JP5735608B2 - 無線周波数識別システムに対する用途 - Google Patents
無線周波数識別システムに対する用途 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5735608B2 JP5735608B2 JP2013217190A JP2013217190A JP5735608B2 JP 5735608 B2 JP5735608 B2 JP 5735608B2 JP 2013217190 A JP2013217190 A JP 2013217190A JP 2013217190 A JP2013217190 A JP 2013217190A JP 5735608 B2 JP5735608 B2 JP 5735608B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K17/00—Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups G06K1/00 - G06K15/00, e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
- G06K19/07773—Antenna details
- G06K19/07777—Antenna details the antenna being of the inductive type
- G06K19/07779—Antenna details the antenna being of the inductive type the inductive antenna being a coil
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
- G06K19/07773—Antenna details
- G06K19/07777—Antenna details the antenna being of the inductive type
- G06K19/07779—Antenna details the antenna being of the inductive type the inductive antenna being a coil
- G06K19/07783—Antenna details the antenna being of the inductive type the inductive antenna being a coil the coil being planar
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
- G06K19/07773—Antenna details
- G06K19/07786—Antenna details the antenna being of the HF type, such as a dipole
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
- G06K7/10019—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers.
- G06K7/10079—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers. the collision being resolved in the spatial domain, e.g. temporary shields for blindfolding the interrogator in specific directions
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
- G06K7/10366—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves the interrogation device being adapted for miscellaneous applications
- G06K7/10376—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves the interrogation device being adapted for miscellaneous applications the interrogation device being adapted for being moveable
- G06K7/10386—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves the interrogation device being adapted for miscellaneous applications the interrogation device being adapted for being moveable the interrogation device being of the portable or hand-handheld type, e.g. incorporated in ubiquitous hand-held devices such as PDA or mobile phone, or in the form of a portable dedicated RFID reader
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/08—Logistics, e.g. warehousing, loading or distribution; Inventory or stock management
- G06Q10/087—Inventory or stock management, e.g. order filling, procurement or balancing against orders
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F17/00—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
- G07F17/0042—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for hiring of objects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07G—REGISTERING THE RECEIPT OF CASH, VALUABLES, OR TOKENS
- G07G1/00—Cash registers
- G07G1/0036—Checkout procedures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07G—REGISTERING THE RECEIPT OF CASH, VALUABLES, OR TOKENS
- G07G1/00—Cash registers
- G07G1/0036—Checkout procedures
- G07G1/0045—Checkout procedures with a code reader for reading of an identifying code of the article to be registered, e.g. barcode reader or radio-frequency identity [RFID] reader
