor (such as 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate; WO 98/45456) ) or an antibiotic (such as tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin, G 418, neomycin, bleomycin or hygromycin).
- a biocide for example a herbicide (such as phosphinothricin, glyphosate or bromoxynil), a metabolism inhibitor (such as 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate; WO 98/45456) ) or an antibiotic (such as tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin, G 418, neomycin, bleomycin or hygromycin).
- a biocide for example a herbicide (such as phosphino
- PPT phosphinothricin acetyltransferases
- the bar / PAT gene can be isolated, for example, from Streptomyces hygroscopicus or S. viridochrom ⁇ genes. Corresponding sequences are known to the person skilled in the art (Streptomyces hygroscopicus GenBank Acc.-No .: X17220 and X05822; Streptomyces viridochromogenes GenBank Acc.-No .: M22827 and X65195; US 5,489,520). Furthermore, synthetic genes for expression in plastids are described (Genbank Acc.-No .: AJ028212).
- EPSP synthase genes which confer resistance to Glyphosat ® (N- (phosphonome-thyDglycin).
- the unselective herbicide glyphosate has 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimate synthase (EPSPS) as its molecular target This has a key function in the
- Strain CP4 has a natural tolerance to glyphosate, which can be transferred to corresponding transgenic plants.
- the CP4 EPSPS gene was derived from Agrobacterium sp.
- Strain CP4 cloned (Padgette SR et al. (1995) Crop Science 35 (5): 1451-1461).
- 5-enolpyrvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases which are glyphosate tolerant, as described for example in US 5,510,471; US 5,776,760; US 5,864,425; US 5,633,435; US 5,627; 061; US 5,463,175; EP 0 218 571 are preferred, the sequences described in each of the patents also being stored in the GenBank. Further sequences are described under GenBank Accession X63374. The aroA gene is also preferred (GenBank Acc. No.: M10947).
- glyphosate oxidoreductase coding for the glyphosate® degrading enzyme.
- GOX for example the glyphosate oxidoreductase from Achromobacter sp. Catalyzes the cleavage of a C-N bond in the glyphosate, which is thus converted to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) 'and glyoxylate.
- AMPA aminomethylphosphonic acid
- GOX can thereby confer resistance to glyphosate (Padgette SR et al. (1996) J Nutr 126 (3): 702-16; Shah D et al. (1986) Science 233: 478-481).
- deh gene (coding for a Dalapon® inactivating dehalogenase; WO 99/27116; GenBank Acc. -No.: AX022822, AX022820)
- nitrilase from Klebsieila ozanenae. Sequences can be found in GenBank under Genbank Acc.-No: E01313 and J03196.
- Neomycin phosphotransferases confer resistance to antibiotics (aminoglycosides) such as neomycin, G418, hygmycin, paromomycin or kanamycin by reducing their inhibitory effect through a phosphorylation reaction.
- antibiotics aminoglycosides
- the nptll gene (Genbank Acc.-No .: AF080390; AF080389).
- the gene is already part of it numerous expression vectors and can be isolated from them using methods familiar to the person skilled in the art (such as, for example, polymerase chain reaction) (Genbank Acc.-No .: AF234-316 pCAMBIA-2301; AF234315 pCAMBIA-2300, AF234314 pCAMBIA-2201).
- the NPTII gene codes for an ainoglycoside-3'O-phosphotransferase from E. coli, Tn5 (GenBank Acc.-No: U00004 position 1401-2300; Beck et al. (1982) Gene 19 327-336).
- DOG ⁇ l gene was isolated from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EP 0 807 836) and codes for a 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase which confers resistance to 2-DOG (Randez-Gil et al. ( 1995) Yeast 11: 1233-1240; Sanz et al. (1994) Yeast 10: 1195-1202; GenBank Acc.-No .: NG001140 position 194799-194056).
- sulfonylurea and imidazolinone inactivating acetolactate synthases which confer resistance to imidazolinone / sulfonylurea herbicides.
- the active substances imazamethabenzmethyl, imazamox, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr may be mentioned as examples of imidazolinone herbicides.
- Examples of sulfonylurea herbicides are amidosulforon, azimsulfuron, chlorimuroethyl, chlorosulfuron, cinosulfuron, imazosulforon, oxasulforon, prosulforon, rimsulforon, sulfosulforon. The skilled person is familiar with numerous others
- Hygromycin phosphotransferases e.g. GenBank Acc. -No .: X74325, which confer resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin.
- the gene is a component of numerous expression vectors and can be isolated from these using methods familiar to the person skilled in the art (such as, for example, polymerase chain reaction) (GenBank Acc. No .: AF294981 pINDEX4; AF234301 pCAMBIA-1380; AF23 .
- chloramphenicol chloramphenicol acetyl transferase
- Tetracycline various resistance genes are described e.g. GenBank Acc.-No .: X65876, X51366.
- the gene is already part of numerous expression vectors and can be isolated from these using methods familiar to the person skilled in the art (such as, for example, polymerase chain reaction)
- Streptomycin various resistance genes are described e.g. with GenBank Acc.-No .: AJ278607.
- the corresponding resistance gene is part of numerous cloning vectors (e.g. GenBank Acc. -No .: L36849 Cloning vector pZEO) and can be isolated from these using methods familiar to the person skilled in the art (such as, for example, polymerase chain reaction).
- cloning vectors e.g. GenBank Acc. -No .: L36849 Cloning vector pZEO
- ipt gene is a key enzyme in cytokine biosynthesis. Its overexpression facilitates the regeneration of plants (e.g. selection on cytokine-free medium).
- the procedure for using the ipt gene is described (Ebinuma H et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 94: 2117-2121; Ebinuma, H et al. (2000) Selection of Marker-free transgenic plants using the oncogenes (ipt, rol A, B, C) of Agrobacterium as selectable markers, In Molecular Biology of Woody Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers).
- EP-A 0 601 092 Various other positive selection markers which give the transformed plants a growth advantage over non-transformed ones, and methods for their use are described, inter alia, in EP-A 0 601 092.
- Examples include ⁇ -glucuronidase (in connection with, for example, cytokinin glucuronide), Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (in use binding with mannose), UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (in connection with eg galactose), with mannose-6-phosphate isomerase being particularly preferred in connection with mannose.
- Negative selection markers allow, for example, the selection of organisms with successfully deleted sequences that comprise the marker gene (Koprek T et al. (1999) The Plant Journal
- the negative selection marker introduced into the plant converts a compound which otherwise has no adverse effect on the plant into a compound with an adverse effect.
- Genes are also suitable which are disadvantageous per se
- TK thymidine kinase (TK), Diphfcheria Toxin A fragment (DT-A), the codA gene product coding for a cytosine deaminase (Gleave AP et al. (1999) Plant Mol Biol. 40 ( 2): 223-35; Perera RJ et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 23 (4):
- Reporter genes code for easily quantifiable proteins and 30 guarantee an assessment of the transformation efficiency, the expression location or time via their own color or enzyme activity (see also Schenborn E, Groskreutz D. Mol Biotechnol. 1999; 13 (1): 29-44). Examples include:
- GFP green fluorescence protein
- Chloramphenicol transferase (Fromm et al. (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 82: 5824-5828),
- GUS ⁇ -glucuronidase
- uidA ⁇ -glucuronidase
- R-Locus gene product protein that regulates the production of anthocyanin pigments (red coloring) in plant tissue and thus enables a direct analysis of the promoter activity without the addition of additional auxiliaries or chromogenic substrates (Dellaporta et al. (1988) In: Chromosome Structure and Function: Impact of New Concepts, 18th Stadler Genetics Symposium, 11: 263-282).
