CN107371965B - Tuning fork-shaped pear tree shape and shaping and trimming method thereof - Google Patents
Tuning fork-shaped pear tree shape and shaping and trimming method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107371965B CN107371965B CN201710690173.4A CN201710690173A CN107371965B CN 107371965 B CN107371965 B CN 107371965B CN 201710690173 A CN201710690173 A CN 201710690173A CN 107371965 B CN107371965 B CN 107371965B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
A tuning fork-shaped pear tree form and a shaping and pruning method thereof are disclosed, wherein a main trunk and two main branches form a tuning fork shape, the height of the tree is 2.9-3.5 m, and the trunk height is 0.3-0.4 m; the two main branches respectively comprise a horizontal part and a vertical part to form a U shape, the vertical parts of the two main branches are spaced by 70-75 cm, and bearing branches and bearing branch groups are directly planted on the main branches; the invention avoids the multi-level branch tree form with complex structure in the prior art, simplifies the pear tree form into a simple tree form consisting of a main trunk, main branches and fruiting branches, and has the advantages of ventilation and light transmission of the tree body after the tree form is simplified, standard and regular tree form, fast forming, reasonable close planting, stable yield, excellent fruit quality, simple reshaping and picking operation, rapid mastering of the reshaping and trimming technology after short-term training, labor saving and saving during operation, remarkable improvement of the production efficiency of fruit trees, and injection of new blood for the technical development of fruit industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a tuning fork pear tree shape and a shaping and trimming method thereof.
Background
Perennial trees or shrubs of the Rosaceae (Rosaceae) Maloideae family of the genus Pyria (Pyrus). The pear has high nutritional value and medicinal value, contains rich B vitamins, and can protect heart, relieve fatigue, enhance myocardial activity and reduce blood pressure; tannic acid contained in fructus Pyri has effects of eliminating phlegm and relieving cough, and caring throat. The pear tree is the most common fruit tree cultivated in the south and north of China, the cultivation history of the pear tree in China has been more than 4000 years, and the cultivation area and the yield of the pear tree in China are the first place in the world.
The shaping and trimming of the pear trees is one of the most key links in the cultivation and management of the pear trees, and the method for shaping and trimming the crown of the pear trees to form a certain shape is called shaping; the method of directly cutting the branches and trunk of fruit trees is called pruning. Through the shaping and pruning, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the pear trees can be regulated and controlled, and a scientific and reasonable shaping and pruning method is the key for ensuring the high yield, high quality and healthy tree bodies of the pear trees.
Although pruning is very important, the traditional pruning technology in China is complex, the professional requirement is high, labor and time are wasted, the return rate of fruit industry is low relative to other industries, and the general culture level of personnel actively engaged in fruit industry production is not high, so that few technical personnel capable of really mastering the pruning principle are needed, and in addition, the aging degree of China is increased in recent years, most of the personnel engaged in agricultural operation in an orchard are middle-aged and old people, and the shortage of labor force in agricultural production in China is the biggest problem.
In China, the northern part of the pear tree form is still mainly in the traditional evacuation layering shape, the southern part is mainly in the three-main-branch open heart shape, and the branches of the two pear tree forms are complicated in layering and labor and time are wasted during construction. The European and Japanese-Korean pear trees have simple tree forms, but the European V-shaped tree bodies are easy to senilise, and the Japanese-Korean Y-shaped tree forms have small area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a tuning fork-shaped pear tree form and a reshaping and trimming method thereof, which simplify the pear tree form into a simple tree form consisting of a main trunk, a main branch and fruit branches, ventilate and transmit light intensity of the tree body, standardize and tidy the tree form, quickly form, reasonably and densely plant, stabilize the yield, have good fruit quality and simple reshaping and picking operation, realize the grading simplification of the pear branches and trunks, can quickly master the reshaping and trimming technology after short-term training, save labor and labor in operation, remarkably improve the production efficiency of fruit trees, solve the problem of complex reshaping and trimming of the pear trees, facilitate mechanical operation, provide a reference basis for the labor-saving and mechanical modern agricultural development mode, and inject new blood for the development of the fruit industry technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a tuning fork-shaped pear tree shape is characterized in that a main trunk and two main branches form a tuning fork shape, the height of the tree is 2.9-3.5 m, the plant spacing of the pear tree is 1.4-1.5m, and the trunk height is 0.3-0.4 m; the two main branches respectively comprise a horizontal part and a vertical part to form a U shape, the vertical parts of the two main branches are spaced by 70-75 cm, and bearing branches and bearing branch groups are directly planted on the main branches.
