CN103548290B - 判定分布式天线系统中的通信传播延迟及相关组件、系统与方法 - Google Patents

判定分布式天线系统中的通信传播延迟及相关组件、系统与方法 Download PDF

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CN103548290B
CN103548290B CN201280024385.4A CN201280024385A CN103548290B CN 103548290 B CN103548290 B CN 103548290B CN 201280024385 A CN201280024385 A CN 201280024385A CN 103548290 B CN103548290 B CN 103548290B
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propagation delay
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CN103548290A (zh
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伊格尔·贝尔林
德拉甘·宝拉
迈克尔·索尔
格拉尔德·B·施密特
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Corning Research and Development Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/004—Synchronisation arrangements compensating for timing error of reception due to propagation delay
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
    • H04B10/2575—Radio-over-fibre, e.g. radio frequency signal modulated onto an optical carrier
    • H04B10/25752—Optical arrangements for wireless networks
    • H04B10/25753—Distribution optical network, e.g. between a base station and a plurality of remote units
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
    • H04B10/2575—Radio-over-fibre, e.g. radio frequency signal modulated onto an optical carrier
    • H04B10/25752—Optical arrangements for wireless networks
    • H04B10/25758—Optical arrangements for wireless networks between a central unit and a single remote unit by means of an optical fibre
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
    • H04B10/2575—Radio-over-fibre, e.g. radio frequency signal modulated onto an optical carrier
    • H04B10/25752—Optical arrangements for wireless networks
    • H04B10/25758—Optical arrangements for wireless networks between a central unit and a single remote unit by means of an optical fibre
    • H04B10/25759—Details of the reception of RF signal or the optical conversion before the optical fibre
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/101—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for measurement of specific parameters of the transmitter or components thereof
    • H04B17/104—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for measurement of specific parameters of the transmitter or components thereof of other parameters, e.g. DC offset, delay or propagation times
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/40—Monitoring; Testing of relay systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/0055—Synchronisation arrangements determining timing error of reception due to propagation delay
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/0055—Synchronisation arrangements determining timing error of reception due to propagation delay
    • H04W56/0065—Synchronisation arrangements determining timing error of reception due to propagation delay using measurement of signal travel time
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W64/00—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
    • H04W64/006—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management with additional information processing, e.g. for direction or speed determination
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/08—Access point devices
    • H04W88/085—Access point devices with remote components

Abstract

本发明公开用于判定分布式天线系统中的通信传播延迟的组件、系统和方法。判定分配在分布式天线系统中的通信信号的传播延迟。如果需要，可基于分布式天线系统的每一远程天线单元判定一或多个传播延迟。一或多个传播延迟可由分布式天线系统提供到网络或其他系统以考虑用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。作为另一非限制性实例，可针对每一远程天线单元判定和控制传播延迟以独特地辨别远程天线单元。以这种方式，可在远程天线单元的通信范围内判定与所述远程天线单元通信的客户端装置的位置。

Description

判定分布式天线系统中的通信传播延迟及相关组件、系统与方法
优先权声明
本申请案请求2011年4月29日提出申请的名为“DETERMININGPROPAGATION DLEAY OF COMMUNICATIONS IN DISTRIBUTEDANTENNA SYTEMS,AND RELATED COMPONENTS,SYSTEMS,ANDMETHODS,”的美国临时专利申请案第61/480,700号的优先权，所述申请案全文以引用的方式并入本文中。
相关申请案
本申请案还涉及2010年10月28日提出申请的名为“SECTORIZATIONIN DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS,AND RELATED COMPONENTSAND METHODS,”的美国专利申请案第12/914,585号，所述申请案全文以引用的方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本公开案的技术涉及判定在分布式天线系统中通过光纤通信的分布式射频（RF）通信信号的传播延迟。
背景技术
随着对高速移动数据通信日益增长的需求，无线通信急速发展。举例来说，所谓的“无线保真”或“WiFi”系统和无线局域网（WLAN）正被部署在许多不同类型的区域（例如，咖啡店、机场、图书馆等）中。分布式天线系统与称为“客户端”（例如，用于WiFi服务）或“用户设备”（例如，用于蜂窝电话服务）的无线装置通信，所述无线装置必须驻留于无线范围或“小区覆盖范围”内以便与接入点装置通信。
部署分布式天线系统的一种方法涉及使用射频（RF）天线覆盖区域（也被称为“天线覆盖区域”）。例如，天线覆盖区域可能具有几米高达二十米的范围内的半径。结合众多接入点装置形成天线覆盖区域阵列。因为天线覆盖区域各自覆盖小区域，所以每一天线覆盖区域通常仅存在几个用户（客户端）。此情况允许最小化无线系统用户之间共享的RF带宽量。可能需要在建筑物或其他设施中提供天线覆盖区域来向建筑物或设施内的客户端提供分布式天线系统访问。然而，可能需要采用光纤来分配通信信号。光纤的益处包括带宽增加。
一类用于形成天线覆盖区域的分布式天线系统（称为“光纤无线电”或“RoF”）利用通过光纤发送的RF信号。此类系统可包括前端设备，所述前端设备光学耦接到多个远程天线单元，所述多个远程天线单元各自提供天线覆盖区域。远程天线单元可各自包括RF收发器，所述RF收发器耦接到天线以无线传输RF信号，其中远程天线单元通过光纤链路耦接到前端设备。远程天线单元中的RF收发器对RF信号是透明的。远程天线单元通过光电（O/E）转换器将来自光纤下行链路的输入光学RF信号转换成电子RF信号，所述电子RF信号随后传递到RF收发器。RF收发器通过天线将电子RF信号转换成电磁信号，所述天线耦接到远程天线单元中提供的RF收发器。天线还从天线覆盖区域中的客户端接收电磁信号（即，电磁辐射）并将所述电磁信号转换为电子RF信号（即，电线中的电子RF信号）。远程天线单元随后通过电光（E/O）转换器将电子RF信号转换成光学RF信号。光学RF信号随后通过光纤上行链路发送到前端设备。
可能需要在室内（例如，建筑物或其他设施内部）提供此类基于光纤的分布式通信系统，以为客户端提供室内无线通信。否则，定位于建筑物内部的无线通信客户端的无线接收可能不良或者不可能。就这一点来说，远程天线单元可遍及建筑物内部的位置而分配以遍及建筑物扩展无线通信覆盖。然而，可能影响其他服务。举例来说，蜂窝通信协议可能是以基于时间的协议为基础。然而，在建筑物或其他环境内部分配蜂窝通信到远程天线单元可由于分配到远程天线单元的通信信号的传播延迟和在远程天线单元处接收的对分配回前端设备的回应而增加延迟或引入所观察延迟的路径相依可变性。如果一或多个延迟超过某一水平，那么通信系统的带宽可能减小。超过某些水平的延迟还可导致其他不期望的效应，包括干扰。作为另一实例，可基于从客户端和通信塔的通信之间的空中延迟而判定或计算提供针对客户端的定位服务（例如，紧急情况911（E911）服务）。然而，如果客户端通过分布式天线系统通信，那么分布式天线系统的传播延迟增加延迟，因而可能导致对客户端位置的错误判定。
可在蜂窝通信系统中补偿延迟，但蜂窝通信系统可能不会察觉由于传播延迟而增加延迟的室内分布式天线系统。而且，蜂窝通信系统可提供用以设置标志或其他指示符的能力，以指示分布式天线系统存在于通信天线或通信塔的覆盖区域中。然而，此设置可能仅提供蜂窝通信系统用以大概估计存在的额外传播延迟的能力，所述额外传播延迟可能不精确。
发明内容
详细描述中公开的实施方式包括用于判定分布式天线系统中的通信传播延迟的组件、系统和方法。判定分配在分布式天线系统中的通信信号的传播延迟。如果需要，可基于分布式天线系统的每一远程天线单元判定一或多个传播延迟。一或多个传播延迟可由分布式天线系统提供到网络或其他系统以考虑用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。可通过了解分布式天线系统中经历的传播延迟更有效、高效和/或精确地进行基于延迟的操作。
作为非限制性实例，可考虑所判定的一或多个传播延迟用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。作为另一非限制性实例，一或多个传播延迟可与通信天线或通信塔相关联，所述传播延迟映射并储存在一或多个数据库中以用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。作为另一非限制性实例，网络中的基站、中继器或通信塔的布置可基于判定的通信延迟重新定位。作为另一非限制性实例，可针对每一远程天线单元判定和控制传播延迟以独特地辨别远程天线单元。以这种方式，可在远程天线单元的通信范围内判定与所述远程天线单元通信的客户端装置的位置远程。
