CN109429879B - Plum tree shaping, trimming and cultivating method - Google Patents
Plum tree shaping, trimming and cultivating method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 30
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001330002 Bambuseae Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000272525 Anas platyrhynchos Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- YGBGWFLNLDFCQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron zinc Chemical compound [B].[Zn] YGBGWFLNLDFCQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 235000003840 Amygdalus nana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention provides a plum tree shaping, trimming and cultivating method, belonging to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, which comprises the steps of starting from the field planting of grafted seedlings, fixing a trunk after the field planting cultivation, reserving two main branches for a tree body, and adopting horizontal branch pulling type management. Compared with the traditional plum tree shaping and trimming technology, the method has the advantages of early production, high yield, good quality, easy management, convenient mechanical operation, higher ornamental value and the like, and is simple and convenient to operate and convenient for growers to implement and demonstrate and popularize.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a plum tree shaping, trimming and cultivating method which specifically comprises the steps of shaping, trimming, fertilizing and the like.
Background
The plum is a deciduous fruit tree of Prunus of Rosaceae, and has long cultivation history and abundant germplasm resources. In recent years, the plum industry has been growing and the cultivation area has been increasing. The plum trees cultivated in production mainly adopt the traditional open heart shape, the shaping period is long, the full fruit period is late, and early income is not facilitated; in addition, the pruning in winter each year needs great manpower, a great amount of waste branches are pruned, and great manpower and resource waste is caused. The novel plum tree pruning method is developed on the basis of the early plum tree pruning and is based on years of production practice experience, has the advantages of early production, high yield, good quality, easiness in management and the like, enables fruit growers to earn in advance, provides a simple, easy-to-operate and reasonable pruning cultivation method for farmers, and is convenient to implement, demonstrate and popularize.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a plum tree shaping, trimming and cultivating method which is scientific and reasonable, is an effective method for realizing the early delivery, high yield and high quality of plum trees, and enables fruit growers to gain early and obviously improve economic benefits.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a plum tree pruning cultivation method comprises the steps of starting from field planting of grafted seedlings, fixing a trunk after field planting cultivation, reserving two main branches for a tree body, and adopting horizontal branch pulling type management, wherein the pruning cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) shaping: drying: after the grafted plum tree seedlings are planted and survive in the first year, keeping 50-60cm away from the trunk for fixed drying, wherein the fixed drying time is selected after the grafted plum tree seedlings are planted in winter in the current year; selecting and reserving main branches: after the trunk is fixed, selecting two strong branches in the south-north direction from branches growing on the trunk as main branches, pulling the branches in the south-north direction before the main branches are mature, keeping the main branches obliquely and straight, keeping the directions as horizontal as possible, not topping the branches, and extending the branches as far as possible; the main branches are selected and left in spring; thirdly, selecting and reserving fruit branches on the back: 5-7 upward-growing fruiting branches are arranged on each main branch, the distance between the fruiting branches is 15-20 cm, and small bamboo poles are bound on each fruiting branch; erecting cement columns or reinforcing steel pipes every 6-8 m, binding a first iron wire at the fork position of the main branch, binding a second iron wire at intervals of 40-60cm upwards, and binding a third iron wire and a fourth iron wire upwards; fourthly, the row spacing of the plants is 3.0 m multiplied by 2.0 m; the height of the tree is 2.0-2.5 m.
(2) Trimming: pruning main branches: and (3) keeping the angle between the two main branches unchanged, erasing all leaf buds on the two sides and the lower part of the main branches in the current year by permanent planting, keeping terminal buds to continue growing, and erasing all the other branches except the buds growing upwards every 15-20 cm on the back of the main branches. The upper back branch of the main branch forms an included angle of 90 degrees with the main branch, and the bamboo pole is tied on a pre-drawn iron wire to guide the main branch to grow upwards vertically, so that the growing branches growing on two sides of the upper main branch and growing branches growing under the back can be continuously erased. Secondly, pruning bearing branches on the back: in winter of the second year, growing branches of the branches on the back are removed, bearing branches are left as much as possible, and alternate culture of the bearing branches is carried out by combining winter pruning to achieve the best yield. Thirdly, pruning in the second year of field planting: the main branches are basically the same as the pruning in the first year, other branches except the bearing branches shaped in the first year are timely erased, and meanwhile, insect-infected branches and dead branches are eliminated. Fourthly, pruning the branch handles with fruits already formed on the bearing branches in the third year, and well updating the bearing branches, wherein other pruning methods are the same as the pruning method in the second year.