- Tyrosinase (Katz et al. (1983) J Gen Microbiol 129: 2703-2714) an enzyme that oxidizes tyrosine to DOPA and dopaquinone, which as a result form the easily detectable melanin.
- Aequorin (Prasher et al. (1985) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 126 (3): 1259-1268) can be used in calcium-sensitive bioluminescence detection.
- Replication origins ensure the multiplication of 'transgenic expression cassettes of the invention or transgenic expression vectors in eg E. coli or Agrobacterium.
- Examples are ORI (origin of DNA replication), the pBR322 ori or the P15A ori (Sambrook et al .: Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989).
- Examples of replication origins that are functional in Agrobacterium are pRK2, pRi, PVSl or pSA.
- Borders sequences (such as the right or left border of the T-DNA) enable an agrobacterium-mediated transfer in plant cells for the transfer and integration into the plant genome. 5) Multiple cloning regions (MCS) allow and facilitate the insertion of one or more nucleic acid sequences.
- transgenic expression vectors which contain the transgenic expression cassettes described above.
- Vectors generally means structures capable of replication, which are preferably host-specific, and which permit the uptake of nucleic acid sequences and their transfer into other cells.
- Vectors can be, for example, plasmids, cosmids, phages, viruses or even agrobacteria. Vectors which are particularly suitable in the context of plant biotechnology are described below.
- the transgenic expression cassettes can be inserted into the vector (preferably a plasmid vector) via a suitable restriction site.
- the resulting vector can first be introduced into E. coli and amplified. Correctly transformed E.coli are selected, grown and the recombinant vector with the expert! common methods. Restriction analysis and sequencing can be used to check the cloning step.
- Preferred vectors are those which permit stable integration of the expression cassette into the host genome.
- the host genome means the entire genetic information of the host and includes, for example, both the chromosomal DNA of the cell nucleus and the DNA of the plastids and mitochondria.
- the insertion is preferably carried out in "the chromosomal DNA of the cell nucleus.
- the transgenic expression cassette is introduced into a cell or an organism by means of plasmid vectors.
- introduction comprises all methods which are suitable for directly or indirectly inserting a nucleic acid sequence (for example an expression cassette according to the invention) into an organism (for example a plant) or a cell, compartment, tissue, organ or propagation material (eg seeds or fruits) of the same or to generate them there.
- a nucleic acid sequence for example an expression cassette according to the invention
- the introduction can lead to a temporary (transient) or else to a permanent (stable) presence of said nucleic acid sequence.
- Introduction includes, for example, methods such as transfection, transduction or transformation.
- the organisms used in the processes are grown or cultivated in a manner known to the person skilled in the art, depending on the host organism.
- RNA can be introduced directly by microinjection or by bombardment with DNA-coated microparticles, or the cell can be permeabilized chemically, for example with polyethylene glycol, so that the DNA can get into the cell by diffusion
- Protoplast fusion with other DNA-containing units such as minicells, cells, lysosomes or liposomes.
- Electroporation is another suitable method for introducing DNA, in which the cells are reversibly eabilized by an electrical impulse. Appropriate procedures are described
- Preferred vectors for E. coli are pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9 (QIAGEN, Inc.); pBluescript vectors, Phagescript vectors, pNH8A, pNHl ⁇ a, pNHl ⁇ A, pNH46A (Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc.); ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 (Pharmacia Biotech,
- Transformation techniques can also be carried out by bacterial infection using Agrobacterium (e.g. EP . 0 116 718), viral infection using viral vectors (EP 0 067 553; US 4,407,956; WO 95/34668; WO 93/03161) or using pollen (EP 0 270 356; WO 85/01856; US 4,684,611).
- Agrobacterium e.g. EP . 0 116 718
- viral infection EP 0 067 553; US 4,407,956; WO 95/34668; WO 93/03161
- pollen EP 0 270 356; WO 85/01856; US 4,684,611.
- the strains Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes mostly used for Agrobacterium transformation contain a plasmid (Ti or Ri plasmid) which is transferred to the plant after Agrobacterium infection. Part of this plasmid, called T-DNA (transferred DNA), is integrated into the genome of the plant cell.
- T-DNA transferred DNA
- the transformation is preferably carried out using agrobacteria which contain "disarmed" Ti plasmid vectors, the natural ability of which for gene transfer to plants to be used (EP-A 0 270 355; EP-A 0 116 718).
- Binary vectors mini-ti plasmids
- Various binary vectors are known and some are commercially available, for example pBIN19 (Bevan et al. (1984) Nucl Acids Res 12: 8711f .; Clontech Laboratories, Inc. USA) or pSUN derivatives (SunGene GmbH &Co.KGaA; WO 02 / 00900).
- the expression cassette according to the invention can be inserted into these binary vectors and - as described below - integrated into the plant genome.
- plant explants are co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
- infected plant material e.g. leaf, root or stem parts, but also
- Protoplasts or suspensions of plant cells can regenerate whole plants using a suitable medium, which may contain antibiotics or biocides for the selection of transformed cells, for example.
- the plants obtained can then be screened for the presence of the introduced DNA, here the transgenic expression cassette according to the invention.
- the integrated transgenic expression cassette contains a selection marker which gives the transformed plant resistance to a biocide (for example a herbicide), a metabolism inhibitor such as 2-DOG or an antibiotic such as kanamycin, G 418, bleomycin, hygromycin or phosphinothricin etc. gives.
- the selection marker allows the selection of transformed cells from untransformed ones (McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5: 81-84).
- the plants obtained can be grown and crossed in a conventional manner. Two or more generations should be cultivated to ensure that genomic integration is stable and inheritable.
- Agrobacterium transformation is widely used for the transformation of dicotyledons, but is also increasingly being applied to monocotyledons (Toriyama et al. (1988) Bio / Technology 6: 1072-1074; Zhang et al. (1988) Plant Cell Rep 7 : 379-384; Zhang et al. (1988) Theor Appl Genet 76: 835-840; Shi amoto et al.
- strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens are able to transfer genetic material - e.g. the expression cassettes according to the invention - e.g. the strains EHA101 [pEHAl01], EHA105 [pEHAl05], LBA4404 [pAL4404], C58Cl [pMP90] and C58Cl [pGV2260] (Hood et al. (1993) Transgenic Res 2: 208-218; Hoekema et al. (1983) Nature 303: 179-181; Koncz and Schell (1986) Gen Genet 204: 383-396; Deblaere et al. (1985) Nucl Acids Res 13: 4777-4788).
- the expression cassette is to be integrated into special plasmids, either into an intermediate vector (English: shuttle or intermediate vector) or into a binary vector.
- Binary vectors which can replicate both in E. coli and in Agrobacterium are preferably used. They usually contain a selection marker gene and a linker or polylinker, flanked by the right and left T-DNA restriction sequences. They can be transformed directly into Agrobacterium (Holsters et al. (1978) Mol Gen Genet 163: 181-187).
- the agrobacterium which acts as the host organism in this case should already contain a plasmid with the vir region. This is necessary for the transfer of T-DNA to the plant cell.
- An agrobacterium transformed in this way can be used to transform plant cells.