- G07G1/0054—Checkout procedures with a code reader for reading of an identifying code of the article to be registered, e.g. barcode reader or radio-frequency identity [RFID] reader with control of supplementary check-parameters, e.g. weight or number of articles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07G—REGISTERING THE RECEIPT OF CASH, VALUABLES, OR TOKENS
- G07G1/00—Cash registers
- G07G1/0036—Checkout procedures
- G07G1/0045—Checkout procedures with a code reader for reading of an identifying code of the article to be registered, e.g. barcode reader or radio-frequency identity [RFID] reader
- G07G1/009—Checkout procedures with a code reader for reading of an identifying code of the article to be registered, e.g. barcode reader or radio-frequency identity [RFID] reader the reader being an RFID reader
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
- G08B13/24—Electrical actuation by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
- G08B13/2402—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting
- G08B13/2405—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting characterised by the tag technology used
- G08B13/2408—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting characterised by the tag technology used using ferromagnetic tags
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
- G08B13/24—Electrical actuation by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
- G08B13/2402—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting
- G08B13/2405—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting characterised by the tag technology used
- G08B13/2408—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting characterised by the tag technology used using ferromagnetic tags
- G08B13/2411—Tag deactivation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
- G08B13/24—Electrical actuation by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
- G08B13/2402—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting
- G08B13/2405—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting characterised by the tag technology used
- G08B13/2414—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting characterised by the tag technology used using inductive tags
- G08B13/2417—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting characterised by the tag technology used using inductive tags having a radio frequency identification chip
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
- G08B13/24—Electrical actuation by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
- G08B13/2402—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting
- G08B13/2428—Tag details
- G08B13/2431—Tag circuit details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
- G08B13/24—Electrical actuation by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
- G08B13/2402—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting
- G08B13/2451—Specific applications combined with EAS
- G08B13/2457—Lending systems using EAS tags wherein the tags are reusable, e.g. they can be activated and deactivated more than once, e.g. for a library
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
- G08B13/24—Electrical actuation by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
- G08B13/2402—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting
- G08B13/2451—Specific applications combined with EAS
- G08B13/2462—Asset location systems combined with EAS
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
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- G08B13/22—Electrical actuation
- G08B13/24—Electrical actuation by interference with electromagnetic field distribution