A method for pruning a tuning fork pear tree shape comprises the following steps:
1) planting
Selecting an annual pear tree seedling with the trunk height of 0.3-0.4m and two main branches as a field planting seedling, wherein the length of the main branches is more than 40cm, the included angle between the two main branches is 45-55 degrees, and the field planting seedling is planted in spring, and the row spacing is (1.4-1.5) × (3.5-4.0) m;
2) pruning saplings
Planting in the current year: fixing parts of the two main branches, which are from the parts close to the trunk to the length of 30-40 cm, in an outward horizontal direction to form horizontal parts of the main branches, wherein the included angle between the horizontal parts of the two main branches is 135-180 degrees, and drawing the rest branch parts of the two main branches except the horizontal parts upwards to be vertical and fixing to keep the top end advantages of the main branches; the vertical parts of the two main branches are spaced by 70-75 cm, at least two strong and plump buds are reserved on the main trunk, the buds are used as auxiliary cultivation branches after being germinated into branches, the auxiliary cultivation branches are placed for a long time, and if the buds are crossed with adjacent plants, the auxiliary cultivation branches are cut short to be connected with the adjacent plants;
timely thinning out the sprouts and branches on the trunk except the selected buds; on the main branches, excessive branches and branches on the back are thinned, fine and weak branches, diseased branches and excessive branches with the interval less than or equal to 5cm are thinned, and the middle branches are mainly lengthened; in winter, removing competitive branches of the main branch extending heads, removing strong branches and weak branches, and leaving full and well-positioned lateral buds on the main branch extending heads;
the second year after planting: after top buds on the extending heads of the two main branches are extended, the two main branches are vertically extended upwards, the top advantages of the two main branches are kept, plump lateral buds or lateral lower buds are selected and remained on the main branches every 15-20 cm and serve as lateral branches after germination, and the included angle between the lateral branches and the main branches is 60-75 degrees;
timely removing the back buds growing on the main branches and the dense buds with the interval less than or equal to 5cm, and pinching competing branches growing near the extension heads of the main branches when the length of the competing branches is 8-10 cm in spring; in winter, preliminarily forming the tuning fork shaped pear tree shape, and controlling the height of the pear tree to be 2.9-3.5 m;
3) initial trimming of fruiting
Entering a fruiting initial stage in the third year after field planting, keeping the shape of a tree, culturing fruiting branches and fruiting branch groups on main branches, wherein the interval between single fruiting branches is 15-20 cm, the interval between the fruiting branch groups is 30-40 cm, culturing renewal branches on the main branches, and reserving 8-10 nutrition branches on the two main branches to prepare for the pear trees entering a fruiting stage; the height of the whole pear tree is controlled to be 2.9-3.5 m;
4) pruning in fruiting period
After the fruiting period, the tree shape is maintained, and the tree vigor is regulated and controlled.
Further, in step 1), the grafted seedlings are obtained by the following method: selecting regular and strong pear grafted seedlings for culturing, and cutting off stems from positions 30-40 cm away from the ground to leave two full buds at a cut, wherein the included angle of the branches with two buds growing is 45-55 degrees, and two main branches are formed after the two buds sprout; binding and fixing the main branches and the trunk when the main branches grow to be about 40-50 cm long, keeping the included angle range of the two main branches, and performing bud picking treatment on the rest buds on the trunk; the soil, fertilizer and water are carried out according to the conventional pear tree cultivation and management method.
