CN113796253A

CN113796253A - Tree form beneficial to simplified management and early fruiting of fruit trees and construction method thereof

Info

Publication number: CN113796253A
Application number: CN202111102803.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王小非; 翟建军; 宗凯; 杜远鹏; 由春香
Original assignee: Shandong Agricultural University
Current assignee: Shandong Agricultural University
Priority date: 2021-09-18
Filing date: 2021-09-18
Publication date: 2021-12-17

Abstract

The invention discloses a tree form beneficial to simplifying management of fruit trees and early fruiting, wherein two main branches horizontally growing towards two sides are reserved at the top of a trunk, and 5-7 fruiting branches alternately growing obliquely are reserved on each main branch. The invention also discloses a construction method of the tree form. The invention is simple, convenient and easy to implement, and has direct effect. The tree vigor which is originally vertically upward is controlled strongly, and the time for putting into the fruiting is advanced to the 3 rd year after the planting; the fruiting part is reduced, and the management is more convenient and labor-saving; the fruit bearing part of the apple is fixed, so that the configuration and the pruning are easier; the ventilation and light transmission performance of the fence wall blade curtain is greatly improved, and the improvement of the fruit quality is facilitated. The horizontal apple fruit bearing in the cultivation mode is less than 30cm in thickness, mechanical harvesting can be guaranteed within a machine vision inspection range, the light, simplified, labor-saving and high-quality and efficient cultivation targets are met, and the cultivation mode is remarkable in social and economic significance.

Description

Tree form beneficial to simplified management and early fruiting of fruit trees and construction method thereof

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of apple cultivation, and particularly relates to a tree form beneficial to simplified management of fruit trees and early fruiting and a construction method thereof.

Background

The apple is one of the most main economic fruit trees in the north of China, the cultivation area is wide, the area is large, and the social and economic benefits are remarkable. The apple belongs to woody trees, the top end advantage is strong, the annual growth amount is large, the traditional cultivation tree form is a round or elliptical big-crown tree form with 4-5 big lateral branches growing on a tall and big trunk in a rotation mode, and bearing mother branches grow on the lateral branches, the construction of the tree form can be completed in 4-5 years, and the tree form needs 7-8 years in the full bearing period; in recent years, foreign technologies are introduced to popularize various slender spindle shapes, bearing mother branches are directly planted on a vertical trunk, the tree construction life is shortened to three years, but the tree is slender and wind-proof, a supporting frame material with the length of 4 meters is needed for supporting, a series of management operation machine platforms are also needed to be purchased, the investment is high, the management technology difficulty is high, particularly, the tree vigor is difficult to balance control from top to bottom, the mature trees are easy to cause the strength from top to bottom, the yield and the quality are influenced, the tree vigor is difficult to regulate and control, the pruning technology requirement is high, and the general fruit growers are difficult to master.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a tree form and a construction method thereof, which are beneficial to the simplified management and early fruiting of fruit trees.

The specific technical scheme is as follows:

the invention aims to provide a tree form which is beneficial to simplified management and early fruiting of fruit trees, and is different from the prior art in that two main branches horizontally growing towards the left side and the right side respectively are reserved at the top of a main trunk, and 5-7 fruiting branches alternately growing obliquely are reserved on each main branch. Every two adjacent fruit branches growing alternately form a group. The tree shape is called a single-stem double-arm V-shaped blade curtain because the fruit branches grow alternately in an inclined way and the fruit branches are V-shaped when the tree shape is viewed from side.

All apple varieties cultivated by using short stocks and culturable areas thereof; other trees such as cherries, pears, figs, etc. that can be cultivated flat are within the scope of the invention.

According to the fruit bearing branches which are transversely distributed, the top advantages of the tree body are reduced, the formation of flower buds is facilitated, flowers can be formed in the second year of planting, and fruits can be obtained in the third year; the secondary bearing branches grow alternately in an inclined manner, so that the illumination condition and the overground space can be better utilized, the photosynthetic efficiency is fully improved, the tree body is dwarfed from the planar fruit of the three-dimensional result, the convenience and the accurate operation management are facilitated, the high-strength branch pulling labor is saved, and the production and management cost is reduced; the flat tree shape is beneficial to lighting and coloring the fruits, so that the quality is improved; by utilizing the characteristics of high germination rate and strong dryness of branches on the back, the fruit branches can be renewed and rejuvenated, and high quality and high yield can be realized in successive years; by adopting the tree form, the problems of varieties and stocks do not need to be considered, the tree vigor can be alleviated only by increasing the number of bearing branches, and the effects of dwarfing and early entering a high-yield period are achieved.

