JP2008294218A - 固体撮像素子とその製造方法及び撮像装置 - Google Patents
固体撮像素子とその製造方法及び撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】複数の受光部61に対応して画素回路を共有し、受光部61の光入射側を、半導体基体11の画素回路が形成される第1の面11Aとは反対側の第2の面11B側とする。そしてこの受光部61を、第1の面11A側で非等間隔に、第2の面11B側で略等間隔に配置し、半導体基体11中で異なる形状で第2の面11B側から第1の面11A側に延在する構成とする。
【選択図】図9
Description
CMOSイメージセンサなどの固体撮像素子では、通常、正方格子などの、一定の間隔でフォトダイオード(PD)を並べ、入射光をサンプルする構成が採られている。
従って、上述した固体撮像素子の小型化と高画素数化による単位画素の縮小化に伴ってPD面積が減少し、飽和信号量や感度などの固体撮像素子の特性が低下するという問題が生じている。
そこで、下記の特許文献1及び2では、PDと電荷転送トランジスタ以外の、画素回路を隣接単位画素間で共有するCMOSイメージセンサが提案されている。
このCMOSイメージセンサでは、単位画素当りのトランジスタ数および配線数を減らすことができ、その結果として、PDの面積を大きく確保することができるので、単位画素の縮小化に対応することができる。
この結果、PDが配列される平面構成は、正方格子ではなく、非等間隔の配列になる。
a.サンプリングした信号を補正する必要が生じ、PDを等間隔に配置した場合と比べて信号処理が煩雑になる。
b.CMOSセンサのタイプによってPDの配置が異なると、信号処理もそれに合わせて変える必要が出てくる。
c.明暗が縞模様のコントラストである画像を撮影した場合は、特に縞の延長方向が画素の配列に対して斜め方向であるときは、縞の間隔や色のつき方を再現することが難しくなる。
d.通常の信号処理ICは等間隔のサンプリングを仮定して設計されているので、一般的な信号処理ICを使用できなくなり、システムの構成が制限される。
e.光軸から遠い周辺部の画素では斜めに光が入射するので、非等間隔に配列されていることに起因して、シェーディングの出方が異なるようになる。例えば、白いものを写しても、上端と下端に色が付いてしまい、しかも異なる色が付くので補正が困難となる。
以上の不都合が生じるため、入射光のサンプリングは等間隔であることが望ましい。
1.PDが等間隔に配置されるように、トランジスタをPDの周りに均等に配置する。
2.PDが等間隔に配置されるように、余分なスペースを設ける。
3.光学的開口を十分狭くして、間隔の異なるPD上に対し、光が入射する領域は等間隔になるように配置する。
上記2の方法による場合においても同様に、PDの面積を減らしたり、画素回路の特性を落としたりすることとなってしまう。
上記3の方法による場合は、感度が落ちてしまうという不都合がある。
また、本発明の固体撮像素子の製造方法によれば、信号処理の複雑化を回避した固体撮像素子を容易に製造することができ、特に、受光部を構成する不純物領域内の不純物濃度のばらつきを抑制することが可能となる。
図1は、本発明の一実施形態による固体撮像素子の概略平面構成図である。図1に示すように、この固体撮像素子10は、画素部1、垂直駆動回路2、カラム回路3、水平駆動回路4、制御回路5、水平バス6、出力回路7を有し、これらが同一の基板(図示せず)上に搭載される構成となっている。
画素部1の各画素は、図示しない行方向に延びた画素駆動配線によって駆動される。また、画素の信号はアナログ信号であり、図示しない列方向に延びた垂直信号線に出力される。
出力回路7は、水平バス6からの信号を処理して出力する。例えば、バッファリングだけを行う場合もあるし、その前に黒レベル調整、列ばらつき補正、各種のデジタル信号処理等の処理を行う場合もある。
光電変換素子であるPD等の受光部61a〜61dは、転送トランジスタ62a〜62dを介してそれぞれフローティングディフュージョン(FD)63と接続されている。FD63は、転送トランジスタ62a〜62dのドレインに相当する2つの拡散層と、増幅トランジスタ64のゲートと、それらを接続する配線から成るノードである。転送トランジスタ62a〜62dは、受光部61a〜61dの光電子をFD63に転送する。増幅トランジスタ64は、ゲートの電圧がFD電圧であるので、FD63の電位に対応した信号を、選択トランジスタ65がONしていれば、垂直信号線68に出力する。リセットトランジスタ67は、FD63の電子を電源(Vdd)配線66に捨てることによって、FD63をリセットする。
したがって、従来は画素の特性を犠牲にするか、光の進路を曲げることで解決を図ってきた問題を、本発明では、光電変換された電子の進路を画素毎に異なるように曲げることにより解決するものである。
なお、不純物領域の積層数は図示の例に限定されることはなく、2層でも、また4層以上の構成とすることも可能である。ただし、p型領域とn型領域との接合面は、各画素において略同一形状、同一面積であることが望ましい。また、p型とn型とを逆導電型としてもよい。