Further, in the step 2), the buds selected and remained on the trunk are bound on the outer side without the main branch after sprouting into the branches, and the length of the auxiliary branch is based on the complementation and non-overlapping of the auxiliary branches of adjacent trees.
Further, in the step 2), in the second year after field planting, when the length of the lateral branches planted on the main branches is 10-15 cm in spring, long bamboo sticks of 8-10 cm are used for propping open the lateral branches, and the included angle between the lateral branches and the main branches is within 60-75 degrees.
Preferably, in step 4), the maintaining of the tree shape and the regulating of the tree potential include: when the flowering capacity of the bearing branches is reduced, the updating branches are timely utilized for updating; the small bearing branches and bearing branch groups are cultured by bud carving in spring; and when the fruiting capacity of the main branches is reduced, the auxiliary culture branches on the main trunk are used as renewal branches in time, new main branches are cultured, and the heads of the new main branches are changed.
Preferably, the shaping and trimming process of the pear trees is carried out in cooperation with the shaping frame.
Further, the reshaping frame comprises:
the plurality of stand columns are composed of concrete poured base plates and steel pipes arranged on the base plates, the base plates are buried underground and arranged along the cultivation rows, and the space between the two stand columns is 8-9 m; drilling at least 5 holes in the steel pipe along the length direction: the 1 st hole is located at a position, 0.3-0.4m away from the ground, of the upright column; the 2 nd hole is 1.2-1.3 m above the 1 st hole, and the 3 rd hole is 1.2-1.3 m above the 2 nd hole; the 4 th hole is 0.15-0.2m above the 3 rd hole; the 5 th hole is 0.05-0.1m above the 4 th hole;
the support stay wires are formed by sequentially connecting the 1 st holes of different upright post steel pipes by plastic steel wires in the same cultivation row to form 1 support stay wire, and the 2 nd hole and the 3 rd hole are respectively connected to form 3 support stay wires; connecting the 5 th hole on the top of the steel pipe by using a plastic steel wire to fix the bird-proof net;
the inclined strut is formed by connecting a plastic steel wire with a ground anchor through a 4 th hole of the upright column in the middle of the cultivation row, and the plastic steel wire forms an included angle of 45-50 degrees with the ground.
Further, build when shaping frame, follow the first stand that every cultivation was gone to set up apart from cultivation row initiating side 5 ~ 6m, the escape canal is established along cultivation direction in the cultivation row, and the width of escape canal is multiplied by deeply: (30-40) x 30cm, and reserving an operation row with the width of 2.5-3.0 m for the operation of the agricultural mechanical vehicle.
The invention simplifies the pear tree form into a simple tree form consisting of a main trunk, main branches and fruiting branches, absorbs the advantages of the tree form of a large number of fruit trees such as pome fruits at home and abroad, overcomes the defects of the existing tree form, simplifies the structural concept of the traditional multi-level branches of the pear tree, has only 1 main trunk and 2 main branches, and has simple structure, easy formation and easy grasp of operators.
The pear tree has the advantages of small branch quantity, good tree body illumination, good ventilation and early production, and because the big seedlings are adopted for field planting, the pear tree has small yield in the next year, the tree body is not high, the fruiting surface is concentrated, the picking is convenient, and the wide cultivation row is beneficial to the popularization of mechanized tree body management.
Compared with the conventional small-crown sparse-layer tree shape, the tree shape has the advantages that the frame surfaces are on the same plane, the light on the upper side, the lower side, the left side and the right side of the crown is uniform and sufficient, the ventilation and the light transmission are good, the occurrence probability of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the fruit quality is favorably improved, meanwhile, only 3 branches of the tree shape are graded, the bone branches are directly connected with the bearing branches and the bearing branch groups, the transportation distance of the main trunk for conveying nutrition to the fruit is far shorter than that of the small-crown sparse-layer long-distance transportation, the nutrient consumption of the tree body is reduced, the nutrient absorption efficiency of the fruit is improved, and.