- T-DNA for the transformation of plant cells has been intensively investigated and described (EP-A 0 120 516; Hoekema, In: The Binary Plant Vector System, Offsetdrukkerij Kanters BV, Alblasserdam, Chapter V; An et al. (1985) EMBO J 4: 277-287).
- Various binary vectors are known and some are commercially available such as pBI101.2 or pBIN19 (Clontech Laboratories, Inc. USA; Bevan et al. (1984) Nucl Acids Res 12: 8711), pBinAR, PPZP200 or pPTV.
- the agrobacteria transformed with such a vector can then be used in a known manner to transform plants, in particular crop plants, such as e.g. of rapeseed can be used, for example by bathing wounded leaves or leaf pieces in an agrobacterial solution and then cultivating them in suitable media.
- agrobacteria The transformation of plants by agrobacteria is described (White FF (1993) Vectors for Gene Transfer in Higher Plants; in Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, edited by SD Kung and R Wu, Academic Press, pp. 15-38 ; Jenes B et al. (1993) Techniques for Gene Transfer, in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, edited by SD Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press, pp.
- transgenic plants From the transformed cells of the wounded leaves or leaf pieces, transgenic plants can be regenerated in a known manner, which plants contain the above-described expression systems according to the invention.
- Stably transformed cells may be selected from untransformed cells when a selectable marker is part of the introduced DNA.
- a selectable marker for example, any gene that can confer resistance to a biocide (for example an antibiotic or herbicide (see above) can act as a marker. See above).
- Transformed cells which express such a marker gene are able, in the presence of The selection marker allows the selection of transformed cells from untransformed ones (McCorick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5: 81-84).
- the plants obtained can be used in the usual way Bred and bred wisely, and two or more generations should be cultivated to ensure that genomic integration is stable and inheritable.
- a whole plant can be obtained using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- callus cultures individual cells (e.g. protoplasts) or leaf disks are used here (Vasil et al. (1984) Cell Culture and Somatic Cel Genetics of Plants, Vol I, II and III, Laboratory Procedures and Their Applications, Academic Press; Weissbach and Weissbach (1989) Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press).
- Undifferentiated callus cell masses can induce the formation of shoots and roots in a known manner.
- the sprouts obtained can be planted out and grown.
- Appropriate methods have been described (Fennell et al. (1992) Plant Cell Rep. 11: 567-570; Stoeger et al (1995) Plant Cell Rep. 14: 273-278; Jahne et al. (1994) Theor Appl Genet 89: 525-533).
- the effectiveness of the expression of the transgenically expressed nucleic acids can be determined, for example, in vitro. Sprout meristem increase can be determined using one of the selection methods described above. In addition, a change in the type and level of expression of a target gene and the effect on the phenotype of the plant can be tested on test plants in greenhouse experiments.
- Another object of the invention relates to transgenic organisms (transformed with at least one transgenic expression cassette according to the invention or a transgenic expression vector according to the invention), as well as cells, cell cultures, tissues, parts - such as leaves, roots etc. in plant organisms - or propagation material derived from such organisms.
- Organism starting or host organisms are understood to mean prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms, such as, for example, microorganisms or plant organisms.
- Preferred microorganisms are bacteria, yeast, algae or fungi.
- Preferred bacteria are bacteria of the genus Escherichia, Erwinia, Agrobacterium, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes or cyano-bacteria, for example of the genus Synechocystis.
- microorganisms which are used to infect plants and thus to transmit the cassettes according to the invention . are qualified.
- Preferred microorganisms are those from the genus Agrobacterium and in particular from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens species.
- Preferred yeasts are Candida, Saccharomyces, Hansenula or Pichia.
- Preferred mushrooms are Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Ashbya, Neur.ospora, Fusarium, Beauveria or others in Indian Chem Engr. Section B. Vol 37, No 1,2 (1995) on page 15, table described mushrooms.
- Host or starting organisms preferred as transgenic organisms are primarily plant organisms.
- Plant organism or cells derived therefrom generally includes every cell tissue, parts or propagation material (such as seeds or fruits) of an organism capable of photosynthesis. Included in the scope of the invention are all genera and species of higher and lower plants in the plant kingdom. Annual, perennial, monocot and dicot plants are preferred.
- Plant in the context of the invention means all genera and species of higher and lower plants in the plant kingdom. Included under the term are the mature plants, seeds, sprouts and seedlings, as well as parts derived therefrom, propagation material (for example bulbs, seeds or fruits), plant organs, tissues, protoplasts, callus and other cultures, for example cell or callus cultures , as well as all other types of groupings from plant cells to functional or structural units. Mature plants mean plants at any stage of development beyond the seedling. Seedling means a young, immature plant at an early stage of development.
- Plant organisms in the sense of the invention are further photosynthetically active organisms, such as algae, cyanobacteria and mosses.
- Preferred algae are green algae, such as algae of the genus Haematococcus, Phaedactylum tricornatum, Volvox or Dunaliella. Synechocystis, Chlamydomonas and Scenedes us are particularly preferred.
- plant organisms in the context of the invention are all genera and species of higher and lower plants in the plant kingdom. Also included are the ripe plants, seeds, tubers, beets, fruits, sprouts and seedlings, as well as parts, propagation material and cultures derived from them, for example cell cultures. Mature plants mean plants at any stage of development beyond the seedling. Seedling means a young, immature plant at an early stage of development.
- genes are preferred host organisms for the production of transgenic plants.
- the expression of genes is furthermore advantageous in all ornamental plants, useful or ornamental trees, flowers, cut flowers, shrubs' or turf. Examples include, but are not limited to, angiosperms, bryophytes such as hepaticae (liverwort) and musci (mosses); Pteridophytes such as ferns, horsetail .
- Gymnosperms like Conifers, cycads, ginkgo and gnetals
- Algae such as Chlorophyceae, Phaeophpyceae, Rhodophyceae, Myxophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) and Euglenophyceae.
- Plants from the following plant families are preferred: Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Carophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compos-itae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceaeeeaaceae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeeae, Rosaceaeeae, Rosaceaeeae, Rosaceaeeae Theaceae, Umbelliferae.
- Preferred monocotyledonous plants are selected in particular from the monocotyledonous crop plants, such as, for example, the family of the Gramineae such as rice, corn, wheat or other types of cereals such as barley, millet, rye, triticale or oats, and sugar cane and all types of grasses.
- the family of the Gramineae such as rice, corn, wheat or other types of cereals such as barley, millet, rye, triticale or oats, and sugar cane and all types of grasses.
- Preferred dicotyledonous plants are in particular selected from the dicotyledonous crop plants, such as, for example
- - Cruciferae especially the genus Brassica, especially the species napus (rape), campestris (turnip), oleracea cv Tastie (cabbage), oleracea cv Snowball Y (cauliflower) and oleracea cv Emperor (broccoli) and other types of cabbage; and the genus Arabidopsis, especially the species thaliana as well as cress or canola and others,
- Cucurbitaceae such as melon, 'pumpkin or zucchini and others
- Leguminosae especially the genus Glycine, especially the type max (soybean) soy as well as alfalfa, peas, beans or peanuts and others
- Rubiaceae preferably of the subclass Lamiidae such as, for example, Coffea arabica or Coffea liberica (coffee shrub) and others,
- - Solanaceae especially the genus Lycopersicon, especially the species esculentum (tomato), the genus Solanum, especially the species tuberosum (potato) and melongena (eggplant) and the genus Capsicum, especially the kind annum (pepper), as well as tobacco and others,
- Sterculiaceae preferably the subclass Dilleniidae such as Theobroma cacao (cocoa powder) and others,
- Theaceae preferably of the subclass Dilleniidae, such as, for example, Camellia sinensis or Thea sinensis (tea bush) and others,
- Beta vulgaris preferably the genus Beta vulgaris, in particular the species Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. altissima L. (sugar beet) and others;
- plants of the Solanaceae family particularly the genus Lycopersicon, very particularly the species esculentum (tomato), the genus Sölanum, very particularly the species tuberosum (potato) and melongena (eggplant), the family Chenopodiaceae, in particular the genus Beta vulgaris, in particular the species Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. altissima L.
