JP5523102B2 - 高表面積炭素及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
高表面積炭素及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5523102B2 JP5523102B2 JP2009536479A JP2009536479A JP5523102B2 JP 5523102 B2 JP5523102 B2 JP 5523102B2 JP 2009536479 A JP2009536479 A JP 2009536479A JP 2009536479 A JP2009536479 A JP 2009536479A JP 5523102 B2 JP5523102 B2 JP 5523102B2
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- activated carbon
- pore volume
- pores
- range
- biomass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Description
●10Å〜50Åの直径を有する細孔の1.0cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、メタン貯蔵タンクに於いて使用することができる。
●10Åよりも小さい直径を有する細孔の0.5cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、水素貯蔵タンクに於いて使用することができる。好ましくは、該活性炭は、少なくとも1重量%の、60よりも小さい原子量の金属を含有する。水素貯蔵タンクの活性炭は、1%よりも大きい重量パーセンテージで共吸着剤化合物(この化合物は、7.5Å〜12Åの臨界直径を有する)を含有することができる。
●10Å〜50Åの直径を有する細孔の1.0cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、メタンを他の気体から分離する分離器内で使用することができる。
●10Å〜50Åの直径を有する細孔の1.2cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、揮発性有機化合物吸着剤に於いて使用することができる。
●好ましい活性炭は、水から有機化合物を除去するための水処理吸着剤として使用することができる。
●10Å〜50Åの直径を有する細孔の1.0cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、バッテリーに於いて使用することができる。このバッテリーに於ける活性炭は、更に、5重量%よりも多くの、リチウム、ナトリウム、鉛、コバルト、鉄及びマンガンからなる群から選択された金属を含有していてよい。
●更に、0.1重量%よりも多くの、白金、ルテニウム、パラジウム、銅、クロム、コバルト、銀、金及びバナジウムからなる群から選択された金属を含有している好ましい活性炭は、触媒担体として使用することができる。
●好ましい活性炭は、燃料電池内の触媒担体として使用することができる。
●10Å〜50Åの直径を有する細孔の1.0cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、イオン交換材料として使用することができる。
●好ましい活性炭は、水から金属を除去するための水処理吸着剤として使用することができる。ある種の水処理用途に於いて、活性炭は、水中の標的とする物質の吸着を改良するために、2重量%より多くの金属を含有することができる。
II.微小細孔材料
●約10Åよりも小さい直径を有する細孔の約0.50cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、モレキュラーシーブに於いて使用することができる。
●約10Å〜約15Åの直径を有する細孔の約0.7cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する好ましい活性炭は、アセチレン貯蔵タンクに於いて使用することができる。
●約2500m2/gよりも大きいBET表面積を有する好ましい活性炭は、電気キャパシタに於いて使用することができる。
III.体積基準の貯蔵材料
IV.活性炭の製造方法
定義
●本発明の最良の性能を発揮するサンプルは、この規準に適合しないにもかかわらず良い性能を発揮したS−33/k以外は、1.8cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有していた。更に広く記載すると、好ましい材料は、1.2cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有していた。換言すると、好ましい材料は、直径が約7.5Å〜約50Åの範囲内であった細孔の約1.0cc/gを超える細孔体積を有していた。
●メタン表面積は、7.5Åよりも大きく、50(又は40)Åよりも小さい細孔体積と相関関係がある。
●メタン吸収は、7.5Åよりも小さい細孔体積と相関関係がない。
●500psigよりも高い圧力でのメタン吸収(500psigでの過剰吸着で正の勾配)は、20〜40Åの直径範囲内の細孔によって増強される。これは、20〜30Åの直径範囲内の実質的細孔体積を有する本発明の実施形態の固有の利点である。
●水素吸収は、10Åよりも小さい直径を有する細孔に於ける細孔体積と相関関係がある。
●メタン貯蔵のための、最適なKOH:炭比は、約2.5:1〜4.0:1である。
