JP5967730B2 - リグノセルロース系バイオマスからのリグニンの製造 - Google Patents
リグノセルロース系バイオマスからのリグニンの製造 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5967730B2 JP5967730B2 JP2014509493A JP2014509493A JP5967730B2 JP 5967730 B2 JP5967730 B2 JP 5967730B2 JP 2014509493 A JP2014509493 A JP 2014509493A JP 2014509493 A JP2014509493 A JP 2014509493A JP 5967730 B2 JP5967730 B2 JP 5967730B2
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- Prior art keywords
- lignin
- temperature
- pressure
- lignocellulosic biomass
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 title claims description 109
- 239000002029 lignocellulosic biomass Substances 0.000 title claims description 32
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 64
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 C 6 saccharides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910052592 oxide mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl sulfide Chemical compound CSC QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010882 bottom ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009491 slugging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000194 supercritical-fluid extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N D-Cellobiose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004606 Fillers/Extenders Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004067 bulking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- YWEUIGNSBFLMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphonate Chemical compound O=P(=O)OP(=O)=O YWEUIGNSBFLMFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZFYOUJTOSBFPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M dipotassium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+].[K+] FZFYOUJTOSBFPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001728 nano-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentoxide Inorganic materials O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003673 urethanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Chemical compound COC1=CC(C=O)=CC=C1O MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Natural products COC1=CC(O)=CC(C=O)=C1 FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012141 vanillin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08H6/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignin, e.g. tannins, humic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07G—COMPOUNDS OF UNKNOWN CONSTITUTION
- C07G1/00—Lignin; Lignin derivatives
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
- B01J3/06—Processes using ultra-high pressure, e.g. for the formation of diamonds; Apparatus therefor, e.g. moulds or dies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B7/00—Preparation of cellulose esters of both organic and inorganic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08H8/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/14—Clay-containing compositions
- C09K8/18—Clay-containing compositions characterised by the organic compounds
- C09K8/20—Natural organic compounds or derivatives thereof, e.g. polysaccharides or lignin derivatives
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
- D21H17/23—Lignins
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/54—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31971—Of carbohydrate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31971—Of carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31975—Of cellulosic next to another carbohydrate