(3) Fertilizing: young trees: before field planting, digging 80 multiplied by 60cm holes, and mixing soil and applying organic fertilizer in two layers, namely one layer of soil and one layer of organic fertilizer, wherein the using amount is 25kg per plant; after the young shoots are planted and survived, a small amount of fertilizer can be applied when the young shoots are spread (about 1 month), the fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the dosage is 20-25 g per plant. Applying the fertilizer every 1-2 months, mainly using nitrogen fertilizer, and using 20-25 g/plant; in winter, organic fertilizer is applied by combining clearing the garden and expanding holes, the using amount is 15 kg/plant, and meanwhile, the work of loosening the soil and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests is well done; fruit bearing: (1) base fertilizer: applying base fertilizer from the end of autumn to the beginning of winter (11-12 months) after fruit picking, applying 20-30 kg of organic fertilizer to each plant, and performing hole application with the hole depth of 40-50 cm; (2) flower strengthening fertilizer: before flowering, 0.5kg of compound fertilizer and boron-zinc fertilizer are applied to each plant respectively, and furrow application is adopted, wherein the depth of the furrow is 10-20 cm; (3) fruit stabilizing fertilizer: after the young fruit is hardened, 0.5-1.0kg of water-soluble compound fertilizer and 0.5kg of potash fertilizer are applied to each plant, furrow application is adopted, and the depth of the furrow is 10-20 cm; (4) fruit strengthening fertilizer: before the fruits are ripe and harvested, 0.5-1.0kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, and furrow application is adopted, wherein the furrow depth is 10-20 cm. The plum trees are drought-resistant, and can be used without watering in the special drought years.
Furthermore, when carrying out branch pulling in the north-south direction before the main branches are mature in the shaping in the step (1), a measure for preventing the branch pulling included angle from cracking is required to be made, the included angle can be tied tightly by a rope, then the branch pulling is carried out, and the included angle between the two main branches is 160-180 degrees; 5-7 upward-growing bearing branches are arranged on each main branch in the shaping in the step (1), the distance between the bearing branches is 15-20 cm, if no upward-growing bud exists between 15-20 cm or the upward-growing bearing branch is damaged by plant diseases and insect pests, side branches can be induced on adjacent branches through short cutting, and then the bearing branches are cultured in a branch pulling mode; erecting cement columns or reinforcing steel pipes every 6-8 m in the shaping in the step (1), wherein the height is 2.0-2.5 m; the organic fertilizer applied in the step (3) is decomposed chicken manure, duck manure or cow manure.
The invention has the advantages that: compared with the traditional shaping and trimming method, the method has the advantages of early production, high yield, good quality, easy management, convenient mechanical operation, higher ornamental value and the like, and is simple and convenient to operate and convenient for growers to implement and demonstrate and popularize.
(1) Early production: the plum trees pruned by the traditional method have less fruit bearing in the third year and begin to bear a large amount of fruit in the fourth year, but the technology only has one main branch because the tree shape does not need to form a trunk, a plurality of layers of main branches and side branches, the plum trees can bear a small amount of fruit in the second year, and a large amount of fruit bearing in the third year enters the full-production period; (2) the yield is high: the upper part and the lower part of the tree form are not provided with main branches, the main branches are arranged in parallel, the inner chamber is empty, the illumination is sufficient, the whole tree can bear fruits, and the high yield is easily achieved; (3) the quality is good: each fruit can see light, the fruit distribution is reasonable, the fruit coloring is good, and the fruit size is large; (4) easy management: after the tree form is shaped in the first year, only bud picking is needed to be carried out every year in the second year and later, a large number of pruning and tree form fixing are not needed, only simple pruning measures such as picking, twisting and pulling are needed, heavy shearing is not needed, fewer waste branches are pruned, and labor force is greatly saved; meanwhile, the space under the tree is large, which is beneficial to mechanized operation; (5) the ornamental value is high: the tree shape has no trunk and no lateral branch. The bearing branch groups are directly planted on the main branches, the trees are in consistent, parallel and orderly arrangement, and the ornamental value is high in both flowering seasons and fruit seasons. The method realizes the high quality and the high yield of the plum, and the fruit grower gains early, promotes the great improvement of the economic benefit, provides the simple, easy-to-operate and reasonable pruning cultivation method for the fruit grower, and is convenient for the fruit grower to implement and demonstrate and popularize.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a horizontal branch-drawing topography of two main branches; the method comprises the following steps: a cement column or steel pipe; secondly, the step of: iron wires; ③: main branches; fourthly, bearing fruit branches on the back.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned and other features and advantages of the invention more comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below. The method of the present invention is a method which is conventional in the art unless otherwise specified.