- transgenic organisms described above cell cultures, parts - such as roots, leaves etc. in transgenic plant organisms - and transgenic propagation material such as seeds, tubers, beets or fruits.
- Genetically modified plants according to the invention that can be consumed by humans and animals can also be used, for example, directly or after preparation known per se as food or feed.
- a large number of nucleic acids or proteins are known to the person skilled in the art, the expression of which, controlled by the transgenic expression cassettes according to the invention, is advantageous.
- Target genes which play a role in sugar or starch metabolism, in sink-source relationships, in the balance of organic acids, as taste components and in resistance to biotic stress factors (pathogens such as viruses, for example) are particularly suitable in the context of the present invention , Insects or fungi), in the resistance to abiotic stress factors (heat, cold, dryness, increased moisture, environmental toxins, UV radiation), in the consistency of the tissues or in water / pH conditions, in the improvement of food or feed properties, the improvement of the germination and / or storage properties as well as the improvement of the growth rate or the yield.
- pathogens such as viruses, for example
- starch content is of particular interest for tomatoes and potatoes.
- a normal tomato consists of about 80 to 95% water, while starch - as the actually relevant ingredient for the production of, for example, tomato paste, ketchup - is broken down during ripening and has only a small proportion. Even a small increase in the starch content (and thus the proportion of the soluble components ("solubles") would be of considerable economic importance.
- the starch content of the tomato is significantly higher at 20%, but then decreases during development due to the mobilization of the starch and In the case of potatoes, an increased proportion of starch has a particularly advantageous effect on the deep-frying properties.
- the SSS3 promoters according to the invention could, for example, be used to suppress invertase activities, which are presumably involved in the expression of the characteristic "cold sweetening" acc. (Menendez et al. (2002) Genetics 162: 1423-14349. These gene activities can be suppressed, for example, by means of double-stranded RNA,., Cosuppression, antisense RNA or by expression of an invertase inhibitor.
- nucleic acid sequences whose expression under the control of one of the promoters according to the invention offers advantageous effects:
- Myoxocephalus Scorpius (WO 00/00512), Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus, the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription activator CBF1, glutamate dehydrogenases (WO 97/12983, WO 98/11240), calcium-dependent protein kinase genes (WO 98/26045), calcineurins (WO 99/29045) ), Yeast casein kinase (WO 02/052012), farnesyl transferases (WO 99/06580; Pei ZM et al. (1998) Science 282: 287-290), ferritin (Deak M et al.
- nucleic acids such as the artificial 1 cDNA coding for a microbial phytase (GenBank Acc.-No .: A19451) or functional equivalents thereof are particularly preferred.
- RNAsen or ribozymes.
- Further examples are nucleic acids which are used for the chit42 endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum (GenBank Acc.-No .: S78423) or for the N-hydroxylating, multifunctional cytochrome P-450 (CYP79) protein from Sorghum bicolor (GenBank Acc.-No .: U32624) or encode their functional equivalents.
- glucosinolates in foods to protect against pests is advantageous (Rask L et al. (2000) Plant Mol Biol 42: 93-113; Menard R et al. (1999) Phytochemistry 52: 29-35), expression of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins (Vaeck et al. (1987) Nature 328: 33-37) or protection against fungal attack by expression of chitinases, for example from the bean (Broglie et al. (1991) Science 254: 1194-1197).
- cry ⁇ A (b) and cry ⁇ A (c) genes coding for Lepidoptera-specific ⁇ -endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis can cause resistance to insect pests in various plants (Goyal RK et al. (2000) Crop Protection 19 (5 ): 307-312).
- Target genes which are furthermore suitable for defense against pathogens include "polygalacturonase inhibiting protein” (PGIP), thaumatin, invertase and antimicrobial peptides such as lactoferrin (Lee TJ et al. (2002) J Amer Soc Horticult Sei 127 (2): 158-164).
- PGIP polygalacturonase inhibiting protein
- thaumatin thaumatin
- invertase invertase
- antimicrobial peptides such as lactoferrin
- genes which cause an accumulation of fine chemicals such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, vitamin C or carotenoids.
- the phytoendaturase is one example. Preferred are nucleic acids which code for the phytoendesaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus (GenBank Acc.-No .: X78815) or functional equivalents thereof.
- the production of vitamin C can be modified and increased, for example, via the expression of GDP-mannose-3 ', 5' -epimerase (WO 02/103001).
- the carotenoid content in plants, for example potatoes can be increased by the expression of a protein which has the enzymatic activity of a zeaxanthin epoxidase (WO 02/103021). 5.
- nutraceuticals such as, for example, polyunsaturated fatty acids (for example arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid) by expression of fatty acid elongases and / or desaturases or production of proteins with improved nutritional value, for example with a high proportion of essential amino acids (for example the methionine-rich 2S albumingen of Brazil nut).
- polyunsaturated fatty acids for example arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid
- proteins with improved nutritional value, for example with a high proportion of essential amino acids (for example the methionine-rich 2S albumingen of Brazil nut).
- Preferred nucleic acids are those for the methionine-rich 2S albumin from Bertholletia excelsa (GenBank Acc.-No.: AB044391), the ⁇ 6-acyl lipid desaturase from Physcomitrella patens (GenBank Acc.-No .: AJ222980; Girke et al. (1998) Plant J 15: 39-48), the ⁇ 6 desaturase from Mortierell . a alpina (Sakuradani et al 1999 Gene 238: 445-453), the ⁇ 5-desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans (Michaelson et al.
- GDH glutamate dehydrogenase
- nucleic acids which code for Medicago sativa acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Accase) (GenBank Acc.-No .: L25042) or functional equivalents thereof. Further examples are described in Herbers & Sonnewald (1999) Curr Opinion Biotech- ' nol 10 163-168; Biesgen & Herbers (2000) J Plant Biotechnol 2: 1-12; Biesgen et al. (2002) Phytochemistry Reviews 1: 79-85.
- Accase Medicago sativa acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- the SSS3 promoter can e.g. can be used for the expression of a starch isynthase from wheat in order to modify the content or the composition of vegetable starch, which can serve for the optimization of food, the development of coatings, adhesives or packaging materials, and applications in the construction industry (WO 00/66745). Further possible uses are described in DE06483010 and WO 02/086112.
- the SSS3 promoter is particularly suitable for reducing the accumulation of sugars by expressing a phosphofructosekinase. This can be exploited especially when storing the potato at low temperature in order to suppress the so-called "cold sweetening" (US 6,489,539).
- the carbohydrate metabolism is modulated by the expression or repression of vegetable sugar transporters (WO 02/0199217).
