CN107636275B - 点燃内燃发动机中的空气燃料混合物的系统和方法 - Google Patents
点燃内燃发动机中的空气燃料混合物的系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
通过将空气燃料混合物接收为从内燃发动机的主燃烧室进入与主燃烧室相邻的封罩的引入空气燃料混合物流,在内燃发动机中点燃空气燃料混合物。封罩限定包围第一和第二点火体的第一室,并且该封罩限定邻近第一室并经由通道连接到第一室的第二室。接收在封罩中的空气燃料混合物的一部分被引导朝向第一和第二点火体之间的点火间隙,而另一部分被引导到第二室中。点火间隙中的空气燃料混合物然后被点燃,并且来自第一室中的燃烧的火焰被喷射到主燃烧室中。然后,来自第二室中的燃烧的火焰被喷射到主燃烧室中。
Description
优先权声明
本申请要求2015年3月20日提交的美国临时申请No.62/136,171的优先权,该申请的内容以引用方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种点燃内燃发动机中的空气燃料混合物的系统和方法。
背景技术
用诸如天然气的气体燃料运行的发动机通常用稀的空气燃料混合物运行,以减少诸如氮氧化物(NOx)的污染物的产生。稀的空气燃料混合物是含有超过用于燃烧的化学计量的过量空气的空气和燃料的混合物。通常,工业燃气发动机以1.85或更高的空气燃料当量比λ(拉姆达)运行,其中1.0等于化学计量。然而,随着空气燃料混合物变稀,火焰传播通过混合物的速度变慢,火焰内核的存活力受到挑战。当火焰内核不强壮,不足以快速推进火焰前锋时,这可能导致贫失火,继而可能导致非常缓慢的起燃或完全失火。
无源预燃室点火器通常用于改善点火。预燃室点火器具有在火花塞上限定预燃室的封罩,其中没有燃料进入预燃室。然而,通常,预燃室中的空燃比变得如此稀薄,使得绝热火焰温度不能支撑火焰内核,导致预燃室失火或离开预燃室的火焰骤冷。当预燃室压力高到足以导致通过预燃室的喷嘴离开的火焰以声速或近声速流动时,会产生称为声速骤冷(sonic quenching)的骤冷现象。通过使喷嘴中的火焰温度整体骤冷,预燃室几何形状可进一步加剧该问题。骤冷的最终结果是主燃烧室中的潜在失火。
发明内容
因此,根据本发明,某些方面包括用于点燃内燃发动机中的混合物的系统。该系统包括大体围绕中心纵向轴线驻留并适于联接到内燃发动机的细长塞体。第一点火体围绕塞体的端部驻留。第二点火体邻近第一点火体,以限定在第二点火体和第一点火体之间的火焰内核起始间隙。该系统包括封罩,该封罩限定包围第一和第二点火体的第一室,并且限定邻近第一室并经由通道连接到第一室的第二室。封罩包括在第一室的内部和封罩的外部之间的多个喷射孔。
根据本发明,某些方面包括点燃内燃发动机中的空气燃料混合物的方法,其中空气燃料混合物被接收为从内燃发动机的主燃烧室进入邻近主燃烧室的封罩的引入空气燃料混合物流。该封罩限定包围第一和第二点火体的第一室,并且该封罩限定邻近第一室并经由通道连接到第一室的第二室。接收在封罩中的空气燃料混合物的一部分被朝向第一和第二点火体之间的点火间隙引导,而另一部分进入第二室中。点火间隙中的空气燃料混合物被点燃,并且来自第一室中的燃烧的火焰被喷射到主燃烧室中。然后,来自第二室中的燃烧的火焰被喷射到主燃烧室中。
根据本发明,某些方面包括内燃发动机,该内燃发动机包括包含点火器的火花塞和接收火花塞的封罩。封罩限定围绕点火器的端部的第一室和邻近第一室并且流体地连接到第一室的第二室。