●活性化温度及びKOHの僅かに低下した組合せは、より多くの<7.5Åの細孔及び非常に高い表面積をもたらす。新規な材料は、<7.5Åの範囲内の>0.5cc/gの細孔体積で作られた。この処理の解釈は、より高い温度によって、KOHが、10Åよりも大きい値まで細孔直径を増加させ続けることである。約10Å付近の直径を有する細孔の体積を最大にするために、活性化温度、KOH濃度及び活性化時間の最適値が存在する。これらの最適値は、サンプルS56及びBa5.1を製造するために使用されたもの(表7参照)に近い。
●50℃ではなくて80℃での浸漬は、より大きい密度をもたらす。密度は、炭化する前の、75℃〜100℃の温度での少なくとも2時間の浸漬によって増加する傾向がある。
●浸漬に於けるより高い酸濃度は、より大きい密度をもたらす。
●キャパシタ機能性は、高い表面積と相関関係がある。
[実施例1]好ましい炭素サンプルの製造及びキャラクタリゼーション
b 貯蔵された量、mstは、細孔空間内に存在するメタンの全質量(吸着されたメタン+吸着されていないメタン)を示す。これは、過剰の吸着からmst/ms=mads,e/ms+(ρa -1−ρs -1)ρmethane(式中、msはサンプルの質量を示し、ρaはサンプルの見掛け密度fを示し、ρsはサンプルの骨格密度fを示し、ρmethaneは与えられた温度及び圧力でのバルクメタンの密度を示す)として計算した。重量貯蔵容量、mst/msは、見掛け密度、ρaが減少した場合に増加する。体積貯蔵容量、ρamst/msは、ρaが減少した場合に減少する。
c 体積/体積貯蔵容量、V/Vは、サンプルの体積当たりの(ρa/ms)、25℃及び大気圧でのメタンの体積として表される、貯蔵された量、として計算した。
d 窒素吸着等温線のブルナウアー−エメット−テラー(BET)分析から計算した。
e 窒素吸着等温線の密度関数理論(DFT)分析から計算した。
f 見掛け密度、ρaは、細孔空間を含むサンプルの密度を示し、ρa=(Vpore/ms+ρs -1)-1(式中、Vporeはサンプルの全細孔体積を示し、msはサンプルの質量を示し、ρsはサンプルの骨格密度(細孔空間なしのサンプルの密度)を示す)から計算した。
g 下限の3Åは、多孔度を評価するために使用される窒素の結果として意味される。機器のソフトウエアは、この値を、<7.5Åとして報告した。
h 10−20多孔度は、cc/gでの、10Å〜20Åの直径を有する細孔の体積に、g/ccでの、見掛け密度を掛けたものとして定義される。7.5−20多孔度は、cc/gでの、7.5Å〜20Åの直径を有する細孔の体積に、g/ccでの、見掛け密度を掛けたものとして定義される。
[実施例2]炭化工程でのパラメーター研究
BET表面積を劇的に減少させ、炭密度を増加させる。
[実施例5]水についての銅カチオンの吸着の例証
[実施例7]実施例細孔サイズ分布
[実施例9]水素貯蔵
[実施例10]より高い圧力での吸着
本開示は下記を含む。
<1> a.約50重量%よりも多いバイオマス由来の炭素、
b.約1500m 2 /gよりも大きいDFT表面積、
c.直径が約10Å〜約50Åの範囲である細孔の約0.6cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積、
d.直径が約10Å〜約20Åの範囲である細孔の約0.4cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積、及び
e.細孔体積の少なくとも約20%が、直径が約20Å〜約50Åの範囲である細孔を含むような細孔分布、
を含む活性炭。
<2> 直径が約10Å〜約50Åの範囲である細孔の細孔体積が、約0.8cc/gよりも大きい、<1>に記載の活性炭。
<3> 直径が約10Å〜約50Åの範囲である細孔の細孔体積が、約1.1cc/gよりも大きい、<1>に記載の活性炭。
<4> 前記活性炭が、約20℃の温度及び約500psigの圧力で、メタン中で自重の約15%よりも多くを吸着し貯蔵することができる、<3>に記載の活性炭。
<5> 前記活性炭が、メタン貯蔵タンク、メタンガス分離器、揮発性有機化合物吸着剤、水処理吸着剤、電気キャパシタ、バッテリー、触媒、燃料電池及びイオン交換材料からなる群から選択された製品中に使用される、<3>に記載の活性炭。
<6> 前記水処理吸着剤が、更に、約2重量%よりも高い濃度で金属を含有する、<5>に記載の活性炭。
<7> 前記バッテリーが、更に、約5重量%よりも高い濃度で金属を含有し、該金属が、リチウム、ナトリウム、鉛、コバルト、鉄及びマンガンからなる群から選択される、<5>に記載の活性炭。
<8> 前記触媒が、更に、約0.1重量%よりも高い濃度で金属を含有し、該金属が、白金、ルテニウム、パラジウム、銅、クロム、コバルト、銀、金及びバナジウムからなる群から選択される、<5>に記載の活性炭。
<9> 直径が約7.5Å〜約16.0Åの範囲である細孔の細孔体積が、約0.5cc/gよりも大きい、請求項3に記載の活性炭。
<10> 前記活性炭がアセチレン貯蔵タンク内に使用される、請求項9に記載の活性炭。
<11> 約2850m 2 /gよりも大きいDFT表面積、及び、直径が約10Åよりも小さい細孔の約0.5cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する、バイオマス由来の活性炭。
<12> 直径が約10Åよりも小さい細孔の細孔体積が、約0.7cc/gよりも大きい、<11>に記載の活性炭。
<13> 前記活性炭が、メタン貯蔵タンク、水素貯蔵タンク、アセチレン貯蔵タンク、キャパシタ、バッテリー及びモレキュラーシーブからなる群から選択された製品中に使用される、<12>に記載の活性炭。
