CN110754242B - Sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation - Google Patents

Sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation Download PDF

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CN110754242B
CN110754242B CN201911011419.6A CN201911011419A CN110754242B CN 110754242 B CN110754242 B CN 110754242B CN 201911011419 A CN201911011419 A CN 201911011419A CN 110754242 B CN110754242 B CN 110754242B
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branches
trunk
central trunk
bud
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CN110754242A (en
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魏海蓉
谭钺
赵华渊
刘庆忠
朱东姿
宗晓娟
徐丽
王甲威
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Shandong Institute of Pomology
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/04—Supports for hops, vines, or trees
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Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation. The pruning method specifically comprises the following steps: (1) erecting a bracket; (2) if the seedlings generated in 2 years are adopted for field planting, bud carving promotes directional branching, so that small bearing branch groups are spirally distributed; continuously pinching the young shoots; cutting short in winter; (3) pruning (5) the trees in the 2 nd to 3 rd year of field planting and full bearing period; the invention provides a sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming technology for labor-saving operation according to the characteristics of a Gisela dwarfing stock; the column-shaped shaping of the trimmed sweet cherry has the advantages of stable tree skeleton, strong light transmittance, visible light on branches and branches, and no excessive nutrient consumption; the forming is fast, the early-stage high yield is realized, and the high-quality fruit rate is high; the pruning method is simple and easy to implement, easy to pick and labor-saving; the row spacing is convenient for mechanized operation and high-density cultivation of facilities, and the like.