这些方面可以包括以下特征中的一些、全部或者没有特征。例如,在某些情况下,第一室包括通过第二通道连接的第一内室和第一外室。内室包围第一和第二点火体,并且外室经由第一提到的通道连接到第二室。在某些情况下,第二室是环形的并且围绕第一室周向地延伸,与中心纵向轴线轴向地重合。第一室可以是无源燃料供应室,其不具有直接进入第一室的燃料供应源。第二室也可以或者备选地是无源燃料供应室,其不具有直接进入第二室的燃料供应源。在某些情况下,第一室是细长的和圆柱形的,具有在多个喷射孔附近的会聚部分。在某些情况下,第二室是环形的并围绕第一室延伸。在某些情况下,所述多个喷射孔沿发散方向定向。第一和第二点火体可以是第一和第二电极,并且火焰内核起始间隙包括火花间隙。在运行中,在将来自第一室中的燃烧的火焰接收到第二室中并且点燃第二室中的空气燃料混合物的同时,来自第一室中的燃烧的火焰可以被接收到主燃烧室中。来自第一室中的燃烧的火焰可以使用来自第一燃烧室中的燃烧的压力驱动进入主燃烧室并进入第二燃烧室。在某些情况下,在将来自第二室中的燃烧的火焰喷射到主燃烧室中时,来自第一室中的燃烧的火焰可以被同时喷射到主燃烧室中。第一外室中的空气燃料混合物可以使用从第一内室喷射到第一外室中的燃烧来点燃。第二室中的空气燃料混合物可以使用从第一外室喷射到第二室中的燃烧来点燃。
附图说明
图1是包括使用并行预燃室的点火系统的示例性发动机的一部分的侧剖视图。
图2是使用并行预燃室的示例性点火系统的一部分的详细的侧面半剖视图。
图3A-D是具有示例性点火系统的活塞和气缸的详细的侧面半剖视图,示出了模拟点火过程。
在各个附图中,相同的附图标记表示相同的元件。
具体实施方式
本文的概念涉及使用具有其中室并行运行的无源的双预燃室的点火器来点燃发动机的燃烧室中的空气燃料混合物。
图1示出了示例性内燃发动机100的一部分的横截面。示例性内燃发动机100是往复式发动机,并且包括缸盖102、缸体122和活塞104。活塞104位于缸体122内部的气缸内部。主燃烧室106是位于缸盖102和活塞104之间的气缸内部的容积,并且由缸体122界定。活塞104被布置成在发动机运行期间在气缸内轴向地往复运动,在上行程压缩主燃烧室106中的空气燃料混合物并通过燃烧空气燃料混合物的膨胀而向下驱动以产生功。图1示出了单个活塞104和燃烧室106的横截面,但是内燃发动机100可以具有带有相关部件的多个活塞104和燃烧室106。
示例性内燃发动机100包括具有进气阀110的进气通道108和具有排气阀114的排气通道112。通道108、112在邻近燃烧室106的缸盖102中,并且阀110、114可运行以选择性地密封到燃烧室106的壁,从而控制通道108、112内的流动。在发动机运行期间,进气阀110打开以使空气燃料混合物的新鲜进料从进气通道108流入燃烧室106。在其他情况下,进气阀110仅让空气进入,并且燃烧室燃料喷射器让燃料进入以在燃烧室106中形成空气燃料混合物。在燃烧之后,排气阀114打开以将燃烧残余物排出燃烧室106并进入排气通道112。尽管本文的概念结合往复式内燃发动机进行描述,但是这些概念也可以应用于其它的内燃发动机配置。
示例性内燃发动机100包括示例性载体116和点火器塞124。载体116位于缸盖102中,并且螺纹地和/或以其他方式联接到缸盖102。在一些情况下,载体116可以延伸进入燃烧室106,与燃烧室106的壁齐平,或从燃烧室106的壁凹进。示例性点火器塞124被接收在示例性载体116的内部,并且被螺纹地和/或以其他方式联接到载体116。因此,载体116限定围绕点火器塞124的封罩。
点火器塞124是被配置为引发火焰内核以点燃燃烧室106中的进料的装置,例如火花塞、激光点火器、电晕点火器、等离子体点火器、加热表面点火器、纳米引燃燃料点火器和/或其他类型的点火器。点火器塞124大体上围绕中心纵向轴线A-A驻留。示例性点火器塞124包括第一点火体和与第一点火体相邻的第二点火体,以限定其中点火器塞124内的空气燃料混合物被初始地点燃以形成初始火焰内核的火焰内核起始间隙。在提到火花塞的上下文中,第一点火体和第二点火体是电极,火焰起始间隙是电火花横跨其形成电弧的火花间隙。在一些情况下,第一点火体和第二点火体以中心纵向轴线为中心。点火体可以是J形间隙配置(例如,具有位于中心定位的点火体上方的J形点火体)、管状配置(例如,具有同心地容纳中心定位的点火体的管状点火体)或另一种配置。在一些情况下,点火器塞124具有其自己的预燃室,因此包括围绕点火体的帽或封罩,其保护点火体周围的区域免受冲击流。
