CN1242539C - Llc串联共振dc/dc变换器 - Google Patents

Llc串联共振dc/dc变换器 Download PDF

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CN1242539C
CN1242539C CNB011394455A CN01139445A CN1242539C CN 1242539 C CN1242539 C CN 1242539C CN B011394455 A CNB011394455 A CN B011394455A CN 01139445 A CN01139445 A CN 01139445A CN 1242539 C CN1242539 C CN 1242539C
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converter
series
transformer
circuit
inductor
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CN1368787A (zh
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黄贵松
章进法
顾亦磊
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Delta Optoelectronics Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/338Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H02M3/3382Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement in a push-pull circuit arrangement
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/01Resonant DC/DC converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33571Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33573Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

本发明揭示一种DC/DC变换器。该DC/DC变换器包含方波产生器用来产生方波波形的输出电压。该DC/DC变换器还包含共振回路连接于该方波产生器,该产生器包括串联的一串联电容器、一串联电感器和一并联电感器。该DC/DC变换器还包含变压器,其一次侧串接于该串联电感器且并接于该并联电感器。该变压器还包含二次侧,用来连接于一整流电路以对输出负载电路提供已整流直流电压。该串联电容器与该串联电感器作用以提供第一特征共振频率由fs表示,且该串联电容器与该串联电感器及并联电感器作用以提供第二特征共振频率由fm表示,其中fs>fm。该变换器以可变频率切换以进行输出调节。该变换器藉由以介于该第一和第二特征共振频率间的频率切换在高输入电压工作呈现高变换效率。

