JP2015109847A - Dsrnaによる遺伝子発現の阻害 - Google Patents
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- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【解決手段】標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含むRNAを前記細胞中に導入することと、前記標的遺伝子の発現の阻害を確認することとを備えた方法。標的遺伝子が内在性遺伝子のウイルス遺伝子である方法。
【選択図】なし
Description
(1998))、Trypanosoma brucei(Ngo, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 14687−14692 (1998))、planarians(Sanchez Alvarado & Newmark, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 5049−5054 (1999))、及び植物(Waterhouse, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 13959−13964 (1998))を含む下等な真核細胞に対して有効であることが示されている。本アプローチの応用が、ゼブラフィッシュの胚でも実証されているが、完全な成功を収めたとはいい難い(Wargelius, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Comminun 263, 156−161 (1999))。
前記細胞中に、前記標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であるヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含み、内在性のテンプレートから由来するRNAを細胞中に導入することと、
前記標的遺伝子の発現の阻害を確認することとを備えた方法が提供される。
LABORATORY MANUAL, SECOND EDITION (1989);DNA CLONING, VOLUMES I AND II (D.N Glover ed. 1985); OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS
(M.J. Gait ed, 1984);NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDISATION (B.D. Hanies & S.J. Higgins eds. 1984); TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION (B.D. Haines & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984), ANIMAL CELL CULTURE (R.I. Freshney ed. 1986); IMMOBILISED CELLS AND ENZYMES (IRL
Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO MOLECULAR CLONING (1984); the series, METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY (Academic Press, Inc.); GENE TRANSFER VECTORS FOR MAMMALIAN CELLS (J.H. Miller and M.P. Calos
eds. 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Methods in Enzymology Vol. 154 and Vol. 155 (Wu and Grossman, and Wu, eds., respectively), Mayer and Walker, eds. (1987), IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS IN CELL AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Academic Press, London), Scopes, (1987), PROTEIN PURIFICATION. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE, Second Edition (Springer−Verlag, N.Y.),and HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, VOLUMES I−IV
(D.M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds 1986参照)。
Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H.G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje,
G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991)。2つのポリヌクレオチド配列間の同一性を測定するための方法が数多く存在するが、前記用語は当業者に周知である(Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo, H., and Lipman, D., SIAM J Applied Math., 48: 1073 (1988)。
Wianny, et al. Chromosoma 107, 430−439 (1998)に記載されているマイクロインジェクション技術を用いて投与し得る。
前記標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であるヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含むRNAを前記細胞中に導入することと、
必要に応じて、前記標的遺伝子の発現の阻害を確認することとを備えた方法が提供される。該側面では、前記RNAは内在性テンプレートに由来することが好ましい。
前記標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一である配列を有するdsRNAに、前記標的遺伝子を接触させることを備えた方法を提供する。該側面では、前記RNAは内在性テンプレートに由来することが好ましい。
ここで、添付の図面を参照しながら、以下の例で、本発明をさらに説明する。
卵母細胞と胚の採集及び培養
ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)(4mg ml−1)を補充したFHM培地(Speciality media,Inc.Lavalette,N.J.)中に、4〜6週齢のF1(CBA×C57Bl)マウスの卵巣から、減数分裂の前期Iで停止した未成熟の卵母細胞を採集した。妊馬血清ゴナドトロピン(PMSG、5i.u.)、及び48〜52時間おいてヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン(hCG)を腹腔内注射することによって、F1雌マウスを過排卵させた。hCGから20〜24時間後に、交配した雌から、受精した1細胞の胚を得た。
RNA合成に用いたテンプレートは直鎖化されたプラスミドであった。T7TS プラスミド(Zernicka−Goetz,. et al. Development 124, 1133−1137 (1997))中に、完全長のMmGFP cDNA (714bp)をクローニングした。c−mos cDNAのKpnI/HindIII断片(550bp)(Colledge et al, Nature 370, 665−68 (1994))をBluescript pSK中にクローニングした。Bluescript pKSの中に、E−カドヘリンのエキソン4−エキソン8に対応するcDNA(580bp)をクローニングした(Larue et al, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 92, 855−859 (1995))。Megascriptsキット(Ambion)を使用し、T3又はT7ポリメラーゼを用いてRNAを合成した。DNAse処理によって、DNAテンプレートを除去した。フェノール/クロロホルムでRNA産物を抽出し、エタノール沈殿した。
A(Sigma)を用いて、37℃で30分間、調製物を処理した。続いて、140μg/mlのプロテイナーゼK(Sigma)で前記dsRNAを処理し、フェノール/クロロホルム抽出し、エタノール沈殿させた。アガロースゲル上での移動によって、dsRNAの形成を確認した。各dsRNAのゲル移動度は、ssRNAに比べてシフトしていた。アンチセンス及び二本鎖RNAを比較するために、同じ重量のRNAを感染させた。
免疫ブロット分析のために、SDS−ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動にサンプルをかけて、ハイボンド(hybond)ニトロセルロース膜(Amersham)にタンパク質を転写した。抗体の非特異的結合をブロックするために、5%(w/v)の無脂肪ドライミルクを含有するTBST緩衝液(20mM Tris−HCl、pH8.2、150mM NaCl、0.1% Tween−20)中で、膜を一晩プレインキュベートした。続いて、抗E−カドヘリン抗体(DECMA−1)又は抗mos抗体(SantaCruz Biotechnology)とともに、膜を1時間インキュベートし、TBST中で膜を洗浄して、ベルオキシダーゼ抱合二次抗体(SantaCruz Biotechnology)とともに1時間インキュベートし、TBST中で再度洗浄した。5%(w/v)の無脂肪ドライミルクを含有するTBST中に前記抗体を希釈した。化学発光(Amersham)の増大によって、二次抗体を検出した。E−カドヘリン抗体を用いたホールマウント免疫蛍光のために、2%パラホルムアルデヒド中に、室温で20分間、胚を固定した後、0.1%のTriton X−100を10分間浸透させた。PBS中の2%BSA中で、30分間プレインキュベートした後、抗Eカドヘリン抗体とともに37℃で1時間、テキサスレッドを抱合したヤギ抗ラット抗体(Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories、West Grove, Pa., USA)とともに37℃で1時間、胚をインキュベートした。Biorad 1024レーザースキャニング共焦点顕微鏡を用いて、胚を観察した。
マウス胚における遺伝子発現を抑えるために、dsRNAを使用し得るかどうかを決定するため、本発明者らは、伸長因子1α(E1Fα)プロモーター (Zernicka−Goetz M. in Cell lineage andfate determination (ed. Moody, S.A.) 521−527 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1999))の制御下でMmGFPを発現するマウスのトランスジェニック系統を用いた実験的検査系を開発した。この系統は、生きた胚の中でGFP発現を容易に可視化することができるという利点を与え、その機能は不可欠ではないので、本発明者らは、胚の発育に対する任意の非特異的な有害作用をモニターすることができた。母体の遺伝子産物が潜伏することによる複雑化を避けるために、本発明者らは、導入遺伝子が父方に由来するヘテロ接合の胚を用いた。これらの胚におけるGFP発現の開始は、2細胞期での接合体の転写が開始した後に、緑の細胞が出現することによって明らかとなる。
本発明者らは、E−カドヘリンdsRNAを注入したときに得られる特異的な発生の結果を評価した。E−カドヘリンは、前着床発育中に、母体と接合体の両者から発現される。該分子の接着機能に不可欠な領域を除去するために相同的組換えを用いて、E−カドヘリン遺伝子を破壊すると、著しい前着床欠損がもたらされる。これらの胚でも、母体から発現されたE−カドヘリンが存在するために、最初は胚細胞緊密化が起こり得る。しかしながら、これらの胚は、空洞化に欠陥があるので、正常な胚盤胞を形成し得ない(Larue, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 8263−8267 (1994); Riethmacher, et al. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 92,855−859 (1995))。
dsRNA注入後に、E−カドヘリンの発現が劇的に減少することを示している(図3b、c)。これに対して、MmGFP dsRNAを注入した胚では、E−カドヘリン発現の減少は観察されず、E−カドヘリン発現のレベルは、対照の未注入胚のレベルと同様であった(図3c)。E−カドヘリン dsRNAを注入した胚における、桑実胚段階の時点でのE−カドヘリンのレベルは、注入前に新たに受精した胚におけるレベルよりも低い(図3c)。この残余のE−カドヘリンタンパク質の大部分は、母体から発現されたタンパク質(2細胞期の間にその合成は停止する)の残存を反映している可能性がある(Sefton, et al, Development 115, 313−318 (1992))。この残存する母体タンパク質は、ホモ接合無発現胚(null embryo)では、胚盤胞の後期段階まで存在する(Larue, et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 8263−8267 (1994))。