图1的示例性点火器塞124和载体116用作“预燃室”型点火器,因为它们限定了包围火焰内核起始位置(即,第一和第二点火体以及火焰内核起始间隙)的前室119。前室119是在载体116内部由载体116的壁限定的封闭室或空间。前室119与主燃烧室106相邻但分开。前室119围绕点火器塞124的端部驻留。前室119被示出为具有围绕载体116和点火器塞124的中心纵向轴线对称的形状,但是在其他情况下可以是不对称的形状。在一些情况下,前室119是单室,并且在一些情况下,前室119包括两个或更多个子室(如图1所示)。载体116还限定了与前室119相邻的并行预燃室130。并行预燃室130通过通道流体地连接到前室119,以从前室119接收空气燃料混合物。如下面将更详细描述的,并行预燃室130被称为“并行”,因为燃烧在并行预燃室130中与前室119中的燃烧同时(即并行)发生。在图1中,并行预燃室130是环形的并且定位在前室119的外部周围,但在其他情况下,可以以其他方式配置并行预燃室130。并行预燃室130被配置成产生燃烧空气/燃料的湍流射流,其流入前室119,并且随后进入发动机的主燃烧室,尽管供应有贫空气燃料混合物。在一些情况下,前室119、并行预燃室130或两者可以被限定在缸盖102本身中,并且如果两者都不在载体116中,则可以省略载体116。在其他情况下,代替在单独的载体116中,前室119、并行预燃室130或两者可以与点火器塞124(例如,在共同的或结合的外壳或封罩中)集成。同样,如果前室119和并行预燃室130两者都与点火器塞124集成在一起,则可以省略载体116。
示例性载体116包括一个或多个喷嘴,喷射孔118,其被定向在发散方向上并将前室119连接到主燃烧室106。喷射孔118延伸穿过载体116的壁,具有在前室119中的内部开口端和在载体116的外部的外部开口端(名义上位于燃烧室106的内部)。喷射孔118可以呈对称或不对称的阵列。在一些情况下,喷射孔118中的至少一个平行于(精确地或基本上)中心纵向轴线A-A或垂直于(精确地或基本上)中心纵向轴线A-A。在一些情况下,喷射孔118中的一个与中心纵向轴线重合,并且被定向成与中心纵向轴线A-A对齐。在一些情况下,喷射孔118中的至少一个不平行或垂直于中心纵向轴线A-A。喷射孔118允许进料、火焰和残余物在前室119和主燃烧室106之间流动。喷射孔118作为喷射通道运行,以将燃烧的空气燃料混合物从前室119喷射成发散的火焰射流,该射流到达燃烧室106并点燃燃烧室106中的进料。喷射孔118还将新鲜空气燃料混合物从燃烧室106引导到前室119中。
图2示出了接收在载体116内并在诸如发动机100的内燃发动机中使用的示例性点火器塞124的一部分的详细剖视图。载体116限定前室119,以包括与外室120a分离的内室120b。内室120b包围点火器124的点火体117,并且可以提供保护火焰内核不受湍流(例如,来自主燃烧室106)影响的相对静止的位置,并且允许更健康的火焰内核生长。外室120a通过通道124流体地连接到内室120,并且通过通道132流体地连接到并行预燃室130。通道132和124允许进料、火焰和残留物在内室120b和外室120a之间(经由通道124)和在并行预燃室130之间(经由通道132)流动,并且作为喷嘴运行以将混合物流从相应的内室120b和并行预燃室130中喷出。外室120a还经由一个或多个喷射孔118流体地连接到内燃发动机的主燃烧室106。喷射孔118允许进料、火焰和残余物在外室120a和燃烧室106之间流动,并且作为喷嘴运行以将燃烧混合物流喷出前室119。喷射孔118和外室120a还将新鲜的空气燃料混合物从燃烧室106朝内室120b引导。在一些情况下,外室120a是细长的和圆柱形的,包括稍微会聚的喷嘴部分(朝向具有喷射孔118的端部会聚)以增加流入和流出喷射孔118的流的速度。在一些情况下,内室120b可以包括电热塞和/或另一热源(例如,容易点燃的燃料源)以便于在内室120b中的起燃。