就这点来说，在一个实施方式中，提供一种分布式天线系统。系统包含至少一个下行链路射频（RF）接口，所述接口配置为接收下行链路RF信号并通过至少一个下行链路通信介质将下行链路RF信号分配到一或多个远程天线单元（RAU）。所述系统还包含至少一个上行链路RF接口，所述接口配置为通过至少一个上行链路通信介质从一或多个RAU接收上行链路RF信号。所述系统还包含至少一个传播延迟测量电路，所述电路通信地耦接到至少一个下行链路RF接口和至少一个上行链路RF接口，并且所述电路配置为测量所述至少一个下行链路RF接口对下行链路RF信号的分配与所述至少一个上行链路RF接口对下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号的接收之间的传播延迟。所述系统还包含控制器，所述控制器通信地耦接到至少一个传播延迟测量电路。所述控制器配置为与一或多个RAU中的RAU通信，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到至少一个上行链路RF接口。所述控制器还配置为激活至少一个下行链路RF接口，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号分配到一或多个RAU中的RAU。所述控制器还配置为根据至少一个传播延迟测量电路判定传播延迟，所述传播延迟随至少一个下行链路RF接口与一或多个RAU中的RAU之间的延迟变化并且随一或多个RAU中的RAU与至少一个上行链路RF接口之间的延迟变化。
在另一实施方式中，提供一种判定分布式天线系统中的传播延迟的方法。所述方法包括：与一或多个远程天线单元（RAU）中的RAU通信，以将从至少一个下行链路射频（RF）接口接收的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到至少一个上行链路RF接口。所述方法还包括：激活至少一个下行链路RF接口，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号分配到一或多个RAU中的RAU。所述方法还包括：通过至少一个下行链路通信介质将下行链路RF信号分配到一或多个RAU中的RAU。所述方法还包括：通过至少一个上行链路通信介质从一或多个RAU中的RAU接收分配的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号。所述方法还包括：使用至少一个传播延迟测量电路判定传播延迟，所述传播延迟随至少一个下行链路RF接口与一或多个RAU中的RAU之间的延迟变化并且随一或多个RAU中的RAU与至少一个上行链路RF接口之间的延迟变化。
作为非限制性实例，分布式天线系统可为基于光纤的分布式天线系统，但此并非是必需的。本文所公开的实施方式还适用于其他分布式天线系统，包括以下分布式天线系统：所述分布式天线系统包括用于分配通信信号的其他形式的通信介质，包括电导体和无线传输。本文所公开的实施方式还可适用于以下分布式天线系统，所述分布式天线系统还可包括用于分配通信信号的一个以上通信介质。
将在随后的具体描述中阐述额外特征结构和优点，且对所属领域的技术人员来说，额外特征结构和优点易于将部分地根据所述描述显而易见的，或通过实践本文所描述的实施方式（包括随后的具体描述、权利要求书以及附图说明）认识到所述额外特征结构和优点。
图式图示各种实施方式，并且与描述一起用于解释所公开的概念的原理和操作。
附图说明
图1为示范性基于光纤的分布式天线系统的示意图；
图2为可部署在图1的基于光纤的分布式天线系统中的示范性前端设备和远程天线单元（RAU）的更详细示意图；
图3为示范性建筑物基础结构的部分示意性剖示图，在所述建筑物基础结构中，可采用图1中的基于光纤的分布式天线系统；
图4为示范性前端设备的示意图，所述示范性前端设备通过光纤向基于光纤的分布式天线系统中的RAU或其他远程通信装置提供射频（RF）通信服务；
图5为具有替代性设备的示范性分布式天线系统的示意图，所述替代性设备通过光纤向基于光纤的分布式天线系统中的RAU或其他远程通信装置提供RF通信服务和提供数字数据服务作为电子信号；
图6为通过光纤向图5的基于光纤的分布式天线系统中的RAU或其他远程通信装置提供数字数据服务作为电子信号和RF通信服务的示意图；
图7为示范性分布式天线系统的示意图，所述示意图图示存在于分布式天线系统中的传播延迟；
图8为示范性分布式天线系统的示意图，所述天线系统配置为将追踪信号传送到追踪RAU以为客户端装置提供定位服务；
图9为判定图7中的示范性分布式天线系统内的总传播延迟的示意图；
图10为图示测量图9中的示范性分布式天线系统内的总传播延迟的示范性过程的流程图；
图11A至图11E为用于判定分布式天线系统中的传播延迟的示范性传播延迟测量电路的示意图；
图12为判定示范性的基于光纤的分布式天线系统内的光纤的传播延迟的示意图；
图13为提供示范性基于光纤的分布式天线系统中的额外传播延迟的示意图；及
图14为示范性计算机系统的一般化表示的示意图，所述示范性计算机系统可包括在提供于本文所述的示范性分布式天线系统和/或所述系统组件中的任何模块中，包括（但不限于）前端控制器（HEC），其中示范性计算机系统适应于执行来自示范性计算机可读媒体的指令。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参考实施方式，所述实施方式的实例在附图中加以图示，在附图中图示一些实施方式而非所有实施方式。事实上，概念可以多种不同形式来体现且在本文中不应被解释为限制性的；相反，提供所述实施方式以使得本公开案将满足适用的法律要求。只要可能，将使用相同元件符号来表示相同的组件或部件。
详细描述中公开的实施方式包括用于判定分布式天线系统中的通信传播延迟的组件、系统和方法。判定分配在分布式天线系统中的通信信号的传播延迟。如果需要，可基于分布式天线系统的每一远程天线单元判定一或多个传播延迟。一或多个传播延迟可由分布式天线系统提供到网络或其他系统以考虑用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。可通过了解分布式天线系统中经历的传播延迟更有效、高效和/或精确地进行基于延迟的操作。
作为非限制性实例，可考虑所判定的一或多个传播延迟用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。作为另一非限制性实例，一或多个传播延迟可与通信天线或通信塔相关联，所述传播延迟映射并储存在一或多个数据库中以用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。作为另一非限制性实例，网络中的基站、中继器或通信塔的布置可基于判定的通信延迟重新定位。作为另一非限制性实例，可针对每一远程天线单元判定和控制传播延迟以独特地辨别远程天线单元。以这种方式，可在远程天线单元的通信范围内判定与所述远程天线单元通信的客户端装置的位置。
在论述分配在判定分布式天线系统内的通信信号的传播延迟的分布式天线系统的实例之前，首先关于图1至图6描述能够将通信信号分配到分布式或远程天线单元的示范性分布式天线系统。判定分配在分布式天线系统中的通信信号的传播延迟的实施方式开始于图7。以下论述的图1至图6中的分布式天线系统包括分配射频（RF）通信信号，但所述分布式天线系统不限于分配RF通信信号。另外，以下论述的图1至图6中的分布式天线系统包括通过光纤分配通信信号，但所述分布式天线系统不限于通过光纤分配。
就这点来说，图1为分布式天线系统的实施方式的示意图。在本实施方式中，系统为基于光纤的分布式天线系统10。基于光纤的分布式天线系统10配置为形成用于与无线客户端装置建立通信的一或多个天线覆盖区域，所述无线客户端装置定位于天线覆盖区域的RF范围中。基于光纤的分布式天线系统10提供RF通信服务（例如，蜂窝服务）。在本实施方式中，基于光纤的分布式天线系统10包括前端设备（HEE）12（例如前端单元（HEU））、一或多个远程天线单元（RAU）14和光纤16，所述光纤16将HEE12光学耦接到RAU14。RAU14为一种远程通信单元。一般来说，远程通信单元可支持无线通信、有线通信或无线通信和有线通信两者。RAU14可支持无线通信并且也可支持有线通信。HEE12配置为通过下行链路电子RF信号18D接收来自一或多个源（例如网络或载波）的通信并将所述通信提供到RAU14。HEE12还配置为通过上行链路电子RF信号18U将从RAU14接收的通信返回到所述一或多个源。就这点来说，在本实施方式中，光纤16包括携载从HEE12传送到RAU14的信号的至少一个下行链路光纤16D和携载从RAU14传送回HEE12的信号的至少一个上行链路光纤16U。
可提供一个下行链路光纤16D和一个上行链路光纤16U来支持多个通道，所述通道各自使用波分复用（WDM），如名为“Providing Digital DataServices in Optical Fiber-based Distributed Radio Frequency(RF)Communications Systems,And Related Components and Methods”的美国专利申请案第12/892,424号中所论述，所述申请案全文以引用的方式并入本文中。对于WDM和频分复用（FDM）的其他选项公开在美国专利申请案第No.12/892,424号中，可在本文公开的任何实施方式中采用所述申请案中的任何内容。另外，美国专利申请案第12/892,424号也公开分布式天线系统中的分布式数字数据通信信号，所述分布式数字数据通信信号也可能连同RF通信信号或不与RF通信信号一起分配在基于光纤的分布式天线系统10中。
基于光纤的分布式天线系统10具有天线覆盖区域20，所述天线覆盖区域20可安置在RAU14周围。RAU14的天线覆盖区域20形成RF覆盖区域21。HEE12适应于执行或促进众多光纤无线电（RoF）应用中的任何一个应用，例如RF识别（RFID）、无线局域网（WLAN）通信或蜂窝电话服务。例如，在天线覆盖区域20中展示呈移动装置形式的客户端装置24，所述客户端装置24可为例如蜂窝电话。客户端装置24可为能够接收RF通信信号的任何装置。客户端装置24包括天线26（例如，无线卡），所述天线26适应于接收和/或发送电磁RF信号。
继续参看图1，为通过下行链路光纤16D将电子RF信号传送到RAU14、又为将电子RF信号传送到由RAU14所形成的天线覆盖区域20中的客户端装置24，HEE12包括电光（E/O）转换器28。E/O转换器28将下行链路电子RF信号18D转换为下行链路光学RF信号22D，以通过下行链路光纤16D传送。RAU14包括光电（O/E）转换器30以将接收到的下行链路光学RF信号22D转换回电子RF信号，以通过RAU14的天线32无线地传送到定位于天线覆盖区域20中的客户端装置24。
类似地，天线32还配置为从天线覆盖区域20中的客户端装置24接收无线RF通信。就这点来说，天线32从客户端装置24接收无线RF通信并将代表无线RF通信的电子RF信号传送到RAU14中的E/O转换器34。E/O转换器34将电子RF信号转换为上行链路光学RF信号22U，以通过上行链路光纤16U传送。提供于HEE12中的O/E转换器36将上行链路光学RF信号22U转换为上行链路电子RF信号，所述上行链路电子RF信号随后可作为上行链路电子RF信号18U传送回网络或其它源。本实施方式中的HEE12不能辨别本实施方式中的客户端装置24的位置。客户端装置24可处于由RAU14所形成的任何天线覆盖区域20的范围中。
图2为图1的示范性基于光纤的分布式天线系统10的更详细示意图，所述示范性基于光纤的分布式天线系统10为特定RF服务或应用提供电子RF服务信号。在示范性实施方式中，HEE12包括服务单元37，所述服务单元37通过借助网络链路39传递（或调节后再传递）来自一或多个外部网络38的所述信号来提供电子RF服务信号。在特定示范性实施方式中，所述操作包括提供在400兆赫（MHz）至2.7千兆赫（GHz）的频率范围内的蜂窝信号分配。任何其他电子RF信号频率均为可能的。在另一示范性实施方式中，服务单元37通过直接生成信号来提供电子RF服务信号。在另一示范性实施方式中，服务单元37协调天线覆盖区域20内的客户端装置24之间的电子RF服务信号的递送。
继续参看图2，服务单元37电气耦接到E/O转换器28，所述E/O转换器28从服务单元37接收下行链路电子RF信号18D并将所述下行链路电子RF信号18D转换成相应的下行链路光学RF信号22D。在示范性实施方式中，E/O转换器28包括激光器，所述激光器适用于实现用于本文中所描述的RoF应用的充足动态范围，并且所述E/O转换器28视情况包括电气耦接到激光器的激光驱动器/放大器。适用于E/O转换器28的激光器的实例包括（但不限于）激光二极管、分布式反馈（DFB）激光器、法布里-伯罗（FP）激光器及垂直空腔表面发射激光器（VCSEL）。
继续参看图2，HEE12还包括O/E转换器36，所述O/E转换器36电气耦接到服务单元37。O/E转换器36接收上行链路光学RF信号22U并将所述上行链路光学RF信号22U转换成相应的上行链路电子RF信号18U。在示范性实施方式中，O/E转换器36为光电探测器或电气耦接到线性放大器的光电探测器。E/O转换器28和O/E转换器36构成“转换器对”35，如图2中所示。
根据示范性实施方式，HEE12中的服务单元37可包括用于分别调节下行链路电子RF信号18D和上行链路电子RF信号18U的RF信号调节器单元40。服务单元37可包括数字信号处理单元（“数字信号处理器”）42，所述数字信号处理单元42用于向RF信号调节器单元40提供调制到RF载波上以生成所需下行链路电子RF信号18D的电子信号。数字信号处理器42还配置为处理通过由RF信号调节器单元40解调上行链路电子RF信号18U而提供的解调信号。HEE12还可包括可选中央处理单元（CPU）44和存储单元46，所述中央处理单元44用于处理数据并另外执行逻辑与计算操作，所述存储单元46用于储存数据，例如待通过WLAN或其他网络传输的数据。