このようなばらつきを防ぐには、第2の面11B側に略等間隔に配置する第1導電型不純物領域17a〜17dにおいて十分に光電変換がなされ、多くの光がこの領域17a〜17dを突き抜けないことが重要である。そのため、この第1導電型不純物領域17a〜17dが半導体基体11の深さ方向に、第2の面11Bから1μm以上存在することが望ましい。また、この領域17a〜17dを空乏化させ、光電変換された電子を電界によって第1の面11A側に送るためには、第2の面11Bからの深さが5μm以下であることが望ましい。
(1)この例では、例えば厚膜SOI(Semiconductor On Insulator)基板を用いる場合で、図5Aに示すように、シリコン等より成る基板13上に埋め込み酸化膜等より成る絶縁膜12を介して形成されたシリコン部等を半導体基体11として用いてもよい。すなわち、本発明の固体撮像素子における半導体基体としては、基体の一部に設ける半導体領域でもよい。SOI基板を用いる場合のシリコン部、すなわち半導体基体11の厚さtは、例えば4μm程度と比較的厚いことが望ましく、また不純物濃度は1015cm―3程度という低濃度の第1導電型、例えばn−−型とし得る。
第1の面11A側の受光部は非等間隔の配置とするので、上記(1)工程で注入した深い位置の第2導電型不純物領域15との接続部分は、隣接する画素間で形状、すなわち接続位置及び接続面積が異なる。
このイオン注入は、上記(1)工程において第2導電型不純物領域15を格子状としたその開口部分に注入し、したがって、この第1導電型不純物領域17は互いに等間隔の配置となる。
このとき、後の素子分離領域形成のために行う比較的強い熱工程を、第2の面11B側の第1導電型不純物領域17の不純物の拡散に使うことができ、工程追加を防止できるという利点もある。
更にまた、第1の面11Aから不純物を注入する場合に、素子分離形成より後に注入すると、素子分離領域を通過する部分と素子分離領域以外を通過する部分とにおいて、注入深さが異なってしまう。画素が全て同じレイアウトであれば問題は小さいが、本発明の固体撮像素子におけるように、画素共有型の回路構成とする場合においては、隣接画素のレイアウトすなわち配置構成が異なるので、上述したようなイオン注入深さのばらつきは、感度や飽和特性などに隣接画素間差が起こる原因になる。したがって、第1の面11A側から注入する場合は、この理由によっても、素子分離領域の形成前に行うことが好ましいといえる。
(5)その後、図6Bに示すように、絶縁層14を介して、ゲート電極19を形成する。
(8)その後、半導体基体11すなわちSOI基板を裏返し、SOIの基板13と埋め込み酸化膜より成る絶縁層12を研磨とエッチングにて除去し、第2の面11Bを露出する。更に、第2の面11Bの表面に薄い保護酸化膜を形成し、図8に示すように、第2の面11B側表面にボロン等をイオン注入し、レーザーアニール等で活性化してp型の第2導電型不純物層26を形成する。更にこの上に酸化膜40を積層形成する。
(9)その後、図9に示すように、第2の面11B上の酸化膜40上にシリコン窒化膜等より成る保護膜41を形成し、更に、カラーフィルター42とオンチップレンズ43を形成する。これらカラーフィルター42及びオンチップレンズ43は、受光部を構成する第2導電型不純物領域21、第1導電型不純物領域20及び17に対応する位置に、略等間隔に形成する。
表面側の受光部例えばPDの幾何重心が、座標軸上の点p1、p2、p3、p4の位置に非等間隔に並んでおり、裏面側ではPDの幾何重心を等間隔に、座標軸上の点q1、q2、q3、q4に等間隔に並べるとする。このとき、表面側と裏面側との相対関係を決めるのには、p1−q1、p2−q2、p3−q3、p4−q4のうち最大値pi−qiと最小値pj−qjが、(i,jはそれぞれ1〜4のどれか)、
pi−qi=−(pj−qj)
となるようにするとよい。これは、PDの表面側と裏面側の間での幾何重心のずれの最大値を最小にするということでもある。
図4Bの例では、受光部61bと61cが、幾何重心のずれの最大値と最小値を与え、受光部61aと61dは、その間の値をとっている。受光部61bと61cは、左右を反転すれば同じ形状になるが、そのままでは入射光17bと17cに対する形状が異なるので、ここでは異なる形状である。
なお、4画素単位の繰り返し以外の場合にも、この方法を適用できることは自明である。
例えば、図13においては、裏面側からpウェル等にコンタクトを落とすことを想定してコンタクト部70を第1導電型不純物領域17の間に配置する構成としており、この第1導電型不純物領域17の一部が欠けた平面形状とする例を示す。このような平面形状とする場合は重心の位置が厳密には等間隔でなくなる。しかしながらこのような構成とする場合でも、後段の信号処理でサンプリングが等間隔であると扱えるレベルであればよい。
例えば青感度がとりにくいときに、図14に示すように、青のカラーフィルターに対応する受光部61、この場合第1導電型不純物領域17Bのみ面積を大きめに作製することにより、青感度を高めることが可能となる。