- G08B13/2402—Electronic Article Surveillance [EAS], i.e. systems using tags for detecting removal of a tagged item from a secure area, e.g. tags for detecting shoplifting
- G08B13/2465—Aspects related to the EAS system, e.g. system components other than tags
- G08B13/2485—Simultaneous detection of multiple EAS tags
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
- H01Q1/2216—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in interrogator/reader equipment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
- H01Q1/2225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/364—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith using a particular conducting material, e.g. superconductor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
- H01Q9/28—Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines
- H01Q9/285—Planar dipole
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Economics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Operations Research (AREA)
- Tourism & Hospitality (AREA)
- Library & Information Science (AREA)
- Entrepreneurship & Innovation (AREA)
- Human Resources & Organizations (AREA)
- Marketing (AREA)
- Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Strategic Management (AREA)
- Development Economics (AREA)
- Finance (AREA)
- Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
- Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)
- Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
- Holo Graphy (AREA)
- Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
- Auxiliary Devices For And Details Of Packaging Control (AREA)
- Transmitters (AREA)
- Channel Selection Circuits, Automatic Tuning Circuits (AREA)
- Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
Description
本特許出願は、米国特許出願第09/134,686号(1998年8月14日に同一名称で出願)および米国特許出願第09/344,758号(1999年6月25日、同一名称で出願)より優先権を主張する。両出願の譲受人は本発明と同一であり、両出願の内容は本発明に引用されている。
電子物品監視(「EAS」)システムは、関心のある物品の表面や内部に置かれたり、あるいは人が持ち運ぶ小型の電子装置の存在を検知し、小売店や図書館で窃盗その他の不正な物品持ち出しを検知するためによく利用されている。これらの装置は一般にタグまたはマーカとして知られ、従来は品目の存在に関する情報だけを含んでいた。この情報は、断続的または連続的にタグを電子的に調べることにより得られる。その調べ方に基づいて、磁気方式、磁気機械方式、無線周波数(RF)方式、およびマイクロ波方式の少なくとも4種類の異なるEASシステムが数年来発展してきた。これら4種類のうち、磁気方式システムが大多数のアプーションにおいて最も高いセキュリティレベルを与える。磁気タグは物品表面または内部に容易に隠すことができ、(遮蔽、折り曲げ、および圧力の影響を受けにくいため)発見されにくく、また停止や再起動が容易であるため、高レベルのセキュリティを提供し、またタグを付けられた物品の状態に関する何らかの情報を与える。
以下にセクションIIで述べる本発明の実施の形態において用いるタグは、単一の装置で物品識別とセキュリティ効果の両方を実現することができる。好適には磁気的な呼掛け信号に応答する素子、および無線周波数呼掛け信号に応答する素子を含む。一実施の形態において、磁気応答素子はまた、無線周波数応答素子に対するアンテナを与える。本発明の文脈で「応答」という用語は、適切な呼掛け磁界に置かれた際に、解釈可能な情報を素子が提供することを意味する。最初に個々の素子を、続いて複合タグについて述べる。以下で明らかになるように、セクションIIで述べる本発明の実施の形態はRFID素子のみを含んでいても、あるいはRFID素子と磁気セキュリティ素子の組み合わせを含んでいてもよい。
磁気応答素子は好適には、ミネソタ州セントポールのMinnesota Mining and Manufacturing(3M)社から「TATTLE−TAPE(登録商標)」ブランドの商品名で販売されているストリップに用いられている材料等の低保磁力、高透磁性強磁性材料で作られている。これらのストリップ、またはマーカアセンブリは3M社が譲受人であるいくつかの特許に述べられている。例えば米国特許第5,331,313(Koning)や3,747,086(Peterson)等であり、これらの内容は本明細書に引用されている。低保磁力、高透磁性強磁性材料の例として、パーマロイ(ニッケル/鉄合金)、およびニューヨーク州モリスタウンのAllied Signal社からMetglas2705MおよびMetglas2714Aの商品名で販売されている高性能のアモルフォス金属等がある。
磁気応答素子は、素子が関連付けられた物品の特性に依存して、一状態あるいは二状態のいずれであってもよい。例えば、図書館において特定の参考文献は図書館から持ち出しが禁止されていて、従ってこのような本が呼掛け領域の中を通過したか否かを一状態の(非活性化不可)マーカが常時表示している。普通の図書館の資料や商品等、他の物品は二状態マーカアセンブリを必要とする場合がある。その場合、物品が適切に処理されたならば呼掛け源により検知されないようにするためにマーカは適宜非活性化されてよい。以下に述べるように、またPeterson特許からの上述の引用のように、二状態機能は一般に、低保磁力磁気材料に近接して高保磁力磁気材料の部分を加えることにより提供される。
RFIDタグは能動的であっても、あるいは受動的であってもよい。能動的タグはタグ構成に、電池等の二次エネルギー源を組み込んでいる。このエネルギー源により能動的RFIDタグが呼掛け無線周波数場が弱い領域においても強い応答信号を生成して伝送できるため、能動的RFIDタグはより広い範囲で検知できる。しかし、電池の寿命が比較的短いため、タグの有効使用期間には制約がある。さらに、電池によりタグの大きさとコストが増える。受動的タグは、タグの給電に必要なエネルギーを呼掛け無線周波数から得て、アンテナが呼掛け磁界に示すインピーダンスを変調することによりそのエネルギーを用いて応答コードを伝送し、それによりリーダアンテナに返される反射信号を変調する。このように、その範囲は限定される。受動的タグは多くの用途にとって好適であるため、この種のタグに限定して議論を続けることにする。しかし、当業者にはこれら2種類のタグは多くの特徴を共有し、両方とも本発明と合わせて利用できることが理解されよう。
