CN107278786B - Comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree form of pear tree and shaping method thereof - Google Patents
Comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree form of pear tree and shaping method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and relates to a comb-shaped hedge wall shape of a pear tree and a shaping method thereof. The comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree form of the pear tree is characterized in that the total height of the pear tree is not more than 3.5m, the height of a central trunk of the pear tree is 0.3-0.4 m, two sides of the central trunk are provided with two main branches, the length of each main branch is 1.5m, the included angle between the base of each main branch and the horizontal direction is 30 degrees, and the front ends of the main branches are in a horizontal state; the main branches are provided with a plurality of upright bearing branches, the bearing branches are spread on the main branches in a comb-shaped manner, and the distance between the bearing branches is 0.3 m. The tree shape changes the plane result of the shed frame-shaped pear tree into a compact three-dimensional result, the fruit yield is more, the fruit quality difference at different positions is smaller, and the yield is higher.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a comb-shaped hedge wall shape of a pear tree and a shaping method thereof.
Background
The pear is an international bulk fruit tree crop and also the second largest deciduous fruit tree in China. The cultivation area and the yield of the pears in China are the first in the world and account for more than 70% of the world. Traditionally, the cultivation tree form of the pear trees in China mainly comprises a sparse layered form, an open heart form, a spindle form and the like. The tree forms are usually tall and large, field management operation is inconvenient, the tree forms are gradually disordered, and the fruiting performance and the fruit quality are gradually reduced year by year.
After the introduction of rack type cultivation in the last 90 th century, horizontal shed-rack type and Y-shaped tree types appeared. The rack type cultivation reduces the height of the tree body to a certain extent, ensures the fruit quality, but the shaping of the tree shape is relatively difficult, the inducing and the configuration of the bearing branches are difficult, especially the shaping of the tree shape of the horizontal shed frame can be completed in a longer time, and the early high yield is poor. In addition, the horizontal canopy frame needs orchard operators to face up and lift hands, and is very hard; the frame type extending obliquely between the rows like a Y shape reduces the operation difficulty of operators, but hinders the mechanical operation to a certain extent.
How to further improve and innovate on the basis of the existing tree form to form a set of new tree form which has high yield, good quality, easier operation and is convenient for orchard operators to learn and master, and obviously has very strong practical significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a comb hedge wall-shaped tree form of a pear tree, and also aims to provide a shaping method of the comb hedge wall-shaped tree form of the pear tree, wherein the plane result of the shed frame-shaped pear tree is changed into a compact three-dimensional result, the number of the results is more, the quality difference of fruits at different positions is smaller, and the yield is higher.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree form of a pear tree, the total height of the pear tree is not more than 3.5m, the height of a central trunk of the pear tree is 0.3-0.4 m, two main branches are arranged on two sides of the central trunk, the length of each main branch is 1.5m, the included angle between the base part of each main branch and the horizontal direction is 30 degrees, and the front ends of the main branches are in a horizontal state; the main branches are provided with a plurality of upright bearing branches, the bearing branches are spread on the main branches in a comb-shaped manner, and the distance between the bearing branches is 0.3 m.
The invention also provides a method for shaping the comb-shaped hedge wall shape of the pear tree, which comprises the following steps:
step one, frame construction: arranging steel pipes with the length of 4m in the planting rows every 9m, burying the steel pipes 0.5m underground, and pouring and fixing the steel pipes by reinforced concrete; punching holes at positions 0.75m, 1.5m, 2.5m and 3.5m away from the ground on the steel pipe respectively, and drawing steel wires for fixing main branches, fruit branches or bird prevention nets;
step two, field planting of the tree seedlings: planting pear seedlings according to the row spacing of 2.5m, the plant spacing of 3m and the distance between the first seedlings and the first steel pipe of 1.5 m;
step three, cultivation of main branches: after the planting in early spring of the first year, carrying out fixed-stem treatment at the position of 0.3-0.4 m higher than the pear tree; after sprouting and growing new shoots, selecting and reserving 2 new shoots to cultivate into 2 main branches, enhancing fertilizer and water management, promoting the new shoots to grow into 1.5m main branches, and reserving mature leaf pinching for the rest new shoots; when the selected young shoots grow to 0.5m, bamboo poles are added for fixing, so that the young shoots grow towards the direction of 45 degrees; pressing the main branch downwards to the position where the base part forms an included angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal direction in 9 months in the first year, pressing the front end of the main branch to the horizontal direction, binding and fixing the front end of the main branch on a steel wire with the height of 0.75 m;
step four, cultivation of bearing branches: bud carving treatment is carried out on the main branches every 0.3m before sprouting in spring in the next year, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, bud sprouting and young shoot growth are promoted, and bearing branches are cultured; and binding when the bearing branches grow to 0.5m so as to keep the bearing branches to grow vertically, and pruning the bearing branches.
