CN1152318A - 超大气压反应 - Google Patents
超大气压反应 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1152318A CN1152318A CN95194013A CN95194013A CN1152318A CN 1152318 A CN1152318 A CN 1152318A CN 95194013 A CN95194013 A CN 95194013A CN 95194013 A CN95194013 A CN 95194013A CN 1152318 A CN1152318 A CN 1152318A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备聚合物的方法,该聚合物不溶于反应混合物中,该反应混合物在聚合物形成之前是均相的。本发明也涉及一种聚合体系(即反应混合物加分散剂)中的分散剂,在该聚合体系中形成动力学稳定的聚合物分散体。本发明还涉及一种烯烃复分解方法,以生成聚合物,使该聚合物交联,或者使交联的聚合物去交联。聚合和复分解过程是在超大气压条件下进行的。
Description
本申请是目前尚未结案的1994年7月8日递交的美国专利申请No.08/272,779的部分续展申请。发明背景
1.发明领域
本发明涉及在超大气压条件下进行有机合成反应。
2.背景情况
分散聚合反应包括至少一种可溶于反应混合物的单体的聚合反应。单体、引发剂和溶剂形成均相介质,在该介质中发生聚合反应。在该介质中,低聚物或高聚物链增长直至达到不再溶于反应混合物的高分子量。此时,聚合物相分离成颗粒。用稳定剂或分散剂防止颗粒聚集或絮凝,即形成动力学稳定的分散体。
分散聚合与乳液聚合、微乳液聚合和悬浮聚合不同,其原料单体可溶于聚合反应溶剂或稀释剂,并且不需要进行乳化(即形成含单体的胶束或液滴)。而且,与乳液聚合不同,在分散聚合中,聚合物增长的总速度与颗粒数目无关。(这些都与溶液聚合不同,后者在聚合反应过程中,所有物质都溶于聚合反应介质,也与沉淀聚合反应不同,在沉淀聚合反应中聚合物产物从聚合反应介质中沉淀出来及发生聚集。)
分散聚合反应可在水介质或非水介质中进行。为了提供乙烯基或丙烯酸聚合物薄膜而不借助于多次使用稀的聚合物溶液,对非水介质(通常为有机物)分散聚合进行了研究。虽然达到了这一目标,但连续使用挥发性有机化合物(VOC)存在一个很大的问题。涂覆经VOC分散的聚合物,虽然是对溶液聚合的一种改进,但不能消除有机介质本身的处理问题。
在非水稀释剂中进行的分散聚合反应可产生直径为80nm至10μm的单分散颗粒。这些颗粒一经从反应介质中分离出来,即具有潜在的用途,例如色谱填充材料和控释基体。
在有机稀释剂中进行的分散聚合反应中,通过使用聚合物稳定剂(即分散剂)抑制絮凝通称为空间稳定化。常规的稳定剂具有截然不同的若干部分,其中一部分溶于聚合反应介质,而其它部分与聚合反应介质不相容。该不相容的部分吸附在所分散的聚合物颗粒的表面,而可溶部分在所分散的聚合物颗粒的周围形成一壳层。这些稳定剂一般为嵌段或接枝共聚物。
烯烃复分解反应通常是在纯净状态(即无溶剂)下进行的。由于复分解催化剂通常是有机金属配合物,因此催化剂的不溶性会成为问题。这会导致进行复分解反应的烯烃发生不完全转化。
对于使用在标准温度和压力(STP,25℃和1atm)下为气体的超临界流体或液体作为反应流体已进行了研究。尤其是已有报道将液体或超临界流体二氧化碳作为聚合反应介质。在此之前已有对溶液聚合(PCT公开WO93/20116)、悬浮聚合和乳液聚合(美国专利No.5,312,882)、微乳液聚合(美国专利No.4,933,404)及沉淀聚合(美国专利No.3,471,463)的叙述。迄今为止尚未有人用过或提出在超大气压流体中进行分散聚合。
发明综述
简单地说,本发明提供一种制备聚合物的方法,包括下列步骤:
a)提供聚合反应体系,包括
1)均相的反应混合物,包括至少一种在STP下为气体的流体,它被保持在大于大气压力的压力下,此时该流体为液体或超临界流体,一种或多种能通过链聚合反应聚合的单体,以及有效量的聚合反应引发剂和/或催化剂;
2)一种供聚合体系中由单体形成的聚合物用的分散剂;
b)使单体聚合生成聚合物,该聚合物不溶于反应混合物,其中的分散剂使聚合体系中生成的聚合物形成动力学稳定的分散体。
另一方面,本发明提供一种使烯烃进行复分解反应的方法,包括下列步骤:(1)提供一种组合物,包括至少一种在STP下为气体的流体,它被保持在大于大气压力的压力下,此时该流体为液体或超临界流体,至少一种能进行复分解反应的烯烃,以及一种含有能促进烯烃进行复分解反应的过渡金属化合物,(2)使该含过渡金属的化合物引发烯烃的复分解反应,以及任选地(3)离析复分解反应的产物。
再一方面,本发明提供一种动力学稳定的分散体,包括(a)至少一种在STP下为气体的流体,它被保持在大于大气压力的压力下,此时该流体为液体或超临界流体,(b)一种聚合物,以及(c)一种供聚合物用的分散剂,该聚合物是由一种或多种单体通过链聚合反应聚合而成的
最后一方面,本发明提供一种组合物,包括至少一种在STP下为气体的流体且它被保持在大于大气压力的压力下,此时该流体为液体或超临界流体,一种能进行复分解的烯烃,及含过渡金属的催化剂,以及任选地,烯烃复分解的产物。
虽然大多数烯烃能进行复分解,但某些烯烃难以进行复分解。例如,在双键的两端带有大基团(如叔丁基)的烯烃(即有空间位阻的烯烃)与催化剂的过渡金属原子的接近难以达到让烯烃进行复分解的程度。有些基团太大,以致实际上阻碍了所连接的烯烃的复分解。
本发明的方法具有特殊的优点,某些在STP下为气体的流体,尤其是CO2,可用作反应流体。二氧化碳是无毒的和无污染的,这两点都是重要的优点。这可以从聚合反应和复分解法中去除VOC和危险的有机溶剂。另外,由本发明的方法得到的产物只需通过降低反应容器的压力即可从反应流体中分离出来。这可使得到的产物基本上不带有残余的反应流体。
除非另有说明,在本发明中使用下列定义:
“氟代烃”是指通式为CaHbFc(其中b+c=2a+2)的气体,它在压力下容易液化;
“(甲基)丙烯酸酯”是指丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯;
“(甲基)丙烯酸”是指丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸;
“链聚合反应”是指加成(包括自由基加成、配位加成、阴离子加成和阳离子加成)、开环和烯烃复分解聚合反应;
“烯烃复分解”是指一种或多种烯烃围绕过渡金属原子的反应,其中碳碳双键发生裂解并重新生成,而不发生质子的迁移或交换(可参见Kirk-Othmer,Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology(3d ed.),8,597-98(1979));
“单体”或“聚合物”或“基团”是指可被对所需的产物没有影响的常规取代基取代的化学物种。
较佳实例的详细说明
一般情况下,聚合反应的温度为-78℃至400℃,较好为0℃至300℃,最好为15℃至150℃,压力为102kPa至690MPa(约为0.15至100,000psig),较好为102kPa至400MPa(约为0.15至60,000psig),更好为102kPa至140MPa(约为0.15至20,000psig),最好为790kPa至100MPa(约为100至15,000psig)。对于各种反应介质,在这些宽的范围内的特定范围将是有效的。改变温度和/或压力将影响得到的产物的性能,而本领域的技术人员懂得,对于给定的体系如何优化条件。由于反应条件非常极端,所以该反应通常在高压容器中进行,虽然根据具体的反应条件也可用其它的装置。
本发明的反应一般是在搅动的不锈钢反应器中进行的,该反应器中可以装有用于观察反应器中情况的高压窗(如蓝宝石)以及用于在超临界条件下加入各种物质的辅助压力控制系统。该反应器可以间歇、半间歇(如将成核步骤和生长步骤分开)或连续的方式运行。该反应器可装有加热元件和/或冷却元件。如果需要,可以用热电偶类装置监控温度,该装置可与温度控制器连接,该温度控制器可任选地由微处理机控制。该反应器也可装有微处理机操作控制单元。如果需要,该反应器可装有放空装置以释放压力,或者任选地将产物从反应器中喷出。可与输出管道连接,以将产物输送至其它地方。
为了能更好地理解,首先叙述本发明的分散聚合,然后叙述本发明的烯烃复分解反应。
A.分散聚合