According to the pruning method, the pear trees are pruned in the first year after planting, so that the pear trees initially have a tuning fork shape, vegetative growth is mainly used in the second year after planting, the tree shape is continuously cultivated, the extending heads of the two main branches continue to vertically extend upwards after the plump lateral buds sprout, and the top end advantages of the two main branches are kept; in the third year, the tree form is basically formed, the tree form is mainly maintained in the stage, meanwhile, bearing branches and branch groups are cultured, and renewal branches on main branches are cultured to prepare for the pear trees in the bearing period. The result period mainly keeps tree shapes, controls tree vigor and updates in time.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the tuning fork-shaped pear tree is short and small in tree body, the plant height is 2.9-3.5 m, and compared with the existing pear tree with the plant height generally being about 4.5 m, the tuning fork-shaped pear tree is obviously reduced in plant height, simplified in tree shape, small in branch quantity, standard and regular in tree shape, quick in forming, early in erection and early in production.
2) The tuning fork pear tree shape is reasonable and densely planted, the yield is stable, the fruit quality is excellent, the shaping and picking operations are simple, the tree can be operated on two sides, the cylindrical operation space is avoided during operation, the tree does not need to be wound for one circle, and labor and time are saved.
3) The pruning technology can be rapidly mastered after short-term training, the operation is labor-saving and labor-saving, the production efficiency of the fruit trees is obviously improved, and the pruning can be carried out by the same manpower from 6-7 trees in every 3 hours to 300 trees/3 hours.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a pear tree shaping frame and a pear tree body.
FIG. 2 is a tree diagram of a tuning fork pear tree in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples.
The parts of the truing method of the present invention not specifically described are conventional management techniques in the art.
Embodiment of the method for pruning the tree form of a tuning fork pear tree
In this embodiment, taking 'Cuiguan' and 'Yuanhuang' Chinese pear products as examples, the cultivation of the tuning fork shaped pear tree form includes the following steps:
1. preparing pear seedlings
In order to put on the shelf, form and put into production early, a big seedling (cultivation seedling) with two main branches and the trunk height of 1 year of the pear tree of 0.3-0.4m is selected for field planting.
Wherein, the preliminary plastic work of big seedling is accomplished in the nursery, and its process of cultivating is: selecting plump buds of seedlings which are tidy and grow robustly, selecting plump buds to be fixed to a trunk, cutting the trunk from a position 30-40 cm away from the ground, selecting 2 plump buds below a cut, enabling an included angle between the two buds in a branch growing direction to be about 45-55 degrees, binding and fixing two main branches when the two main branches are about 40-50 cm in length, enabling one bamboo pole to be used for fixing the bamboo pole, enabling the other two bamboo poles to be used for fixing the two main branches to keep the included angle range, carrying out bud picking treatment on the rest of the main branches, and carrying out soil, fertilizer and water according to a conventional management method.
2. Building shaping frame
As shown in figure 1, the shaping frame is composed of a vertical column 1, a support stay wire 2, an inclined strut 3 and an anti-bird net 4.
Column: arranging upright posts 1 along the cultivation rows, arranging one upright post 1 every 3.5m between the cultivation rows, arranging one upright post every 9.0m in the cultivation rows, wherein each upright post is provided with 5 holes with the diameter of 6-8 mm, and the 1 st hole is arranged at the position of the upright post 0.3m away from the ground; the distance between the 2 nd hole and the 1 st hole is equal to the distance between the 3 nd hole and the 2 nd hole, and is 1.3 m; the 4 th hole is 0.2m away from the 3 rd hole; the 5 th hole is 0.1m from the 4 th hole.