Further, the fruit tree is an apple.

Furthermore, each bearing branch and the vertical plane of the main trunk form an included angle of 25-35 degrees.

Still further, each bearing branch is evenly arranged on the main branch, preferably equidistantly arranged.

Still further, 6 (3 groups) fruiting branches growing alternately in an inclined manner are reserved on each main branch, and each tree has 12 fruiting branches.

Still further, fruiting braches (lateral branches) were retained on the fruiting branches.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for constructing the tree form, which comprises the following steps:

(1) after the nursery stock is fixed, selecting full bud positions on the left side and the right side at a position 40-60 cm away from the ground, pruning and fixing the trunk;

(2) when two sprouts on the upper part of the trunk sprout to grow new shoots to reach 80-120 cm in length, the new shoots are crosswise bent and flatly bound left and right to obtain two main branches which horizontally grow towards two sides respectively;

(3) when the length of the secondary young shoots on the main branches is 60-80 cm, retaining a fruiting branch on each horizontal main branch every 14-20 cm, and binding and fixing the fruiting branches to enable the fruiting branches to be inclined and alternate to form an included angle with a vertical surface where the main branches are located.

Constructing the apple tree shape according to the method: planting 110 plants per mu according to the row spacing of 3 multiplied by 2m, wherein the spacing between oblique branches in the same direction is 30cm, each plant has 12 oblique bearing branches, and the bearing branches are about 2m high; after the full bearing period, one fruit is left on each bearing branch every 15cm, about 200 fruits are left on each fruit, the weight of each fruit is 200-250 g, the plant yield is about 45kg, and the yield per mu is about 5000 kg.

Further, when the length of the lateral branches sprouting on the bearing branches exceeds 50cm, 1-3 cm is reserved for timely pruning, and the bearing branches are cultured to be short.

Furthermore, the height of the bearing branches is controlled to be 2.6 +/-0.1 m (the height of the bearing branches is 2 +/-0.1 m).

Furthermore, the tree shape is controlled by erecting a hedge frame, and the main branches and the fruit branches are bound on the hedge frame.

Further, the shaping is generally finished in 2-3 years, and after the full bearing period, one fruit is reserved on each 15 +/-5 cm of bearing branches.

Furthermore, after the full bearing period, the weak bearing branches are gradually cut, renewed and rejuvenated, and are re-cultured.

Further, planting apple seedlings according to the row spacing of 3-3.5 multiplied by 2 m.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

the invention is simple, convenient and easy to implement, and has direct effect. The tree vigor which is originally vertically upward is controlled strongly, and the time for putting into the fruiting is advanced to the 3 rd year after the planting; the fruiting part is reduced, and the management is more convenient and labor-saving; the fruit bearing part of the apple is fixed, so that the configuration and the pruning are easier; the ventilation and light transmission performance of the fence wall blade curtain is greatly improved, and the improvement of the fruit quality is facilitated. The horizontal apple fruit bearing in the cultivation mode is less than 30cm in thickness, mechanical harvesting can be guaranteed within a machine vision inspection range, the light, simplified, labor-saving and high-quality and efficient cultivation targets are met, and the cultivation mode is remarkable in social and economic significance.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tree form of the present invention.

In fig. 1: 1. a trunk; 2. main branches; 3. carrying out bearing branch; 4. upright posts, 5 and cross beams; 6. a steel wire.

Detailed Description

The principles and features of this invention are described below in conjunction with examples, which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed to limit the scope of the invention.

In 2018, in 3 months, planting Venus gold/M9 biennial apple seedlings in apple base of Taian Doudanqiao agricultural science and technology Limited; the row spacing is 3 meters, and the plant spacing is 2 meters. Digging planting furrows according to the row spacing of 3 meters, and applying organic fertilizer to improve the soil. Three processes are set:

example 1 (treatment 1)

Constructing a hedge frame single-stem double-arm V-shaped tree:

the tree shape is shown in fig. 1.