本发明的分散聚合可在任何温度和压力下进行,在该温度和压力下反应混合物(即流体,单体和有效量的引发剂或催化剂)是均相的。应将条件控制在这样的情况下:即在聚合反应开始时,反应混合物是均相的。这包括加热最初加入的原料和/或升高反应压力以促使原料在聚合反应开始之前溶解。通常的聚合温度为-78℃至250℃,较好为15℃至200℃。
自由基聚合反应通常是热引发的。当本发明的方法包括热引发聚合反应时,反应流体,单体和有效量的引发剂必须在适当低于引发剂的有效分解温度的温度下溶解在溶液中。当对温度的这一限制不适用时,该反应也可用光引发。
任何在STP下为气体,而升高压力时(超大气压)转变为液体或超临界流体的材料均可用作本发明方法中的反应流体。该反应流体放空或释放时,最好对大气无害,对人类、动物和植物无毒。较好的流体包括在STP下为气体的CO2、含氢氟代烃类(hydrofiuorocarbons)(HFCs)和全氟化碳类(如全氟丙烷和全氟环丁烷),在STP下为气体的烃类,多原子气体,稀有气体及其混合物。适用的多原子气体包括SF6、NH3、N2O和CO。最佳反应流体包括CO2、HFCs、全氟化碳类及其混合物。适用的HFCs的实例包括已知为许多小分子有机物的良溶剂的那些(尤其是含1至5个碳原子的HFCs)。具体实例包括1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷、三氟甲烷和1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷。上述化合物中任何两种或两种以上相容的混合物也可用作反应流体。
可由链聚合反应聚合的单体可用于本发明的方法中。其中较好的是自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和单体,可将该单体在聚合反应之前溶于反应流体。此类单体包括(但不限于)(甲基)丙烯酸及其衍生物。这类衍生物中的一类是(甲基)丙烯酸烷酯类,即(甲基)丙烯酸的烷基酯类。虽然在酯的部分可以包括几乎任何烷基,但较好的是含1至20个碳原子的烷基。该基团可以是直链、支链或环状的。适用的(甲基)丙烯酸烷酯类的实例包括(甲基)丙烯酸己酯、丙烯酸异辛酯(IOA)、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异壬酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸苯氧基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸癸酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十二烷酯、(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正辛酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸环己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十八烷酯和(甲基)丙烯酸叔丁酯。
除烷基酯之外,其它适用的(甲基)丙烯酸衍生物包括(1)(甲基)丙烯酸羟基烷酯,即多羟基烷基醇类(如1,2-乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇)、各种丁二醇类、各种己二醇类、丙三醇和其它烷基三醇类的(甲基)丙烯酸单酯;(2)聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯类,例如二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、二丙烯酸1,6-己二醇酯、二或三丙烯酸丙三醇酯、二丙烯酸新戊二醇酯及有关的二或三丙烯酸酯类;(3)大分子的(甲基)丙烯酸酯类,例如末端为(甲基)丙烯酸酯的苯乙烯低聚物和末端为(甲基)丙烯酸酯的聚醚,对后者在PCT公开WO84/03837中有更详细的叙述;(4)(甲基)丙烯酸酯类的氮衍生物,例如(甲基)丙烯腈、(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-取代的(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N,N-二取代的(甲基)丙烯酰胺(包括含一个或多个杂原子的5员和6员杂环取代基)。
其它适用的自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和单体包括甲基取代的马来腈(maleonitrile);乙烯;丙烯;N-乙烯基内酰胺类,例如N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮和N-乙烯基己内酰胺;羧酸的乙烯基酯类,例如乙酸乙烯基酯、丙酸乙烯基酯、癸酸乙烯基酯、戊酸乙烯基酯,以及有关的C1-C20支链或直链取代的或未取代的羧酸的乙烯基酯类;乙烯基卤和亚乙烯基二卤,例如乙烯基氯、1,1-二氟乙烯、四氟乙烯、六氟丙烯、一氯三氟乙烯,以及有关的卤化物;乙烯基醚类,例如甲基乙烯基醚、丁基乙烯基醚,以及有关的化合物及其卤代衍生物;环状烯类不饱和羧酸酐类,例如马来酐;以及未取代的和环上取代的苯乙烯类,例如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯和二乙烯基苯。
由链聚合进行的阳离子聚合反应可参见“Cationic Polymerization”,Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering,vol.2,729-814,H.F.Mark et al.,eds.,Wiley-Interscience,New York(1985)和G.Odian,Principles ofPolymerization,3rd ed.,358-98,Wiley-Interscience,New York(1991)。可用于本发明的能进行阳离子聚合的单体包括:
(A)芳族烯烃类,例如(1)含有与芳环相邻的环外碳-碳双键的化合物,例如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、1,1-二苯基乙烯、1-苯基丙烯,以及环上取代的类似物(尤其是带有供电子的环上取代基的那些,这可提高这些物质进行聚合的反应活性),(2)其它的芳族烯烃类,例如茚、苊和2-链烯基呋喃;
(B)共轭二烯类和三烯类,包括开链和环状的,例如环戊二烯、异戊二烯和丁二烯;
(C)非共轭二烯类和多烯类,包括开链二烯类,例如2,5-二甲基-1,5-己二烯、降冰片二烯,以及有关的二环化合物;
(D)1,1-二烷基取代的烯烃类,包括直链烯烃类,例如异丁烯(虽然双键上大的取代基会成为聚合反应的空间障碍),由取代基构成脂环的烯烃类(所谓亚甲基环化物)包括β-蒎烯,各种2-亚甲基二环[2.2.1]庚烷类,亚甲基环戊烷和亚甲基环丁烷;
(E)通式为CH2=CHGR1的乙烯基醚类和硫醚类,式中G为氧或硫,R1为(1)含1至20个碳原子的支链或线型烷基,或(2)通式为R2-Ar的芳烷基,式中R2为含1至20个碳原子的线型或支链烷基,Ar为含6至20个碳原子的芳基,卤代烷基或芳烷基,1,2-二甲氧基乙烯,2,3-二氢呋喃,2-亚甲基四氢呋喃,及其混合物;
(F)通式为CH2=CH-N(R3)2的N-乙烯基胺类,式中各R3独立地为H或者含1至20个碳原子的支链或线型烷基,或者两个基团一起构成芳环,例如N-乙烯基咔唑、N-乙烯基吡咯和N-乙烯基吲哚;
(G)杂环化合物(即含一个或多个氧、硫、氮或硫原子的化合物),例如环氧衍生物、四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧戊环、内酯类,例如ε-己内酯、N-叔丁基氮丙啶、氮杂环丁烷类、内酰胺类、四氢噻吩、取代的硫代环氧衍生物以及硫代环丁烷类,磷酸的环酯类,2-烷氧基-1,3,2-二氧杂磷杂环戊烷类及其混合物。
其中
为非共轭环烯烃单体,
为开环聚合过的单元,其不饱和程度与聚合前的单体的不饱和程度相同,n为5至50,000。
本发明中适用的具有环张力的非共轭环烯烃可参见美国专利No.5,296,566(该专利文献在此引作参考)中所述的那些环烯烃,包括一环单和二烯烃类以及多环单和二烯烃类。这些环烯烃可被多至四个饱和或不饱和的烃基、烷芳基、芳烷基或芳基取代,其中的“烷基”或“芳基”或“烃基”可以是线型、支链或环状的,各基团含有多至30个碳原子,多至60个卤原子,以及多至4个选自非过氧化物的O、N等杂原子和Si,这些杂原子可结合形成官能团或键,包括醚类、醇类、醇盐类、酮类、醛类、羧酸类、酯类、酰胺类、酰亚胺类、胺类、氰化物类、酸酐类、有机硅类、有机硅氧烷类、氧化硅烷、烷氧基硅烷等等。