Description

LLC串联共振DC/DC变换器
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及包含DC/DC变换工作的电源供应系统。更特别地说,本发明涉及一种改良的电路设计和构造达到更佳功率变换效率、更宽大工作范围及改良的软开关性能。
背景技术
已知技术的DC/DC变换器的设计和制造具有低功率变换效率和窄小工作范围的局限性。明确地说,在已知脉波宽度调制(PWM)转换器中,为了在一输入电压下降的环境下维持输出电压并达到所需维持时间,必须就占空比和其他工作参数有所妥协以在一低输入电压条件下达到维持时间要求。牺牲功率变换效率以求以在其正常范围内的输入电压进行正常工作。此种无法将电路设计最佳化以选择最适合一正常输入电压范围的DC/DC变换器设计会造成电力浪费。此外,如下文中所将进一步说明,已知谐振变换器同样具有较窄的输入和输出电压范围,在实际的设计中经常限制DC/DC变换器的变换效率和应用弹性。
已知有两种共振变换器,亦即串联共振变换器和并联共振变换器。以一全桥或半桥结构实行时,会使用一电感电容(LC)共振回路以创造半导体开关的无损耗接通或断开的条件。图1显示一以半桥结构实行的串联共振变换器,其中负载与共振回路串联连接。相对地,图2显示一以半桥结构实行的并联共振变换器,其中负载与共振电容器并联排列。整体而言,当开关频率高于共振频率时,开关在零电压条件接通,从而消除接通开关损耗。为了调节输出电压,串联共振变换器和并联共振变换器应用一可变开关频率控制方法。就一串联共振变换器来说,主要缺点在于其需要一较大频率范围以调节一宽大负载范围的输出且此输出无法在无负载条件下得到良好调节。就共振回路与负载为并联连接的案例来说,一并联共振变换器能在无负载条件下调节输出电压。然而环流能量明显提高。因此,功率变换效率随负载减小而快速降低。又,串联共振变换器和并联共振变换器二者的性能都受到输入电压的较窄小范围的限制。
图3显示LCC共振变换器的电路图。LCC共振变换器系由并联共振变换器添加一串联共振电容器Cs得到。相对于并联共振变换器,LCC共振变换器的环流能量降低且电压调节性能提升。然而,LCC共振变换器仍受限于输入电压的较窄小范围。
因此,需要一种改良的共振变换器加宽输入电压范围并提高变换效率以解决上述难题。明确地说,需要一种新的电路架构,其要能保留软开关特性同时允许以正常工作条件为基础的电路设计最佳化而不受限于输入电压下降期间的维持时间要求。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的为提出一种新颖的DC/DC变换器构造及其设计和制造方法以提高变换效率同时保留软开关特性且允许为一正常工作条件将电路设计最佳化。因此该改良的新颖DC/DC变换器让熟悉本技术领域者能够克服已知技艺的难题。
明确地说,本发明的目的为提出一种构造和方法为一DC/DC变换器提供一LLC共振网络以具有双重特征共振频率使得输出电压能够藉由调整一对输入开关的开关周期的方式控制。输入和输出电压的范围能够以这些工作和控制特性为基础更有弹性地调整且电路设计能够便利地以一正常工作条件为基础最佳化。
简短地说,在一较佳实施例中,本发明揭示一种DC/DC变换器。该DC/DC变换器包含一方波产生器用来产生方波波形的输出电压。该DC/DC变换器还包含一共振回路连接于该方波产生器,该共振回路包括依次串联的一串联电容器、一串联电感器和一并联电感器。该DC/DC变换器还包含一变压器,其一次侧串接于该串联电感器且并接于该并联电感器。该变压器还包含二次侧用来连接于一整流电路以对一输出负载电路提供一已整流直流电压。该串联电容器与该串联电感器作用提供第一特征共振频率以fs表示,且该串联电容器与该串联电感器及并联电感器作用提供第二特征共振频率以fm表示,其中fs>fm;该变换器在一高于该第二特征共振频率fm的频率范围内运作。在一较佳实施例中,该第一特征共振频率为 f s = 1 / ( 2 π L s C s ) , 且第二特征共振频率为 f m = 1 / ( 2 π ( L s + L m ) C s ) , 其中Cs代表串联电容器之电容,Ls代表串联电感器的电感且Lm代表并联电感器的电感。
上述及其他本发明目的和优点在熟悉本技术领域者阅览过后续以不同附图绘制的较佳实施例的详细说明后毫无疑问会变得明确。
附图说明
图1为一已知串联共振DC/DC变换器的电路图;
图2为一已知并联共振DC/DC变换器的电路图;
图3为一已知LCC串并联共振DC/DC变换器的电路图;
图4为一本发明LLC串联共振DC/DC变换器的电路图;
图5为图4的LLC共振DC/DC变换器的等效电路;
图6显示了LLC共振DC/DC变换器在f=fs时的波形;
图7显示了LLC共振DC/DC变换器在fm<f<fs时的波形;
图8显示了LLC共振DC/DC变换器在f>fs时的波形;
图9为一衍生电路:共振电感整合在变压器内;
图10为一本发明变换器在输出侧有一全桥整流器的电路图;
图11为一本发明变换器在输入侧有一全桥逆变器的电路图;且
图12为一本发明变换器有一串接的双半桥的电路图。
具体实施方式
图4显示了本发明LLC串联共振DC/DC变换器的电路简图。此新型共振变换器包含方波产生器110,LLC共振网络120,高频变压器130,整流电路140和输出滤波器150。方波产生器电路110为一半桥逆变器且含有两个开关(S1和S2)。除了一半桥逆变器之外,亦可能使用一全桥逆变器取代半桥电路。LLC共振网络120跨接于第二开关S2的两个端子(亦即端子A和B)以在开关S1和S2交替接通和断开之时接收方波信号。LLC共振回路120包含串联电容器Cs串接于一串联电感器Ls。LLC共振回路120还包含一并联电感器Lm并接于变压器130的一次侧绕组。该共振网络内的串联电容器Cs有两个功能。第一,串联电容器Cs阻挡以方波信号输入的电压VAB之直流分量通往变压器130。串联电容器Cs亦与串联电感器Ls和并联电感器Lm形成一共振电路。串联电感器Ls得如图4所示实施成一外在组件,或是实施成变压器的漏电感。此外,并联电感器Lm亦能实施成一外在电感器或为变压器130的磁化电感。