Wherein, the specification of stand 1 is: a steel pipe with a diameter of 65mm and a height of 4.0m (Jinghuari steel stock control group, model GB/T13793-2008DN65 x 6000 mm).
Using a single-stranded plastic steel wire with the diameter of 4mm to penetrate through the 1 st holes on different upright steel pipes in the same cultivation row to form a support stay wire 2, wherein the 2 nd hole and the 3 rd hole are respectively processed to form 3 support stay wires in a conformal way, and the direction of the support stay wires is parallel to the cultivation row; and the plastic steel wire penetrates through the 5 th hole at the top of the steel pipe and is used for fixing the bird-proof net 4, and the size of the bird-proof net 4 is 2 multiplied by 2 cm.
The inclined strut 3 is composed of a steel bar with one end being a ring hook with the diameter of 8cm, the other end being a steel bar with the diameter of 1.0cm and the length of 1.20m, and the plastic steel wire forms an included angle of 45-50 degrees with the ground through a 4 th hole of a third upright post and a double-strand plastic steel wire with the diameter of 4-5 mm.
The first stand of cultivation line is called the side column, and the steel pipe of cultivation line side column is apart from cultivation line initiating limb 6m, and the agricultural mechanized vehicle of being convenient for turns around, and it is dark to set up a width x apart from stand 1m in the cultivation line: the small 40X 30cm drain 4 and the rest 2.5m wide are convenient for the agricultural machinery vehicle to operate.
In the shaping frame, the inclined strut for supporting and bearing is arranged beside the third upright post in the row, which is different from the conventional scheme that the inclined strut is arranged outside the side post of the cultivation row, so that the space can be saved to the maximum extent, and an operation channel is provided for a mechanical operation vehicle.
3. Pruning of first-year young trees
And (3) growing the big plastic seedlings which form tuning fork rudiments in a nursery for 1 year, and planting the big plastic seedlings on the cultivation rows with the built plastic frames in spring, wherein the row spacing of the big plastic seedlings is 1.5 multiplied by 3.5 m. The 'Cuiguan' seedlings with strong growth vigor can be immediately put on the shelf, the 'Yuanhuang' seedlings with moderate growth vigor, and the time for putting on the shelf is later than that of the 'Cuiguan'.
Two main branches: and fixing one section of branch close to the trunk with the length of 30-40 cm on the main branch on the left and right sides of a first support stay wire by using lead wires, and vertically fixing the rest main branch branches on the two sides of a second support stay wire so as to keep the top advantages of the main branches, wherein the two main branches finish U-shaped shaping. If the length of the main branch does not reach the second support stay wire, the main branch can be bound and fixed on the first support stay wire to prevent the main branch from being hung up by strong wind, and the second support stay wire is fixed after the length of the main branch is extended.
The distance between the two main branches is 70-75 cm, and the two main branches can be supported between the two main branches by horizontal thin bamboo poles, so that the distance range is kept.
After the saplings are put on the first support stay wire, 2 strong and plump buds are selected near the trunk near the first support stay wire, after the saplings are formed, the diameter of branches is less than or equal to 2mm, the branches are bound on the outer side of the first support stay wire without the main branches, and the length of the branches is based on the complementation and non-overlapping of the auxiliary support branches of adjacent trees.
In winter, the auxiliary branch between two adjacent trees are cut short when being crossed and overlapped. In summer, other sprouts and branches on the trunk are timely removed, excessive branches on the main branches and branches on the back are removed, dense and weak branches with the interval less than or equal to 5cm, diseased branches and intermediate branches are mainly grown. And (4) keeping full and well-positioned lateral buds at the branch extending head, thinning out competitive branches of the main branch extending head, and keeping strong and weak branches. Other tree management belongs to conventional cultivation management.