- Further advantageous examples are invertase inhibitor (Börnke et al. (1999) Nature Biotech 17: 708-711), sucrose isomerase (Börnke et al. (2002) Planta 214: 356-364, "Starch-related R1 protein” (Lorberth et al. (1998) Nature Biotechnolbgy 16 (5): 473-7, Ritte et al. (2000) Plant Journal 21 (4): 387-91). '
- the SSS3 promoter can also be used to express proteins in starchy tissues, such as potato tubers, to increase nutritional value (Chakraborty et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 97: 3724-3729).
- Pectin can be modified by the expression of an endo-1,4- ⁇ -D-galactanase (S0rensen et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 97: 7639-7644).
- the content of storage substances such as lipids, fatty acids, starch or seed proteins can be modulated by the expression of “lipid metabolism proteins” (LMP) (WO 02/099076).
- LMP lipid metabolism proteins
- the SSS3 promoter can be used for the expression of a xylanase in order to control the growth and death and the ripening of plants (US Pat. No. 6,495,743).
- Functional analogs of the nucleic acids or proteins mentioned can also be expressed.
- Functional analogs here means all the sequences that have essentially the same function i.e. are capable of the function (for example a substrate conversion or a signal transduction) as well as the protein mentioned by way of example.
- the functional analogue can differ in other characteristics. For example, it may have a higher or lower activity, or it may have other functionalities.
- Functional analogs also mean sequences which code for fusion proteins consisting of one of the preferred proteins and other proteins, for example another preferred protein or else a signal peptide sequence.
- Effects can also be achieved by expression of a corresponding zinc finger transcription factor under the control of one of the promoters according to the invention.
- the expression of certain Myb transcription factors can, for example, modulate the flavonoid bisoythesis (Moyano et al. (1996) Plant Cell 8: 1519-32). Further. Examples of the regulation of secondary metabolism are described (Memelink (2001) Advances in Biochemical Engineering-Biotechnology 72: 103-25).
- the transgenic expression cassettes according to the invention can also be used to reduce (suppression) transcription and / or translation of target genes by "gene silencing" the.
- the transgenic expression cassettes according to the invention can express nucleic acids which bring about PTGS ("post-transcriptional gene silencing") or TGS ("transcriptional silencing") effects and thus a reduction in the expression of endogenous genes. Said reduction can, for example, by expression of an "antisense" RNA (including EP-Al 0 458 367; EP-AI 0 140 308; van der Krol AR et al. (1988) BioTechniques 6 (10): 658-676; de Lange 'P et al.
- RNA double-stranded RNA, each of which has homology to the endogenous target gene to be reduced.
- the expression of a corresponding "sense" RNA can also reduce the expression of endogenous genes by means of so-called co-suppression (EP-Al 0 465 572).
- the expression of a double-stranded RNA is particularly preferred for reducing the gene expression of a target gene.
- WO 99/32619 and WO 99/53050 describe methods for inhibiting individual target genes using an RNA having a double-stranded structure, the target gene and the region of the RNA duplex having at least a partial identity (see also: Montgomery-MK et al (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 95: 15502-15507;
- RNA interference RNA interference
- Preferred applications in which the reduction (suppression) of gene expression requires an advantageous phenotype include, by way of example, but not by way of limitation:
- a modification of the carbohydrate composition can be achieved, for example, by reducing the gene expression of genes of carbohydrate metabolism or carbohydrate biosynthesis .
- genes of carbohydrate metabolism or carbohydrate biosynthesis for example the biosynthesis of amylose, pectins, cellulose or cell wall carbohydrates.
- target genes which may be mentioned include, but are not limited to, phosphorylases, starch synthetases, branching enzymes (“branching enzymes”), lipoxygenases (Griffiths A et al. (1999) Postharvest Biology & Technology 17 (3): 163-173), debranching Enzymes and various amylases.
- the fusion of an SSS3 promoter with an antisense-oriented sequence of one or both subunits of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is able to inhibit the activity thereof in the early development of fruits and tubers and to increase the ratio between soluble sugars and starches ,
- a shift in the amylose / amylopectin ratio in starch can be brought about by suppression of both isoforms of the branching enzyme which are responsible for the ⁇ ⁇ 1,6-glycosidic linkage.
- Appropriate procedures are described (for example in Schwall GP et al. (2000) Nat Biotechnol 18 (5): 551-554).
- Nucleic acid sequences such as that of the Starch branching enzyme II of the potato (GenBank Acc.-No .: AR123356; US 6,169,226) or its homologs from other genera and species are preferably used for this purpose.
- Another application is the suppression of endogenous activities (enzymes, signal transduction, phytohormone etc.) by immunomodulation.
- Delayed fruit ripening or a modified ripening phenotype can be achieved, for example, by reducing the gene expression of genes selected from the group consisting of polygalacturonases, pectin esterases, ⁇ - (1-4) glucanases (cellulases), ⁇ -galactanases ( ⁇ -galactosidases), or genes of ethylene biosynthesis such as 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, adenosyl methionine hydrolase
- SAMase aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidas, genes of carotenoid biosynthesis such as e.g. Prephytoene or phytoene biosynthesis genes, for example phyto-desaturases, as well as O-methyltransferases, aeyl-carrier protein (ACP), elongation factor, auxin-induced gene, cysteine
- the reduction in the gene expression of genes coding for storage proteins has numerous advantages, such as, for example, reducing the allergenic potential or changing the composition or amount of other metabolites such as, for example, oil or starch content.
- Resistance to plant pathogens such as arachnids, fungi, insects, nematodes, protozoa, viruses, bacteria and diseases can be achieved by reducing the gene expression of genes that are necessary for growth, survival, certain stages of development (for example pupation) or reproduction a particular pathogen is essential. A corresponding reduction can result in a complete inhibition of the aforementioned steps, but can also delay them.
- These can be plant genes, which allow the pathogen to penetrate, for example, but can also be genes inherent in the pathogen.
- the transgenically expressed nucleic acid sequence (for example the double-stranded RNA) is preferably directed against genes of the pathogen.
- the transgenically expressed nucleic acid sequence (eg the double-stranded RNA) itself, but also the transgenic expression cassettes or transgenic organisms, can act as an anti-pathogenic agent.
- the plants themselves can contain the agents in the form of a transgenic organism and pass them on to the pathogens, for example in the form of a feeding poison.
- Various essential genes of various pathogens are known to the person skilled in the art (for example for nematode resistance WO 93/10251, WO 94/17194).
- Virus resistance can be achieved, for example, by reducing the expression of a virile coat protein, a viral replicase, a viral protease, etc. Numerous plant viruses and corresponding target genes are known to the person skilled in the art. 8.
- target genes are described (inter alia in WO 97/16559).
- the target genes preferred for the reduction of 14-1.6 kDa allergenic proteins are described, for example, by Tada Y et al. (1996) FEBS Lett 391 (3): 341-345 or Nakamura R (1996) Biosci Biotechnol Bioche 60 (8): 1215-1221.
- Corresponding target genes include Cinnamoyl-CoA: NADPH reductases or cinnamoyl alcohol holding hydrogenases. Further target genes are described (inter alia in WO 95/07993).
- an “antisense” nucleic acid initially means a nucleic acid sequence that is completely or partially complementary to at least part of the “sense” strand of said target protein. It is known to the person skilled in the art that he can alternatively use the cDNA or the corresponding gene as the starting template for corresponding antisense constructs.