図15に示す撮像装置100は、携帯電話、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ、その他の撮像機能を有する電子機器として構成される。撮像装置100は、撮像光学部101、固体撮像素子102、信号処理部103、また例えばこの信号処理部103と伝送バスライン104によって接続される一時記憶部105、表示部106、記憶部107、操作部108及び電源部109によって構成される。
なお、撮像装置50は上述の構成に限られず、その他の様々な構成によって形成することができる。
信号処理部例えばDSPの選択の幅が広く、かつ、シェーディング補正やその他信号処理の煩雑化を回避できる。この結果、信号処理が軽くて画像がきれいである。また、等間隔サンプリングのために画素の特性を落としていないので、比較的綺麗な画像を撮像することができる。
それにより、非等間隔とする従来の固体撮像素子に対して、次の利点が得られる。
a.信号処理が簡明であり、結果的に比較的きれいな画像を提供できる。
b.CMOSセンサの製品ごとに、信号処理部例えばDSPのシステムを設計する必要がなく、画素の配置によって信号処理部のシステムを異ならせる必要がない。
c.縞模様を撮影した場合の、縞の間隔や色のつき方の再現性が良好である。
d.多くの信号処理ICを選択肢にもてるため、装置の構成方法が多様となる。
e.入射受光部の非等間隔性に起因して、シェーディングの出方が異なることがない。例えば、白いものを写したときに、上端と下端で、色がつき、しかも異なる色が付いて補正が困難となることがなく、信号処理の煩雑化を回避できる。
f.開口形状に制限を設ける必要がなく、受光部の面積を低減化することを回避できる。
g.変換ゲインなど画素回路の特性を低下させることを回避できる。
h.受光部の面積を表面入射型と比べて確保できるので、感度の低下を回避できる。
i.画素サイズが異なるCMOSセンサ等の固体撮像素子を新たに設計するたびに、屈折率の異なる材料を選びなおすとか、層内レンズの形状を設計しなおすなどの作業が必要であったが、このような煩雑な作業が不要となる。
Claims (7)
- 複数の受光領域に対応して画素回路が共有され、
前記受光領域の光入射側が、半導体基体の前記画素回路が形成される第1の面とは反対側の第2の面側とされ、
前記受光領域が、前記第2の面側においては略等間隔に配置され、前記第1の面側においては非等間隔に配置され、前記半導体基体中で前記第2の面側における配置位置と前記第1の面側における配置位置とを接続する形状で前記第2の面側から前記第1の面側に延在されて成る
ことを特徴とする固体撮像素子。 - 前記受光領域の、前記第2の面側において等間隔に配置される領域の深さが、前記半導体基体の前記第2の面から1μm以上5μm以下とされることを特徴とする請求項1記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記受光領域の、前記第2の面側において等間隔に配置される領域が、前記第1の面側からのイオン注入により形成されて成ることを特徴とする請求項1記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記イオン注入が、エネルギーを変化させて複数回行われ、前記第1の面側の領域の濃度が前記第2の面側の領域の濃度に比して高くされて成ることを特徴とする請求項3記載の固体撮像素子。
- 前記イオン注入が、素子分離領域を形成する工程より前の工程で行われることを特徴とする請求項3記載の固体撮像素子。
- 撮像光学部と、固体撮像素子と、信号処理部と、を有する撮像装置であって、
前記固体撮像素子は、
複数の受光領域に対応して画素回路を共有し、
前記受光領域の光入射側が、半導体基体の前記画素回路が形成される第1の面とは反対側の第2の面側とされ、
前記受光領域が、前記第2の面側においては略等間隔に配置され、前記第1の面側においては非等間隔に配置され、前記半導体基体中で前記第2の面側における配置位置と前記第1の面側における配置位置とを接続する形状で前記第2の面側から前記第1の面側に延在されて成る
ことを特徴とする固体撮像装置。 - 半導体基体の第1の面側から第1導電型の不純物を注入して、前記第1の面から離間する深部に、略等間隔に第1導電型不純物領域を形成する工程と、
前記半導体基体の第1の面側に素子分離領域を形成する工程と、
前記第1の面上にゲート電極を形成する工程と、
前記第1導電型不純物領域上に、前記第1の面側から第2導電型不純物を注入して、第2導電型不純物領域を非等間隔に形成して受光部を前記第1の面側において非等間隔に形成する工程と、
前記第1の面上に層間絶縁層及び配線層を形成する工程と、
前記半導体基体の前記第1の面とは反対側の第2の面側から前記半導体基体をエッチングして前記第1導電型不純物領域を露出させ、略等間隔に配置された光入射領域を形成する工程と、を有し、
前記素子分離領域を形成する工程の前に、前記第1の面側から不純物を注入して前記第1導電型不純物領域を形成する工程を行う
ことを特徴とする固体撮像素子の製造方法。
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