较好的一环单烯烃包括取代的和未取代的环丙烯、环丁烯、环戊烯、环庚烯和环辛烯。较好的多环单烯烃包括取代的和未取代的降冰片烯和二环[2.2.2]-辛-2-烯。较好的多环多烯烃包括取代的和未取代的降冰片二烯和二聚环戊二烯。对于取代的降冰片烯和二聚环戊二烯,内向/外向、顺式/反式、或者这些异构体的任何组合都是适用的。其它适用的单体的实例包括5-甲基-2-降冰片烯、5-乙基-2-降冰片烯、7-甲基-2-降冰片烯、1-甲基-2-降冰片烯、5-己基-2-降冰片烯、5-辛基-2-降冰片烯、5,6-二甲基-2-降冰片烯、5-降冰片烯-2-腈、5-降冰片烯-2-醛、5-降冰片烯-2,3-二羧酸、5-降冰片烯-2,3-二羧酸二乙酯、5-降冰片烯-2,3-二羧酸二甲酯、5-降冰片烯-2,3-二羧酸酐、5-降冰片烯-2,2-二甲醇、5-降冰片烯-2-甲醇-5-降冰片烯-2-醇、2-乙酰-5-降冰片烯、乙酸5-降冰片烯-2-基酯、2-苯甲酰基-5-降冰片烯、5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯、5-亚甲基-2-降冰片烯、丙烯酸5-降冰片烯-2-甲醇酯、5-[2-(三甲基甲硅烷基)乙基]-2-降冰片烯、5-[2-(五甲基二甲硅烷氧基)乙基]-2-降冰片烯、5-氯甲基-2-降冰片烯、2,3-二(氯甲基)-5-降冰片烯、5-三氟甲基-2-降冰片烯和2,3,3-三氟-2-三氟甲基-5-降冰片烯。其它适用的单体可参见美国专利No.5,011,730,4,994,535,4,945,144,4,943,621,4,923,943,4,923,936和4,250,063。所有这些材料都是市场上有售的(如Aldrich Chemical Co.;Milwaukee,WI),或者可以用化学文献中所述的方法制备,可能的例外为5-[2-(三甲基甲硅烷基)乙基]-2-降冰片烯和5-[2-(五甲基二甲硅烷氧基)乙基]-2-降冰片烯,它们可以分别在含铂催化剂的存在下,使用已发表的用于烯烃氢化硅烷化的操作(可参见D.A.Armitage,“Organosilanes”,Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry,vol.2,117-20,Pergamon Press,Oxford(1982)),通过5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯分别与三甲基硅烷或五甲基二硅氧烷反应而制备。较好的是本发明中的至少一种环烯烃为多环的,尤其是取代的或未取代的降冰片烯或取代的或未取代的二聚环戊二烯。
本发明中适用的阴离子聚合单体包括环氧化物类、环酰胺类、异戊二烯、苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、丁二烯、卤代二烯类、上述(甲基)丙烯酸酯类以及六甲基环(三硅氧烷)。
进行配位聚合的单体包括α-烯烃,尤其是C2至C20α-烯烃。
虽然所有单体在反应混合物中都是可溶的,但是在上述聚合反应条件下只需要有效量的聚合引发剂或催化剂溶于反应混合物中即可。
自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和单体的聚合通常是由能量活化引发剂引发的。该能量可以是热或光。当该能量为热时,引发剂的分解温度最好至少为15℃。
当单体为自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和化合物时,本发明中适用的常规热引发剂包括2,2’-偶氮二(甲氧基-2,4-二甲基戊腈)、2,2’-偶氮二(2,4-二甲基戊腈)、叔丁基偶氮-2-氰基丁烷和2,2’-偶氮二(异丁腈);氢过氧化物,例如氢过氧化枯烯和叔丁基过氧化氢;过氧化物,例如过氧化二苯酰、过氧化二辛酰、过氧化二月桂酰、二(叔丁基过氧化)环己烷、过氧化二枯基、过氧化二叔戊基和过氧化二叔丁基;过氧酯类,例如过新癸酸叔丁酯、过新戊酸叔丁酯、过-2-乙基己酸叔丁酯、过马来酸叔丁酯和过乙酸叔丁酯;过氧二碳酸酯类,例如过氧二碳酸二叔丁酯、过氧二碳酸二叔丁基环己酯、过氧二碳酸二乙酰酯和过氧二碳酸二(2-乙基己酯);以及二硫化物,例如二硫化四烷基秋兰姆。
当单体为自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和化合物时,适用的常规光引发剂包括苯偶姻醚类,例如苯偶姻甲基醚和苯偶姻异丙基醚;取代的苯偶姻醚类,例如茴香偶姻甲基醚、茴香偶姻乙基醚和茴香偶姻异丙基醚;取代的偶姻醚类,例如α-羟甲基苯偶姻乙基醚;取代的乙酰苯类,例如2,2-二乙氧基乙酰苯和2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基乙酰苯;二苯酮和取代的二苯酮类,例如米蚩酮、4,4’-四甲基二氨基二苯酮;取代的α-酮醇类,例如2-甲基-2-羟基丙酰苯和1-羟基环己基苯基酮;芳族磺酰氯类,例如2-萘磺酰氯;光活性肟类,例如1-苯基-1,1-丙二酮-2-(O-乙氧基-羰基)肟;二硫化物,例如二硫化四烷基秋兰姆和二苯二硫;以及硫代和二硫代氨基甲酸酯类。
当单体进行阳离子聚合时,适用的引发剂和/或催化剂包括现有技术中已知的那些。常用的实例包括质子酸和路易斯酸,例如金属卤化物(如AlCl3、BF3、SnCl4、TiCl4等等);有机金属化合物,例如RAlCl2、R2AlCl和R3Al,其中R为烷基,较好为C1至C20烷基;以及卤氧化物类,例如POCl3和CrO2Cl。
当单体为具有环张力的非共轭环烯烃时,适用的催化剂包括周期表中第4-10族过渡金属的化合物和配合物,尤其是含有至少一个Mo、W、Ru、Os、Ti、Re和Ir者。助催化剂可以与某些含过渡金属的化合物组合使用。常用的催化剂需要含有一个或多个与非过渡金属(即来自周期表中第1-2族和12-14族)连接的烷基的化合物,虽然更新的催化剂可以与路易斯酸、氧化剂、硅烷、含杂原子的烯烃类和炔类一起使用。虽然可以使用已知的对空气和水敏感的催化剂,但较好的是对空气和湿气稳定的那些。对空气和湿气稳定的一组份和两组份催化剂在前面引入的美国专利No.5,296,566中的Background,Summary和Detailed Description部分有更详细的叙述。特别优选的催化剂包括[(L)2IrCl]2,(其中L为烯烃或路易斯碱供体),(NBD)Mo(CO)4(其中NBD为降冰片二烯),(NBD)W(CO)4,Mo(CO)6,任选地与上述路易斯酸、氧化剂等组合使用。
当单体是阴离子聚合单体时,有用的引发剂和/或催化剂包括烷基和芳基锂化合物(如正丁基锂)、萘基钠和金属酰胺化物等。
当单体进行配位聚合时,有用的催化剂包括本领域中众所周知的金属茂和齐格勒-纳塔体系。
由于本发明方法制得的聚合物不溶于反应混合物,所以需要分散剂(即稳定剂)使之分散。但是,分散剂不需要存在于初始的反应混合物中。它可以在聚合开始前加入,或者甚至在反应过程中加入,只要当聚合物开始不溶解于反应混合物时(即需要稳定时)有分散剂存在即可。
两种分散剂可用于本发明:可聚合的(即内在的或活性的)和不可聚合的(即外部的)。外分散剂是那些必须作为独立的组分加入反应混合物的化合物(即不能与单体聚合的)。内稳定剂是能混入生成的聚合物中的活性物种(即可与单体聚合的)。
用于本发明的内分散剂包括含氟单体,如丙烯酸(1,1-二氢全氟辛基)酯(FOA)、甲基丙烯酸(1,1-二氢全氟辛基)酯(FOMA)、(甲基)丙烯酸[2-(N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰氨基)乙]酯(EtFOSE(m)A)和(甲基)丙烯酸[2-(N-甲基全氟辛基磺酰氨基)乙]酯(MeFOSE(m)A);含氟大单体(即已聚合成低分子量并由如丙烯酸酯或乙烯基官能部分封端,或转化成如丙烯酸酯或乙烯基官能部分的含氟单体(如FOA或FOMA));硅氧烷单体如丙烯酸酯封端的硅氧烷(如,3-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)甲硅烷);和硅氧烷大单体(即已聚合成低分子量并由如丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺或乙烯基官能部分封端,或转化成如丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺或乙烯基官能部分的硅氧烷单体),这种大单体具有(OSiR4R5)重复单元,如:
其中,n为1-1000,最好为1-100;R4和R5分别为H、烷基、芳基;R6是烷基。
本发明方法中有用的外分散剂包括含氟聚合物,如聚(FOA)、和聚(FOMA);含氟醚组合物,包括聚含氟醚;任何市售的聚硅氧烷,如聚二甲基硅氧烷;至少一个嵌段是含氟聚合物(如聚(FOA-共聚-IOA))或至少一个嵌段是硅氧烷聚合物(参见如Macromolecules,3(1),l-4(1970))的嵌段共聚物;由至少一个含氟单体或硅氧烷单体制成的无规共聚物(如90∶10聚(FOA-共聚-IOA));以及含硅氧烷或含氟的接枝共聚物,其中:
(1)形成聚合物主链、不溶解于分散聚合的反应混合物(如任何非氟化的或非硅氧烷的聚合物,如聚苯乙烯、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯类、聚(甲基)丙烯酰胺类等)中的单体与硅氧烷或含氟单体共聚;
(2)具有至少一个Si-H官能度的低聚物或聚合物与例如带乙烯基的烃主链聚合物反应,形成具有可溶的硅氧烷接枝的不可溶主链的聚合物;或者
(3)含氟大单体或硅氧烷大单体与单体、不溶于反应混合物中的均聚物共聚。
在本发明方法中,能溶于反应混合物中的任何普通溶剂都可作为共溶剂。典型的例子包括四氢呋喃、醇、液态烷烃、二氯甲烷、氯仿、甲苯、水、酮和酯。可使用一种或多种共溶剂以有助于初始反应混合物中一种或多种组分的溶解。共溶剂的用量必须低于一定程度使得随后的聚合能归类于溶液聚合。
如有必要,在反应混合物中可加入一种或多种助剂。一类特别有用的助剂的一个例子是交联剂,它能提高生成的聚合物的内聚强度。常用的交联剂包括多官能丙烯酸酯,特别是那些选自二和三丙烯酸C1-C8烷基酯的多官能丙烯酸酯,包括如二丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯、二丙烯酸1,6-己二醇酯、二丙烯酸1,8-辛二醇酯、二丙烯酸新戊二醇酯、二丙烯酸丙三醇酯和三丙烯酸三羟甲基丙烷酯;双酰胺如亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和N,N’-二-1,2亚丙基对苯二酰胺;二乙烯基苯;具有环张力的聚烯烃,如二环戊二烯、降冰片二烯以及连有基团的(任选地取代)的降冰片烯,二环戊二烯和降冰片二烯;醛如苯甲醛和乙醛;蒽醌、取代蒽醌,以及各种二苯酮类化合物,包括如丙烯酰氧基二苯酮;通过夺取氢而起作用的各种过氧化物或其它聚合引发剂(如过氧化氢);和某些生色团取代的乙烯基卤甲基-s-三嗪,如2,4-二(三氯甲基)-6-对-甲氧基苯乙烯基-s-三嗪。
其它有用的助剂包括(但不限于)链转移剂,如四溴甲烷、2-巯基乙醇、巯基丙醇、巯基丁醇、巯基乙酸、正十二烷基硫醇、叔十二烷基硫醇、硫酚、巯基丙酸、烯丙醇和乙醛;热和/或UV降解的抑制剂如位阻酚、二苯酮、氰基丙烯酸酯、可共聚的UV吸收剂等;着色剂、染料和颜料;阻燃剂;抗静电剂;填料如二氧化钛、二氧化硅,实心或空心的玻璃或树脂微球;偶合剂如硅烷。其它有用的助剂有醇和多元醇,它们可在杂环化合物,特别是环氧化合物的阳离子聚合中用作增链剂、交联剂和链转移剂。
用本发明工艺制得的聚合物可用作,例如粘合剂、振动阻尼材料、模塑化合物、涂覆材料和色谱填充物。在基材的至少一个表面上涂覆一层这种聚合物的制品也包括在本发明的范围内。这种制品可以是压敏粘合剂、带、剥离衬里、防护材料或涂层和防粘或抗摩材料。
B.烯烃复分解反应
本发明烯烃复分解反应可包括含一个或多个烯键的不饱和烷基、环烷基、烷芳基或环烷芳基化合物。当仅一种化合物包含在复分解反应中时,它常是具有环张力的环烯烃。
至少可能有五种常见的复分解反应,包括
(1)烯烃化合物间的直接交换:
2)开环复分解聚合(上面已经详细描述了分散型聚合,根据本领域中已知工艺,乳液、悬浮、溶液和沉淀聚合也能进行这种聚合);
(3)不饱和聚合物的解聚:
其中R7、R6、R9和R10可以相同或不同,分别为饱和或不饱和烃基、烷芳基、芳烷基或芳基,其中的“烷基”,或“烷-”或“烃基”可以是直链、支链或环状的,每个基团含有高达30个碳原子、高达60个卤原子和高达4个选自非过氧化物的氧原子、N和Si的杂原子,它们可组合在一起形成官能团或形成键,包括醚、醇、烷氧基、酮、醛、羧酸、酯、酰胺、亚酰胺、胺、氰化物、酸酐、有机硅化合物、有机硅氧烷、氧化硅烷、烷氧基硅烷等。
本发明复分解反应用含过渡金属的化合物催化。尽管就复分解反应而言许多过渡金属显示出催化活性,但是常用的过渡金属为Mo、W、Ir、Ru或Re。
可与过渡金属键合的普通配位体可由单齿和多齿化合物(最好含高达约60个碳原子和高达10个选自氮、硫、非过氧化物的氧原子、磷、砷、硒、锑和碲杂原子)构成。
合适的单齿化合物或基团的例子有二硫化碳、二硒化碳、二碲化碳;醇如乙醇、丁醇和苯酚;醚如四氢呋喃;VA族元素的化合物如氨、膦、三甲胺、三甲膦、三苯胺、三苯膦、三苯、三苯胂、三丁膦;胩如苯胩、丁胩;烯烃化合物如乙烯、乙炔、丙烯、丙炔、1-丁烯、2-丁烯、丁二炔、2-丁炔、环丁烯、戊烯、降冰片烯、环戊烯、己烯、环己烯、环庚烯、1-辛烯、4-辛烯、3,4-二甲基-3-己烯、1-癸烯和1-十二碳烯。
合适的多齿化合物或基团的例子包括1,2-二(二苯膦基)乙烷、1,2-二(二苯胂基)乙烷、二(二苯膦基)甲烷、乙二胺、丙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、氢化三吡唑硼酸盐(hydridotripyrrazolyborate)、丁二烯、降冰片二烯、1,3-环己二烯、环戊二烯和1,4-环己二烯。
有用的配位体的其它例子包括取代和未取代的环庚三烯、环辛四烯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲苯、六甲苯、芴、萘、蒽、苝、、芘、三苯甲烷和具有高达25个环和高达100个碳原子以及高达10个选自氮、硫、非过氧化物的氧原子、磷、砷、硒、硼、锑、碲、硅、锗和锡杂原子的碳环和杂环芳香配位体。
配位体可以是聚合物的一个单元,例如在聚乙烯胺中的配位氨基;聚(4-乙烯基苯基二苯基膦)中的配位膦基;在聚(4-乙烯基苯基胩)中的配位胩基;在聚苯乙烯、聚(苯乙烯-共聚-丁二烯)、聚(苯乙烯-共聚-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚(α-甲基苯乙烯)、聚乙烯基咔唑、聚甲基苯基硅氧烷中的苯基;以及在聚(乙烯基环戊二烯)中的环戊二烯基。可使用重均分子量高达1,000,000或更高的聚合物。最好聚合物中5-50%配位基与金属相配位。
每一个配位体都可被不影响配位体与金属原子配位的基团所取代。取代基(最好具有小于60个碳原子和高达10个选自氮、硫、非过氧化物的氧原子、磷、砷、硒、锑、碲、硅、锗、锡和硼的杂原子)的例子包括烃基如甲基、乙基、丁基、十二烷基、二十四烷基、苯基、苄基、烯丙基、亚苄基、乙烯基和乙炔基;烃氧基如甲氧基、丁氧基和苯氧基;烃硫基(hydrocarbylmercapto)如甲硫基、苯硫基;含氟烃基如五氟苯基和(全氟辛基)乙基;烃氧基羰基如甲氧基羰基、苯氧基羰基;烃基羰基如甲酰基、乙酰基和苯甲酰基;烃基羰基氧基如乙酰氧基和环己基羰基氧基;烃基羰氨基如乙酰氨基、苯甲酰氨基;偶氮、硼烷基;卤素如氯、碘、溴和氟;羟基;氰基、硝基;亚硝基、氧代;二甲基氨基;二苯基膦基;二苯基胂基;二苯基;三甲基锗;三丁基锡;甲基硒基;乙基碲基和三甲基甲硅烷氧基;稠环如苯并、环戊二烯并、萘并、茚并等。
含过渡金属的催化剂最好是有机金属配合物。有用的有机金属配合物催化剂的例子包括[(环辛烯)2IrCl]2、Mo(NBD)(CO)4、Mo(CO)6、W(CO)6、(1,3,5-三甲基苯)W(CO)3、[(环辛烯)P(异丁基)2(CH2CH2C4F9)IrCl]2、[(环辛烯)P(C12H25)3IrCl]2、[(环辛烯)P(异丁基)(CH2CH2C4F9)2IrCl]2和[(环辛烯)P(异丁基)2(CH2CH2CH2OC8H17)IrCl]2。(上述最后四个催化剂可简单地用适当的膦配位体取代第一个催化剂中的环辛烯配位体制得。)使用含氟部分或长链烃作为膦单元的部分有助于提高在某些反应流体(如CO2)中的溶解度。
含过渡金属的催化剂的用量可占可聚合组合物总量的0.0001-10%(重量)。催化剂宜至少在反应流体中稍微有所溶解。
通常,使用共催化剂可提高催化活性。这种共催化剂的用量可以是0.1-1000摩尔(按每1摩尔含过渡金属的化合物计)。有用的共催化剂的普通例子包括烷基铝和烷基锡化合物如CH3AlCl2、(CH3)2AlCl、(CH3)3Al、(CH3CH2)2AlCl、(CH3CH2CH2CH2)SnCl3、(CH3CH2CH2CH2)2SnCl2、(CH3CH2CH2CH2)3SnCl、(CH3CH2CH2CH2)4Sn,尽管本领域中的熟练技术人员可例举出许多其它例子。