- the “antisense” nucleic acid is preferably complementary to the coding region of the target protein or a part thereof. However, the "antisense” nucleic acid can also be complementary to the non-coding region or a part thereof.
- an antisense nucleic acid can be designed in the manner familiar to the person skilled in the art, taking into account the base pair rules of Watson and Crick.
- an antisense nucleic acid can be complementary to all or part of the nucleic acid sequence of a target protein.
- the antisense nucleic acid is an oligonucleotide with a length of, for example, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides.
- the antisense strategy can advantageously be coupled with a ribozyme method.
- Ribozymes are catalytically active RNA sequences which, coupled to the antisense sequences, catalytically cleave the target sequences (Tanner NK (1999) FEMS Microbiol Rev 23 (3): 257-75). This can increase the efficiency of an anti-sense strategy.
- the expression of ribozymes to reduce tuned proteins are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in EP-Al 0 291 533, EP-Al 0 321 201 and EP AI 0 360 257.
- Suitable target sequences and ribozymes can be obtained, for example, as in the case of Steinecke (Ribozymes, Methods in Cell Biology 5 50, Galbraith et al eds Academic Press, Inc. (1995), 449-460) " , can be determined by secondary structure calculations of ribozyme and target RNA and by their interaction (Bayley CC et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol 18 (2 ) - 353-361; Lloyd AM and Davis RW et al. (1994) Mol Gen Genet 242 (6): 653-657)
- ribozymes 10 to call "hammerhead” ribozymes (Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334: 585-591).
- Preferred ribozymes are based on derivatives of the Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA (US 4,987,071; US 5,116,742). Additional ribozymes with selectivity for an L119 mRNA can be selected (Bartel D and Szostak JW (1993) Science
- the introduced construct can represent the gene to be reduced in whole or in part. The possibility of translation is not necessary.
- double stranded RNA interference double stranded RNA interference
- Appropriate methods are known to the person skilled in the art and are described in detail (for example Matzke MA et al. (2000) Plant Mol Biol 43: 401-415; Fire A. et al (1998) Nature 391: 806-811; WO 99/32619; WO 99753050; WO 00/68374; WO 00/44914;
- Another object of the invention relates to the use of the novel above-described transgenic organisms, and cell 1 of them, cell cultures, parts - such as, for example, the case of transgenic plant organisms roots, leaves
- transgenic propagation material such as seeds or fruits, for the production of food or feed, pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals.
- Also preferred is a process for the recombinant production of pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals in host organisms a host organism being transformed with one of the expression cassettes described above and this expression cassette containing one or more structural genes which code for the desired fine chemical or catalyze its biosynthesis, the transformed Host organism is grown and the desired fine chemical is isolated from the growth medium.
- This process is widely applicable to fine chemicals such as enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, natural and synthetic flavors, aromas and colors.
- the production of tocopherols and tocotrienols and carotenoids such as astaxanthin is particularly preferred.
- the transformed host organisms are grown and isolated from the host organisms or from the growth medium using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 promoter of the SSS3 gene from potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- SEQ ID NO: 2 promoter of the SSS3 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana
- SEQ ID NO: 3 promoter of the SSS3 gene from rice (Oryza sativa)
- SEQ ID NO: 4 promoter of the SSS3 gene from wheat (Triticum aesti um)
- SEQ ID NO: 5 nucleic acid sequence coding for starch synthase 3 (SSS3) from potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- SEQ ID NO: 6 amino acid sequence coding for starch synthase 3 (SSS3) from potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- SEQ ID NO: 7 nucleic acid sequence coding for strong synthase 3 (SSS3) from Arabidopsis thaliana
- SSS3 amino acid sequence coding for Arabidopsis thaliana starch synthase 3
- SEQ ID NO: 9 nucleic acid sequence coding for starch synthase 3 (SSS3) from rice (Oryza sativa)
- SEQ ID NO: 10 amino acid sequence coding for starch synthase 3 (SSS3) from rice (Oryza sativa)
- SEQ ID NO: 11 nucleic acid sequence coding for strong synthase 3 (SSS3) from wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- SEQ ID NO: 12 amino acid sequence coding for starch synthase 3 (SSS3) from wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- SEQ ID NO: 13 nucleic acid sequence coding for strong synthase 3 (SSS3) from wheat (Aegilops tauschii) 14.
- SEQ ID NO: 15 nucleic acid sequence coding for starch synthase 3 (SSS3) from the asparagus / Catjang bean (Vigna unguiculata)
- SEQ ID NO: 17 nucleic acid sequence coding for starch synthase 3 (SSS3) from maize (Zea mays)
- SEQ ID NO: 19 to 39 sequence motifs for strong synthase 3 proteins
- SEQ ID NO: 40 oligonucleotide primer R-DSS3-263 (27 mer)
- SEQ ID NO: 41 oligonucleotide primer R-DSS3-317 (27 mer)
- SEQ ID NO: 42 oligonucleotide primer L-DS3 (44mer)
- SEQ ID NO: 43 oligonucleotide primer R-DS3: (38 mer)
- SEQ ID NO: 44 promoter of the SSS3 gene from potato (Solanum tuberosum; polymorphic to SEQ ID NO: 1)
- SEQ ID NO: 45 oligonucleotide primer S'actin AC1 (23mer)
- SEQ ID NO: 46 oligonucleotide primer 3'actin AC2 (23mer)
- SEQ ID NO: 47 oligonucleotide primer L-SSS3-G50 (24mer)
- SEQ ID NO: 48 oligonucleotide primer R-GUS-G809 (22 mer)
- Fig. 2 GUS activity in tubers from 5 potato lines (2, 12, 14, 15 and 17) transformed with SSS3 promoter: GUS construct.
- ⁇ L leaves; G: developing tubers; R2: 45 days storage at room temperature; R3: 90 days storage at room temperature.
- Fig. 3 PCR amplification of the cDNA (primer in the 5 'untranslated region of the SSS3 promoter and in the GUS gene)
- H20 negative control
- pDSSS-Bi-Hp4 Plasmid DNA as a positive control, cDNA after 45 days (left) and after 90 days
- Fig. 4 Green fruits of lines 1 (A), 2 (B), 6 (C), 21 (D), 30 (E), WT (F), orange fruit of line 23 (G), blue-colored Seeds, undyed cuts through petioles (I), bud (J) and flower (K) and flower (K) colored in the anthers and colored pollen (L) from tomato plants transformed with pSun0301_SSS3
- Fig. 5 GUS activity in the green fruits of tomato lines, transformed with pSun0301_SSS3. Error bars always show the standard error
- Fig. 6 Comparison of GUS activity in selected lines of transgenic tomato plants (white bars: green fruits, black bars: red fruits; error bars each show the standard error).
- Fig. 7a-f Comparison ("Alignment") of SSS3 protein sequences from potato (STSSS3), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSSS3), asparagus / Catjang bean (Vigna unguiculata; VUSSS3), Aegilops tauschii (AtaSSS3), wheat (Triticum aestivum; TASSS3), rice (OS SSS3), maize (ZM SSS3).
- Identical amino acids have a gray background and are highlighted by the "Conensus” sequence that is additionally indicated.
- the strain DH5 ⁇ (Hanahan D (1983) J Mol Biol 166: 557-580)
- the agrobacterial strains LBA4404 and C58C1 [pGV2260] were transformed directly according to An G (1987) Mol Gen Genet 207: 210-216 using the freeze-thaw method.