继续参看图2，RAU14还包括转换器对48，所述转换器对48包含O/E转换器30和E/O转换器34。O/E转换器30将从HEE12接收的下行链路光学RF信号22D转换回下行链路电子RF信号50D。E/O转换器34将从客户端装置24接收的上行链路电子RF信号50U转换成上行链路光学RF信号22U以传送到HEE12。O/E转换器30和E/O转换器34通过RF信号引导元件52（例如环行器）电气耦接到天线32。RF信号引导元件52用以引导下行链路电子RF信号50D和上行链路电子RF信号50U，如以下文所论述。根据示范性实施方式，天线32可包括任何类型的天线，包括（但不限于）一或多个贴片天线，例如在2006年8月16日提出申请的名为“Radio-over-Fiber Transponder With ADual-Band Patch Antenna System”的美国专利申请案第11/504,999号和2006年6月12日提出申请的名为“Centralized Optical Fiber-Based WirelessPicocellular Systems and Methods”的美国专利申请案第11/451,553号中所公开的贴片天线，所述申请案都以全文引用的方式并入本文中。
继续参看图2，基于光纤的分布式天线系统10还包括电源供应器54，所述电源供应器54提供电功率信号56。电源供应器54电气耦接到HEE12用于为HEE12中的耗电元件供电。在示范性实施方式中，电力线路58延行穿过HEE12并到达RAU14来为转换器对48中的O/E转换器30和E/O转换器34、可选RF信号引导元件52（除非RF信号引导元件52为无源装置，例如环行器）及所提供的任何其他耗电元件供电。在示范性实施方式中，电力线路58包括两条电线60和62，所述两条电线60和62携载单一电压并电气耦接到RAU14处的DC功率转换器64。DC功率转换器64电气耦接到转换器对48中的O/E转换器30和E/O转换器34并且DC功率转换器64将电功率信号56的电压或电平改变为RAU14中的耗电组件所需的一或多个功率电平。在示范性实施方式中，根据电力线路58所携载的电功率信号56的类型，DC功率转换器64为DC/DC功率转换器或AC/DC功率转换器。在另一示范性实施方式中，电力线路58（虚线）直接从电源供应器54延行到RAU14而不是从HEE12延行或延行穿过HEE12。在另一示范性实施方式中，电力线路58包括两个以上的电线并且电力线路58可携载多个电压。
为提供对可如何将基于光纤的分布式天线系统部署在室内的进一步示范性说明，提供图3。图3为建筑物基础结构70的部分示意性剖示图，所述建筑物基础结构70采用基于光纤的分布式天线系统。所述系统可为图1和图2的基于光纤的分布式天线系统10。建筑物基础结构70一般代表可部署基于光纤的分布式天线系统10的任何类型的建筑物。例如，如先前关于图1和图2所论述，基于光纤的分布式天线系统10合并HEE12以向建筑物基础结构70内的覆盖区域提供各种类型的通信服务。举例来说，如下文更详细论述，本实施方式中的基于光纤的分布式天线系统10配置为接收无线RF信号并将RF信号转换为RoF信号以通过光纤16传送到多个RAU14。本实施方式中的基于光纤的分布式天线系统10可为（例如）在建筑物基础结构70内提供无线服务的室内分布式天线系统（IDAS）。例如，所述无线信号可包括蜂窝服务、无线服务（例如RFID追踪、无线保真（WiFi））、局域网（LAN）、WLAN、安防、无线建筑物自动化和以上各者的组合。
继续参看图3，本实施方式中的建筑物基础结构70包括第一（地面）楼层72、第二楼层74和第三楼层76。楼层72、楼层74、楼层76由HEE12通过主配线架78服务，以在建筑物基础结构70中提供天线覆盖区域80。为简单说明起见，图3中仅图示了楼层72、楼层74、楼层76的天花板。在示范性实施方式中，主电缆82具有有助于在建筑物基础结构70中放置大量RAU14的众多不同部分。每一RAU14又为天线覆盖区域80中自己的覆盖区域服务。主电缆82可包括（例如）直立电缆84，所述直立电缆84从HEE12携载所有下行链路光纤16D和上行链路光纤16U并将所有下行链路光纤16D和上行链路光纤16U携载到HEE12。直立电缆84可通过互连单元（ICU）85布线。可提供ICU85作为图2中的电力供应器54的部分或与所述电力供应器54分离。ICU85还可配置为通过电力线路58向RAU14提供电力，如图2中所示及上文所论述，作为其他实例，所述ICU85提供于阵列电缆87或尾缆或室内延行拴缆（home-run tether cable）中并且用下行链路光纤16D和上行链路光纤16U分配到RAU14。主电缆82可包括一或多个多电缆（MC）连接器，所述MC连接器适应于将选定下行链路光纤16D和上行链路光纤16U与电力线路一起连接到众多光纤电缆86。
主电缆82使得多个光纤电缆86能够遍及建筑物基础结构70分配（例如，固定到每一楼层72、74、76的天花板或其它支撑表面），以为第一楼层72、第二楼层74和第三楼层76提供天线覆盖区域80。在示范性实施方式中，HEE12定位于建筑物基础结构70内（例如，位于密室或控制室中），而在另一示范性实施方式中，HEE12可能在远程位置处定位于建筑物基础结构70外。基站收发信台（BTS）88连接到HEE12，且可共同定位或远离HEE12定位，所述基站收发信台（BTS）88可通过第二方（比如蜂窝服务提供者）提供。BTS为向HEE12提供输入信号且可从HEE12接收返回信号的任何信台或信号源。在典型蜂窝系统中，例如，多个BTS部署在多个远程位置处以提供无线电话覆盖。每一BTS为相应小区服务且当移动客户端装置进入小区时，BTS与移动客户端装置通信。每一BTS可包括至少一个无线电收发器，所述至少一个无线电收发器用于使与在相关联小区中作业的一或多个用户单元通信成为可能。作为另一实例，还可使用无线中继器或双向放大器来替代BTS服务相应小区。或者，作为其他实例，可由中继器、微微区或毫微微区提供无线电输入。
图1至图3中和上文描述的基于光纤的分布式天线系统10提供HEE12与RAU14之间的点对点通信。多点构架也是可能的。关于图1至图3，每一RAU14通过独立的下行链路与上行链路光纤对与HEE12通信，以提供点对点通信。只要RAU14安装在基于光纤的分布式天线系统10中，那么RAU14连接到独立的下行链路与上行链路光纤对，所述光纤对连接到HEE12。下行链路光纤16D和上行链路光纤16U可提供在光纤电缆中。多个下行链路与上行链路光纤对可提供在光纤电缆中以由公共光纤电缆服务多个RAU14。举例来说，参看图3，安装在给定楼层72、给定楼层74或给定楼层76上的RAU14可由同一光纤16服务。就这点来说，光纤16可具有多个节点，独立下行链路与上行链路光纤对可在所述多个节点处连接到给定RAU14。可提供一个下行链路光纤16D来支持多个通道，每一通道使用波分复用（WDM），如名为“Providing Digital Data Services in Optical Fiber-based Distributed RadioFrequency(RF)Communications Systems,And Related Components andMethods”的美国专利申请案第12/892,424号中所论述，所述申请案全文以引用的方式并入本文中。对于WDM和频分复用（FDM）的其他选项也公开在美国专利申请案第No.12/892,424号中，可在本文公开的任何实施方式中采用所述申请案中的任何内容。
HEE12可经设置以支持所需的任何频率，包括（但不限于）：美国FCC与加拿大工业局频率（上行链路824MHz至849MHz和下行链路869MHz至894MHz）、美国FCC与加拿大工业局频率（上行链路1850MHz至1915MHz和下行链路1930MHz至1995MHz）、美国FCC与加拿大工业局频率（上行链路1710MHz至1755MHz和下行链路2110MHz至2155MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路698MHz至716MHz及776MHz至787MHz和下行链路728MHz至746MHz）、EU R&TTE频率（上行链路880MHz至915MHz和下行链路925MHz至960MHz）、EU R&TTE频率（上行链路1710MHz至1785MHz和下行链路1805MHz至1880MHz）、EU R&TTE频率（上行链路1920MHz至1980MHz和下行链路2110MHz至2170MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路806MHz至824MHz及下行链路851MHz至869MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路896MHz至901及下行链路929MHz至941MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路793MHz至805MHz及下行链路763MHz至775MHz）及美国FCC频率（上行链路及下行链路2495MHz至2690MHz）。
图4为示范性HEE90的示意图，可与本文所公开的任何分布式天线系统一起采用所述示范性HEE90，所述分布式天线系统包括（但不限于）图1至图3中的基于光纤的分布式天线系统10。本实施方式中的HEE90配置为通过光纤分配RF通信服务。在如图4中所示的本实施方式中，HEE90包括前端控制器（HEC）91，所述前端控制器（HEC）91管理HEE90组件的功能并通过（例如）接口（例如RS-232端口92、通用串行总线（USB）端口94和以太网端口96）与外部装置通信。HEE90可通过BTS输入端101(1)-101(T)和BTS输出端102(1)-102(T)连接到多个BTS、收发器100(1)-100(T)等等。符号“1-T”指示可提供任何数量（至多达T数量）的具有相应BTS输入端和BTS输出端的BTS收发器。BTS输入端101(1)-101(T)为下行链路连接，并且BTS输出端102(1)-102(T)为上行链路连接。每一BTS输入端101(1)-101(T)连接到在本实施方式中呈下行链路BTS接口卡（BIC）104形式的下行链路接口，所述下行链路接口定位于HEE90中，并且每一BTS输出端102(1)-102(T)连接到也位于HEE90中的上行链路BIC106。下行链路BIC104配置为接收来自BTS输入端101(1)-101(T)的输入信号或下行链路RF信号并将下行链路RF信号分解为副本以传送到RAU14，如图2中所示。在本实施方式中，三十六个（36）RAU14(1)-14(36)由HEE90支持，但任何数量的RAU14可由HEE90支持。上行链路BIC106配置为从RAU14接收组合输出信号或上行链路RF信号并将上行链路RF信号分解到作为返回通信路径的个别BTS输出端102(1)-102(T)中。
继续参看图4，在本实施方式中，下行链路BIC104连接到中面接口卡108。上行链路BIC106也连接到中面接口卡108。下行链路BIC104和上行链路BIC106可提供于印刷电路板（PCB）中，所述印刷电路板包括可直接插入中面接口卡108中的连接器。中面接口卡108与在本实施方式中呈光学接口卡（OIC）110形式的多个光学接口电气通信，所述多个光学接口通过下行链路光纤16D和上行链路光纤16U以及下行链路BIC104和上行链路BIC106在RAU14之间提供光学到电气通信接口，反之也提供电气到光学通信接口。OIC110包括如关于图1论述的E/O转换器28，所述E/O转换器28将来自下行链路BIC104的电子RF信号转换为光学RF信号，所述光学RF信号随后通过下行链路光纤16D传送到RAU14并且随后传送到客户端装置。OIC110还包括如图1中的O/E转换器36，所述O/E转换器36转换通过上行链路光纤16U从RAU14传送到HEE90且随后传送到BTS输出端102(1)-102(T)的光学RF信号。
继续参看图4，本实施方式中的OIC110各自支持多达三（3）个RAU14。OIC110还可提供于PCB中，所述PCB包括可直接插入中面接口卡108中以将OIC110中的链路耦接到中面接口卡108的连接器。OIC110可由一或多个光学接口模块（OIM）构成。如此，在本实施方式中，由于HEE90可支持多达十二（12）个OIC110，所以HEE90可扩展到支持多达三十六（36）个RAU14。如果少于三十六（36）个RAU14待由HEE90支持，那么少于十二（12）个OIC110可包括于HEE90中并可插入中面接口卡108中。在本实施方式中，为由HEE90支持的每三（3）个RAU14提供一个OIC110。如果需要超越初始设置来支持额外RAU14，那么OIC110还可添加到HEE90并且可连接到中面接口卡108。继续参看图4，还可提供HEU91，所述HEU91配置为能够与下行链路BIC104、上行链路BIC106和OIC110通信，以提供各种功能，包括放大器和提供在放大器中的衰减器的配置。
图5为另一示范性分布式天线系统120的示意图，根据本文所公开的实施方式，所述分布式天线系统120可用以提供RF通信服务。在此实施方式中，分布式天线系统120包括用于分配RF通信服务的光纤。此实施方式中的分布式天线系统120由三（3）个主要组件组成。在HEE124中提供在本实施方式中以无线电接口模块（RIM）122(1)-122(M)形式提供的一或多个无线电接口，以在下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(R)光学转换成下行链路光学RF通信信号之前接收并处理所述下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(R)。RIM122(1)-122(M)提供下行链路接口和上行链路接口。对下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(R)的处理可包括先前在上文中描述的在图1至图4中的HEE12中的处理中的任何处理。符号“1-R”及“1-M”指示可分别提供任何数量的参考组件（1-R及1-M）。如下文将更详细描述，HEE124配置为接受多个RIM122(1)-122(M)作为能易于在HEE124中安装及移除或置换的模块化组件。在一个实施方式中，HEE124配置为支持多达四（4）个RIM122(1)-122(M)。