And erecting a hedge frame. Two columns are buried at a distance of 4 meters, the columns are prestressed cement columns (provided with ground anchors, fixing screws, column caps and the like) produced by factory machinery, the length of the columns is 4 meters, the underground buried depth is 60cm, a first steel wire is arranged between the two columns at a distance of 60cm from the ground, the top ends of the columns are provided with longitudinal and transverse steel wires, and the hail-suppression net or the bird-suppression net is convenient to lay. Each upright post is bound with two beams, the length of a lower beam is 60cm, and the lower beam is erected on an upright post 120cm away from the ground; the upper cross beams are 120cm long and are erected on the stand columns 180cm away from the ground, and two steel wires are respectively pulled at two ends of each of the two cross beams and are used for binding the fruiting branches subsequently, so that the inclination angle is formed between the two steel wires and the vertical plane where the main branches and the trunk are located.

Planting apple seedlings according to the row spacing of 3 multiplied by 2m, selecting cut buds distributed left and right under the first wire drawing for pruning to be dry, selecting 2 strong vigorous branches distributed left and right after germination, and pruning the rest. After two buds on the upper part germinate and grow primary new shoots, temporarily and vertically tying the primary new shoots on the steel wires, and when the two new shoots are as long as 1m in length, horizontally bending and tying the two new shoots on the first steel wire in a left-right crossed manner to serve as main shoots; after the main branches are parallel, 1cm bud carving is carried out before the buds are germinated on the back and the oblique back of the main branches, so that the secondary young shoots are promoted to germinate; when the height of the secondary young shoots is as high as that of the lower cross beam, selecting the young shoots with basically the same growth potential and keeping one young shoot at an equal distance of 15cm, sequentially obliquely and alternately binding and fixing, and then cutting off redundant young shoots to obtain fruit branches, so that the distance between the obliquely fruit branches in the same direction is 30 cm; and controlling the height of the plant to be 2.0 +/-0.1 m (the plant height is 2.6 +/-0.1 m) obliquely upward along with the growth of the fruiting branches, and when the length of the lateral branches germinated on the fruiting branches exceeds 50cm, reserving 2cm for timely pruning and culturing fruiting short branches.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 (TREATMENT 2)

Constructing a slender spindle tree shape:

planting apple seedlings according to the row spacing of 3 multiplied by 2m, shaping by adopting a spindle-shaped construction mode, and culturing 1 central trunk, wherein the trunk height is 70-80 cm, the tree height is about 3.5m, and the crown diameter is 2-2.4 m. The central trunk is upright and strong, and 15-20 small main branches (or lateral branches) are distributed on the central trunk. The thickness ratio of the concentric branches of the lateral branches is about 1:4, the branch groups droop to 110-130 degrees, the upper part of the tree crown is small, the middle part of the tree crown is large, the lower part of the tree crown is slightly small, the upper part and the lower part of the tree crown are sufficiently illuminated by light, and the whole tree crown is in a slender spindle shape.

And (4) bud carving, bud picking and branch pulling are carried out in the current year of planting. And (3) determining dry carved buds: 1 bud is carved every 10cm from about 50cm above the ground; bud picking: digging the top 2 nd bud and the top 3 rd bud after the whole tree germinates, keeping the growth advantage of the top bud, and timely wiping off the bud below 50cm away from the ground; the picking branches are softened, the angle of the toothpick is opened, when the branches are 20-30 cm long, the picking branches at the base parts of the branches are softened, the angle of the toothpick is opened, and the horizontal growth of the branches is kept. Branch pulling: flattening branches with the branch length of more than 50cm to 80-110 degrees. The angle of the strong branch is larger, and the angle of the weak branch is smaller.