Further, the pruning refers to processing the annual branches germinated at the front ends of the bearing branches during winter pruning according to the growth potential of the bearing branches, if the bearing branches are strong, thinning the strong annual branches, and selecting the weak annual branches as the extension heads of the bearing branches; if the bearing branches are weak, selecting strong branches to be cut short and then making an extension head; the annual branches at the other tips are removed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention changes the plane fruit of the shed frame-shaped pear tree into compact three-dimensional fruit, the fruit is more, the quality difference of the fruit at different positions is smaller, and the yield is higher.
2. The pear tree is in a comb-shaped hedge wall tree shape, the fruit branches grow vertically, and only the main branches need to be bent at an angle of 45-30 degrees during shaping, so that the shaping is easier compared with a dragon-dry Y shape and a comb-shaped hedge wall shape, and the shaping time is saved by 1 year on the whole; in addition, the bearing branches grow vertically, so that the strong growth vigor is maintained, few bare-grown branches germinate on the bearing branches are easy to concentrate nutrients to supply to fruits, the fruits with better quality are produced, and the overall quality of the fruits is higher than that of the 'dragon-dry type Y shape'.
3. Because the comb-shaped fence wall shape belongs to the vertical plane, the frequency of bending down and raising up when workers work in the field is greatly reduced, and the mechanical operation is more convenient, so the orchard management work such as ground management, flower and fruit management, pest control and the like is simpler and more convenient, and the cost is greatly reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the growth of new shoots into main branches in the first spring of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of the present invention showing the depression of the boughs in september the first year.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the individual tree shape of the comb-shaped hedge wall shape of the pear tree of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, if specifically indicated.
The pear tree is selected as 'Zhongli No. 1', and the pear seedling selection standard is as follows: the main root is more than 25cm, at least 3 lateral roots are required, the length of the lateral roots is more than 15cm, the thickness of the root and stem part is more than 0.5cm, the branch is full, and the bud body is full.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-3, a comb-shaped hedge wall shape of a pear tree, the total height of the pear tree is 3m, the height of the central trunk of the pear tree is 0.3m, two main branches are arranged at two sides of the central trunk, the length of the main branch is 1.5m, the included angle between the base of the main branch and the horizontal direction is 30 degrees, and the front ends of the main branches are in a horizontal state; the main branches are provided with 4 upright bearing branches, the bearing branches are spread on the main branches in a comb-shaped manner, and the distance between the bearing branches is 0.3 m.
The method for shaping the comb-shaped hedge wall shape tree shape of the pear tree comprises the following steps:
step one, frame construction: arranging steel pipes with the length of 4m in the planting rows every 9m, burying the steel pipes 0.5m underground, and pouring and fixing the steel pipes by reinforced concrete; the positions of the steel pipe, which are 0.75m, 1.5m, 2.5m and 3.5m away from the ground, are respectively punched, and the steel wire is pulled to fix the main branches, the fruiting branches or the bird prevention net.
Step two, field planting of the tree seedlings: in early spring of 2014, pear seedlings are planted according to the row spacing of 2.5m, the plant spacing of 3m and the distance between the first tree seedling and the first steel pipe of 1.5 m.