每一RIM122(1)-122(M)可经设计以支持特定类型的射频源或射频源范围（即，频率），以提供在配置HEE124及分布式天线系统120来支持所需射频源方面的灵活性。举例来说，一个RIM122可配置为支持个人通信服务（PCS）无线电波段。另一RIM122可配置为支持700MHz无线电波段。在此实例中，通过包括所述RIM122，HEE124将配置为支持并分配在PCS和LTE700无线电波段上的RF通信信号。RIM122可提供于HEE124中，所述RIM122支持任何所需的频段，包括（但不限于）：美国蜂窝（US Cellular）波段、个人通信服务（PCS）波段、先进无线服务（AWS）波段、700MHz波段、全球移动通信系统（GSM）900、GSM1800及通用移动通信系统（UMTS）。RIM122可提供于HEE124中，所述RIM122支持任何所需无线技术，包括（但不限于）：码分多址（CDMA）、CDMA200、lxRTT、演进数据最优化（EV-DO）、UMTS、高速分组接入（HSPA）、GSM、通用分组无线电服务（GPRS）、增强型数据GSM环境（EDGE）、时分多址（TDMA）、长期演进（LTE）、iDEN及蜂窝数字分组数据（CDPD）。
RIM122可提供于HEE124中，所述RIM122支持所需的任何频率，包括（但不限于）：美国FCC与加拿大工业局频率（上行链路824MHz至849MHz和下行链路869MHz至894MHz）、美国FCC与加拿大工业局频率（上行链路1850MHz至1915MHz和下行链路1930MHz至1995MHz）、美国FCC与加拿大工业局频率（上行链路1710MHz至1755MHz和下行链路2110MHz至2155MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路698MHz至716MHz及776MHz至787MHz和下行链路728MHz至746MHz）、EU R&TTE频率（上行链路880MHz至915MHz和下行链路925MHz至960MHz）、EU R&TTE频率（上行链路1710MHz至1785MHz和下行链路1805MHz至1880MHz）、EU R&TTE频率（上行链路1920MHz至1980MHz和下行链路2110MHz至2170MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路806MHz至824MHz及下行链路851MHz至869MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路896MHz至901及下行链路929MHz至941MHz）、美国FCC频率（上行链路793MHz至805MHz及下行链路763MHz至775MHz）及美国FCC频率（上行链路及下行链路2495MHz至2690MHz）。
将下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(R)提供到在本实施方式中以光学接口模块（OIM）128(1)-128(N)形式提供的多个光学接口，以将下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(N)转换为下行链路光学RF通信信号130D(1)-130D(R)。符号“1-N”指示可提供任何数量（1到N）的参考组件。OIM128可配置为提供一或多个光学接口组件（OIC），所述一或多个光学组件（OIC）含有O/E转换器及E/O转换器，如将在下文中更详细描述。OIM128支持可由RIM122提供的无线电波段，包括先前在上文所描述的实例。因此，在本实施方式中，例如，OIM128可支持从400MHz至2700MHz的无线电波段范围，因此不需要针对更窄的无线电波段提供不同类型或模型的OIM128来支持提供于HEE124中的不同无线电波段支持的RIM122的可能性。另外，例如，可针对在400MHz至2700MHz（例如，400MHz至700MHz、700MHz至1GHz、1GHz至1.6GHz及1.6GHz至2.7GHz）的频率范围内的次波段优化OIM128。
OIM128(1)-128(N)各自包括E/O转换器以将下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(R)转换为下行链路光学RF信号130D(1)-130D(R)。下行链路光学RF信号130D(1)-130D(R)通过一或多个下行链路光纤133D传送到多个RAU132(1)-132(P)。符号“1-P”指示可提供任何数量（1到P）的参考组件。提供于RAU132(1)-132(P)中的O/E转换器将下行链路光学RF信号130D(1)-130D(R)转换回下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(R)，所述下行链路电子RF通信信号126D(1)-126D(R)通过耦接到RAU132(1)-132(P)中的天线136(1)-136(P)的下行链路134(1)-134(P)提供到在天线136(1)-136(P)的接收范围中的客户端装置。
E/O转换器还提供于RAU132(1)-132(P)中，以将通过天线136(1)-136(P)从客户端装置接收的上行链路电子RF通信信号126U(1)-126U(R)转换为上行链路光学RF信号138U(1)-138U(R)，以通过上行链路光纤133U传送到OIM128(1)-128(N)。OIM128(1)-128(N)包括O/E转换器，所述O/E转换器将上行链路光学信号138U(1)-138U(R)转换为上行链路电子RF通信信号140U(1)-140U(R)，所述上行链路电子RF通信信号140U(1)-140U(R)由RIM122(1)-122(M)处理并经提供作为上行链路电子RF通信信号142U(1)-142U(R)。将通过下行链路电子介质或媒体（在下文中为“介质”）145D(1)-145D(P)传送的下行链路电子数字信号143D(1)-143D(P)以及通过上行链路电子介质145U(1)-145U(P)传送的上行链路电子数字信号143U(1)-143U(P)（例如）由图5中的实例提供的数字数据服务（DDS）控制器和/或DDS切换器、单独地由RF通信服务提供到RAU132(1)-132(P)，如同样在图6中所示。图5与图6之间的共同元件用共同元件符号图示在图6中。可以下行链路和/或上行链路电介质145D(1)-145D(P)和/或145U(1)-145U(P)提供电力给RAU132(1)-132(P)。
图6为向图6的分布式天线系统120中的RAU和/或其他远程通信单元提供数字数据服务和RF通信服务的示意图。图5和图6以及所提供的其他图式之间的共同组件具有相同元件符号并且因此将不重新描述。如图6中所示，可提供电源供应器模块（PSM）153以向RIM122(1)-122(M)及无线电分配卡（RDC）147提供电力，所述无线电分配卡（RDC）147通过RDC149将来自RIM122(1)-122(M)的RF通信分配到OIM128(1)-128(N)。还可提供PSM155以向OIM128(1)-128(N)提供电力。还可提供接口151以允许对分布式天线系统120的RIM122(1)-122(M)及其它组件的配置及通信，所述接口151可包括网页及网络管理系统（NMS）接口。HEE160（图7）中可包括微控制器、微处理器或其他控制电路157以为HEE160提供控制操作，包括判定分布式天线系统120中的传播延迟。
如关于图1至图6所论述，分布式天线系统中的远程天线单元可遍及建筑物内部的位置分配以将无线通信覆盖扩展为遍及建筑物。当建筑物内部的无线通信覆盖由于室内环境而不良或不可能时，所述情况可能有利。然而，提供分布式天线系统可能影响其他服务。举例来说，蜂窝通信协议可为基于时间或延迟的协议。作为非限制性实例，到达时间延迟（time delay ofarrival;TDOA）或高级前向链路转换（Advanced Forward Link Translation;AFLT）技术或算法可用以判定与客户端装置的通信信号的延迟。然而，由于分配到远程天线单元的通信信号的传播延迟及在远程天线单元处接收的分配回前端设备的回应，在建筑物或其他环境内部分配蜂窝通信到远程天线单元可增加延迟。如果延迟超过某一水平，那么通信系统的带宽可能减小。作为另一个实例，可基于从客户端和通信塔的通信之间的空中延迟判定或计算提供针对客户端的定位服务（例如，紧急情况911（E911）服务）。然而，如果客户端通过分布式天线系统通信，那么分布式天线系统的传播延迟增加延迟，因而可能导致对客户端位置的错误判定。
可在蜂窝通信系统中补偿传播延迟，但蜂窝通信系统可能不会察觉将增加传播延迟的分布式天线系统。可在蜂窝通信系统中补偿延迟，但蜂窝通信系统可能不会察觉由于传播延迟而增加延迟的室内分布式天线系统。而且，蜂窝通信系统可提供用以设置标志或其他指示符的能力，以指示分布式天线系统存在于通信天线或通信塔的覆盖区域中。然而，此设置可能仅提供蜂窝通信系统用以大概估计存在的额外传播延迟的能力，所述额外传播延迟可能不精确。
就这点来说，以下公开的实施方式包括用于判定分布式天线系统中的通信传播延迟的组件、系统和方法。所述分布式天线系统可为上文作为非限制性实例描述的分布式天线系统10、分布式天线系统120中的任一者。在图7中提供分布式天线系统150的另一实例以图示传播延迟。分布式天线系统150可为上文关于图1至图6描述的分布式天线系统10、分布式天线系统120中的任一者。如图7中所示，网络管理设备152可由通信提供商（例如，蜂窝网络提供商）提供。网络管理设备152可为（例如）电路切换或分组切换网络设备。下行链路通信信号154D(1)-154D(X)和上行链路通信信号154U(1)-154U(X)可从网络管理设备152提供到基站159或可提供到网络管理设备152再到基站159，以与分布式天线系统150界接。符号“1-X”指示任何数量的下行链路通信信号和上行链路通信信号可从网络管理设备152提供到基站159或可提供到网络管理设备152再到基站159，以与分布式天线系统150界接。如果需要放大通信信号电平以维持信号完整性，基站159可充当中继器158。传播延迟D1图示在网络管理设备152与基站159/中继器158之间以表示网络管理设备152与基站159/中继器158之间的传播延迟。
继续参看图7，下行链路通信信号154D(1)-154D(X)和上行链路通信信号154U(1)-154U(X)可界接到HEE160。HEE160可包括（例如）上文在图1至图6中针对HEE12、HEE90先前所述的设备中的任一者。传播延迟D2图示在基站159/中继器158与HEE160之间以表示基站159/中继器158与HEE160之间的传播延迟。如先前所论述，通信信号（即下行链路通信信号154D(1)-154D(X)和上行链路通信信号154U(1)-154U(X)）经分解并通过下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U在HEE160与RAU162(1)-162(P)之间作为下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)和上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)传送。符号“1-P”表示下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)可由HEE160根据分布式天线系统150所支持的RAU162的数量分解成所需的任何数量的下行链路通信信号。符号“1-P”还表示上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)可由HEE160根据分布式天线系统150所支持的RAU162的数量分解成所需的任何数量的上行链路通信信号。
下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U可为任何介质，包括（但不限于）电导体、光纤和空气（即，无线通信）。传播延迟D3图示在HEE160与RAU162(1)-162(P)之间以表示HEE160与RAU162(1)-162(P)之间的传播延迟。传播延迟D3包含HEE160中的下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)和上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)的分配中存在的传播延迟D3’及下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U上存在的传播延迟D3’’。下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U可包含1至P个专用于每一RAU162(1)-162(P)的个别线路或单一线路，借此下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)和上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)在单一线路上复用。如果下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U为光纤，那么可采用（例如）WDM。如果下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U为电导体或空气（即，无线传输），那么可采用（例如）FDM。