1. Seedling planting and stem fixing
Planting Furong plum grafted seedlings (scions are Furong plums and stocks are wild peaches) in the first ten days of 1 month every year, digging holes of 80 multiplied by 60cm before field planting, mixing soil in two layers, applying organic fertilizer, namely one layer of soil and one layer of organic fertilizer, with the dosage of 25 kg/plant, and watering enough root fixing water at the moment; after about 1 week, the survival rate of the nursery stock is checked, and the nursery stock is not alive and needs to be replanted in time. After survival and sprouting, two terminal buds in the north-south direction are remained, other buds are all removed, other buds are continuously erased, and the position 50-60cm away from the ground is kept for fixing.
2. Pruning and pruning
(1) Before the terminal buds in the two north-south directions are mature, namely before the color of the branch tips is changed from green to brown, branch pulling in the north-south directions is carried out, pulled branches are fixed on a pre-built bracket, buds on the two sides and the lower part of the branch tips are cut off, and buds on the back are remained to continue growing.
(2) When the upper branches on the back grow to 10-15cm, one upward growing branch is reserved on the back every 20cm, all the other branches are cut off, and meanwhile, the lower parts and the branch tips on the two sides, which are extracted from the 2 main branches in the horizontal direction, are cut off at the later stage.
(3) When the remaining upper back branches grow to 30-40cm, binding small bamboo poles, and allowing them to continue growing upwards.
(4) In winter of the first year, growing branches growing upwards on the back upper branches are cut off, and fruiting branches are left.
(5) And (4) trimming in the second year to continuously trim the branches extracted from both sides and the lower part of the horizontal branches until the winter, and trimming according to the trimming method in the first year.
(6) And in the third year, pruning the branch handles with fruits already formed by the bearing branches, and well updating the bearing branches, wherein other pruning methods are the same as the pruning method in the second year.
3. Soil, fertilizer and water management
Young trees: after the young shoots and leaves are planted and survived (about 1 month), a small amount of chemical fertilizer can be applied, mainly nitrogen fertilizer is used, and the dosage is 25g per plant. And then applying the fertilizer once every 1-2 months, mainly using nitrogen fertilizer and using 25 g/plant.
Fruit bearing: (1) base fertilizer: applying base fertilizer from the end of autumn to the beginning of winter (11-12 months) after fruit picking, applying 30 kg of organic fertilizer to each plant, and applying hole application with the hole depth of 50 cm; (2) flower strengthening fertilizer: before flowering, 0.5kg of compound fertilizer and boron-zinc fertilizer are applied to each plant respectively, and furrow application is adopted, wherein the depth of each furrow is 20 cm; (3) fruit stabilizing fertilizer: after the young fruit is hardened, 0.5kg of water-soluble compound fertilizer and 0.5kg of potash fertilizer are applied to each plant, and furrow application is adopted, wherein the depth of the furrow is 20 cm; (4) fruit strengthening fertilizer: before the fruits are ripe and harvested, 0.5kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, and furrow application is adopted, wherein the furrow depth is 20 cm.
The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure, duck manure or cow manure; the plum trees are drought-resistant, and can be used without watering in the special drought years.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the claims of the present invention should be covered by the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A plum tree pruning cultivation method comprises the steps of starting from field planting of grafted seedlings, fixing a trunk after field planting cultivation, reserving two main branches for a tree body, and adopting horizontal branch pulling type management, and is characterized in that the pruning cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) shaping: drying: after the grafted plum tree seedlings are planted and survive in the first year, keeping 50-60cm away from the trunk for fixed drying, wherein the fixed drying time is selected after the grafted plum tree seedlings are planted in winter in the current year; selecting and reserving main branches: after the trunk is fixed, selecting two strong branches in the south-north direction from branches growing on the trunk as main branches, pulling the branches in the south-north direction before the main branches are mature, keeping the main branches obliquely and straight, keeping the directions as horizontal as possible, not topping the branches, and extending the branches as far as possible; the main branches are selected and left in spring; thirdly, selecting and reserving fruit branches on the back: 5-7 upward-growing fruiting branches are arranged on each main branch, the distance between the fruiting branches is 15-20 cm, and small bamboo poles are bound on each fruiting branch; erecting cement columns or reinforcing steel pipes every 6-8 m, binding a first iron wire at the fork position of the main branch, binding a second iron wire at intervals of 40-60cm upwards, and binding a third iron wire and a fourth iron wire upwards; fourthly, the row spacing of the plants is 3.0 m multiplied by 2.0 m; the tree height is 2.0-2.5 m;