C=静電容量(単位:ファラッド)
L=インダクタンス(単位:ヘンリー)である。
コンデンサはまた、3M社が譲受人である米国特許第4,598,276号(Tait他)および第4,578,654号(Tait他)に記述されるように、分散型コンデンサであってもよい。分散静電容量はタグのサイズ、特に厚さを減らして手作業での組み立てを最小限にするために望ましい。
図3および図5〜8を通じて示すように、複合タグ20は磁気応答素子とRF応答素子を組み合わせて、両方の利点を引き出す。このように、2種の素子を対象品目に同時に適用することによりコストが削減できる。複合タグに除去可能なライナーに覆われた感圧接着剤を塗布することにより、ライナーが除去された際に複合タグを物品の表面に接着させることができる。別の実施の形態において、タグは無線周波数応答素子用のアンテナとして磁気応答素子を用いる。磁気応答素子がアンテナとして用いられる場合、無線周波数応答素子に電気的に接続されており、無線周波数応答素子に物理的に接続していても、いなくてもよい。
本発明に従って複合タグが作られた。ペンシルベニア州リーディングのCarpenter Technology社から「HyMu80」の商品名で販売されている合金で作られたパーマロイストリップを、カリフォルニア州サンディエゴのSingle Chip Systems(SCS)社が生産した試験設備に貼付した。ストリップの寸法は、幅が約1.6ミリメートル(0.625インチ)、厚さが0.0254ミリメートル(0.001インチ)、長さが10.16センチメートル(4インチ)である。試験設備はLEDダイオードに接続した標準SCS2.45GHzのアンテナで構成されている。本装置は、典型的なSCSRFIDタグに給電するのに十分な強さを有する2.45GHzの場に露出されるとLEDが発光して、装置の受電部が正常動作中であることが即座に視認できるように設計されている。標準SCSアンテナをパーマロイアンテナのプロトタイプで置き換えたところ、LEDはほぼ同じ場の強さで発光し、プロトタイプが正常に動作することが確認された。
図3に、13.56MHzのRFID設計で有用であると思われるアンテナの別の実施の形態を示す。この周波数において、コイルタイプのアンテナ形状パターンが好適である。コイルを構成するらせん状の巻きは、(物理的または化学的)エッチング、ダイカッティング、あるいはマスクを通した析出にのいずれかにより、パーマロイ等の磁性合金から形成される。コイルのまっすぐな「腕」部はまた、この設計で磁気応答素子としても機能する。しかし、これらの金属素子の長さはこの形状により縮められているため、装置の磁気セキュリティ部の有効性が制限される。図3に示す実施の形態において、コーナーに配置された磁束収集素子は、この制約を克服するためにアンテナコイルに加えられた。図3に示す構成は、アンテナの動作周波数を所定の呼掛け周波数に調整するために、上述のようにコンデンサを含むのが好適である。
A.磁気的機能を有するRFID装置
RFIDタグは図書館利用者により故意あるいは偶然に遮蔽される恐れがあるため、タグを付けられた図書館の資料にRFIDおよび磁気セキュリティ素子の両方を、なるべく同一タグ上に設置することが多くの場合重要である。磁気セキュリティ素子が二状態方式である場合、すなわち選択的に起動/停止できる場合、素子に磁界を印加することにより状態が典型的に変えられる。このような磁化動作は本や雑誌等の図書館の資料に対して何ら影響しないが、磁気的に記録された媒体に対しては有害な影響を及ぼす恐れがある。磁気的機能を有する本発明のRFID装置はこのような問題を解決するものであり、図書館職員が一切介在しない点が好適である。
図10に示すように、RFID装置の別の利点は、一度に多数の品目が処理できる点である。光学式バーコードスキャナのみを備えた従来の装置ではバーコードスキャナに提示された品目を一度に一個ずつしか処理できないのに対し、RFID素子を備えた品目のグループを実質的に同時に処理することができる。これは、多数のRFID呼掛け源(リーダ)を装置上または内部に搭載するか、あるいは多品目の識別アルゴリズムを備えた単一の高速RFIDリーダを備えることにより、実現される。この機能により図書館スタッフが多数の品目を処理するのに必要な時間が大幅に削減される。
多くの用途において、持ち運び可能な、好適には手持ち型のRFID装置を提供することが望ましい。手持ち型RFID装置は棚、大箱、積み重ねた山、および図書館カートの中を探すことができる。十分に品目の近くに置ける場所なら基本的にどこでも探すことができる。本装置の範囲内にある多数の品目を識別することができる。これらおよび他の特徴により、本発明の持ち運び可能RFID装置は貴重な図書館ツールになる。簡潔のため、持ち運び可能な装置を第一にそのコンポーネントと動作に基づき、第二にそのような装置を用いる各種の便利な機能または方法に基づいて説明する。ここで述べる機能や方法は、持ち運び可能でないRFID装置に同様に適用でき、また持ち運び可能でないRFID装置に言及して上で述べた機能や方法は持ち運び可能なRFID装置に同様に適用できることに注意されたい。異なる機能と方法は、その機能や方法を実行するためにより頻繁に用いられるRFID装置の種類を用いて単に分類された。
本発明の手持ち型RFID装置は好適にはRFIDリーダ/ライタ、メモリ、電源、およびここで述べた各種の機能を使用可能にするソフトウェアを含む。RFIDリーダ/ライタは、テキサス州ダラスのTexas Instruments社が製造するCommander320 13.56MHzのRFIDリーダで構成することができる。好適にはコンピュータの形状であるメモリが、例えば、カリフォルニア州サンタクララの3Com社からPalm Pilotの商品名で販売されている「パームトップ」あるいはハンドヘルド・コンピュータにより提供されてもよい。持ち運び可能なコンピュータはオペレーティング・システム、タッチスクリーンディスプレイ、ユーザインタフェースを開発するための何個かのボタン、再充電機構、本装置と他のコンピュータ間でデータ転送を行なうドッキング機構、周辺機器を(RFIDリーダ等の)手持ち型装置に接続するための1個以上のポート、およびバッテリ電源を含んでいてよい。いくつかのユニットはまた、バーコードスキャナ等の組み込み周辺機器を含んでいてよい。また、光、音声およびディスプレイを含む各種のフィードバックシステムを含んでいてよい。
本発明の手持ち型RFID装置は以下のものを含め、多くの機能、方法、および用途に利用することができる。
Claims (1)
- 一体化されたユニットとして、
コンピュータと、
RFIDタグとRFIDリーダとの間で命令を伝送するアンテナと、
ほぼ同時に多数のRFIDタグから情報を読み込むRFIDリーダと、
ディスプレイと、
保存のために情報をRFIDタグに送信するRFIDライタと、
前記ディスプレイから分離したユーザインタフェースと、
トリガを含むハンドルと、を含む手持ち型RFID装置であって、
前記ディスプレイは、前記多数のRFIDタグに関連するリアルタイム情報を提供し、前記リアルタイム情報は、前記手持ちRFID装置から分離したコンピュータ又はデータベースに返すことなく前記ディスプレイ上に提供され、前記手持ち型RFID装置は、前記手持ち型RFID装置からのデータを分離したデータベースに転送するための無線データ転送システムを更に備え、
前記手持ち型RFID装置は、所定の場所にあるはずだが見つからない品目のリストに対応する紛失品目の識別子を分離したデータベースからダウンロードして前記コンピュータの予約されたメモリ位置に保存し、前記RFIDリーダが読み込んだ情報を前記品目のリストと比較することによって、紛失品目に遭遇したときにフィードバックを得る手持ち型RFID装置。
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