- Y10T428/31978—Cellulosic next to another cellulosic
- Y10T428/31986—Regenerated or modified
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
- Compounds Of Unknown Constitution (AREA)
- Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Description
本出願は、その開示内容全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、2011年5月4日出願の米国特許出願第61/482,479号明細書の利益を主張する。
第1圧力および第1温度でリグノセルロース系バイオマスを提供する工程であって、前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスが:
不溶性リグニン;
を含む第1固体画分;
可溶性C6サッカリド;
可溶性リグニン;
を含む第1液体画分;
を含む、工程と、
前記第1圧力下にて、前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスの前記第1温度を、リグニンのガラス転移温度を少なくとも約1℃超える第2温度に下げる工程と、
前記第2温度での前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスの前記第1圧力を、約1秒未満の時間で第2圧力に下げ、前記第1液体画分中の前記可溶性リグニンを沈殿させ、かつ
不溶性リグニン;
沈殿リグニン;
を含む第2固体画分;
可溶性C6サッカリド;
を含む第2液体体画;
を含む混合物が形成される工程と、
を含む、リグノセルロース系バイオマスからリグニンを製造する方法であって、
前記不溶性リグニンおよび沈殿リグニンの平均粒径が約500ミクロン未満である、方法に関する。
約500ミクロン以下の平均サイズを有するリグニンを含む組成物であって、
前記リグニンが、超臨界流体抽出または近臨界流体抽出を用いて、リグノセルロース系バイオマスから処理される、組成物に関する。
第1圧力および第1温度でリグノセルロース系バイオマスを提供する工程であって、前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスが:
不溶性リグニン;
を含む第1固体画分;
可溶性C6サッカリド;
可溶性リグニン;
を含む第1液体画分;
を含む、工程と、
前記第1圧力下にて、前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスの前記第1温度を、リグニンのガラス転移温度を少なくとも約1℃超える第2温度に下げる工程と、
前記第2温度での前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスの前記第1圧力を、約1秒未満の時間で第2圧力に下げ、前記第1液体画分中の前記可溶性リグニンを沈殿させ、かつ
不溶性リグニン;
沈殿リグニン;
を含む第2固体画分;
可溶性C6サッカリド;
を含む第2液体画分;
を含む混合物が形成される工程と、
を含む、リグノセルロース系バイオマスからリグニンを製造する方法であって、
前記不溶性リグニンおよび沈殿リグニンの平均粒径が約500ミクロン未満である、方法に関する。
臨界流体抽出または近臨界流体抽出を用いてリグノセルロース系バイオマスから処理されるリグニン;
を含む組成物に関する。
前処理(分画)およびセルロース加水分解プロセスによって、供給原料として使用されるリグノセルロース系バイオマスからリグニンが遊離される。この実施例における試験のために、セルロース流出液のフラッシングから生成されたリグニン試料を試験し、発熱量、近似、最終、および灰溶融温度、灰酸化物組成、含水率および粒径を決定した。
重力および20μm濾紙を利用して、フラッシュされたセルロース加水分解流出液グルコースストリームから、リグニンが分離される場合、リグニンは平均含水率65〜75重量%を有する。これはさらに、遠心機または真空濾過ユニットを使用して低減され、母液から固形分をさらに効果的に分離することができる。代表的なリグニン試料は、グルコース生成物タンクの底で回収されるスラッジから得られ、その生成物は、約225バールおよび375℃のセルロース加水分解条件にて100メッシュ木粉の複数回の実施から生成された。続いて、この試料を空気乾燥させて、その乾燥率を測定した。
種々の含水率のリグニンの発熱量を分析した。燃料の発熱量は、酸素によるその完全な燃焼中に放出される熱の尺度である。いずれの燃料も水素を含有し、水素が空気中で燃焼すると、燃焼生成物として水が形成される。この生成された水は蒸気状態を維持することができるか、あるいは凝縮することができて液体を形成し、相変化に伴う気化潜熱のために測定発熱量の実質的な違いが生じる。燃料ユニットによって放出される熱を決定する場合には、発生した水がすべて凝縮され、したがって、発熱量が気化潜熱を組み込む場合に想定されるよりも、より高位の(または総)発熱量(HHV)が通常報告される。より低位の(または正味)発熱量(LHV)については、水が全く凝縮していないと想定されており、燃焼生成物のすべてが気体状態を維持する。HHVは、酸素燃焼式熱量計を使用して決定することができ、燃料の単位重量当たりに関する熱(Btu/ポンドf)によって表される。LHVの決定は、以下の等式から計算され得る:
HHV=LHV+nHvp
式中:
HHV=燃料高位発熱量(Btu/ポンドf)
LHV=燃料高位発熱量(Btu/ポンドf)
n=消費された燃料の質量当たりの、発生した水の理論質量(ポンドw/ポンドf)
Hvp=水の気化潜熱(Btu/ポンドw)
個々の粒子の表面積/質量比は、燃焼効率、ボイラーのデザイン、および燃焼空気の導入方法に影響することから、燃料としてのリグニンの有用性の重要な側面である。適切に分粒されていない燃料は完全に燃焼できず、炭素豊富なボトムアッシュおよび/またはフライアッシュの形で熱エネルギーが失われ得る。粒径の測定は、分級、例えば篩い分けによって、または顕微鏡下にて代表的な試料を観察し、適切なスケールと比較することによって行われ得る。Magnaview DC5−153顕微鏡および較正スケーリングスライドを用いて、平均粒径が決定された。セルロース加水分解から誘導された分離固形物に関して、確認された平均粒子直径は含水率37%で10〜30μmであり、その固形分はおよそリグニン80%であると決定された。
燃料の近似分析から、揮発物、固定炭素、含水率、および燃料中に存在する灰が乾燥燃料重量のパーセンテージとして示される。揮発物と固定炭素のパーセンテージのどちらも、燃料の発熱量、火炎温度、および燃焼プロセスに一般に直接的な影響を有する。炭素および金属以外、他のすべての燃料が気体として燃焼する。揮発物のパーセンテージは、気相中で燃焼するであろう燃料の量を表し、残存する炭素は火格子上で固体として、または微粒子として燃焼する。灰含有率は、大気汚染制御装置、ボイラーの火格子、およびボトムアッシュ処理装置の設計において重要である。