(2) trimming: pruning main branches: the angle between the two main branches is unchanged, all leaf buds on the two sides and the lower part of each main branch are erased in the current year by field planting, terminal buds are left for continuous growth, except buds growing upwards every 15-20 cm on the back of each main branch, the other buds are erased uniformly, the upper branch on the back of each main branch and the main branch form an included angle of 90 degrees, bamboo poles are tied on a pre-pulled iron wire to guide the main branch to grow upwards vertically, and the growing branches growing on the two sides and below the back of each main branch are continuously erased; secondly, pruning bearing branches on the back: in winter of the second year, removing growing branches on the back and upper branches, leaving fruiting branches as much as possible, and trimming in winter to make alternate culture of the fruiting branches so as to achieve the optimal yield; thirdly, pruning in the second year of field planting: the main branches are basically the same as the pruning in the first year, other branches except the bearing branches shaped in the first year are timely erased, and meanwhile, insect-infected branches and dead branches are eliminated; fourthly, pruning branch handles with fruits already formed on the bearing branches in the third year, and well updating the bearing branches, wherein other pruning methods are the same as the pruning method in the second year;
(3) fertilizing: young trees: before field planting, digging 80 multiplied by 60cm holes, and mixing soil and applying organic fertilizer in two layers, namely one layer of soil and one layer of organic fertilizer, wherein the using amount is 25kg per plant; after the seedlings are planted and survived, applying a small amount of chemical fertilizer when the young shoots are spread, mainly using nitrogen fertilizer, wherein the using amount is 20-25 g per plant; applying the fertilizer once every 1-2 months, mainly using nitrogen fertilizer and using amount of 20-25 g per plant; in winter, organic fertilizer is applied by combining clearing the garden and expanding holes, the using amount is 15 kg/plant, and meanwhile, the work of loosening the soil and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests is well done; fruit bearing: firstly, base fertilizer: applying base fertilizer to each plant from the end of autumn to the beginning of winter after fruit picking, wherein 20-30 kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant in a hole application mode, and the hole depth is 40-50 cm; ② flower strengthening fertilizer: before flowering, 0.5kg of compound fertilizer and boron-zinc fertilizer are applied to each plant respectively, and furrow application is adopted, wherein the depth of the furrow is 10-20 cm; ③ fruit stabilizing fertilizer: after the young fruit is hardened, 0.5-1.0kg of water-soluble compound fertilizer and 0.5kg of potash fertilizer are applied to each plant, furrow application is adopted, and the depth of the furrow is 10-20 cm; fourthly, fruit strengthening fertilizer: before the fruits are ripe and harvested, 0.5-1.0kg of high-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, and furrow application is adopted, wherein the furrow depth is 10-20 cm.
2. The plum tree pruning cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein: when carrying out branch pulling in the north-south direction before the main branches are mature in the shaping in the step (1), a measure for preventing the branch pulling included angle from cracking is required to be made, and the branch pulling is carried out after the included angle is tightly bound by a rope; and the included angle between the two main branches is 160-180 degrees.
3. The plum tree pruning cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein: and (2) configuring 5-7 upward-growing bearing branches on each main branch in the shaping in the step (1), wherein the distance between the bearing branches is 15-20 cm, if no upward-growing bud exists between 15-20 cm or the upward-growing bearing branch is damaged by plant diseases and insect pests, inducing side branches on adjacent branches through short-cut, and then culturing the bearing branches in a branch pulling mode.
4. The plum tree pruning cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein: and (2) erecting cement columns or reinforcing steel pipes every 6-8 m in the shaping in the step (1), wherein the height is 2.0-2.5 m.
5. The plum tree pruning cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein: the organic fertilizer applied in the step (3) is decomposed chicken manure, duck manure or cow manure.
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| CN103081770B (en) * | 2013-01-07 | 2014-03-12 | 湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所 | Shed frame pear tree shape and reshaping method thereof |
| CN103518577B (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2015-02-04 | 镇江万山红遍农业园 | Cultivation method for pruning fig to be in line-shaped tree form |
| CN104396413B (en) * | 2014-11-12 | 2016-03-30 | 吴洁远 | A kind of fertilizing method of chicken mouth lichee |
| CN105746063A (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2016-07-13 | 张志莲 | Fertilizing method for increasing apple yield |
| CN105900770B (en) * | 2016-04-19 | 2018-11-30 | 中国科学院华南植物园 | A kind of method of hedge wall mode cultivation fructus lycii |
| CN106613712A (en) * | 2016-10-08 | 2017-05-10 | 潍坊职业学院 | High suspension horizontal training method of grapes |
| CN106613713A (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2017-05-10 | 宁夏德福葡萄酒有限公司 | Cultivation method capable of wintering brewing grapes |
| CN107278786B (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2020-06-09 | 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 | Comb-shaped hedge wall-shaped tree form of pear tree and shaping method thereof |
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2018
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