Step three, cultivation of main branches: after planting in early spring 2014, performing fixed-stem treatment at the position 0.3m higher than the pear tree; after sprouting and growing new shoots, selecting and reserving 2 new shoots with the best growth vigor to culture into 2 main branches, and reserving mature leaf pinching for the rest new shoots. Applying 10-20 g of nitrogen fertilizer to each plant in the middle ten days of 5 months, applying N, P, K compound fertilizers every half month, applying about 20g of compound fertilizers to each plant, and simultaneously enhancing the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, such as aphids, scarabs and the like. When the selected young shoots grow to 0.5m, bamboo poles are added for fixing, so that the young shoots grow towards the direction of 45 degrees; most of the saplings in the first 9 months of the year have 2 main branches as long as 1.5 m. At the moment, the branches of the main branches are still soft and are in a stage with better toughness, the main branches are carefully pressed down until the base parts of the main branches form an included angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal direction, and the front ends of the main branches are further pressed to be horizontal and are bound and fixed on a steel wire with the height of 0.75 m.
Step four, cultivation of bearing branches: in 2015, before sprouting in spring, carving bud on the main branches at intervals of 0.3m and 0.5cm in front of bud tip with a knife or saw blade, and cutting 4 times on each main branch to cut xylem, wherein the length of the cut reaches one half of the circumference of the branch at the cut part. And N, P, K compound fertilizer is applied for 3-5 times all the year around, and about 20g of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant every time, so that the germination of buds and the growth of new shoots into 4 bearing branches are promoted. Binding when the bearing branches grow to 0.5 m; and binding and fixing the bearing branches on steel wires with the height of 1.5m and 2.5m respectively according to the growth height of the bearing branches so as to keep the bearing branches to grow vertically. An anti-bird net was fixed to a steel wire of 3.5m height. According to the growth vigor of the bearing branches, the annual branches germinating at the tips of the bearing branches are treated during winter pruning, if the bearing branches are strong, the strong annual branches are removed, and relatively weak annual branches are selected and reserved as bearing branch extending heads; if the bearing branches are weak, selecting strong branches to be cut short and then making an extension head; dredging out the annual branches at the other tips; the total height of the pear tree after pruning is 3 m.
Taking the variety of 'Zhongli No. 1' as an example, tree-shaped parameters of 'dragon dry type Y-shaped' and 'comb hedge wall-shaped' are compared, as shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 comparison of Tree parameters for "Dragon Dry Y-shape" and "comb fence wall shape
As can be seen from Table 1, planting 44 trees per mu of the "dragon dry type Y-shaped" plant, and planting 88 trees per mu of the "comb-shaped fence wall-shaped" plant, which is equivalent to straightening up two slopes of the "dragon dry type Y-shaped" plant for cultivation. Thus, the plants are doubled in the same area, which means that the shaping is faster, and the root system responsible for absorbing water and nutrients is doubled, which is more favorable for early high yield. Because the main branches (namely the dragon trunk) and the fruit branches are required to be respectively bent according to the horizontal angle and the 45-degree angle during the shaping of the 'dragon dry type Y-shaped' tree form, the 'comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped' fruit branches grow vertically, and the main branches are only required to be bent according to the 45-degree angle to the 30-degree angle, the 'comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped' shaping is easier than the 'dragon dry type Y-shaped' shaping, and the time of 1 year is saved on the whole. In addition, "dragon dry type Y-shape" is a planar result, while "comb hedge wall shape" is a compact three-dimensional result, resulting in more fruits and less difference in fruit quality at different positions, so that the yield of the "comb hedge wall shape" is obviously higher.
TABLE 2 comparison of fruit quality and cost indices for "Dragon Dry type Y-shape" and "comb hedge wall shape
As can be seen from table 2, although the "dragon-dry type Y shape" is a planar result and the ventilation and light transmission conditions are better, the growth potential of the tree body is slightly weaker in general, and the average single fruit weight of the fruit is significantly smaller than that of the "comb hedge wall shape" and the soluble solid content of the fruit is slightly lower than that of the "comb hedge wall shape" because the overgrown bare branches are far more than the "comb hedge wall shape" and consume more nutrients. The comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree shape maintains stronger growth vigor due to the fact that fruit branches grow vertically, so that few growing branches are germinated on the comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree shape, the growing branches are far less than the dragon dry type Y shape, nutrients are easily supplied to fruits, the fruits with better quality are produced, and the quality of the fruits is generally higher than that of the dragon dry type Y shape. Meanwhile, the comb-shaped hedge wall shape belongs to a vertical plane, so that the bending and raising frequency of workers in field operation is greatly reduced, and the mechanical operation is more convenient, so that the orchard management work such as ground management, flower and fruit management, pest control and the like is simpler and more convenient, and the cost is also greatly reduced.