在本发明方法中,能溶于反应混合物中的任何普通溶剂都可作为共溶剂。典型的例子包括四氢呋喃、醇、液态烷烃、二氯甲烷、氯仿、甲苯、水、酮和酯。可使用一种或多种共溶剂以有助于反应混合物中一种或多种组分的溶解。
常用的反应温度为-78-400℃,较好为0-300℃,最好为15-150℃。
本发明烯烃复分解反应步骤对环境是合适的(即至多仅需清除少量的液体溶剂)、简便、快速并可控制(即通过稀释可控制反应速率)。同时,可快速地从产物中分离反应物(此时一种或另一种溶解在超大气压反应介质中)。
将通过下面实施例对本发明的目的和优点作进一步说明。在这些实施例中例举的具体材料、用量以及其它条件和细节不应不恰当地视为对本发明的限制。实施例
下列所有反应(除了实施例1合成二嵌段共聚物外)都是在就地装配的10ml不锈钢观察容器(view cell)中进行的,该观察容器装有蓝宝石观察窗、磁搅拌器和任选的辅助压力操作系统以便在超临界条件下加入各种物质。(实施例16-18在110ml不锈钢高压釜而非观察容器中进行,用振荡方法搅拌)。用电热元件或含循环油的蛇管对观察容器进行外部加热。用连接在温度控制器或温度显示单元的热电偶监测温度。实施例1:聚合分散剂的制备
A.聚(FOA-b-IOA)二嵌段共聚物
将10.0g IOA(按标准步骤制得)、1.2115g N,N-二乙基(二硫代氨基甲酸)苄酯和10ml乙酸乙酯加入到火石玻璃瓶(能透过UV辐射)中。用氮气对瓶中的物料鼓泡约20分钟。将该瓶密封,置于辊上并在离UV灯约5cm处转动约44小时。蒸去约6g乙酸乙酯浓缩瓶中的物料,在甲醇中沉淀浓缩物得到一种粘性的液体,滗去甲醇,再用甲醇洗涤该粘性液体,随后真空干燥之并称重(9.1156g,81.4%产率)。粘性液体是在聚合物链的一端具有二硫代氨基甲酸酯基的聚(IOA)。
在另一个火石玻璃瓶中装入4.27g上述聚(IOA)、24.2507gFOA(明尼苏达州3M公司制)和17g FreonTM113。将氮气吹入物料中。密封该瓶并放置于UV灯下的辊上。经约15小时的辐照后,向该瓶中加入5g FreonTM113。用氮气吹洗该瓶,密封并再次置于UV灯下。经过总共43小时的UV辐照后,用FreonTM113稀释聚合混合物并在甲醇中沉淀。得到白色透明粘稠的聚合物沉淀。用甲醇洗涤该聚合物(即聚(FOA)-聚(IOA)二嵌段共聚物),在真空中干燥,随后称重(26.7355g,93.7%产率)。
B.聚(FOA-共聚-IOA)无规共聚物
在10ml观察容器中加入2.7011g FOA、0.3069g IOA和0.0124g 2,2’-偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)。用氮气吹洗该观察容器,随后加入二氧化碳。将物料加热至62℃并通过加入更多的二氧化碳将压力调节至34.7Mpa(5015psig)。在该(或接近该)条件下使聚合反应进行约20小时。随后冷却该观察容器,缓慢地排去二氧化碳。将观察容器中的物料溶解在FreonTM113中并在甲醇中沉淀。收集粘稠的聚合物,用甲醇洗涤之,并在真空下干燥。用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测得的重均分子量(Mw)为245,000。
C.聚(FOA)均聚物
在10ml观察容器中加入3.03g FOA和0.0108g AIBN。用氮气吹洗该观察容器,随后加入二氧化碳。将物料加热至60℃并通过加入更多的二氧化碳将压力调节至34.6Mpa(5000psig)。在该(或接近该)条件下使聚合反应进行约20小时。随后冷却该观察容器,缓慢地排去二氧化碳。将观察容器中的物料溶解在FreonTM113中并在甲醇中沉淀。收集粘稠的聚合物,用甲醇洗涤之,并在真空下干燥,称重(36.1%产率)。用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测得的重均分子量(Mw)为213,000。实施例2:在二氧化碳中无分散剂存在下共聚IOA和丙烯酸(AA)
在10ml观察容器中加入1.41g IOA、0.09g AA和0.0150g AIBN。用氮气吹洗该观察容器,随后加入二氧化碳。将物料加热至66℃并通过加入更多的二氧化碳将压力调节至35.2Mpa(5090psig)。物料形成无色透明均匀的溶液。
在上述(或接近上述)条件下进行聚合,定期地观察直观的聚合现象。(下列时间以物料达到上述聚合条件的时刻为基点)约3小时后,物料仍然是无色透明均匀的溶液。约5小时后,在富CO2的连续相中开始形成细小形态的白色颗粒(即共聚物)。约6小时后,在观察容器的蓝宝石观察窗上颗粒积聚成膜。23小时后,共聚物积聚并沉积在观察容器的底部。体系由观察容器底部的富聚合物相和富聚合物相上面的富CO2相组成。产率为84.6%,聚合物的Mw为104,000。
本实验显示在CO2中无分散剂存在下IOA-AA体系不生成分散的聚合物。实施例3:在二嵌段共聚物分散剂的存在下共聚IOA和AA
在10ml观察容器中加入相同于实施例2中所用的组分,并且还加入0.1500g实施例1制得的二嵌段共聚物。用氮气吹洗该观察容器,随后加入二氧化碳。将物料加热至66℃并通过加入更多的二氧化碳将压力调节至35.2Mpa(5095psig)。物料形成金黄色透明均匀的溶液。
在上述(或接近上述)条件下进行聚合,定期地观察聚合混合物的直观现象。(下列时间以物料达到聚合条件的时刻为基点)约4.5小时后,物料显示轻微的浑浊。约7.5小时后,从富CO2的连续相中析出IOA-AA共聚物相。共聚物以细小的白色颗粒状均匀地分散于整个富CO2连续相中。23小时后,共聚物仍然以细小的白色颗粒状均匀地分散于富CO2连续相中。
观察容器具有一个出口,它与一根0.0625英寸的高压导管相连,在管线上连有一只针形阀。打开该阀门,使聚合物喷入一容器中。当观察容器中的压力降至约20.8MPa(3000psig)时关闭该阀门。细小的白色颗粒开始缓慢地沉积至观察容器的底部。用CO2再次将观察容器中的压力增至约34.6MPa(5000psig),颗粒再次均匀地分散在整个观察容器中。产率为83.4%,聚合物的Mw为131,000。实施例4:在无规共聚物分散剂的存在下共聚IOA和AA
在10ml观察容器中加入相同于实施例2中所用的组分,并且还加入0.1503g实施例1制得的无规共聚物。用氮气吹洗该观察容器,随后加入二氧化碳。将物料加热至66℃并通过加入更多的二氧化碳将压力调节至34.9Mpa(5050psig)。物料形成无色透明均匀的溶液。在该(或接近该)条件下进行聚合。
定期地观察直观的聚合现象。(下列时间以物料达到聚合条件的时刻为基点)约1.5小时后,物料仍然是无色透明和均匀的。约5.5小时后,从富CO2的连续相中析出IOA-AA共聚物相。共聚物以细小的白色颗粒状均匀地分散于整个富CO2连续相中。24小时后,共聚物仍然以细小的白色颗粒状均匀地分散于富CO2连续相中。如实施例3将观察容器的物料进行喷雾,得到相同的结果。产率为82.0%,聚合物的Mw为152,000。实施例5:在聚(FOA)分散剂的存在下共聚IOA和AA
在10ml观察容器中加入相同于实施例2中所用的组分,并且还加入0.0469g实施例1制得的聚(FOA)。用氮气吹洗该观察容器,随后加入二氧化碳。将物料加热至65℃并通过加入更多的二氧化碳将压力调节至33.5Mpa(4850psig)。物料形成无色透明均匀的溶液。在该(或接近该)条件下进行聚合。
定期地观察混合物的直观现象。(下列时间以物料达到聚合条件的时刻为基点)约2小时后,混合物仍然是无色透明和均匀的。约8小时后,从富CO2的连续相中析出IOA-AA共聚物相。共聚物以细小的白色颗粒状均匀地分散于整个富CO2连续相中。20.5小时后,共聚物仍然以细小的白色颗粒状均匀地分散于富CO2连续相中。
如实施例3将观察容器的物料进行喷雾尝试;但是喷雾的效果不如以前。在喷雾过程中,悬浮液变得不稳定,颗粒积聚并在蓝宝石观察窗上开始出现聚合物膜。(在喷雾操作中相信聚(FOA)从观察容器内优先除去。这可有益地用于要求聚合物颗粒表面上无表面活性剂或分散剂的场合)产率为84.5%,聚合物的Mw为127,000。实施例6:在氟化聚环氧丁烷分散剂的存在下共聚IOA和AA