继续参看图7，下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)通过RAU162(1)-162(P)传送到天线166(1)-166(P)以通过空气无线传输到天线166(1)-166(P)范围中的客户端装置24。通常，客户端装置24处于天线166(1)-166(P)中的一个天线的范围中。传播延迟D4图示在RAU162(1)-162(P)与天线166(1)-166(P)之间以表示RAU162(1)-162(P)与天线166(1)-166(P)之间的传播延迟。因为天线166(1)-166(P)通常提供在RAU162(1)-162(P)的同一外壳内或十分靠近RAU162(1)-162(P)，所以传播延迟D4与传播延迟D3相比可能微不足道。客户端装置24可将上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)传送到一或多个天线166(1)-166(P)以分配到RAU162(1)-162(P)。而且，传播延迟D4图示在天线166(1)-166(P)与RAU162(1)-162(P)之间以表示天线166(1)-166(P)与RAU162(1)-162(P)之间的传播延迟。上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)通过上行链路通信介质164U从RAU162(1)-162(P)传送到HEE160。而且，传播延迟D3图示在RAU162(1)-162(P)与HEE160之间以表示RAU162(1)-162(P)与HEE160之间的传播延迟。上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)从HEE160传送到基站159/中继器158及网络管理设备152，所述基站159/中继器158及网络管理设备152分别引发传播延迟D2和D1。
因此，对于下行链路通信，从网络管理设备152到天线166(1)-166(P)的总传播延迟为D1+D2+D3+D4。对于下行链路通信及上行链路通信，从网络管理设备152到天线166(1)-166(P)并从天线166(1)-166(P)返回网络管理设备152的往返延迟为2*(D1+D2+D3+D4)。网络管理设备152可根据配置而察觉传播延迟D1及传播延迟D2。然而，网络管理设备152可能没有察觉到由于分布式天线系统150所引起的传播延迟D3及传播延迟D4。或者，网络管理设备152可察觉传播延迟D3及传播延迟D4，但将所述延迟假设为恒定延迟，所述恒定延迟可能不是实际传播延迟并且因此可能不精确。
在光纤通信介质的实例中，光纤距离等于速度（即，光速度）与时间（即，传播延迟）的乘积。光纤传输经历每米约五（5）纳秒（ns）的延迟，因为光传播速度与空中RF传输相比约为光速度的一半。如果在所述实例中已知HEE160的坐标，那么所述距离可用以大概估计RAU162(1)-162(P)的位置。HEE160坐标和传播延迟都可用以使用（例如）三角法和飞行时间方法计算分布式天线系统中的客户端装置24的位置。
就这点来说，在所论述的实施方式中，判定分配在分布式天线系统中的通信信号的传播延迟。作为非限制性实例，可判定图7的分布式天线系统150中的传播延迟D3和/或传播延迟D4和以将所述信息提供到网络管理设备152或其他系统或装置。如以下将更详细论述，可在图7中的分布式天线系统150中采用组件以判定传播延迟D3和/或传播延迟D4。一或多个判定的传播延迟可由分布式天线系统150提供以考虑用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。可通过了解分布式天线系统中经历的传播延迟更有效、高效和/或精确地进行基于延迟的操作。作为非限制性实例，一或多个传播延迟可与通信天线或通信塔相关联，所述传播延迟映射并储存在一或多个数据库中以用于基于通信信号延迟的通信服务或操作。作为另一非限制性实例，网络中的基站159、中继器158或通信塔的布置可基于判定的通信延迟重新定位。
另外，例如，图7中的分布式天线系统150中的传播延迟D3可取决于正与客户端装置24通信的RAU162(1)-162(P)/天线166(1)-166(P)而不同。所述情况是因为RAU162(1)-162(P)可放置在不同位置处，在所述不同位置处，RAU162(1)-162(P)中的每一者之间的距离相对于HEE160而变化。因此，本文所公开的实施方式也允许基于每一RAU162(1)-162(P)判定传播延迟。就这点来说，客户端装置24在其中通信的特定RAU162(1)-162(P)可为可判定的或已知的。就这点来说，在本文所公开的某些实施方式中，客户端装置24配置为包括作为传送到RAU162(1)-162(P)并传送到HEE160和网络管理设备152的上行链路通信数据的客户端装置识别信息而不接收配置为提供定位服务的追踪信号或其他信号。举例来说，全球移动通信系统（GSM）网络兼容的客户端装置配置为自动发起通过网络提供客户端装置识别信息。在HEE160中配置或已知RAU162(1)-162(P)在分布式天线系统150中的位置。通过了解和关联客户端装置24在其中建立通信的特定RAU162(1)-162(P)，HEE160能够判定和/或提供客户端装置24的位置为处于由特定RAU162(1)-162(P)形成的天线覆盖区域内。在将来自客户端装置24的客户端装置识别信息与RAU162(1)-162(P)的位置的关联传送到HEE160时，保留所述关联，并且通过与来自其他RAU162(1)-162(P)的通信组合（例如，通过分解器或组合器）而不会失去所述关联。
在其他实施方式中，用于判定客户端装置24的位置的信号（本文中也被称为“追踪信号”且也可被称为导频信号、信标信号或导频信标信号）由HEE160分配到分布式天线系统150中的一或多个追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)。符号“1-Q”是表示可提供在分布式天线系统150中的所需的任何数量的追踪RAU。判定的传播延迟可基于判定客户端装置24最近的追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)而与特定客户端装置24相关联。举例来说，信号强度可用以判定客户端装置24最近的追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)。可由（例如）追踪信号产生器172或导频或信标产生器产生一或多个追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)。符号“1-V”指示可产生任何数量的追踪信号。追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)可为独特信号，所述独特信号可与基于光纤的分布式天线系统中的特定位置或区域相关联。举例来说，在码分多址（CDMA）网络中，小区识别包括在与通信量分离的通道中，所述通信量可用作追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)。以这种方式，通过下行链路通信介质173D(1)-173D(U)将追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)辐射到与追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)相关联的天线174(1)-174(Q)，以传送到由追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)形成的天线覆盖区域的范围内的客户端装置24。符号“1-U”指示可产生任何数量的下行链路通信介质。
当客户端装置24无线接收追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)时，客户端装置24将客户端装置24的识别信息和对追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)的识别传送回天线166(1)-166(P)中的一个天线，并且通过上行链路通信介质164U传送到RAU162(1)-162(P)以传送回HEE160。HEE160可将所述信息提供到网络或载体。以这种方法，客户端装置识别信息和对追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)的识别可与在分布式天线系统150中接收并传输追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)的特定RAU162(1)-162(P)的位置相关联，以提供或判定客户端装置24的位置。
就这点来说，图8图示示范性分布式天线系统150的示意图，所述示范性分布式天线系统150配置为将追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)从HEE160传送到某些追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)以提供定位服务。追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)可含有与RAU162(1)-162(P)相同的组件和配置。因此，分布式天线系统150的所述配置采用在下行链路上提供到追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)的追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)来提供定位服务。不同之处在于，追踪RAU170(1)A-170(Q)通信地耦接到由HEE160提供的通道或链路，所述通道或链路专用于携载追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)。每一追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)具有不同于本实施方式中的其他追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)的独特识别。选定以接收追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)的追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)可战略性地定位在建筑物178或其他基础结构中的不同追踪区域176内。举例来说，图8图示四个追踪区域176(1)-176(4)。每一追踪区域176(1)-176(4)可代表建筑物178内的一个楼层，其中追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)定位于每一楼层上。
继续参看图8，在本实施方式中，追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)不用于通信，并且客户端装置24可在比通信范围更大的距离内接收来自追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)的追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)。因此，当客户端装置24定位在特定追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)的范围内时，客户端装置24将接收为与追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)通信的楼层指定的特定追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)。客户端装置24随后可将关于接收的追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)的客户端识别信息传送回HEE160并且通过网络180传送。因此，可提供或判定客户端装置24所定位的特定楼层。注意，尽管追踪实例图示四个（4）追踪区域176(1)-176(4)，但本文的公开案不限于提供特定数量的追踪区域或追踪RAU，所述追踪RAU放置于追踪区域中以接收和无线传输追踪信号到客户端装置。
继续参看图8，也可在分布式天线系统150中提供未配置为接收和无线传输追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)的其他RAU162(1)-162(P)。在本实施方式中，所述RAU162(1)-162(P)在追踪区域176(1)-176(4)中的每一个区域中形成天线覆盖区域，所述天线覆盖区域不与提供追踪信号或定位服务相关联。RAU162(1)-162(P)可与先前在图1至图6中描述和图示的RAU14、RAU132相似，所述RAU14、RAU132向天线覆盖区域范围中的客户端装置提供下行链路网络通信并从客户端装置接收无线通信以将上行链路通信数据传送回HEE160并且通过网络180传送。可在给定区域176(1)-176(4)中提供一个以上RAU162(1)-162(P)，以在建筑物178内的客户端装置24与网络180之间提供通信。
也如图8所示，追踪RAU170(1)-170(Q)也可配置为除了追踪信号TS(1)-TS(V)外还将下行链路通信数据传输到客户端装置24。举例来说，追踪RAU170(Q)配置为接收来自HEE160的追踪信号TS(3)和下行链路通信数据并将以上两者传输到追踪RAU170(Q)范围中的客户端装置24。当客户端装置24处于追踪RAU170(Q)的范围中时，客户端装置24接收追踪信号TS(3)和下行链路通信数据。客户端装置24可将客户端装置识别信息和上行链路通信数据传输回HEE160并通过网络180传输。追踪RAU170(Q)可配置为从客户端装置24接收上行链路通信数据，或可配置为仅传输追踪信号TS(3)和下行链路通信数据到客户端装置24。在后一种情况下，定位为靠近追踪RAU170(Q)的第二RAU162(P)可配置为从客户端装置24接收客户端装置识别信息和上行链路通信数据，以提供到HEE160和网络180。