母体から発現された遺伝子を妨害するために、dsRNAを使用し得るかどうかを決定するために、本発明者らは、特徴的なノックアウト表現型を有するモデル遺伝子を探索した。C−mosは、第二減数分裂において、成熟中の卵母細胞を中期に停止させるために必要とされる細胞分裂停止因子の不可欠な成分である。c−mos −/−マウスでは、60〜75%の卵母細胞が、この中期IIでの停止を持続せず、単為生殖による発生を開始する(Colledge, et al, Nature 370, 65−68 (1994); Hashimoto, et al. Nature 370, 68−71 (1994))。C−mos mRNAは、十分に成長した未成熟の卵母細胞中に存在し、胚胞の崩壊を経て減数分裂が再開したときに、その翻訳が母テンプレートから開始される(Verlhac, et al. Development 122, 815−822 (1996))。このように、c−mos dsRNAの注入によって、dsRNAが母体のmRNA発現を妨害し得るかどうかを調べることが可能になるであろう。
初期のマウス胚の中に存在する細胞の所定の系列内の特異的な遺伝子の発現を除去することが可能であるかどうかを調べるために、ニ細胞期のマウス胚の一つの細胞中にE−カドヘリンに対するdsRNAを、注入すべき細胞に印を付すためのMmGFPの合成mRNAとともにマイクロインジェクトした。これらの胚の発育とともに、E−カドヘリンとMmGFPの発現レベルを追跡した。E−カドヘリンの発現は、dsE−カドヘリン RNAを注入した細胞に由来する細胞(前記注入したmRNAから同細胞中に翻訳されたMmGFPの発現によってマークされているクローン)で特異的に減少していた。このように、初期のマウス胚では、dsRNA の効果は隣接する細胞には伝達されない。このため、dsRNAiは、異なる運命を有する系列間での遺伝子発現パターンを区別して制御するために、胚に使用することができる。
本発明者らは、マウスの卵母細胞及び着床前又は初期胚における遺伝子活性の特異的阻害剤として、dsRNAを使用し得ることを実証した。本発明者らは、3つの異なる遺伝子(卵母細胞中のc−mos、初期胚中のE−カドヘリン又はgfp導入遺伝子)の発現を各別に阻害することによって、該操作の特異性を示している。2つの内在性のマウスの遺伝子の場合には、これは、無発現変異体の表現型に類似した表現型をもたらす。gfp導入遺伝子の発現を阻止する本発明者らの実験は、RNAi自体は、発生の正常な過程に影響を与えないことを示している。
Claims (25)
- 哺乳動物細胞中の標的遺伝子の発現を阻害する方法であって、
前記標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含むRNAを前記細胞中に導入することと、
前記標的遺伝子の発現の阻害を確認することとを備えた方法。 - 前記標的遺伝子が内在性遺伝子である請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記標的遺伝子がウイルス遺伝子である請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAが前記細胞外で産生される請求項1、2、又は3に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAが前記細胞中に注入される請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAが前記細胞内で産生される請求項1、2、又は3に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAが組換えによって産生される請求項4、5、又は6に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAが前記細胞中の発現ベクターによって産生される請求項6又は7に記載の方法。
- 前記dsRNAがβ−グルクロニダーゼに由来しない、請求項1〜8の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAが単一の自己相補性RNA鎖を含む請求項1〜9の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAが2つの別個の相補性RNA鎖を含む請求項1〜9の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ヌクレオチド配列が前記標的遺伝子全体と実質的に同一である請求項1〜11の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ヌクレオチド配列が、前記標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と90%、95%、又は100%の同一性を有する請求項1〜12の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記標的遺伝子が疾病を引き起こし、又は疾病を引き起こす可能性がある請求項1〜13の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が多能性細胞、卵母細胞、初期胚の細胞、例えば、未分化胚芽細胞である請求項1〜14の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 哺乳動物細胞中に存在する標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含む、医薬として使用するためのRNA。
- 哺乳動物細胞中の標的遺伝子の発現を阻害するための薬剤の製造におけるRNAの使用であって、
前記RNAが、前記標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含む使用。 - 請求項2〜15の何れか1項の特徴によって修飾された請求項17に記載の使用。
- 薬学的に許容される担体とともに、哺乳動物細胞中の標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含むRNAを含んだ薬学的製剤。
- 請求項1〜15の何れか1項の特徴によって修飾された請求項19に記載の薬学的製剤。
- 哺乳動物細胞中の標的遺伝子の発現を阻害するためのキットであって、
前記哺乳動物細胞中の標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含むRNAと、
前記哺乳動物細胞への前記RNAの導入を促進するビークルとを備えるキット。 - 請求項2〜15の何れか1項の特徴によって修飾された請求項21に記載のキット。
- 発現構築物を含有する哺乳動物細胞であって、
前記構築物が、標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を形成するRNAをコードする哺乳動物細胞。 - 請求項23に記載の細胞を含有するトランスジェニック哺乳動物。
- 哺乳動物細胞中の標的遺伝子の発現を阻害する方法であって、
前記標的遺伝子の少なくとも一部と実質的に同一であり、且つ内在性テンプレートに由来するヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含むRNAを前記細胞中に導入することを備え、
前記dsRNAがβ−グルクロニダーゼに由来しない方法。
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