向10ml高压容器中加入1.41g IOA、0.09g AA、0.0150g AIBN和0.15g氟化聚环氧丁烷。该高压容器用氮气吹洗5分钟,随后加入二氧化碳升压至17.3MPa(2500psig)并将温度升至65℃。接着加入更多的二氧化碳使压力升至34.6Mpa(5000psig)。保持该条件约2.5小时后,整个高压容器状似充有牛奶状的白色悬浮液。将该悬浮液保持大于3小时。将反应物冷却并排去气体以降低压力。分离出固态聚合物并在低热真空烘箱中干燥之。产率64%,聚合物的Mw为372,000。实施例7:在二嵌段共聚物和光引发剂的存在下共聚IOA和AA
在一个离两个SylvaniaTM15-瓦BL-型黑光(black light)荧光灯泡约5em的反应容器中加入1.5g 94∶6 IOA/AA混合物、0.15g实施例1制得的二嵌段共聚物和0.015g EsacureTM KB-1光引发剂(纽约州,Ardsley,Ciba-Geigy制)。当将反应容器加热至65℃并用CO2增压至34.6MPa(5000psig)时,物料是无色透明的。接着引发光分解。约2小时后,物料成为浑浊的白色悬浮液。在光照下将物料搅拌约21小时,分散相变得更加不透明并且从上层分散相中分离出一层薄的透明层。但是增进对反应容器的搅拌可形成基本分散的相。使压力降至低于约17MPa(2500psig)导致分相(即在浑浊的白色分散相上的较稀、接近透明的相)。将压力升至高于约22MPa(3300psig)时再次形成单一的,浑浊的分散相。
回收到约1.25g产物。聚合物的Mwwei104,000。实施例8:在CO2中无分散剂存在下聚合甲基丙烯酸正丁酯
向10ml反应容器中加入1.50g甲基丙烯酸正丁酯和0.0150g AIBN。用氮气吹洗反应容器随后加入CO2。将反应容器加热至66℃并再加入CO2将反应容器压力调节至35.4MPa(5125psig)。生成无色透明均匀的溶液。在(或接近)上述反应条件下继续进行聚合反应。5小时后,从该溶液中析出聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯(棕黄色透明粘性液体)相并沉积在反应容器的底部。16小时后,粘性液体的体积稍有增加。如实施例3对反应容器中的物料进行尝试;但是仅有一种液体(主要是单体)喷出。产率67%,聚合物的Mw为24,600。
本实验显示无分散剂存在下在CO2中甲基丙烯酸正丁酯不形成分散的聚合物。实施例9:在聚FOA分散剂的存在下在CO2中聚合甲基丙烯酸正丁酯
向反应容器中加入与实施例8相同的成分,并且还加入0.1500g实施例1制得的聚FOA。用氮气吹洗反应容器并加入CO2。将物料加热至66℃,随后加入更多的CO2将压力调节至34.9MPa(5060psig)。生成无色透明均匀的溶液。在(或接近)上述反应条件下进行聚合反应。
定期观察聚合反应的直观现象。(下列时间以物料达到反应条件的时刻为基点)4小时后,从富CO2连续相中析出聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯相。该聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯以细小的米色颗粒均匀地分布在整个富CO2连续相中。约7小时后,该聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯继续以细小的米色颗粒均匀地分布在整个富CO2连续相中。如实施例3将反应容器物料进行喷雾尝试,但是,几乎全部液体(即主要是单体)从反应容器中喷出。产率37.9%,聚合物的Mw为21,000。实施例10:在二嵌段共聚物分散剂的存在下阳离子聚合降冰片二烯
在反应容器中加入0.15g实施例1制得的二嵌段共聚物和0.2ml BF3OEt2引发剂(在40℃、34.6MPa(5000psig)在CO2中溶解大于10重量%)。将该反应容器加热至40℃并加入CO2加压至34.6MPa(5000psig)。反应物显示出浑浊的浅棕色外观。向该容器中注入约1.66g降冰片二烯(NBD)。容器中的物料显示出褐红色不透明“流砂状”外观。接着将反应物搅拌22小时。随后将压力降至低于13.2MPa(1900psig)时分散的褐红色颗粒沉淀。然后,将压力升至17.3MPa(2500psig),该颗粒再次分散。产量1.20g。实施例11:在二嵌段共聚物分散剂的存在下降冰片烯的开环复分解聚合(ROMP)
在反应容器中加入1.5g降冰片烯,0.15g实施例1制得的二嵌段共聚物和0.015g Mo(NBD)(CO)4催化剂。将反应容器快速加热至40℃并压入CO2加压至34.6MPa(5000psig)。反应容器中物料的浅棕色表明至少有部分催化剂溶解。(部分催化剂不溶解可能是由于其在储存中产生分解)几个小时后反应产物很好地分散,仍然可看见催化剂的未溶解部分。22小时后,将压力降至8.4MPa(1200psig),在该压力点上反应容器的上面四分之一是无色的并且光学上透明。较浓稠的反应容器底部是不透明米色或浅棕色的,并可看见悬浮的米色颗粒。将压力升至16.6MPa(2400psig),反应容器回复至原先的分散外观。将压力降至9.1MPa(1300MPa),整个反应容器的外观与在8.4MPa(1200psig)时反应容器较浓稠层中的外观相同。产量0.30g。实施例12:在FOA(作为内分散剂)的存在下共聚IOA和AA
A.高浓度FOA和装料
在一反应容器中装入1.0g 94∶6的IOA和AA混合物,1.0g FOA内分散剂和0.020g AIBN引发剂。将反应容器加热至65℃并压入CO2加压至34.6MPa(5000psig)。反应器中的物料最初是无色透明的。2小时后,反应物变成半透明浑白色。将反应物搅拌22小时,此时反应物变得非常浑浊并开始形成痕量的白色沉淀。一旦压力稍有下降,立即有白色沉淀开始从溶液中析出。当压力降至20.8MPa(3000psig),一层细小的白色沉淀沉积在反应容器的底部,它的上面是浑浊的分散相。再次将压力升至34.6MPa(5000psig),又产生浑浊的分散相。将压力降至10.4MPa(1500psig)产生如前面所见的细小的白色颗粒沉淀,但在该压力下沉淀上的液体是光学上无色透明的而非在20.8MPa(3000psig)所见的浑浊的白色悬浮液。收集得到的产物为1.25g,聚合物的Mw为496,000。
B.低浓度FOA和装料
在一反应容器中装入1.13g 94∶6的IOA和AA混合物,0.38g FOA内分散剂和0.015g AIBN引发剂。将反应容器加热至65℃并压入CO2加压至34.6MPa(5000psig)。反应器中的物料最初是无色透明的。3小时后,反应物仍然是无色透明的。将反应物搅拌22小时,此时反应物变成半透明和浊白色,具有少量的白色沉淀。稍微降低压力时即有瞬时形成的白色沉淀开始从溶液中析出并在观察窗上形成条纹。将压力降至20.8MPa(3000psig),一层细小的白色沉淀沉积在反应容器的底部,在容器的蓝宝石窗上形成白色的条纹,并在沉淀上形成浑浊的分散相。将该压力保持数分钟,在观察窗上的白色条纹变得透明。再将压力降至10.4MPa(1500psig),沉淀出现团聚,观察窗上还有条纹,但该条纹变成无色,并且液相变成无色透明。将压力升至34.6MPa(5000psig),起初容器中的物料外观不变,但搅拌15分钟后,一些聚合物再次分散(即反应容器变得浑浊)。在该压力下搅拌30分钟后,大多数聚合物明显地再次分散,但是未能达到降压前原始的分散程度。收集得到的产物为0.55g。实施例13:在MeFOSEA(作为内分散剂)的存在下聚合甲基丙烯酸十八烷酯(ODMA)
A.在70℃高单体浓度
向10ml反应容器中加入1.95g MeFOSEA(3M),1.05gODMA,0.0103gAIBN。反应容器用氮气吹洗10分钟,随后充入CO2至13.2MPa(1900psig)并加热至70℃。加入更多的CO2将压力调节至约35.3MPa(5100psig)。在大于5小时内反应混合物是透明和均匀的。在该条件下11小时后,反应容器中的物料变为黑色和不透明的。冷却该容器并回收聚合物(产率13%)。Mw为46,000。
B.在60℃低单体浓度
在反应容器中加入0.7g ODMA,1.3g MeFOSEA,25mg AIBN和0.2ml四氢呋喃。将反应容器加热至60℃并加压至34.6MPa(5000psig),此时可观察到透明均匀的反应混合物。21小时后,体系全部变黑并且不均匀,反应容器下面八分之一是白色的,上面八分之七为黑色的。通过冷却和缓慢地放空,通过将得到的物料从反应容器中用FreonTM113溶出并在甲醇中沉淀,过滤收集聚合物并在真空中干燥得到聚合物产物(产率81%)。NMR分析显示聚合物组成是67∶33(w/w)MeFOSEA:ODMA。聚合物重均分子量为56,000。实施例14:在硅氧烷单体(作为内分散剂)的存在下共聚MMA和IOA