由一次侧绕组耦接于二次侧绕组构成的高频变压器130为该变换器的输出电压提供匹配和绝缘。整流电路140(其包含二极管D1和D2)形成一中心抽头整流器,且将共振电流转变成单向电流。亦能使用一全桥整流器取代中心抽头整流器。输出滤波器150包含一电容器Co滤除高频脉动电流且横跨输出负载提供一无脉动恒定输出电压Vo
依据本发明,施加于开关S1和S2的闸控信号为互补的。此二互补信号中任一者的占空比为50%。使用一可变工作频率控制以交替接通和断开此二开关调节输出电压Vo。参照图5以一等效电路说明LLC共振变换器的工作特性。明确地说,如图所示,今以LLC共振网络实施的共振DC/DC变换器有两个特征频率点为该第一特征共振频率fs和第二特征共振频率fm
f s = 1 / ( 2 π L s C s ) - - - ( 1 )
f m = 1 / ( 2 π ( L s + L m ) C s ) - - - ( 2 )
LLC共振变换器的工作原理得以三个案例加以说明:
(1)f=fs
参照图6显示当开关频率f与串联共振频率fs相同时的LLC共振变换器工作波形。当横跨端子A和B的电压VAB在零电压和输入电压Vin之间以频率fs切换时,图中显示共振回路电流ir(t)为一正弦波形。横跨串联电容器Cs的电压vc(t)的高频分量亦有一纯正弦波形。通过并联电感器Lm的电流im(t)同步于VAB的切换以一线性函数增加和减少。输入电压Vin与输出电压Vo间的关系以下式表示:
V O = V in 2 n - - - ( 3 )
其中n为变压器变比,其定义为变压器130的一次侧绕组匝数对二次侧绕组匝数的比。
(2)fm<f<fs
参照图7显示开关频率介于两特征共振频率之间(亦即fm<f<fs)时的LLC共振变换器工作波形。当横跨开关S2的电压为高,即VAB=Vin,输入直流电压施加于共振回路120,电流在Ls和Cs共振,并以正弦波形式馈送至输出侧。在串联共振的一半周期的T1/2时间点,通过整流器二极管的电流id(t)下降至零。输出侧整流器自然地回复且共振转移至Cs和Ls+Lm之间。在此工作模式中,共振电流持续对共振电容器Cs充电。由于Lm远比Ls大,共振电流在此时距内几乎为恒定。
当开关S1为断开且开关S2为接通时,电压VAB降为零,Ls、Lm和Cs之间的共振由储存于共振电容器Cs内的能量起动。波形大致对称于前半周期。输入与输出电压间的关系得表示为:
V o = V in 2 n + I m 4 n C s ( T - T 1 ) - - - ( 4 )
其中Im为磁化电流的峰值 I m = n V o T 4 L m , T1为串联共振的周期 T 1 = 1 f s 且T为对应于开关频率的周期。因此,输出电压会随开关周期T加大而提高,且得以依据方程式(4)在较低输入电压工作藉由加大开关周期T来维持恒定输出电压Vo
此为本发明LLC串联共振DC/DC变换器的典型和特色工作模式。因为较高的磁化电流,主开关的ZVS条件在输入电压和输出负载的全范围内得以满足。且在此期间二次侧整流器因以比第一特征共振频率fs低的频率切换而在ZCS条件下工作。
(3)f>fs
参照图8显示当开关频率f比第一特征共振频率fs大(亦即f>fs)时的LLC共振变换器工作波形,本发明LLC串联共振DC/DC变换器的工作会退化成一已知串联共振变换器。在开关S1和S2互补地接通或断开时仅在Ls和Cs之间出现一共振,在Ls、Lm和Cs之间不再有共振。
从以上详细说明能了解到,就传统的共振DC/DC变换器而言,变换效率能在低输入工作由变换器以特征共振频率fs开关而最佳化,且在高输入时开关频率会较高以调节输出电压,如此造成较低变换效率工作。就本发明的LLC串联共振DC/DC变换器而言,得以较低频率切换应用于变换器以在低输入工作调节输出电压,参照方程式(4)的输出电压调节,因此能在高输入条件由变换器以特征共振频率fs开关而最佳化为最大值。此外,该LLC串联共振DC/DC变换器亦因一次侧开关的零电压开关和二次侧整流器的零电流开关而在高频工作呈现低得多的开关损耗,因此本发明变换器比起已知共振变换器或PWM变换器得达到高得多的变换效率。
依据如图4至图8所描述构造和机能特性的本发明得以数种电路构造实施。电路构造的第一实施例示于图9,其中串联电感器Ls和并联电感器Lm整合于变压器130内。图10显示本发明的一替代电路,其具备全桥整流器,其中在变压器二次侧会要求单一绕组。图11显示一具备全桥逆变器的本发明电路构造的另一实施例。此电路适用于高功率应用。图12显示本发明的另一不同电路实施例,其具备串接的两个半桥。此电路适用于高输入电压及/或高功率系统的应用。
就本质而言,本发明揭示一种DC/DC变换器,其包含一共振回路包括提供两个共振特征频率的共振电路。在一较佳实施例中,该共振回路包括一串联电容器连接于一串联电感器及一并联电感器并接于负载。该串联电容器与该串联电感器作用提供第一特征共振频率以fs表示,且该串联电容器与该串联电感器及并联电感器作用提供第二特征共振频率以fm表示,其中fs>fm。在较佳实施例中,该第一特征共振频率为 f s = 1 / ( 2 π L s C s ) , 且第二特征共振频率为 f m = 1 / ( 2 π ( L s + L m ) C s ) , 其中Cs代表串联电容器的电容,Ls代表串联电感器的电感且Lm代表并联电感器的电感。在另一较佳实施例中,利用变压器的磁化电感当作并联电感器且不需要一外在并联电感器,此外利用变压器的漏电感当作串联电感器且不需要一外在串联电感。
虽然已就目前的较佳实施例说明本发明,应了解到这些说明内容不应解释为有限制意味。熟悉本技术领域者在阅览过以上说明内容后毫无疑问地会理解到众多替代方案和修改。因此,预期中所附权利要求范围是阐释为涵盖在本发明的真实精神和范围内的所有替代方案和修改。