图9为判定图7中的示范性分布式天线系统150内的总传播延迟的示意图。然而，注意，也可在同样在上文论述的示范性分布式天线系统10、120中执行判定总传播延迟，且本文中判定传播延迟的实施方式不限于任何特定类型或配置的分布式天线系统。在图9中，与图7中的分布式天线系统150共用的元件具有共同元件符号。在本实施方式中，判定分布式天线系统150内的总传播延迟由以下步骤构成：判定下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)到RAU162(1)-162(P)的分配的传播延迟和上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)到HEE160的分配的传播延迟。在本实施方式中，所述延迟由传播延迟D3构成，因为假设从RAU162(1)-162(P)到天线166(1)-166(P)的传播延迟D4（如图7所示）与传播延迟D3相比微不足道。而且，本实施方式中的传播延迟D3由多个传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)构成，因为每一RAU162(1)-162(P)可能并非与HEE160相距相同距离和/或使用相同类型的通信介质通信地耦接。
继续参看图9，为判定传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)，一或多个传播延迟测量电路192(1)-192(M)可与HEE160中的每一RIM190(1)-190(M)相关联。通过提供与每一RIM190(1)-190(M)相关联的传播延迟测量电路192(1)-192(M)，可判定从RIM190(1)-190(M)到RAU162(1)-162(P)的传播延迟，在本实施方式中将所述传播延迟估算为分布式天线系统150的总传播延迟。在本实施方式中，传播延迟测量电路192用以测量将下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)从RIM190(1)-190(M)及OIM191(1)-191(N)分配到RAU162(1)-162(P)及将回应上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)从RAU162(1)-162(P)分配回HEE160的时间的传播延迟。RIM190(1)-190(M)可与图5和图6中所示并且先前在上文所描述的RIM120(1)-120(M)相似。OIM191(1)-191(N)可与图5和图6中所示并且先前在上文所描述的OIM122(1)-122(M)相似。以下更详细描述传播延迟测量电路的实例，所述传播延迟测量电路可提供为传播延迟测量电路192。在本实施方式中，因为提供了多个RAU162(1)-162(P)，所以传播延迟D3将由多个传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)组成。作为非限制性实例，传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)中最长的一个可被认为是分布式天线系统150的传播延迟或传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)的平均值。
继续参看图9，为测量传播延迟，在RAU162(1)-162(P)中的每一者中提供RF纵横式切换器194(1)-194(P)。RF纵横式切换器194(1)-194(P)耦接到RAU162(1)-162(P)中的O/E转换器和E/O转换器196(1)-196(P)。提供RF纵横式切换器194(1)-194(P)，以在将下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)分配到天线166(1)-166(P)之前将在下行链路通信介质164D上接收到的下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)逆变回到上行链路通信介质164U上作为上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)。传播延迟测量电路192测量从HEE160分配下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)时与在传播延迟测量电路192处接收回下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)以作为上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)时之间的时间来判定传播延迟D3。传播延迟测量电路192将测量HEE160与特定RAU162之间的一个通信路径的传播延迟。
继续参看图9并且如图10中的示范性流程图所示，为了测量每一RAU162(1)-162(P)的传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)，HEE160可配置为控制下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)的分配。可在允许正常RF通信在分布式天线系统150有效之前针对每一RAU162(1)-162(P)通信路径测量传播延迟。如图9中所示，可在HEE160中提供前端控制器（HEC）199或其他控制电路，以执行图10中的过程以判定传播延迟。就这点来说，HEE199可启动或重设传播延迟测量电路192，如图10中所示（图10中的方块200）。HEC199还与一或多个RAU162(1)-162(P)通信，以激活一或多个RF纵横式切换器194(1)-194(P)来将接收到的下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)重新引导到上行链路通信介质164U作为上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)（图10中的方块202）。HEC199可在HEE160中配置某些组件，以使得在传播传播延迟测量期间下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)一次仅分配到一个RAU162(1)-162(P)。此后，HEE160将下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)分配到一或多个RAU162(1)-162(P)（图10中的方块204）。举例来说，分配的下行链路通信信号156D(1)-156D(P)可具有串行通信的调制频率，例如315MHz（作为非限制性实例）。一或多个RF纵横式切换器194(1)-194(P)将把接收到的下行链路通信信号154D(1)-154D(P)引导到上行链路通信介质164U上，如图9中所示。HEE160将从一或多个RAU162(1)-162(P)接收上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)（图10中的方块206）。传播延迟测量电路192随后将判定接收上行链路通信信号156U(1)-156U(P)的时间，以判定一或多个RAU162(1)-162(P)的一或多个传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)（图10中的方块208）。
继续参看图10，HEC199可配置为一次测量一个RAU162的传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)，因为RAU162(1)-162(P)与HEE160相距不同距离，传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)将可能不同。就这点来说，可一次针对一个RAU162来执行图10中的过程。可在HEE160中提供一或多个切换器197，并且所述一或多个切换器197可由HEC199控制以一次切换到一或多个RAU162(1)-162(P)，以设置将通信信号分配到所需的一或多个RAU162(1)-162(P)的通信路径（图10中的方块210）。举例来说，切换器197可由传输光学次总成（TOSA）和接收光学次总成（ROSA）组成，激活和停用所述次总成来控制从HEE160接收通信信号的RAU162(1)-162(P)。对从HEE160接收通信信号的RAU162(1)-162(P)的控制提供对与给定传播延迟相关联的RAU162(1)-162(P)的识别，所述给定传播延迟使用传播延迟测量电路192判定。当待测量给定RAU162的下一个传播延迟D3时，HEC199可设置到下一个RAU162的通信路径（方块210），以测量给定RAU162的传播延迟D3。可重复图10中的过程直到判定了所有RAU162(1)-162(P)的全部传播延迟D3(1)-D3(P)。传播延迟可根据需要由HEC199储存并传送到网络管理设备152（图7）。HEC199也可存储和/或传送判定的传播延迟以及对客户端装置24的识别和/或客户端装置24的经判定位置。可基于上文论述的方法判定客户端装置24的位置，或基于所述方法，所述位置是可判定的。
任何类型的传播延迟测量电路可用于图9中HEE160中的传播延迟测量电路192(1)-192(M)，以测量传播延迟。作为非限制性实例，图11A至图11E为示范性传播延迟测量电路的示意图，所述示范性传播延迟测量电路可用作传播延迟测量电路192(1)-192(M)。
图11A图示传播延迟测量电路192A的第一实例，所述传播延迟测量电路192A采用快速计数器以用于测量RIM190与RAU162之间的一个通信路径的传播延迟。参看图11A，传播延迟测量电路192A采用与门220，所述与门220提供到计数器224的输出线路222。当下行链路通信信号156D有效或在下行链路通信介质164D上并且未探测到相应上行链路通信信号156U时，与门220充当切换器以激活计数器224。当下行链路通信信号探测器225（例如，功率探测器）探测到下行链路通信信号156D时，到与门220的输入线路226电平升高（即，表示逻辑“1”的电压电平）。直到下行链路通信信号156D到达配置的RAU162并且通过RF纵横式切换器194路由回到上行链路通信介质164U上才探测到相应上行链路通信信号156U。因此，最初，提供对上行链路通信信号156U的探测的输入线路228电平将较低（即，表示逻辑“0”的电压电平），所述电平将由逆变器230逆变以提供高电压电平到与门220。在所述情况期间，与门220的输出线路222传递振荡时钟信号232（即，1.0GHz信号）到计数器224，以累计来自时钟信号的时钟脉冲232。将累计的时钟脉冲提供到快速计数器234以提供代表传播延迟的计数。时钟信号232的频率应为比传播延迟大得多的频率，以使得计数器224的分辨率将足以精确测量分布式天线系统150中的传播延迟。
继续参看图11A，一旦上行链路通信信号探测器233（例如，功率探测器）在传播延迟测量电路192A处探测到作为接收的上行链路通信信号156U的下行链路通信信号156D，即将把输入线路228设置为高电平的。作为回应，与门220将关闭计数器224。HEC199可通过数据总线236读取快速计数器234中存在的计数值，以判定下行链路通信信号156D的传播延迟。在使用传播延迟测量电路192A测量后续传播延迟之前，使用重设线路238由HEC199重设计数器224。
图11B至图11D图示传播延迟测量电路192的其他实例。举例来说，图11B图示替代性传播延迟测量电路192B，所述替代性传播延迟测量电路192B类似于图11A的传播延迟测量电路192A。共同元件用共同元件符号加以标注。在图11B的传播延迟测量电路192B中，来自与门220的输出线路222直接输入快速计数器234。HEC199可通过数据总线236读取快速计数器234中存在的计数值，以判定下行链路通信信号156D的传播延迟。图11C图示另一替代性传播延迟测量电路192C，所述另一替代性传播延迟测量电路192C类似于图11A中的传播延迟测量电路192A。共同元件用共同元件符号加以标注。在图11C的传播延迟测量电路192C中，提供第一计数器224A作为与门的替代物，其中在探测到上行链路通信信号156U时，由第二计数器224B累计时钟信号。HEC199可通过数据总线236读取快速计数器234中存在的计数值，以判定下行链路通信信号156D的传播延迟。
图11D图示另一替代性传播延迟测量电路192D，所述另一替代性传播延迟测量电路192D类似于图11A中的传播延迟测量电路192A。共同元件用共同元件符号加以标注。在图11D中的传播延迟测量电路192D中，来自与门220的输出线路222输入模拟询问器电路239，以累计来自时钟信号232的时钟脉冲。将来自模拟询问器电路239的输出241提供到计数器224以提供传播延迟。HEC199可通过数据总线236读取计数器224中存在的计数值，以判定下行链路通信信号156D的传播延迟。
图11E图示另一替代性传播延迟测量电路192E，所述另一替代性传播延迟测量电路192E类似于图11D中的传播延迟测量电路192D。共同元件用共同元件符号加以标注。在图11E中的传播延迟测量电路192E中，来自询问器239的输出241输入到模数（A/D）转换器243，以将由询问器239累计的时钟脉冲的模拟表示转换为传播延迟的数字表示。HEC199可通过数据总线236读取传播延迟的数字值，以判定下行链路通信信号156D的传播延迟。
判定的传播延迟可取决于下行链路通信信号探测器225和上行链路通信信号探测器233的边缘检测时延和传播延迟测量电路192A-192E中的时钟信号232的时钟频率。如果探测器225、探测器232具有固定时延，那么可计算所述固定时延并从判定的传播延迟中去除所述固定时延。如果假设纯粹随机的时延性质，那么可表达时延延迟的标准偏差。
举例来说，如果时钟信号232的时钟周期为1纳秒（ns）且探测器225、探测器233的传输边缘（tx_边缘）探测延迟和接收边缘（rx_边缘）探测延迟为2ns的标准偏差，那么最终测量标准偏差为2.88ns。在时钟信号232中使用2ns的时钟周期将产生3.05ns的标准偏差。如果使用十（10）个测量样本，那么总体标准偏差降低到小于约1ns。由时钟周期（1ns或2ns）定义单一测量的固有分辨率。可通过使用更多样本来提高分辨率。转换为光纤长度，便可估计分辨率小于1米（m）。