载体116还限定邻近并环绕前室119的并行预燃室130。并行预燃室130是无源燃料供应室,因为除了从主燃烧室106接收的燃料外,它不具有单独的燃料供应源。在所示实施例中,前室119同样被无源地供以燃料,而没有单独的燃料供应源。示例性并行预燃室130是环形的并且围绕前室119周向地延伸并且与点火器124的中心纵向轴线轴向地重合。在其他实施方式中,并行预燃室130不完全环绕前室119。在一些情况下,并行预燃室可以具有与例如图2中的并行预燃室130所示的容积、横截面、位置和/或尺寸不同的容积、横截面、位置和/或尺寸。例如,不同的实施方式可以针对特定应用使用不同容积或形状的并行预燃室。在一些情况下,并行预燃室130可以被成形为在其自身内增强湍流和/或涡流,例如通过具有成形为将内部流引导到并行预燃室130内的内部循环中的壁。在一些情况下,并行预燃室130通过多个通道132连接到前室119。在一些情况下,并行预燃室130连接到内室120b或内室120b和外室120a两者。多个通道可以具有不同的形状、取向,或者在不同的纵向位置处连接到并行预燃室130和/或前室119。在一些情况下,多于一个并行预燃室130连接到前室119。
图3A-3D示出了在示例性点火过程期间的示例性发动机100的一部分。发动机100包括点火系统102,点火系统102包括并行预燃室130。
在发动机100的运行中,空气和燃料或空气燃料混合物例如通过进气通道(例如,进气通道108)和/或通过进气通道和气缸燃料喷射器引入主燃烧室106中。活塞104的压缩作用迫使冷的(相对于残余燃烧气体)新鲜空气燃料混合物的一部分通过喷射孔118从主燃烧室106流入外室120a。空气燃料混合物从外室120a进入内室120b和并行预燃室130中。然后,点火体117点燃在火焰内核起始间隙中的混合物(例如,通过火花或以另一种方式),如图3A所示,并产生初始火焰内核。
如图3B所示,该初始火焰传播通过内室120a中的混合物。内室120b内的燃烧产生的上升压力如流动箭头310所示将生长的火焰驱动到外室120a中。通道124(图2)喷射火焰,倾向于将其喷射到外室120a中深处。然后,外室120a中的空气燃料混合物在内室120b中的空气燃料混合物之后连续地被从内室120b接收的火焰点燃,并且火焰传播通过外室120a。并行预燃室130中的空气燃料混合物与外室120a分离,并且还没有被火焰点燃。来自外室120a内火焰生长的上升压力将火焰作为初始火焰射流314通过喷射孔118从外室120a外部驱动进入主燃烧室106,如图3C所示。生长的火焰通过喷射孔118喷射并进入燃烧室106,以相对较低的压差亚音速地退出到主燃烧室106,因此可以使整体声速骤冷最小化。因此,这些初始火焰射流314延伸到主燃烧室106中相对较短的距离,并且初始火焰射流314在主燃烧室106中产生相对缓慢生长的火焰前锋,其集中在喷射孔118的尖端周围。前室119(即,外室120b和/或内室120a)的容积和喷射孔118的尺寸可以被配置(例如,通过计算模拟方法迭代地并且通过物理测试来验证),以促进在火焰射流和主燃烧室106之间相对较低的压力差,以减少整体声速骤冷。
随着外室120a中的燃烧产生进入主燃烧室106的初始火焰射流314,外室120a中的湍流可以允许火焰生长,并且外室120a中的压力可能导致一部分火焰通过通道132回流到并行预燃室130中(图2)。这在图3C中示出,其中流动箭头312指示从外室120a进入并行预燃室130中的火焰流。并行预燃室130中的空气燃料混合物被进入的火焰点燃。在并行预燃室130内的这种点燃当前可以利用来自喷射到主燃烧室106中的初始燃烧的火焰发生。以这种方式,并行预燃室130中的空气燃料混合物与主燃烧室106中的空气燃料混合物的点火在时间上并行地被点燃。在一些情况下,并行预燃室130内的点火可以在主燃烧室106内的点火之前不久或之后不久引发。