Example 2
A comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree form of a pear tree is characterized in that the total height of the pear tree is 3.5m, the height of a central trunk of the pear tree is 0.4m, two main branches are arranged on two sides of the central trunk, the length of each main branch is 1.5m, the included angle between the base of each main branch and the horizontal direction is 30 degrees, and the front ends of the main branches are in a horizontal state; the main branches are provided with 4 upright bearing branches, the bearing branches are spread on the main branches in a comb-shaped manner, and the distance between the bearing branches is 0.3 m.
The method for shaping the comb-shaped hedge wall shape tree shape of the pear tree comprises the following steps:
step one, frame construction: arranging steel pipes with the length of 4m in the planting rows every 9m, burying the steel pipes 0.5m underground, and pouring and fixing the steel pipes by reinforced concrete; the positions of the steel pipe, which are 0.75m, 1.5m, 2.5m and 3.5m away from the ground, are respectively punched, and the steel wire is pulled to fix the main branches, the fruiting branches or the bird prevention net.
Step two, field planting of the tree seedlings: in early spring of 2014, pear seedlings are planted according to the row spacing of 2.5m, the plant spacing of 3m and the distance between the first tree seedling and the first steel pipe of 1.5 m.
Step three, cultivation of main branches: after planting in early spring 2014, performing fixed-stem treatment at the position 0.4m higher than the pear tree; after sprouting and growing new shoots, selecting and reserving 2 new shoots with the best growth vigor to culture into 2 main branches, and reserving mature leaf pinching for the rest new shoots. Applying 10-20 g of nitrogen fertilizer to each plant in the middle ten days of 5 months, applying N, P, K compound fertilizers every half month, applying about 20g of compound fertilizers to each plant, and simultaneously enhancing the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, such as aphids, scarabs and the like. When the selected young shoots grow to 0.5m, bamboo poles are added for fixing, so that the young shoots grow towards the direction of 45 degrees; most of the saplings in the first 9 months of the year have 2 main branches as long as 1.5 m. At the moment, the branches of the main branches are still soft and are in a stage with better toughness, the main branches are carefully pressed down until the base parts of the main branches form an included angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal direction, and the front ends of the main branches are further pressed to be horizontal and are bound and fixed on a steel wire with the height of 0.75 m.
Step four, cultivation of bearing branches: in 2015, before sprouting in spring, carving bud on the main branches at intervals of 0.3m and 0.5cm in front of bud tip with a knife or saw blade, and cutting 4 times on each main branch to cut xylem, wherein the length of the cut reaches one half of the circumference of the branch at the cut part. And N, P, K compound fertilizer is applied for 3-5 times all the year around, and about 20g of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant every time, so that the germination of buds and the growth of new shoots into 4 bearing branches are promoted. Binding when the bearing branches grow to 0.5 m; and binding and fixing the bearing branches on steel wires with the height of 1.5m and 2.5m respectively according to the growth height of the bearing branches so as to keep the bearing branches to grow vertically. An anti-bird net was fixed to a steel wire of 3.5m height. According to the growth vigor of the bearing branches, the annual branches germinating at the tips of the bearing branches are treated during winter pruning, if the bearing branches are strong, the strong annual branches are removed, and relatively weak annual branches are selected and reserved as bearing branch extending heads; if the bearing branches are weak, selecting strong branches to be cut short and then making an extension head; dredging out the annual branches at the other tips; the total height of the pear tree after pruning is 3.5 m.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, which are merely illustrative and not restrictive, and it should be understood that other embodiments may be easily implemented by those skilled in the art by means of replacement or modification according to the technical contents disclosed in the specification, and therefore, all changes and modifications that come within the spirit and technical conditions of the present invention should be included in the claims of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree shape of a pear tree is characterized in that the total height of the pear tree is not more than 3.5m, the height of a central trunk of the pear tree is 0.3-0.4 m, two main branches are arranged on two sides of the central trunk, the length of each main branch is 1.5m, the included angle between the base of each main branch and the horizontal direction is 30 degrees, and the front ends of the main branches are in a horizontal state; the main branches are provided with a plurality of upright bearing branches, the bearing branches are spread on the main branches in a comb-shaped manner, and the distance between the bearing branches is 0.3 m;