- Cotyledons of seven to ten day old seedlings of the Mi ⁇ rotome line serve as the starting explant for the transformation.
- the culture medium according to Murashige and Skoog (Murashige and Skoog, 1962, Physiol. Plant. 15, 473-497) with 2% sucrose, pH 6.1 is used for germination. Germination takes place at 21 ° C with little light (20 - 100 ⁇ E).
- the cotyledons are NEN divided crosswise and placed on the medium MSBN (MS, pH 6.1, 3% sucrose + 1 mg / 1 BAP, 0.1 mg / 1 NAA), which had been loaded with suspension-cultivated tobacco cells the day before.
- the tobacco cells are air-bubble-free covered with sterile filter paper.
- the explants are precultured on the medium described for three to five days.
- the explants are then infected with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404, which carries the binary plasmid with the gene to be transformed, as follows:
- the strain which has been cultivated overnight in YEB medium with the antibiotic for the binary plasmid at 28 ° C. is centrifuged.
- the bacterial pellet is resuspended with liquid MS medium (3% sucrose, pH 6.1) and adjusted to an optical density of 0.3 (at 600 nm).
- the precultivated explants are transferred to the suspension and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with gentle shaking.
- the explants are then dried with sterile filter paper and placed back on their preculture medium for the three-day co-culture (21 ° C).
- the explants are transferred to MSZ2 medium (MS pH 6.1 + 3% sucrose, 2 mg / 1 zeatin, 100 mg / 1 kanamycin, 160 mg / 1 timentin) and for selective regeneration at 21 ° C stored under low light conditions (20 - 100 ⁇ E, light rhythm 16h / 8h).
- MSZ2 medium MS pH 6.1 + 3% sucrose, 2 mg / 1 zeatin, 100 mg / 1 kanamycin, 160 mg / 1 timentin
- the explants are transferred every two to three weeks until shoots form. Small shoots can be separated from the explant and rooted on MS (pH 6.1 + 3% sucrose) 160 mg / 1 timentin, 30 mg / 1 kanamycin, 0.1 mg / 1 IAA. Rooted plants are transferred to the greenhouse.
- the genomic DNA of transgenic potato and tomato plants was isolated using the DNA isolation kit from Macherey & Nagel. In a first step, the transgenic lines were identified via PCR with gene-specific primers. The integration of the foreign DNA was examined using "Southerriblot” analyzes of 20 ⁇ g DNA after a suitable restriction cleavage.
- the following method was used to obtain genomic potato DNA to isolate the SSS3 promoter: mortar and pestle were cooled with liquid nitrogen and 5 g of young leaf material were homogenized to a fine powder. This powder was transferred to a 50 ml centrifuge tube. With 15ml freshly prepared "of extraction buffer, the material was shaken vigorously. After addition of 1 ml 20% SDS, pH 7.2 the mixture at 65 ° C for 10 min was incubated. Next, 5 ml 5M potassium acetate was added, for an additional 30 min on ice incubated and then centrifuged at 12000 rpm. The supernatant was filtered through a Miracloth membrane and transferred to a fresh centrifuge tube and centrifuged again as described above.
- Extraction buffer 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 500 mM NaCl
- the first step was to produce uncloned, adapter-ligated genomic DNA Fragments, so-called Genome Walker libraries, for which the genomic DNA from Solanum tuberosum cultivar Desiree was used.
- the enzyme Hpal was used as a restriction enzyme in accordance with the instructions (“library DNA”).
- the following primers were derived for the amplification of the promoter fragment.
- Primer R-DSS3-263 (27 mer): 5 'TGC ATT GGA GAC ACT TGT GCA ACT CAA 3' (SEQ ID NO: 40)
- the PCR reaction was carried out on the Perkin Elmer GeneAmp PCR System 2400 Thermal Cycler.
- 3 ul of the 1st PCR reaction was diluted with 97 ul water and used for the 2nd PCR reaction.
- Tth polymerase mix 1.0 ul Primer AP2 from the kit 1 ⁇ l
- Primers were derived from the sequence of the amplified product and a new PCR was carried out starting from genomic DNA in order to ensure that it was the actual genomic promoter region of the SSS3 gene.
- a 1.1 kb fragment was amplified using the high fidelity PfuTurbo DNA polymerase (Stratagene) under the following conditions.
- the primers (derived and ordered on 3-8-00) contain the restriction sites Sall, Xbal, Smal and BamHI for later cloning.
- L-DS3 (5 'primer for promoter amplification, 44mer) 5' GTC GAC TCT AGA GGA AGA AAT CTT CTC TGT CTA AAA AAT TGA CG 3 '(SEQ ID NO: 42; the primer starts with Sall and Xbal restriction sites; in bold letters) •
- R-DS3 (3 'primer for promoter amplification, 38mer)
- the 3 'end of the isolated SSS3 promoter ends at position 75 of the cDNA sequence of the SSS3 gene (Acc. No. X94400), this is 131 bp upstream from the start codon ATG.
- the sequence is without the attached interfaces' by SEQ ID NO: reproduced 1 and 44 respectively.
- Genomic potato DNA ( ⁇ 100ng) 1.0 ⁇ l
- the PCR reaction was separated on a 1% agarose gel and the 1.1 kb PCR fragment was isolated as described above. This fragment was cloned into the vector pCR blunt (Invitrogen, Zero blunt PCR Cloning Kit, # K2700-20). The sequence data showed that two slightly different promoters were isolated.
- the corresponding plasmids were named pDSSS-Hp4 (Seq ID 25 NO: 1) and pDSSS-Hp6 (SEQ ID NO: 44). In addition to a few base pair exchanges and smaller deletions, they differ in an additional Xbal site (SEQ ID NO: 44) in the plasmid pDSSS-Hp6.
- the binary vector pBIlOl (Jefferson et al. (1987) EMBO J 6: 3901-3907) was used for the transformation into potato and the promoters were cloned in front of the GUS gene.
- the plasmid pDSSS-Hp4 was cut with Xbal and BamHI.
- the 1.1 kb promoter fragment was isolated and ligated into the pBIlOl cut with the same enzymes.
- the resulting plasmid was named pDSSS3-Bi-Hp4 and was included in the agrobact
- the plasmid pDSSS-Hp6 was cut with the restriction enzymes Sall and BamHI. The 1.1 kb promoter fragment was isolated and ligated into pBIlOl 45 cut with the same enzymes. The resulting plasmid was named pDSSS3-Bi-Hp6 . and transformed into the agrobacterial strain C58C1 [pGV2260]. The agrobacterial colonies were grown on Km50 / Amp50 / Rif25 ( ⁇ g / ml) selected. With these strains the transformation into potato took place.
- the promoter In order to determine the properties of the promoter, it is necessary to place the promoter in front of a so-called reporter gene which enables expression activity to be determined.
- the bacterial ⁇ -glucuronidase may be mentioned (Jefferson et al. (1987) EMBO J 6: 3901-3907).
- the ⁇ -glucuronidase activity can be determined in planta using a chromogenic substrate such as 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid (X-Gluc) as part of an activity staining.
- X-Gluc 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid
- a second assay allows a quantitative determination of the GUS activity in the examined tissue.
- MUG 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-ß-D-glucuronide
- MU methyl-umbelliferone
- the analyzed transgenic plants which were transformed with the plasmid pDSSS3-Bi-Hp6, showed activity only in the tubers. .