如图3D所示,并行预燃室130中的燃烧增加了并行预燃室130内的压力,直到压力变得足够高以将火焰喷射到外室120a中,然后与外室120a中积聚的压力一起进入主燃烧室106。与仅由外室120a中的初始燃烧产生的初始射流相比,火焰通过喷射孔118以相对高的速度和压力喷射。该第二高速火焰并入主燃烧室106中的初始缓慢火焰(图3C中的火焰314),在图3D中总体地示出为火焰318,并以高速射流放大慢火焰314以产生湍流,实现湍流射流燃烧,并且放大主燃烧室106中的火焰传播。来自并行预燃室130燃烧的放大射流318可以比初始射流(图3C中的火焰314)更深地进入主燃烧室106,并且促进在主燃烧室106内更快速而完全的燃烧。此外,尽管以比初始射流更大的速度和更大的压差离开喷射孔118,但是放大的射流318更加稳健并且较少受到声速骤冷的影响。由于主燃烧室106中已经存在来自初始射流314的一些燃烧,所以来自并行预燃室130燃烧的放大射流318可以加速主燃烧室106燃烧并增加主燃烧室106中的稳定性。
在一些情况下,当主燃烧室106中的燃烧已经发展并且健康时,并行预燃室130燃烧可以达到峰值压力并且射出主燃烧室106中的高速射流318。主燃烧室106中的燃烧可以被配置成根据并行预燃室130内的压力启动。在一些情况下,主燃烧室106中的燃烧可以被配置成在并行预燃室130中的压力大于主燃烧室106中的压力之前启动。在一些情况下,主燃烧室106中的燃烧可以被配置成在并行预燃室130中的压力大于主燃烧室106中的压力时启动。在一些情况下,燃烧从内室120b开始,火焰内核发展并经由通道从内室120b进入并行预燃室130。由于初始火焰射流314不必单独用于启动在主燃烧室106中的燃烧,所以骤冷效应降低。通过使用并行预燃室130,可以使用更贫的空气燃料混合物,并且可以降低NOx,同时保持良好的燃烧质量。
已经描述了多个示例。然而,应当理解,可以进行各种修改。因此,其它示例在所附权利要求的范围内。
Claims (13)
1.一种点燃内燃发动机中的空气燃料混合物的系统,所述系统包括:
细长塞体,其大体围绕中心纵向轴线驻留并适于联接到所述内燃发动机;
第一点火体,其围绕所述塞体的端部周围驻留;
第二点火体,其邻近所述第一点火体以限定在所述第二点火体和所述第一点火体之间的火焰内核起始间隙;和
封罩,其限定第一室并限定第二室,所述第一室包围所述第一和第二点火体,所述第二室邻近所述第一室,并且经由第一通道连接到所述第一室,所述第一室包括通过第二通道连接的第一内室和第一外室,所述第一内室包围所述第一和第二点火体,并且所述第一外室通过所述第一通道连接到所述第二室,并且所述封罩包括在所述第一外室的内部与所述封罩的外部之间的多个喷射孔;
其中,所述第一室是不具有直接进入所述第一室的燃料供应源的无源燃料供应室。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述第二室是环形的并且围绕所述第一室周向地延伸,与所述中心纵向轴线轴向地重合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述第二室是不具有直接进入所述第二室的燃料供应源的无源燃料供应室。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述第一室是细长的和圆柱形的,具有在所述多个喷射孔附近的会聚部分。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其中,所述第二室是环形的并围绕所述第一室延伸。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述多个喷射孔沿发散方向定向。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述第一和第二点火体包括第一和第二电极,并且火焰内核起始间隙包括火花间隙。