the method for shaping the comb-shaped hedge wall shape tree shape of the pear tree comprises the following steps:
step one, frame construction: arranging steel pipes with the length of 4m in the planting rows every 9m, burying the steel pipes 0.5m underground, and pouring and fixing the steel pipes by reinforced concrete; punching holes at positions 0.75m, 1.5m, 2.5m and 3.5m away from the ground on the steel pipe respectively, and drawing steel wires for fixing main branches, fruit branches or bird prevention nets;
step two, field planting of the tree seedlings: planting pear seedlings according to the row spacing of 2.5m, the plant spacing of 3m and the distance between the first seedlings and the first steel pipe of 1.5 m;
step three, cultivation of main branches: after the planting in early spring of the first year, carrying out fixed-stem treatment at the position of 0.3-0.4 m higher than the pear tree; after sprouting and growing new shoots, selecting and reserving 2 new shoots to cultivate into 2 main branches, enhancing fertilizer and water management, promoting the new shoots to grow into 1.5m main branches, and reserving mature leaf pinching for the rest new shoots; when the selected young shoots grow to 0.5m, bamboo poles are added for fixing, so that the young shoots grow towards the direction of 45 degrees; pressing the main branch downwards to the position where the base part forms an included angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal direction in 9 months in the first year, pressing the front end of the main branch to the horizontal direction, binding and fixing the front end of the main branch on a steel wire with the height of 0.75 m;
step four, cultivation of bearing branches: bud carving treatment is carried out on the main branches every 0.3m before sprouting in spring in the next year, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, bud sprouting and young shoot growth are promoted, and bearing branches are cultured; and binding when the bearing branches grow to 0.5m so as to keep the bearing branches to grow vertically, and pruning the bearing branches.
2. The comb-shaped hedgerow shape tree form of a pear tree according to claim 1, wherein the pruning means that the annual branches sprouting from the tips of the fruiting branches are treated during winter pruning according to the growth potential of the fruiting branches, and if the fruiting branches are strong, the vigorous annual branches are thinned, and the relatively weak annual branches are selected as the fruiting branch extending heads; if the bearing branches are weak, selecting strong branches to be cut short and then making an extension head; the annual branches at the other tips are removed.
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| CN109121953A (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2019-01-04 | 山东省果树研究所 | Based on the Pear trees shape and shaping methods for inspiring side shoot |
| CN109156245B (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2020-12-18 | 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 | Wall-shaped shaping method for multiple hedges of peach tree |
| CN109429879B (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2021-01-05 | 福建省农业科学院果树研究所 | Plum tree shaping, trimming and cultivating method |
| CN109618799B (en) * | 2019-01-18 | 2021-01-29 | 上海市农业科学院 | Pruning method for planar four-main-branch tree form and application of pruning method in cultivation |
| CN109997600A (en) * | 2019-04-16 | 2019-07-12 | 浙江大学 | T-type pear tree frame and the unilateral downtree shape breeding method for utilizing the frame |
| CN111108949B (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2021-09-07 | 四川省农业科学院园艺研究所 | Pruning method for plum trees and apricot trees |
| CN111492881A (en) * | 2020-05-06 | 2020-08-07 | 中国农业科学院果树研究所 | Peach tree shaping and trimming method |
| CN112806204A (en) * | 2020-06-17 | 2021-05-18 | 中国农业科学院果树研究所 | Method for cultivating peaches by utilizing horizontal central trunk multi-upright main branch tree form |
| CN111567309B (en) * | 2020-06-22 | 2022-01-28 | 中国农业科学院果树研究所 | Pear double-U four-dragon trunk planar tree form and shaping method thereof |
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