向10ml反应容器中加入1.06g 3-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)甲硅烷(Silar Laboratories,Inc,),0.78g甲基丙烯酸甲酯,0.16g IOA和0.010g过氧二碳酸二(4-叔丁基环己)酯(纽约州Dobbs Ferry,Akzo Chemical Co.制)。该反应容器用氮气吹洗约10分钟。在容器中充入CO2并加热至60℃。再压入CO2使压力达到约34.6MPa(5010psig)。初始反应混合物是透明均匀的。17小时后,体系变黑和不透明。随后将反应混合物冷却并放空至环境条件。回收的产率为42%(按装入的单体重量计)。实施例15:在硅氧烷大单体(macromer)分散剂的存在下共聚IOA和AA
向10ml反应容器中加入1.41g IOA,0.09g AA,0.0150g AIBN和0.60g甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基为端基的聚二甲基硅氧烷(3M)作为分散剂。该反应容器用氮气吹洗5分钟。加入CO2至17.3MPa(2500psig),并加热至65℃。加入更多的CO2将压力调节至约34.6MPa(5000psig)。初始的反应混合物是光学上透明的。在该条件下约1.5小时后,整个容器充满乳白色悬浮液。约2.5小时后,聚合物开始聚团并沉积在反应容器的底部。将反应容器冷却并排空以释放压力。取出固态聚合物并在真空烘箱中低热干燥。产率40%。重均分子量为262,000。实施例16:NBE的复分解聚合
向10ml反应容器中加入4.0g降冰片烯(NBE),0.10g Mo(NBD)(CO)4催化剂以及三个用于搅拌的不锈钢球。用氮气吹洗后,用CO2将反应容器加压至41.3MPa(6000psig)并加热至50℃。
经15小时搅拌后,将反应器中的物料排入干冰阱中。检测到质子NMR信号为δ=5.2-5.4ppm的痕量聚合物,尽管大多数回收物料是未反应的单体。实施例17:NBE的复分解聚合
使用4.49g NBE和0.105g W(=C=CHPh)(CO)5催化剂(按照Landon et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,107,p.6739-40(1985)的方法制得)进行实施例16的聚合。
在50℃、30.3MPa(4400psig)CO2压力下搅拌后,得到3.0g产物。GPC分析显示如表1所示的双峰值分子量分布。
表1
实施例18:压力对NBE复分解聚合的影响
馏份 | Mw | Mn | Mw/Mn | 占总量之% |
高 | 8.48×106 | 7.46×106 | 1.14 | 8 |
低 | 7.01×106 | 2.51×105 | 2.8 | 92 |
使用4.0g NBE和0.10g[Ir(环辛烯)2Cl]2催化剂(Aldrich)于50℃分别在27.6MPa(4000psig)和68.9MPa(10,000psig)CO2压力下进行实施例16的聚合。生成的聚合物的分子量分布列于表2。
表2
实施例19:NBE的复分解聚合和用乙烯解聚
压力(MPa) | Mw | Mn | Mw/Mn |
27.6 | 4.55×105 | 1.45×104 | 31.3 |
68.9 | 1.68×105 | 5.67×103 | 29.6 |
使用2.0g NBE和10mg[Ir(环己烯)2Cl]2催化剂在50℃ 34.4Mpa(5000psig)CO2压力下如实施例16所述制得NBE聚合物。在反应的第一个30分钟内,在原始透明溶液中可观察到明显的黄色沉淀。18小时后排去反应容器内的气体,取一小份固体聚合物的等分试样。GPC测得其Mw为1.80×105。
用另外10mg催化剂处理剩余的黄色固体聚合物,并将反应容器密封用C2H4加压至31MPa(4500psig)。在50℃搅拌24小时后,在固体聚合物中没观察到明显的变化。但是GPC对固体的分析显示Mw为8.08×104,表明发生了解聚。实施例20:NBE在乙烷中的复分解聚合
使用1.1g NBE和10mg[Ir(环辛烯)2C1]2催化剂在45℃ 11.7Mpa(1700psig)乙烷压力下如实施例16所述制得NBE聚合物。在10分钟内,在反应容器中可观察到白色聚合物。经过88小时的加热和压力下搅拌后,排去容器中的气体,得到的聚合物的Mw为4.05×104,Mn=4.02×103(Mw/Mn=10.1)。实施例21:闭环复分解反应
在40℃ 20.7Mpa(1700psig)CO2压力下,向10ml反应容器中加入0.5g N,N-二烯丙基三氟乙酰胺(由烯丙基氯依次对三氟乙酰胺进行N-烷基化的标准步骤制得)和0.04g[Ir(环辛烯)2C1]2催化剂。
搅拌18小时后,排去容器中的气体,得到约0.5g产物。气相色谱显示该物质是要求的N-三氟乙酰吡咯啉,产率约8%。
不偏离本发明范围和精神的各种改进和变化对本领域中的熟练技术人员来说是显而易见的。不要将本发明不适当地限制在所列的说明性实例范围内。
Claims (22)
1.制备聚合物的方法,包括下列步骤:
a)提供聚合反应体系,包括
1)均相的反应混合物,包括
A)至少一种流体,所述流体在标准温度和压力下为气体,保持在大于大气压力的压力下,此时所述流体为液体或超临界流体,
B)至少一种通过链聚合反应聚合的单体,
C)有效量的至少一种聚合反应引发剂和催化剂;
2)用于由所述至少一种单体形成的聚合物的分散剂;
b)使所述至少一种单体聚合生成所述聚合物,所述聚合物不溶于所述反应混合物,
其中所述分散剂使所述聚合体系中生成动力学稳定的聚合物的分散体。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的流体为二氧化碳。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的流体为C1至C5氟代烃。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于所述的氟代烃选自三氟甲烷、1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷和1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的至少一种单体为自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和单体。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于所述的自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和单体选自(甲基)丙烯酸、(甲基)丙烯酸烷酯类、(甲基)丙烯酸羟基烷酯类、聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯类、大分子的(甲基)丙烯酸酯类,以及(甲基)丙烯酸酯类的氮衍生物。
7.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于所述的自由基可聚合的烯类不饱和单体选自甲基取代的马来腈,N-乙烯基内酰胺类,羧酸的乙烯基酯类、乙烯基卤和亚乙烯基二卤,乙烯基醚类,卤代乙烯基醚,环状烯类不饱和羧酸酐类,以及取代的和未取代的苯乙烯类。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的至少一种单体进行阳离子聚合。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于所述的可阳离子聚合的单体选自芳族烯烃类,共轭和非共轭多烯类,1,1-二烷基取代的烯烃,乙烯基醚和硫醚,N-乙烯基胺类,以及杂环化合物。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的至少一种单体为具有环张力的非共轭环烯烃。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的至少一种单体进行阴离子聚合。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于所述的至少一种阴离子聚合单体选自环氧化物、环酰胺类、异戊二烯、苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、丁二烯、卤代二烯类、(甲基)丙烯酸酯类以及六甲基环(三硅氧烷)。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的至少一种单体进行配位聚合。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于所述的单体为α-烯烃。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的分散剂在所述至少一种单体开始聚合之后加入至所述聚合体系中。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的分散剂与所述至少一种单体是不会发生聚合反应的。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于所述的不聚合的分散剂选自含氟聚合物,氟化醚组合物,聚硅氧烷,至少一个嵌段是含氟聚合物或硅氧烷聚合物的嵌段共聚物;至少一个含氟单体或硅氧烷单体的无规共聚物,含硅氧烷或含氟接枝共聚物。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述的分散剂是可与所述至少一种单体聚合的。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其特征在于所述的可聚合的分散剂选自含氟单体,含氟大单体,硅氧烷单体和硅氧烷大单体。