8.一种点燃内燃发动机中的空气燃料混合物的方法,所述方法包括:
接收所述空气燃料混合物作为从所述内燃发动机的主燃烧室进入邻近所述主燃烧室的封罩中的引入空气燃料混合物流,所述封罩限定包围第一和第二点火体的第一室,并且所述封罩限定邻近所述第一室并且经由第一通道连接到所述第一室的第二室,并且所述第一室限定通过第二通道连接的第一内室和第一外室,其中,所述第一内室包围所述第一和第二点火体,并且所述第一外室经由所述第一通道连接到所述第二室,所述第一外室包括在所述第一外室的内部与所述主燃烧室之间的多个喷射孔,其中,所述第一室是不具有直接进入所述第一室的燃料供应源的无源燃料供应室;
将接收在所述封罩中的所述空气燃料混合物的一部分朝所述第一和第二点火体之间的点火间隙引导,并将另一部分引导到所述第二室中;
点燃所述点火间隙中的所述空气燃料混合物;和
将来自所述第一室中的燃烧的火焰喷射到所述主燃烧室中;以及然后将来自所述第二室中的燃烧的火焰喷射到所述主燃烧室中。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,在将来自所述第一室中的燃烧的火焰接收到所述第二室中并且点燃所述第二室中的空气燃料混合物的同时,将来自所述第一室中的燃烧的火焰接收到所述主燃烧室中。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的方法,包括使用来自所述第一室中的燃烧的压力将来自所述第一室中的燃烧的火焰驱动到所述主燃烧室中和所述第二室中。
11.根据权利要求8或9所述的方法,包括在将来自所述第二室中的燃烧的火焰喷射到所述主燃烧室中的同时将来自所述第一室中的燃烧的火焰喷射到所述主燃烧室中。
12.根据权利要求8或9所述的方法,其中,将来自所述第一室中的燃烧的火焰喷射到所述主燃烧室中包括:在所述第一内室中燃烧空气燃料混合物,然后使用从所述第一内室喷射到所述第一外室中的燃烧点燃所述第一外室中的空气燃料混合物。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,将来自所述第二室中的燃烧的火焰喷射到所述主燃烧室中包括使用从所述第一外室喷射到所述第二室中的燃烧点燃所述第二室中的空气燃料混合物。
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-
2016
- 2016-03-18 EP EP16714145.6A patent/EP3271561B1/en active Active
- 2016-03-18 WO PCT/US2016/023272 patent/WO2016154056A1/en active Application Filing
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- 2016-03-18 US US15/074,937 patent/US9840963B2/en active Active
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WO2016154056A1 (en) | 2016-09-29 |
EP3271561A1 (en) | 2018-01-24 |
CN107636275A (zh) | 2018-01-26 |
JP2018508702A (ja) | 2018-03-29 |
US20160273443A1 (en) | 2016-09-22 |
EP3271561B1 (en) | 2018-12-12 |
JP6580701B2 (ja) | 2019-09-25 |
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