- Table 1 GUS activity in developing tubers and mature leaves from selected SSSIII :: GUS lines. The lines were obtained by transformation with pDSSS-BiHp4. Average values of 4 measurements are shown. The values are given in Picomol MU / mg protein / min; Line 10 is a negative control.
- the activity of the SSS3 promoter during tuber storage 5 was determined using the fluorometric GUS assay described. Samples of developing tubers were taken as well as 45 and 90 days after the tubers had been stored. The results of the best 5 lines are shown in Fig. 2. The values for the adult leaves are also shown for comparison. 10 In most lines, GUS activity in the tubers that were stored for 45 days was approximately 2 times higher than in the developing tubers. During further storage, the Gus activity in the tubers continued to increase slightly.
- the line with the strongest activity is line 15.
- a GUS activity of 63391437 pM MU / min mg protein was measured. After 45 days of storage at room temperature, the GUS activity was 108431329 and after 90 days was 123441681. This activity was thus 2x higher than in growing tubers and
- the mRNA of the glucuronidase was detected by RT-PCR.
- the cDNA of the potato tubers was determined using the Bauer 30 et al. isolated (Plant Physiol. 105: 585-592, 1994).
- the actin gene which was amplified using the following primers, served as a positive control.
- the mRNA is shown as a negative control to check the amplification of genomic DNA and the cDNA of the tubers, isolated from lines 2, 9, 12, 15 and 17, after 45 and 90 days, respectively.
- the ' amplificates (1.1 kb) show that the method works and the expression of the actin gene is comparable in all transgenic lines and that no genomic DNA is available.
- Primers were derived for the detection of the expression of the GUS gene, mediated by the SSS3 promoter.
- L-SSS3, -G50 corresponds to the 5 untranslated region of the ⁇ SSS3 gene which is also present in the binary plasmid pDSSS3-Bi-Hp4.
- the 3 ⁇ primer R-GUS-G809 was derived from the GUS gene.
- the PCR mix and the PCR conditions were the same as for the amplification of the actin gene with the exception that the PCR reaction was carried out in 25 ⁇ l with 0.125 ⁇ l TaKaRa Taq polymerase and 1 ⁇ l primer.
- Example 11 Cloning 'of the promoter into the binary vector SSS3 pSUN0301 for analysis of the expression pattern in tomato
- the plasmid pDSSS-Hp4 was cut with the restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI and the resulting fragment of 1kb length in the binary plasmid pSUN0301 (derivative of pSUN; SunGene GmbH S. Co KgaA, WO 0200900) before the GUS gene contained there.
- the resulting plasmid was named pSUN0301_SSS3 and verified by sequence analysis. After transformation into the agro-bacterial strain LBA4.404, a tomato transformation was carried out using the protocol described above ( v) .
- Example 12 Tissue-specific analysis of the. transgenic lines
- Example 13 Quantitative determination of the strength of the SSS3 promoter in green fruits of transgenic tomato plants
- FIG. 6 shows the evaluation of the quantitative analysis of the GUS activity in the green fruits of tomato lines, which were transformed with the pSUN0301_SSS3 construct.
- the diagram shows the high expression of the SSS3 promoter, which is suitable for expressing other genes especially in green fruits.
- Example 14 Comparison of Gus expression in green immature and red, ripe fruits of transgenic tomato plants
- the GUS activity in the immature, green fruits of the tomatoes, transformed with the pSun0301_SSS3 construct, is significantly higher than in the ripe red fruits.
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US10/542,516 US7563944B2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-15 | Expression cassette for nucleic acids in plant tissue containing starch |
CA002513289A CA2513289A1 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-15 | Expression cassette with promotors of starch synthesis 3 for the expression of nucleic acids in plant tissue containing starch |
EP04702308A EP1604027A2 (de) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-15 | Expressionskassette mit promotoren der stärkesynthase 3 zur expression von nukleinsäuren in stärkehaltigen geweben von pflanzen |
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DE102004057291C5 (de) * | 2004-11-26 | 2010-08-26 | Südzucker AG Mannheim/Ochsenfurt | Lagerungsinduzierte Promotoren |
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WO2008151149A2 (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-11 | Solazyme, Inc. | Production of oil in microorganisms |
ES2583639T3 (es) | 2008-11-28 | 2016-09-21 | Terravia Holdings, Inc. | Producción de aceites específicos en microorganismos heterótrofos |
JP5996527B2 (ja) | 2010-05-28 | 2016-09-21 | テラヴィア ホールディングス, インコーポレイテッド | 用途に応じた油を含む食品成分 |
SG10201509035WA (en) | 2010-11-03 | 2015-12-30 | Solazyme Inc | Microbial Oils With Lowered Pour Points, Dielectric Fluids Produced Therefrom, And Related Methods |
JP6071904B2 (ja) | 2011-02-02 | 2017-02-01 | テラヴィア ホールディングス, インコーポレイテッド | 組み換え油産生微生物から生成される用途に応じた油 |
SG11201406711TA (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2014-11-27 | Solazyme Inc | Tailored oils |
CA2921035A1 (en) | 2013-08-14 | 2015-02-19 | Kansas State University Research Foundation | Expression of thermostable starch synthase genes improves the yield in heat stress |
WO2015051319A2 (en) | 2013-10-04 | 2015-04-09 | Solazyme, Inc. | Tailored oils |
CN106574255A (zh) | 2014-07-10 | 2017-04-19 | 泰拉瑞亚控股公司 | 酮脂酰acp合酶基因及其用途 |
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DE3843627A1 (de) | 1988-12-21 | 1990-07-05 | Inst Genbiologische Forschung | Kartoffelknollenspezifische transkriptionale regulation |
US5859330A (en) | 1989-12-12 | 1999-01-12 | Epitope, Inc. | Regulated expression of heterologous genes in plants and transgenic fruit with a modified ripening phenotype |
JP3325022B2 (ja) | 1990-06-18 | 2002-09-17 | モンサント カンパニー | 植物中の増加された澱粉含量 |
US5498830A (en) | 1990-06-18 | 1996-03-12 | Monsanto Company | Decreased oil content in plant seeds |
GB9525353D0 (en) | 1995-12-12 | 1996-02-14 | Nat Starch Chem Invest | Potato soluble starch synthase |
US6127179A (en) | 1996-04-17 | 2000-10-03 | Dellapenna; Dean | Gene promoter for tomato fruit |
HUP0103618A3 (en) * | 1998-09-10 | 2003-12-29 | Monsanto Uk Ltd Cambridge | Isoforms of starch branching enzyme ii (sbe-iia and sbe-iib) from wheat |
DE19852195C2 (de) | 1998-11-04 | 2000-11-02 | Inst Pflanzengenetik & Kultur | Neue Expressionskassette zur Expression von beliebigen Genen in Pflanzensamen |
AU4492900A (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2000-11-17 | Agritope, Inc. | Apple promoters for expression of transgenes in plants |
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DE102004057291C5 (de) * | 2004-11-26 | 2010-08-26 | Südzucker AG Mannheim/Ochsenfurt | Lagerungsinduzierte Promotoren |
US8093457B2 (en) | 2004-11-26 | 2012-01-10 | Kws Saat Ag | Storage-induced promoter |
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WO2004065537A3 (de) | 2005-01-13 |
US20060130182A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
EP1604027A2 (de) | 2005-12-14 |
US7563944B2 (en) | 2009-07-21 |
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