燃料の最終分析から、燃料試料の乾燥重量のパーセンテージとしてその元素組成が示される。一般に考慮される主要な元素は、炭素(C)、水素(H)、窒素(N)、硫黄(S)、および酸素(O)であり、元素ではないが、灰である。大気汚染制御装置の効果的な設計において、かつ大気排出許可(air permitting)において使用される、二酸化硫黄(SOx)および粒状物質(PM)の空気放出率を正確に推定するのに必要であることから、硫黄および灰のパーセンテージは特に重要である。
灰の溶融温度は、還元性雰囲気および酸化性雰囲気の両方において、高温炉内の観察窓を通して燃料(リグニン)の灰を盛り上げた試料を見ることによって決定される。円錐、角錐、または立方体形の灰を1000℃を超えて着実に加熱し、可能な限り高い温度、好ましくは1600℃(2910°F)に加熱する。次いで、以下の温度が記録される:
・初期変形温度(IT):マウンドのポイントが最初に変形し、丸くなり始めた時に達成される。
・軟化(球形)温度(ST):これは、マウンドの頂部が球形となった時、つまり円錐の底面、がその高さに等しい時に達成される。
・半球形温度(HT):これは、マウンド全体が半球形となった時、つまり円錐の底面がその高さの2倍である時に達成される。
・流動(流体)温度(FT):これは、溶融灰が炉の床に崩壊して平らなボタンが形成される時、つまり広がって一体化した塊となった時に達成される。
一般に、還元下の温度は、酸化条件下の相当する温度以下である。これらの温度の差は一般に、灰の鉄含有率が増加するにしたがって増加する。溶融温度は、IT、ST、HT、およびFTの順序で単調に増加するはずである。
灰の酸化鉱物組成は、リグニンの燃焼によって生成される灰がバイオマスボイラーの燃焼チャンバ内でいかに挙動するかを理解するのにも有用である。組成、特に鉄レベルおよび塩基対酸酸化物の比は、溶融温度の範囲に影響する。一般的な分析から、以下の酸化鉱物、シリカ(SiO2)、アルミナ(Al2O3)、酸化第二鉄(Fe2O3)、二酸化チタン(TiO2)、五酸化リン(P2O5)、酸化カルシウム(CaO)、酸化マグネシウム(MgO)、酸化マンガン(MnO)、酸化ナトリウム(Na2O)、酸化カリウム(K2O)、および三酸化硫黄(SO3)の重量パーセンテージが決定される。シリカ、アルミナ、および二酸化チタンは、塩基性酸化物を形成する残りの化合物と酸性酸化物の群を構成する。
Claims (15)
- リグノセルロース系バイオマスを加水分解により糖化リグノセルロース系バイオマスが生じる第1圧力および第1温度にする工程であって、前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスが:
不溶性リグニン;
を含む第1固体画分;
可溶性C6サッカリド;
可溶性リグニン;
を含む第1液体画分;
を含む、工程と、
前記第1圧力下にて、前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスの前記第1温度を、リグニンのガラス転移温度を少なくとも1℃超える第2温度に下げる工程と、
前記第2温度での前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスの前記第1圧力を、1秒未満の時間で、リグニンがそのガラス転移温度を下回る温度となる、第2圧力に下げ、前記第1液体画分中の前記可溶性リグニンを沈殿させ、かつ
不溶性リグニン;
沈殿リグニン;
を含む第2固体画分;
可溶性C6サッカリド;
を含む第2液体画分;
を含む混合物が形成される工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする、リグノセルロース系バイオマスからリグニンを製造する方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、連続的であることを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記混合物の温度を下げることをさらに含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、重力によって、前記不溶性リグニンおよび前記沈殿リグニンを分離させることをさらに含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第2固体画分と前記第2液体画分を分離することをさらに含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第2圧力が気圧を超えることを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項6に記載の方法において、前記第2圧力を気圧に下げることをさらに含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第2圧力が気圧であることを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、少なくとも1つの熱交換器を使用して、熱を回収することをさらに含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記提供工程前に、前記リグノセルロース系バイオマスを分画して、C5サッカリドの少なくとも一部を除去することを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項10に記載の方法において、前記分画する工程は、熱水処理を含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項11に記載の方法において、前記熱水処理は、圧縮熱水、亜臨界水、近臨界水、または超臨界水を含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記不溶性リグニンおよび沈殿リグニンの平均粒径が500ミクロン未満であることを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第1液体画分が水を含むことを特徴とする、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第1温度は280℃から375℃であることを特徴とする、方法。
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CA2806873A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
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US8840995B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 |
WO2012151524A3 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
RU2602068C2 (ru) | 2016-11-10 |
NZ616832A (en) | 2015-11-27 |
BR112013028149A2 (pt) | 2017-04-25 |
EP2705111A4 (en) | 2014-11-19 |
SG194724A1 (en) | 2013-12-30 |
CN103502383B (zh) | 2016-06-08 |
CA2806873C (en) | 2014-07-15 |
US20140030524A1 (en) | 2014-01-30 |
JP2014516090A (ja) | 2014-07-07 |
RU2012154206A (ru) | 2014-06-20 |
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