After sprouting in spring in the next year, all branches are not trimmed, only the back sprouts of the branches are wiped off, and the branches 50cm long are leveled to 100-110 degrees in 5-7 months. After the growth of the 2 nd year, the central trunk grows to be more than 3m, is strong and upright, has the thickness ratio of 4:1 to the branches of 9-13 branches and has the branch angle of 100-110 degrees.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 (treatment 3)

Constructing a T-shaped tree with a fence wall:

according to the row spacing of 3 multiplied by 2m, apple seedlings are planted in a field planting mode, two upright posts are buried at a distance of 4m, the length of each upright post is 3.5m, the underground buried depth is 60cm, a first steel wire is pulled at a distance of 50cm from the ground, and one steel wire is pulled at intervals of 50 cm. Trimming and fixing the cut buds distributed at about 20cm under the first wire drawing; after two buds on the upper part germinate and grow primary new shoots, temporarily and vertically tying the primary new shoots on an iron wire, and when the two new shoots are as long as one meter in height, horizontally bending and flatly tying the two new shoots on a first steel wire in a left-right crossed manner; after the new branches are parallel, 1cm bud carving is carried out before the buds are germinated on the back and the oblique back, and the secondary young shoots are promoted to germinate; when the height of the secondary young shoots reaches the second iron wire, selecting young shoots with basically same growth potential and keeping a distance of 20-25 cm at equal intervals as bearing branches; each fruit branch group has 8 vertical fruit branches, and the fruit branches are 2m high (the tree height is 2.5 m).

Comparison of the effects of the examples with those of the comparative examples

The overall advantages are as follows: in the aspect of tree growth, the shaping and growing of the embodiment 1 of the invention is fast, branches grow robustly, the shaping is basically completed in 2 years, the effect of half high yield is achieved, and the shaping is 1 to 3 years earlier than the shaping in the comparison proportion of 1 and 2; compared with the slender spindle shape of the comparative example 1, the management is easier in terms of labor, and compared with the T-shaped hedge wall of the comparative example 2, the excessive length of the secondary side branches (fruiting branches) can be controlled; in the aspect of light energy utilization, the overground space is better utilized than a control tree form, the overall photosynthetic efficiency is improved, and the fruit yield and quality are improved. The method comprises the following specific steps:

yield conditions: under the same cultivation and management conditions, a small amount of axillary buds can be formed in the current year when the V-shaped trees in the embodiment 1 are planted, the yield of 1000-1500 Kg is formed in the 2 nd year, the high yield (4000-5000 Kg) can be achieved in the 3 rd year, the high yield is achieved 1-3 years earlier than the comparison of the proportion 1 and the proportion 2, and the yield is improved by 500-1000 Kg.

Comparing management employment: the elongated spindle acres of comparative example 1 used 8 man-hours per year, the T-tree acres of comparative example 2 used 5 man-hours per year; the V-tree form of example 1 took 3 man-hours/year.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims

1. A tree form beneficial to simplifying management of fruit trees and early fruiting is characterized in that two main branches horizontally growing towards two sides respectively are reserved at the top of a trunk, and 5-7 fruiting branches alternately growing obliquely are reserved on each main branch.

2. A tree as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fruit tree is an apple.

3. A tree as claimed in claim 2, wherein each fruit branch forms an angle of 25 ° to 35 ° with the vertical plane in which the main branch is located; all the bearing branches are uniformly distributed on the main branch.

4. The tree according to claim 2, wherein 6 fruit branches grown alternately at an inclination are retained on each main branch.

5. A tree construction method according to any one of claims 1-4, comprising the steps of:

(2) when two sprouts on the upper part of the main stem germinate and grow to form new shoots with lengths of 80-120 cm, the new shoots are crosswise bent and flatly bound to obtain two main branches horizontally growing towards two sides respectively;

6. The construction method according to claim 5, wherein when the length of the lateral branches sprouting on the bearing branches exceeds 50cm, 1-3 cm is reserved for timely pruning and the bearing branches are cultured.

7. The constructing method according to claim 5, wherein the plant height is controlled to 2.6. + -. 0.1 m.

8. Construction method according to claim 5, characterized in that the tree-form is controlled by setting up a trellis.

9. The construction method according to claim 5, wherein after the full bearing period, the weakened bearing branches are gradually cut, renewed and rejuvenated, and then re-cultured.

10. Construction method according to claim 5, characterized in that after the full bearing period, one fruit is left on the bearing branch every 15 ± 5 cm.