<14> 前記メタン貯蔵タンク又は水素貯蔵タンクの活性炭が、更に、少なくとも1重量%の濃度で金属を含有し、該金属が、60よりも小さい原子量を有する、<13>に記載の活性炭。
<15> 前記水素貯蔵タンクの活性炭が、更に、少なくとも1重量%の濃度で共吸着剤を含有し、該共吸着剤が、約7.5Å〜約12Åの臨界直径を有する、<14>に記載の活性炭。
<16> a.約50重量%よりも多いバイオマス由来の炭素、
b.約1500m 2 /gよりも大きいDFT表面積、
c.約0.25よりも大きい10−20多孔度、
d.直径が約10Å〜約20Åの範囲である細孔の約0.4cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積、及び
e.細孔体積の少なくとも約30%が、直径が約10Å〜約20Åの範囲である細孔を含むような細孔分布、
を含む活性炭。
<17> 前記10−20多孔度が約0.3よりも大きく、直径が約10Å〜約20Åの範囲である細孔の細孔体積が約0.5cc/gよりも大きい、<16>に記載の活性炭。
<18> 前記活性炭が、更に、約10重量%よりも多い濃度で金属を含有し、メタン貯蔵タンク、水素貯蔵タンク、アセチレン貯蔵タンク、キャパシタ、バッテリー及びモレキュラーシーブからなる群から選択された製品中に使用される、<17>に記載の活性炭。
<19>
a.約40重量%よりも多くの炭素を含有するバイオマス供給原料を、約350℃〜約850℃の温度で炭化して、約900m 2 /gよりも大きいDFT表面積、及び、直径が
約10Å〜約50Åの範囲である細孔の約1.0cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する炭を形成することと、
b.前記炭を、約9よりも大きいpHを有するアルカリ性材料の存在下で、約600℃〜約1000℃の温度で活性化して、約1700m 2 /gよりも大きいDFT表面積、約
1.1cc/gよりも大きい全細孔体積、及び、細孔体積の少なくとも約20%が、直径が約20Å〜約50Åの範囲である細孔を含むような細孔分布を有する活性炭を形成することと、
を含む活性炭の製造方法。
<20> 前記バイオマス供給原料が、トウモロコシの穂軸、木材製品、オリーブの種、モモの種、ココナツの殻及びナッツの殻からなる群から選択される、<19>に記載の方法。
<21> 前記アルカリ性材料が、水酸化カリウム、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化リチウム及び水酸化ベリリウムからなる群から選択された金属水酸化物である、<20>に記載の方法。
<22> 前記炭が、バイオマス及びリン酸の混合物から製造され、リン酸のバイオマスに対する質量比が、約0.5:1〜約1:1の範囲内である、<20>に記載の方法。
<23> 前記活性炭が、炭及び金属水酸化物の混合物から製造され、金属水酸化物のバイオマスに対する質量比が、約1:1〜約5:1の範囲内である、<21>に記載の方法。
<24> 前記活性炭が、約20℃の温度及び約500psigの圧力で、メタン中で自重の約15%よりも多くを吸着し貯蔵することができる、<19>に記載の方法。
<25> 前記バイオマス供給原料が、約0.4g/ccよりも小さい見掛け密度を有し、炭化される前に、リン酸中に、約75℃〜約100℃の温度で少なくとも2時間浸漬される、<19>に記載の方法。
<26> 更に、前記活性炭をバインダーと共に、約130℃〜約180℃の温度で約13000psi〜約17000psiの圧力でプレスして、ブリケットを形成することと、該ブリケットを約600℃〜約1200℃の温度で加熱することと、を含む、<19>に記載の方法。
Claims (18)
- a.50重量%よりも多いバイオマス由来の炭素、
b.2850m2/gよりも大きいDFT表面積、
c.直径が10Å〜50Åの範囲である細孔の0.6cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積、
d.直径が10Å〜20Åの範囲である細孔の0.4cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積、及び
e.細孔体積の少なくとも20%が、直径が20Å〜50Åの範囲である細孔を含むような細孔分布、
を含む活性炭。 - 直径が10Å〜50Åの範囲である細孔の細孔体積が、0.8cc/gよりも大きい、請求項1に記載の活性炭。
- 直径が10Å〜50Åの範囲である細孔の細孔体積が、1.1cc/gよりも大きい、請求項1に記載の活性炭。
- 前記活性炭が、20℃の温度及び3.44MPaの圧力で、メタン中で自重の15%よりも多くを吸着し貯蔵することができる、請求項3に記載の活性炭。
- 前記活性炭が、メタン貯蔵タンク、メタンガス分離器、揮発性有機化合物吸着剤、水処理吸着剤、電気キャパシタ、バッテリー、触媒、燃料電池及びイオン交換材料からなる群から選択された製品中に使用される、請求項3に記載の活性炭。
- 前記水処理吸着剤が、更に、2重量%よりも高い濃度で金属を含有する、請求項5に記載の活性炭。
- 前記バッテリーが、更に、5重量%よりも高い濃度で金属を含有し、前記金属が、リチウム、ナトリウム、鉛、コバルト、鉄及びマンガンからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の活性炭。
- 前記触媒が、更に、0.1重量%よりも高い濃度で金属を含有し、前記金属が、白金、ルテニウム、パラジウム、銅、クロム、コバルト、銀、金及びバナジウムからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の活性炭。