可能需要仅判定图7和图9中的分布式天线系统150中的下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U的传播延迟D3’’。所述情况与判定总传播延迟D3相反，所述总传播延迟D3由HEE160的传播延迟D3’和下行链路通信介质164D与上行链路通信介质164U的传播延迟D3’’组成，如上文所论述。就这点来说，图12为图7和图9中的分布式天线系统150的示意图。然而，传播延迟测量电路192安置在OIM191(1)-191(N)中的每一者中作为传播延迟测量电路192(1)-192(N)。就这点来说，传播延迟测量电路192(1)-192(N)可在OIM191(1)-191(N)与RAU162(1)-162(P)之间测量下行链路通信介质164D与返回上行链路通信介质164U之间的通信路径的传播延迟。先前关于图10描述的用以测量分布式天线系统150中的总传播延迟的过程同样适用于本实施方式，以用于测量下行链路通信介质164D与返回上行链路通信介质164U之间的通信路径的传播延迟。
由RAU放置长度变化的变化引起的下行链路通信介质和/或上行链路通信介质中的传播延迟的变化可能是不可辨别的或可能对于所有RAU是不可辨别的。而且，可能需要均衡下行链路通信介质和上行链路通信介质中的传播延迟变化导致（例如，由RAU放置长度变化的变化引起）的传播延迟。就这点来说，图13图示分布式天线系统150’，所述分布式天线系统150’包括由与图7中的分布式天线系统150共用的元件符号指示的共同元件。然而，可由传播延迟产生器193在下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U中提供额外传播延迟。就这点来说，提供传播延迟产生器193且所述传播延迟产生器配置为经控制以添加传播延迟到下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U或以其他方式改变所述传播延迟。举例来说，传播延迟产生器193可含有在传播延迟方面不同的多个延迟路径。举例来说，可在传播延迟产生器193中提供不同长度的光纤，以代表不同的额外传播延迟。
继续参看图13，其中添加了额外传播延迟的特定下行链路通信介质164D和上行链路通信介质164U由光学路径矩阵式切换器195控制。光学路径矩阵式切换器195配置为控制给定下行链路通信介质164D和/或上行链路通信介质164U在传播延迟产生器193中所使用的传播延迟产生器193中的路径。选定的切换路径控制由传播延迟产生器193添加到给定下行链路通信介质164D和/或上行链路通信介质164U并因此添加到RAU162的额外传播延迟的量，所述RAU162连接到给定下行链路通信介质164D和/或上行链路通信介质164U。传播延迟产生器193和光学路径矩阵式切换器195可包括配置为与（例如）HEE160通信的控制器，例如微处理器或微控制器。HEE160可控制光学路径矩阵式切换器195，以控制传播延迟产生器193针对给定下行链路通信介质164D和/或上行链路通信介质164U提供的传播延迟中的选定传播延迟。
图14为关于呈示范性计算机系统240的示范性形式的本文所公开的示范性HEC199和/或任何其他微处理器、微控制器或控制器的额外细节的示意性表示图，所述示范性计算机系统240适应于执行来自示范性计算机可读介质的指令以执行功率管理功能。如先前论述，HEC199可包括在HEE160中。就这点来说，HEC199可包含计算机系统240，在所述计算机系统240内，可执行使HEC199执行本文论述的方法中任何一种或多种方法的指令集。HEC199可连接（例如，联网）到LAN、内联网、外联网或互联网中的其他机器。HEC199可在主从式网络环境中作业或者作为点对点（或分布式）网络环境中的对等机作业。尽管仅图示单个装置，但还应考虑术语“装置”包括装置的任何集合，所述装置个别地或联合地执行指令集（或多个指令集），以执行本文所论述的方法中的一或多种方法。HEC199可为包括在电子板卡（例如，印刷电路板（PCB））、服务器、个人计算机、台式计算机、膝上型计算机、个人数字助理（PDA）、计算平板、移动装置或任何其它装置中的一或多个电路，且所述HEC199可代表（例如）服务器或用户的计算机。
本实施方式中的HEC199的示范性计算机系统240包括处理装置或处理器242、主存储器244（例如，只读存储器（ROM）、闪速存储器、动态随机存取存储器（DRAM）（例如同步DRAM（SDRAM））等）和静态存储器246（例如，闪速存储器、静态随机存取存储器（SRAM）等），所述处理装置或处理器242、主存储器244和静态存储器246可通过数据总线236彼此通信。或者，处理装置242可直接或通过一些其他连接手段连接到主存储器244和/或静态存储器246。处理装置242可为控制器，且主存储器244或静态存储器246可为任何类型的存储器，每一个所述存储器可包括在HEE160中。
处理装置242代表一或多个通用处理装置，例如微处理器、中央处理单元等等。更详细地说，处理装置242可为复杂指令集计算（CISC）微处理器、精简指令集计算（RISC）微处理器、超长指令字（VLIW）微处理器、实施其它指令集的处理器或实施指令集组合的处理器。处理装置242配置为执行指令248中的处理逻辑以执行本文所论述的操作及步骤。
计算机系统240可进一步包括网络接口装置250。计算机系统240还可包括或可不包括输入端252，所述输入端用以在计算机系统240执行指令时接收将传送到计算机系统240的输入及选择。计算机系统240还可包括或可不包括输出端254，包括（但不限于）显示器、视频显示单元（例如，液晶显示器（LCD）或阴极射线管（CRT））、字母数字输入装置（例如，键盘）和/或光标控制装置（例如，鼠标）。
计算机系统240可包括或可不包括数据储存装置，所述数据储存装置包括储存在计算机可读介质258中体现本文中描述的传播延迟测量方法或功能中的任何一种或多种方法或功能的指令256。指令256还可在通过计算机系统240执行指令256的期间完全地或至少部分地驻留在主存储器244内和/或驻留在处理装置242内，主存储器244及处理装置242也构成计算机可读介质。指令256可进一步通过网络接口装置250在网络260上传输或接收。
尽管计算机可读介质258在示范性实施方式中展示为单一介质，但应考虑术语“计算机可读介质”包括单个介质或多个媒体（例如，集中式数据库或分布式数据库，和/或相关联的缓存或服务器），所述单个介质或多个媒体储存一或多个指令集。还应考虑术语“计算机可读介质”包括可储存、编码或携载指令集的任何介质，所述指令集供处理装置执行并且使处理装置执行本文所公开的实施方式的任何一种或多种方法。因此，应考虑术语“计算机可读介质”包括（但不限于）固态存储器、光学和磁性介质和载波信号。
本文所公开的实施方式包括各种步骤。可由硬件组件执行或可在机器可执行指令中体现本文所公开的实施方式的步骤，所述指令可用以使用所述指令编程的通用或专用处理器执行所述步骤。或者，可由硬件和软件的组合执行步骤。
本文所公开的实施方式可提供为计算机程序产品或软件，所述计算机程序产品或软件可包括机器可读介质（或计算机可读介质），所述机器可读介质具有储存在机器可读介质上的指令，所述指令可用以编程计算机系统（或其他电子装置）以执行根据本文公开的实施方式的过程。机器可读介质包括用于储存或传输呈由机器（例如，计算机）可读的形式的信息的任何机构。举例来说，机器可读介质包括机器可读储存介质（例如，只读存储器（“ROM”）、随机存取存储器（“RAM”）、磁盘储存介质、光学储存介质、快闪存储器装置等）、机器可读传输介质（电性、光学、声学或其他形式的传播信号（例如载波、红外信号、数字信号等））等。
除非另有特别说明，否则从先前论述显而易见，应理解，在本说明书全文中，使用术语（例如“处理”、“计算”、“判定”、“显示”等）的论述是指计算机系统或类似电子计算装置的动作或处理，所述计算机系统或类似电子计算装置操作表示为在计算机系统的寄存器和存储器内的物理（电子）量的数据且将所述数据变换成类似地表示为在计算机系统存储器或寄存器或其他此类信息储存、传输或显示装置内的物理量的其他数据。
本文中所提出的算法和显示并非固有地与任何特定计算机或其他设备相关。可根据本文中的教示与程序一起使用各种系统，或可能证明方便构建更多专业设备以执行所需方法步骤。用于各种所述系统的所需结构将从上述描述得知。另外，并未参考任何特定编程语言描述本文中所述的实施方式。将了解，可使用各种编程语言来执行如本文中所述的实施方式的教示。
本领域的技术人员将更一步了解，结合本文中公开的实施方式描述的各种说明性逻辑块、模块、电路和算法可实施为电子硬件、储存在存储器或另一计算机可读介质并由处理器或其他处理装置执行的指令或以上两者的组合。举例来说，可将本文中所述的分布式天线系统的组件用于任何电路、硬件组件、集成电路（IC）或IC芯片中。本文中公开的存储器可为任何类型和尺寸的存储器并且所述存储器可配置为储存任何类型的所要信息。为清楚说明所述可互换性，在上文已按照功能性描述各种说明性组件、块、模块、电路和步骤。所述功能如何实施取决于特定应用、设计选择和/或施加在整个系统上的设计约束。技术工人可针对每一特定应用以不同的方式实施所述功能，但所述实施决策不应被解释为导致脱离本实施方式的范围。
可使用经设计以执行本文所描述的功能的处理器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、专用集成电路(ASIC)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)或其它可编程逻辑装置、离散门或晶体管逻辑、离散硬件组件或以上各者的任何组合来实施或执行结合本文中所公开的实施方式而描述的各种说明性逻辑块、模块和电路。控制器可为处理器。处理器可为微处理器，但在替代方案中，处理器可为任何常见处理器、控制器、微控制器或状态机。处理器还可实施为计算装置的组合，例如，DSP与微处理器的组合、多个微处理器、结合DSP核心的一个或多个微处理器，或任何其它此类配置。
本文中公开的实施方式可在硬件和在指令中体现，所述指令储存在硬件中并可能驻留（例如）随机存取存储器（RAM）、闪速存储器、只读存储器（ROM）、电可编程ROM(EPROM)、电可擦可编程ROM（EEPROM）、寄存器、硬盘、可移动硬盘、CD-ROM或所属领路中已知的任何其他形式的计算机可读介质中。可将示范性储存介质耦接到处理器以使得处理器可从储存介质读取信息并且将信息写到储存介质。在替代方案中，储存介质可与处理器成一体式。处理器及储存介质可驻留于ASIC中。ASIC可能驻留在远程站中。在替代方案中，处理器及储存介质可作为离散组件驻留在远程站、基站或服务器中。
还应注意，描述在本文中的任何示范性实施方式中描述的操作步骤以提供实例和论述。可以许多不同顺序而不是所说明的顺序执行所描述的操作。此外，实际上可在许多不同的步骤中执行在单一操作步骤中描述的操作。此外，可组合在示范性实施方式中论述的一或多个操作步骤。应理解，将易于对本领域的技术人员显而易见的是，图示在流程图图式中的操作步骤可能经受许多不同的修改。本领域的技术人员也将理解，可使用任何各种不同技术和技巧来表示信息和信号。举例来说，可由电压、电流、电磁波、磁场或磁粒子、光场或光粒子或上述的任何组合来表示可在整个以上描述中引用的数据、指令、命令、信息、信号、位元、符号及码片。
此外，如本文所使用，术语“光纤电缆”和/或“光纤”意在包括所有类型的单模和多模光波导，所述单模和多模光波导包括一或多个光纤，所述一或多个光纤在电缆中可经上涂覆、着色、缓冲、带状化和/或具有其他组织或保护结构，例如一或多个管、强度构件、护套等。本文所公开的光纤可为单模或多模光纤。同样，其他类型的合适的光纤包括对弯曲不敏感的光纤或用于传输光信号的任何其他合理的介质。弯曲不敏感光纤或耐弯曲光纤的实例为可购自Corning Incorporated的多模光纤。在（例如）美国专利申请案第2008/0166094号和第2009/0169163号中公开此类型的合适的光纤，所述申请案的公开内容全文以引用的方式并入本文中。
得益于前文描述和相关联图式中呈现的教示，所述实施方式所属领域的技术人员将想到本文所阐述的多种修改和其他实施方式。举例来说，分布式天线系统可包括任何类型或数量的通信介质，包括（但不限于）电导体、光纤和空气（即，无线传输）。分布式天线系统可分配任何类型的通信信号，包括（但不限于）RF通信信号和数字数据通信信号，所述信号的实例描述于名为“Providing Digital Data Services in Optical Fiber-basedDistributed Radio Frequency(RF)Communications Systems,And RelatedComponents and Methods”的美国专利申请案第12/892,424号中，所述申请案全文以引用的方式并入本文中。多路复用（例如WDM和/或FDM）可用于本文所描述的分布式天线系统中的任何一者中，例如根据美国专利申请案第12/892,424号提供的实例的分布式天线系统。
因此，应理解，描述和权利要求书不受限于所公开的特定实施方式，且意在将修改和其它实施方式包括在附加权利要求书的范围中。只要实施方式的修改和变化属于随附权利要求书和权利要求书的等效物的范围内，实施方式意欲涵盖所述修改和变化。尽管本文中使用特定术语，但所述术语仅以一般意义和描述意义使用，而并非为了限制。

Claims (33)

1.一种分布式天线系统设备，所述设备包含：
至少一个下行链路射频（RF）接口，所述接口配置为接收下行链路RF信号并通过至少一个下行链路通信介质将所述下行链路RF信号分配到一或多个远程天线单元（RAU）；
至少一个上行链路RF接口，所述接口配置为通过至少一个上行链路通信介质从所述一或多个RAU接收上行链路RF信号；
至少一个传播延迟测量电路，所述电路通信地耦接到所述至少一个下行链路RF接口和所述至少一个上行链路RF接口，并且所述电路配置为测量所述至少一个下行链路RF接口对所述下行链路RF信号的所述分配与所述至少一个上行链路RF接口对所述下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号的所述接收之间的传播延迟；及
控制器，所述控制器通信地耦接到所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路并配置为：
与所述一或多个RAU中的RAU通信，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到所述至少一个上行链路RF接口；