Claims (14)

1.一种DC/DC变换器,其包括:
一方波产生器,其用来产生方波波形的输出电压;
一共振回路,其连接于该方波产生器,该共振回路包括依次串联的一串联电容器、一串联电感器和一并联电感器;
一变压器,其一次侧串接于该串联电感器且并接于该并联电感器;
该变压器还包含二次侧用来连接于一整流电路以对一输出负载电路提供一已整流直流电压;
该整流电路还包括一滤波电容器用来过滤对该输出负载电流输出的该已整流直流电压;
该串联电容器与该串联电感器作用而提供第一特征共振频率以fs表示,且该串联电容器与该串联电感器及该并联电感器作用而提供第二特征共振频率以fm表示,其中fs>fm
该变换器在一高于该第二特征共振频率fm的频率范围内运作。
2.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
当该DC/DC变换器的工作频率介于该第一特征共振频率和第二特征共振频率之间时,该方波产生器内的开关于零电压切换条件下工作且该整流电路内的整流器于零电流切换条件下工作。
3.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该整流电路包括一中心抽头整流电路。
4.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该整流电路包括一全桥整流电路。
5.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该并联电感器为一外在电感器。
6.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该并联电感器为该变压器的一磁化电感。
7.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该串联电感器为一外在电感器。
8.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该串联电感器为该变压器的一漏电感。
9.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该方波产生器包括第一开关和互补于该第一开关的第二开关,用来交替地接通和断开以产生该方波电压。
10.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该方波产生器包括四个开关连接成一全桥结构以产生方波电压。
11.如权利要求1所述的DC/DC变换器,其特征在于:
该方波产生器包括两个半桥串接在一起以产生方波电压。
12.一种共振回路,其连接于DC/DC变换器内变压器的一次侧绕组,该共振回路包括:
依次串联的一串联电容器、一串联电感器和一并联电感器;
该并联电感器并接于该变压器一次侧绕组;
该串联电容器与该串联电感器作用而提供第一特征共振频率以fs表示,且该串联电容器与该串联电感器及该并联电感器作用而提供第二特征共振频率以fm表示,其中fs>fm;且
该DC/DC变换器于一高于该第二特征共振频率fm和低于该第一特征共振频率fs的频率范围内运作。
13.如权利要求12所述的共振回路,其特征在于:
该并联电感器整合于该变压器的磁化电感内。
14.如权利要求12所述的共振回路,其特征在于:
该串联电感器整合于该变压器的漏电感内。
CNB011394455A 2001-02-09 2001-11-22 Llc串联共振dc/dc变换器 Ceased CN1242539C (zh)

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