4. Pruning the second young tree
The vegetative growth is the main point at this stage, and the tree form is continuously cultured. After the plump lateral buds of the extending heads of the two main branches sprout, the extending heads continue to extend vertically upwards, and the top advantages of the two main branches are kept.
The extension heads of the two main branches are attracted and extended to the third support stay wire for fixing, and the main branch between the second support stay wire and the third support stay wire is always fixed in the direction vertical to the plastic steel wire and extends upwards. And selecting and reserving full lateral buds or lateral lower buds as lateral branches at intervals of 15-20 cm on the main branches, wherein the included angle between the lateral branches and the main branches is 60-75 degrees, and the length of the branches is 10-15 cm in spring, so that a bamboo stick with the length of 8-10 cm can be used for spreading the included angle range required above.
Carrying on the back buds growing on the main branches, timely removing the over dense buds (the interval is less than or equal to 5cm) when the length is 5-10 cm at the early stage, in spring, pinching off the competitive branches growing near the extension heads of the main branches when the length is 8-10 cm, and basically forming the tree shape in winter, wherein a main trunk 1 and two main branches 2 and 2' form a tuning fork shape, the two main branches respectively comprise a horizontal part and a vertical part to form a U shape, and bearing branches and bearing branch groups are directly grown on the main branches.
5. Pruning in early fruiting stage of third year
The tree shape is basically formed, the height of the tree is 3.0-3.2 meters, the tree shape is mainly kept at the stage, fruiting branches and branch groups are cultured, meanwhile, renewal branches on main branches are cultured, and preparation is made for the pear trees to enter the fruiting period. The extension head of the main branch is vertically controlled to be 8cm in the third plastic steel wire in spring, the extension head is trimmed according to the growth vigor, weak branches are used for changing the head of the extension head which is too vigorous in growth vigor, strong branch short sections are selected for weak branches, and the tree vigor is controlled. Bud carving work is carried out on the trunk from the beginning of 3 months to the middle ten days, which is beneficial to forming more bearing branches and branch groups.
The interval between single bearing branches is 15-20 cm, the interval between bearing branch groups is 30-40 cm, and the total number of the two main branches of the 'Cuiguan' nutrition branch (serving as a later-stage renewal branch) is 6-8; 8-10 of the two main branches of the nutrient branch (used as a later-period renewal branch) are reserved.
6. Pruning in fruiting period
The tree form is mainly maintained at the stage, the tree vigor is controlled, and the tree is updated in time: the tree vigor is regulated and controlled by changing the heads of the two main branch extending heads, the bearing branches are timely updated by utilizing the updating branches when the flowering capability of the bearing branches is reduced, small bearing branches and branch groups are cultured as much as possible by bud carving in spring, and when the bearing capacity of the main branches at the later stage of the bearing trees is reduced, the auxiliary supporting branches of the first plastic steel wire on the trunk are timely utilized as the updating branches to be updated, so that new main branches are cultured.
7. Comparison of results
The tuning fork tree forms of both 'cuiguan' and 'roundish yellow' varieties were compared with the results of the conventional open heart pear tree forms, see table 1.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1, the weight average of the single fruits of the two varieties of 'cuiguan' and 'yuanhuang' is improved, and although the single plant yield of the two varieties is lower than that of the open heart shape, the cultivation density of the tuning fork shape tree shape is improved by 42.69% compared with that of the open heart shape tree shape, the yield per mu is improved by 5.8%, and the yield of 'yuanhuang' is improved by 1.98%. The average soluble solids of the 'cupped' tree-shaped 'green crown' fruits in the mature period reach 11.92 percent, and the soluble solids of the 'round yellow' fruits reach 10.99 percent.
Therefore, compared with the open heart-shaped tree form, the tree form is simple, the branch quantity is small, the management is labor-saving and labor-saving, the illumination and ventilation light transmission conditions of the tree body are obviously improved, the distance from nutrients to fruits is shortened, the illumination is sufficient, and the fruit quality is improved.