激活所述至少一个下行链路RF接口，以将所述接收到的下行链路RF信号分配到所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU；及
根据所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路判定所述传播延迟，所述传播延迟随所述至少一个下行链路RF接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU之间的延迟变化并且随所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU与所述至少一个上行链路RF接口之间的延迟变化。
2.如权利要求1所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个下行链路通信介质和所述至少一个上行链路通信介质包括至少一个光纤介质。
3.如权利要求2所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个下行链路通信介质和所述至少一个上行链路通信介质包括至少一个电导体介质。
4.如权利要求1所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个下行链路通信介质和所述至少一个上行链路通信介质包括至少一个空气介质。
5.如权利要求1所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述控制器进一步配置为将所述传播延迟储存在存储器中。
6.如权利要求1所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述控制器进一步配置为通过网络传送所述传播延迟。
7.如权利要求1所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述控制器进一步配置为与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU通信，以不将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到所述至少一个上行链路RF接口。
8.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述控制器进一步配置为针对所述一或多个RAU中的每一选定RAU进行以下操作：
与所述一或多个RAU中的所述选定RAU通信，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到所述至少一个上行链路RF接口；
激活所述至少一个下行链路RF接口，以将所述接收到的下行链路RF信号分配到所述一或多个RAU中的所述选定RAU；及
根据所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路判定所述至少一个下行链路RF接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述选定RAU之间的所述传播延迟。
9.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路配置为测量所述至少一个下行链路RF接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU之间的所述传播延迟。
10.如权利要求9所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路定位于所述至少一个下行链路RF接口处，以测量所述至少一个下行链路RF接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU之间的所述传播延迟。
11.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路配置为测量所述至少一个下行链路通信介质与所述至少一个上行链路通信介质之间的所述传播延迟。
12.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个下行链路RF接口由至少一个无线电接口模块组成。
13.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，所述设备进一步包含至少一个光学RF接口，所述接口提供所述至少一个下行链路RF接口和所述至少一个上行链路RF接口的至少一部分，所述至少一个光学RF接口配置为：
接收所述下行链路RF信号作为下行链路电子RF信号；
将所述接收到的下行链路电子RF信号转换为下行链路光学RF信号；
从所述一或多个RAU接收所述上行链路RF信号作为上行链路光学RF信号；及
将所述接收到的上行链路光学RF信号转换为上行链路电子RF信号。
14.如权利要求13所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路定位于所述至少一个光学RF接口处，以测量所述至少一个下行链路接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU之间的所述传播延迟。
15.如权利要求14所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路配置为测量所述至少一个下行链路通信介质与所述至少一个上行链路通信介质之间的所述传播延迟。
16.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路由以下各者组成：
下行链路通信信号探测器，所述探测器配置为探测所述下行链路RF信号；
上行链路通信信号探测器，所述探测器配置为探测所述上行链路RF信号；及
计数器，所述计数器配置为计数所述下行链路通信信号探测器对所述下行链路RF信号的所述探测与所述上行链路通信信号探测器对所述上行链路RF信号的所述探测之间的传播延迟。
17.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，
其中所述至少一个下行链路RF接口由多个下行链路RF接口组成，并且所述至少一个上行链路RF接口由多个上行链路RF接口组成，及
其中所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路由多个传播延迟测量电路组成，所述多个传播延迟测量电路中的每一个电路通信地耦接到所述多个下行链路RF接口中的一个下行链路RF接口和所述多个上行链路RF接口中的一个上行链路RF接口。
18.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述控制器进一步配置为通过所述至少一个下行链路通信介质与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU通信，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到所述至少一个上行链路RF接口。
19.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，所述设备进一步包含传播延迟产生器，所述传播延迟产生器配置为将额外传播延迟添加到所述至少一个下行链路通信介质与所述至少一个上行链路通信介质中的至少一个介质。
20.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的分布式天线系统设备，其中所述至少一个传播延迟产生器配置为使所述至少一个下行链路通信介质与所述至少一个上行链路通信介质中的至少一个介质中的每一介质之间的所述传播延迟相等。
21.一种判定分布式天线系统设备中的传播延迟的方法，所述方法包含以下步骤：
与一或多个远程天线单元（RAU）中的RAU通信，以将从至少一个下行链路射频（RF）接口接收的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到至少一个上行链路RF接口；
激活所述至少一个下行链路RF接口，以将所述接收到的下行链路RF信号分配到所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU；
通过至少一个下行链路通信介质将所述下行链路RF信号分配到所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU；
通过至少一个上行链路通信介质从所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU接收所述分配的下行链路RF信号作为所述上行链路RF信号；及
使用至少一个传播延迟测量电路判定传播延迟，所述传播延迟随所述至少一个下行链路RF接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU之间的延迟变化并且随所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU与所述至少一个上行链路RF接口之间的延迟变化。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法，所述方法进一步包含以下步骤：将所述传播延迟储存在存储器中。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法，所述方法进一步包含以下步骤：通过网络传送所述传播延迟。
24.如权利要求22所述的方法，所述方法进一步包含以下步骤：与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU通信，以不将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到所述至少一个上行链路RF接口。
25.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，其中针对所述一或多个RAU中的每一选定RAU，所述方法包含以下步骤：
与所述一或多个RAU中的所述选定RAU通信，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到所述至少一个上行链路RF接口；
激活所述至少一个下行链路RF接口，以将所述接收到的下行链路RF信号分配到所述一或多个RAU中的所述选定RAU；及
根据所述至少一个传播延迟测量电路判定所述至少一个下行链路RF接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述选定RAU之间的所述传播延迟。
26.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，其中判定所述传播延迟的步骤进一步包含以下步骤：测量所述至少一个下行链路RF接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU之间的所述传播延迟。
27.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，其中判定所述传播延迟的步骤进一步包含以下步骤：测量所述至少一个下行链路通信介质与所述至少一个上行链路通信介质之间的所述传播延迟。
28.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，所述方法进一步包含以下步骤：
在至少一个光学RF接口处接收所述下行链路RF信号作为下行链路电子RF信号，所述至少一个光学RF接口提供所述至少一个下行链路RF接口和所述至少一个上行链路RF接口的至少一部分；
在所述至少一个光学RF接口处将所述接收到的下行链路电子RF信号转换成下行链路光学RF信号；
在所述至少一个光学RF接口处从所述一或多个RAU接收所述上行链路RF信号作为上行链路光学RF信号；及
在所述至少一个光学RF接口处将所述接收到的上行链路光学RF信号转换成上行链路电子RF信号。
29.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，其中判定所述传播延迟的步骤进一步包含以下步骤：使用定位于所述至少一个光学RF接口处的至少一个传播延迟测量电路测量所述至少一个下行链路接口与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU之间的所述传播延迟。
30.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，其中判定所述传播延迟的步骤进一步包含以下步骤：
探测分配于所述至少一个下行链路通信介质上的所述下行链路RF信号；
回应于所述下行链路RF信号在所述至少一个下行链路通信介质上的所述分配，探测在所述至少一个下行链路通信介质上接收的所述上行链路RF信号；及
使用传播延迟计数器计数下行链路通信信号探测器对所述下行链路RF信号的所述探测与上行链路通信信号探测器对所述上行链路RF信号的所述探测之间的所述传播延迟。
31.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，所述方法进一步包含以下步骤：通过所述至少一个下行链路通信介质与所述一或多个RAU中的所述RAU通信，以将接收到的下行链路RF信号作为上行链路RF信号返回到所述至少一个上行链路RF接口。
32.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，所述方法进一步包含以下步骤：添加额外传播延迟到所述至少一个下行链路通信介质和所述至少一个上行链路通信介质中的至少一个介质。
33.如权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法，所述方法进一步包含以下步骤：使所述至少一个下行链路通信介质和所述至少一个上行链路通信介质中的至少一个介质之间的所述传播延迟相等。
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