20.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述均相反应混合物还含有共溶剂。
21.动力学稳定的分散体,包括至少一种流体,所述流体在标准温度和压力下为气体,保持在大于大气压力的压力下,使所述流体为液体或超临界流体;一种聚合物,以及一种所述聚合物的分散剂,所述分散体的制备步骤如下:
a)提供聚合反应体系,包括
1)均相的反应混合物,包括
A)至少一种流体,所述流体在标准温度和压力下为气体,保持在大于大气压力的压力下,此时所述流体为液体或超临界流体,
B)至少一种通过链聚合反应聚合的单体,
C)有效量的至少一种聚合反应引发剂和催化剂;
2)用于由所述至少一种单体形成的聚合物的分散剂;
b)使所述至少一种单体聚合生成所述聚合物,所述聚合物不溶于所述反应混合物,
其中所述分散剂使所述聚合体系中生成动力学稳定的聚合物的分散体。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,其特征在于所述的流体为二氧化碳。
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US5478905A (en) * | 1995-02-06 | 1995-12-26 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Amorphous tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers |
-
1995
- 1995-07-07 CA CA002192187A patent/CA2192187A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-07-07 CN CN95194013A patent/CN1152318A/zh active Pending
- 1995-07-07 AU AU29658/95A patent/AU2965895A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-07-07 MX MX9606616A patent/MX9606616A/es unknown
- 1995-07-07 EP EP95925567A patent/EP0770095B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-07 CN CN95194016A patent/CN1152317A/zh active Pending
- 1995-07-07 WO PCT/US1995/008559 patent/WO1996001851A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-07-07 CA CA002191595A patent/CA2191595A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-07-07 WO PCT/US1995/008558 patent/WO1996001850A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-07-07 AU AU30043/95A patent/AU3004395A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-07-07 US US08/553,286 patent/US5780565A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-07 DE DE69523923T patent/DE69523923T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-07-07 MX MX9606615A patent/MX9606615A/es unknown
- 1995-07-07 JP JP8504420A patent/JPH10502690A/ja active Pending
- 1995-07-07 EP EP95926206A patent/EP0770096B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-07-07 DE DE69513526T patent/DE69513526T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-07-07 JP JP8504421A patent/JPH10502691A/ja active Pending
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014121541A1 (zh) * | 2013-02-06 | 2014-08-14 | 上海维凯化学品有限公司 | 以液态二氧化碳为介质的聚合物微球的制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2191595A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
WO1996001851A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
EP0770096B1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
EP0770095A1 (en) | 1997-05-02 |
DE69523923T2 (de) | 2002-06-27 |
WO1996001850A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
DE69513526D1 (de) | 1999-12-30 |
AU3004395A (en) | 1996-02-09 |
EP0770095B1 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
EP0770096A1 (en) | 1997-05-02 |
AU2965895A (en) | 1996-02-09 |
MX9606616A (es) | 1997-04-30 |
MX9606615A (es) | 1997-04-30 |
CN1152317A (zh) | 1997-06-18 |
CA2192187A1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
DE69523923D1 (de) | 2001-12-20 |
JPH10502691A (ja) | 1998-03-10 |
JPH10502690A (ja) | 1998-03-10 |
US5780565A (en) | 1998-07-14 |
DE69513526T2 (de) | 2000-05-04 |
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