Claims (8)
1. A tuning fork-shaped pear tree shape shaping and pruning method is characterized in that a main trunk and two main branches form a tuning fork shape, the height of the tree is 2.9-3.5 m, the plant spacing of the pear tree is 1.4-1.5m, and the trunk height is 0.3-0.4 m; the two main branches respectively comprise a horizontal part and a vertical part to form a U shape, the vertical parts of the two main branches are spaced by 70-75 cm, and bearing branches and bearing branch groups are directly planted on the main branches, and the pruning method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) planting
Selecting an annual pear tree seedling with the trunk height of 0.3-0.4m and two main branches as a field planting seedling, wherein the length of the main branches is more than 40cm, the included angle between the two main branches is 45-55 degrees, and the field planting seedling is planted in spring, and the row spacing is (1.4-1.5) × (3.5-4.0) m;
2) pruning saplings
Planting in the current year: fixing parts of the two main branches, which are from the parts close to the trunk to the length of 30-40 cm, in an outward horizontal direction to form horizontal parts of the main branches, wherein the included angle between the horizontal parts of the two main branches is 135-180 degrees, and drawing the rest branch parts of the two main branches except the horizontal parts upwards to be vertical and fixing to keep the top end advantages of the main branches; the vertical parts of the two main branches are spaced by 70-75 cm, at least two strong and plump buds are reserved on the main trunk, the buds are used as auxiliary cultivation branches after being germinated into branches, the auxiliary cultivation branches are placed for a long time, and if the buds are crossed with adjacent plants, the auxiliary cultivation branches are cut short to be connected with the adjacent plants;
timely thinning out the sprouts and branches on the trunk except the selected buds; on the main branches, excessive branches and branches on the back are thinned, fine and weak branches, diseased branches and excessive branches with the interval less than or equal to 5cm are thinned, and the middle branches are mainly lengthened; in winter, removing competitive branches of the main branch extending heads, removing strong branches and weak branches, and leaving full and well-positioned lateral buds on the main branch extending heads;
the second year after planting: after top buds on the extending heads of the two main branches are extended, the two main branches are vertically extended upwards, the top advantages of the two main branches are kept, plump lateral buds or lateral lower buds are selected and remained on the main branches every 15-20 cm and serve as lateral branches after germination, and the included angle between the lateral branches and the main branches is 60-75 degrees;
timely removing the back buds growing on the main branches and the dense buds with the interval less than or equal to 5cm, and pinching competing branches growing near the extension heads of the main branches when the length of the competing branches is 8-10 cm in spring; in winter, preliminarily forming the tuning fork shaped pear tree shape, and controlling the height of the pear tree to be 2.9-3.5 m;
3) initial trimming of fruiting
Entering a fruiting initial stage in the third year after field planting, keeping the shape of a tree, culturing fruiting branches and fruiting branch groups on main branches, wherein the interval between single fruiting branches is 15-20 cm, the interval between the fruiting branch groups is 30-40 cm, culturing renewal branches on the main branches, and reserving 8-10 nutrition branches on the two main branches to prepare for the pear trees entering a fruiting stage; the height of the whole pear tree is controlled to be 2.9-3.5 m;
4) pruning in fruiting period
After the fruiting period, the tree shape is maintained, and the tree vigor is regulated and controlled.
2. The pruning method for the shape of the furcated pear tree according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1), the seedling is obtained by the following method: selecting regular and strong pear grafted seedlings for culturing, and cutting off stems from positions 30-40 cm away from the ground to leave two full buds at a cut, wherein the included angle of the two buds in the shoot directions is 45-55 degrees, and two main branches are formed after the two buds sprout; binding and fixing the main branches and the trunk when the main branches grow to be 40-50 cm long, keeping the included angle range of the two main branches, and performing bud picking treatment on the rest buds on the trunk; the soil, fertilizer and water are carried out according to the conventional pear tree cultivation and management method.