- 直径が7.5Å〜16.0Åの範囲である細孔の細孔体積が、0.5cc/gよりも大きい、請求項3に記載の活性炭。
- 前記活性炭がアセチレン貯蔵タンク内に使用される、請求項9に記載の活性炭。
- a.バイオマス供給原料を、水中に酸を酸濃度50質量%〜70質量%の範囲で含む酸溶液と接触させ、酸溶液:バイオマスの質量比が0.2:1〜1.5:1の範囲である酸浸漬を形成することと、
b.前記酸浸漬を30℃〜75℃の温度範囲で8〜14時間の範囲の浸漬時間維持し、酸処理バイオマスを形成することと、
c.前記酸処理バイオマスを、350℃〜850℃の温度で炭化して、900m2/gよりも大きいDFT表面積、及び、直径が10Å〜50Åの範囲である細孔の1.0cc/gよりも大きい細孔体積を有する炭を形成することと、
d.前記炭を、9よりも大きいpHを有するアルカリ性材料の存在下で、600℃〜1000℃の温度で活性化して、2850m2/gよりも大きいDFT表面積、1.1cc/gよりも大きい全細孔体積、及び、細孔体積の少なくとも20%が、直径が20Å〜50Åの範囲である細孔を含むような細孔分布を有する活性炭を形成することと、
を含む活性炭の製造方法。 - 前記バイオマス供給原料が、トウモロコシの穂軸、木材製品、オリーブの種、モモの種、ココナツの殻及びナッツの殻からなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記アルカリ性材料が、水酸化カリウム、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化リチウム及び水酸化ベリリウムからなる群から選択された金属水酸化物である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記炭が、バイオマス及びリン酸の混合物から製造され、リン酸のバイオマスに対する質量比が、0.5:1〜1:1の範囲内である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記活性炭が、炭及び金属水酸化物の混合物から製造され、金属水酸化物のバイオマスに対する質量比が、1:1〜5:1の範囲内である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記活性炭が、20℃の温度及び3.44MPaの圧力で、メタン中で自重の15%よりも多くを吸着し貯蔵することができる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記バイオマス供給原料が、0.4g/ccよりも小さい見掛け密度を有し、炭化される前に、リン酸中に、75℃〜100℃の温度で少なくとも2時間浸漬される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 更に、前記活性炭をバインダーと共に、130℃〜180℃の温度で89.63MPa〜117.21MPaの圧力でプレスして、ブリケットを形成することと、前記ブリケットを600℃〜1200℃の温度で加熱することと、を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
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2013
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US8691177B2 (en) | 2014-04-08 |
US20120094828A1 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
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US20080207442A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
US20130190542A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
WO2008058231A2 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
EP2109868A2 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
BRPI0718589A2 (pt) | 2015-06-16 |
JP2014111537A (ja) | 2014-06-19 |
CA2668887A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
EP2109868A4 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
KR20090094088A (ko) | 2009-09-03 |
JP5763228B2 (ja) | 2015-08-12 |
CA2668887C (en) | 2015-02-24 |
US9517445B2 (en) | 2016-12-13 |
WO2008058231A3 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
US8926932B2 (en) | 2015-01-06 |
JP2010509174A (ja) | 2010-03-25 |
KR101438854B1 (ko) | 2014-09-05 |
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