3. The pruning method for the form of the furcated pear tree in claim 1, wherein in the step 2), the buds selected and left on the trunk are tied to the outer side without the main branch after sprouting into branches, and the length of the auxiliary branch is based on the condition that the auxiliary branches of adjacent trees are complementary and not overlapped.
4. The pruning method for the tuning-fork pear tree shape according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2), when the length of the lateral branches planted on the main branches is 10-15 cm in spring in the second year after planting, long bamboo sticks of 8-10 cm are used for propping open the lateral branches, so that the included angle between the lateral branches and the main branches is within 60-75 degrees.
5. The pruning method for the shape of the tuning fork pear tree in the step 4), wherein the tree shape maintaining and tree shape regulating and controlling of the tree shape comprises the following steps: when the flowering capacity of the bearing branches is reduced, the updating branches are timely utilized for updating; the small bearing branches and bearing branch groups are cultured by bud carving in spring; and when the fruiting capacity of the main branches is reduced, updating by taking the auxiliary culture branches on the main trunk as updating branches, culturing new main branches, and changing heads.
6. The method for pruning the tree shape of the pronounced pear tree according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein in the steps 2) to 4), the pruning process of the pear tree is carried out in cooperation with a shaping frame.
7. The pruning method for the furcated pear tree shape of claim 6, wherein the shaping frame comprises:
the plurality of stand columns are composed of concrete poured base plates and steel pipes arranged on the base plates, the base plates are buried underground and arranged along the cultivation rows, and the space between the two stand columns is 8-9 m; drilling at least 5 holes in the steel pipe along the length direction: the 1 st hole is located at a position, 0.3-0.4m away from the ground, of the upright column; the 2 nd hole is 1.2-1.3 m above the 1 st hole, and the 3 rd hole is 1.2-1.3 m above the 2 nd hole; the 4 th hole is 0.15-0.2m above the 3 rd hole; the 5 th hole is 0.05-0.1m above the 4 th hole;
the support stay wires are formed by sequentially connecting the 1 st holes of different upright post steel pipes by plastic steel wires in the same cultivation row to form 1 support stay wire, and the 2 nd hole and the 3 rd hole are respectively connected to form 3 support stay wires; connecting the 5 th hole on the top of the steel pipe by using a plastic steel wire to fix the bird-proof net;
the inclined strut is formed by connecting a plastic steel wire with a ground anchor through a 4 th hole of the upright column in the middle of the cultivation row, and the plastic steel wire forms an included angle of 45-50 degrees with the ground.
8. The shaping and pruning method for the tree shape of the tuning-fork pear tree according to claim 7, wherein when the shaping frame is built, the distance between the first upright column arranged along each cultivation row and the starting edge of the cultivation row is 5-6 m, drainage ditches are arranged in the cultivation rows along the cultivation direction, and the drainage ditches are wide and deep: (30-40) x 30cm, and reserving an operation row with the width of 2.5-3.0 m for the operation of the agricultural mechanical vehicle.
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| CN108804854B (en) * | 2018-06-29 | 2022-11-22 | 河北农业大学 | Tree body structure parameter estimation method and system for mechanical fruit tree pruning |
| CN110463502A (en) * | 2019-09-20 | 2019-11-19 | 上海市农业科学院 | A kind of south Labor-saving, mechanization theatre garden building method |
| CN111567309B (en) * | 2020-06-22 | 2022-01-28 | 中国农业科学院果树研究所 | Pear double-U four-dragon trunk planar tree form and shaping method thereof |
| CN113475291B (en) * | 2021-06-28 | 2023-10-20 | 中国林业科学研究院经济林研究所 | Tree-shaped management method for maintaining persimmon light and simplified production |
| CN115039617A (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2022-09-13 | 宁夏农林科学院园艺研究所(宁夏设施农业工程技术研究中心) | Method for pruning cupped natural tree shapes of pear trees |
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