Description

Sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation.
Background
At present, the sweet cherry cultivation mainly adopts a spindle-shaped tree form, a cluster-shaped tree form, a small-crown sparse layer form and the like, the tree form of a single-whip is widely applied in Shandong areas, the central trunk of the single-whip is cut once every year, lateral branches are leveled in winter, and the bouquet-shaped short fruit branches are utilized for fruit bearing.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation, which comprises the following steps:
(1) erecting a support: the support is composed of 4 steel wires with fixed heights of the upright columns at the row ends being 1.5 m, 2.2 m, 3 m and 3.5m respectively, and the center trunk is bound on the steel wires; the row spacing of the plants is 0.8-1.0m multiplied by 2-3 m, 667 m2Planting 220-420 plants, wherein the specific planting density is properly adjusted according to the growth potential of the combination of the variety and the stock, the soil fertility condition and the mechanization degree of planting; the tree body is in a column shape, the height of the tree body is determined according to the row spacing, the height of the tree body is generally 2.5-3.5m, the central trunk is upright and strong, the trunk height is about 50-60cm, 30-50 fruiting branch groups are uniformly grown on the trunk, and the length is 5-50 cm; the first bearing branch group is 50-60cm away from the ground, the bearing branch group is not fixed, the ratio of the thickness of the bearing branch group to the thickness of the central trunk of the bearing part is 1: 6-10, and when the diameter exceeds 1/4 of the central trunk, the bearing branch group is cut again and updated;
(2) if the planting of the seedlings generated in 2 years is adopted, the tree body is bound on a support steel wire, the trunk is not fixed, high-quality buds are selected in different directions at intervals of 10-15cm from the height of 50cm above the ground, and the directional branching is promoted by carving the buds at the position of 0.5cm above the buds, so that the small fruiting branch groups are spirally distributed; maintaining the advantages of the central trunk and the extended tips, culturing the branches germinating on the trunk as bearing branches, and continuously pinching new tips; the branches sprouting on the central trunk of the heavy cutoffs in winter are cut short to the first leaf bud after the flower bud for the branches which already form the flower bud; branches without differentiated flower buds are cut short by 3-5cm, and the extending head of the central trunk is not cut short;
if a large seedling with branches is adopted to build a garden, the central trunk is bound on a support steel wire during field planting, the central trunk is indefinite, 2-3 bud pole heavy cutoffs are reserved for branches competing with the central trunk, and 5-10cm heavy cutoffs are reserved for the other branches; directionally bud carving and sprouting promotion are carried out on the central trunk every 10-15cm, new shoots are continuously picked, the advantage of the central trunk extending shoots is maintained, and pruning is carried out in the dormant season;
(3) pruning in the 2 nd to 3 rd year of planting: in the growing season, centering is performed on the central trunk and small side branches and extension heads on each branch when the new shoots are 15-20cm long, centering is performed continuously on competing shoots sprouting on the central trunk, after the height of a tree body reaches a preset value, the extension tips of the central trunk are cut short in 7 months to the standard height of 3-3.5 m, branching is promoted, and a cylindrical tree shape is promoted; in the dormant season, the first leaf bud is cut short after the flower bud is cut short by the extension head of the fruiting branch group, the extension head of the central stem is not cut short, but the uniaxial extension of the central stem is kept; cutting the small lateral branches growing on the bearing branch group to flower buds, and continuously bud-carving the upper part of the central trunk to culture the small bearing branch group;
(4) pruning trees in full bearing period: the sweet cherry of the Gisela stock enters the full bearing period after the cylindrical shaping of the sweet cherry in the 4 th year, the tree vigor tends to be stable, and the pruning management in the growing season is the same as that in the 2 nd to 3 rd year; the dormancy stage is still mainly short-cut, and the method is the same as that of the 2 nd to 3 rd year, and the result branch group with overlarge updating is heavily short-cut; timely retracting, updating and rejuvenating fruiting branch groups which continuously bear fruits for many years;
(5) the matched technical measures are as follows: building a garden, namely selecting a land block with a deep soil layer and a water pouring condition, and adopting ridging cultivation; watering in time when the soil is dry; the cylindrical cultivation needs to increase the fertilizing amount, the base fertilizer mainly comprises soil miscellaneous fertilizer and organic fertilizer, the principle of multiple times of small amount of additional fertilizer needs to be mastered, and watering is carried out in time after each additional fertilizer.
Further, the bud carving specific operation process comprises: binding two steel saw blades together, keeping the same direction of saw teeth, deeply cutting to xylem at the position 0.5-1cm above the bud, and uniformly applying force when putting down the cutter.
Further, in the step (2), if 2-year generated seedling planting is adopted, the continuous pinching concrete operation process is as follows: when the young shoots are 15-20cm long, keeping 5-10cm for continuous pinching; if a garden is built by adopting the big seedlings with branches, 5-10cm is reserved for continuous pinching when the new shoots are 15-20cm long.
Further, in the step (2), if the seedling generation and field planting is carried out for 2 years, the branches sprouting on the central trunk of the heavy short section of 5-10cm are left when the heavy short section is carried out in winter; if the large seedling with branches is used for building a garden, 2-3 branches with bud pole heavy truncations competing with the central trunk are reserved, and 5-10cm heavy truncations are reserved for the rest branches.
Further, in the step (5), in the ridging cultivation, the height of each ridge is 20-30cm, and the width of each ridge is 70-120 cm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention provides a sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming technology for labor-saving operation according to the characteristics of a Gisela dwarfing stock; the column-shaped shaping of the trimmed sweet cherry has the advantages of stable tree skeleton, strong light transmittance, visible light on branches and branches, and no excessive nutrient consumption; the forming is fast, the early-stage high yield is realized, and the high-quality fruit rate is high; the pruning method is simple and easy to implement, easy to pick and labor-saving; the row spacing is convenient for mechanized operation and high-density cultivation of facilities, and the like.
(2) The bud carving method provided by the invention can better intercept stored nutrition and has high germination rate.
(3) According to the invention, after the tree body exceeds the standard height, the extension head of the central trunk is cut short in summer, and excessive branches cannot sprout under the cut, so that the strong top of the tree body caused by the excessively strong top advantage is avoided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a cylindrical stent culture diagram in example 1.
Fig. 2 is a picture after heavy truncation in winter.
Fig. 3 is a picture after winter pruning.
FIG. 4 is a tree-shaped and fruiting diagram of sweet cherry after pinching in summer.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the formation of flower buds after pinching in summer.
FIG. 6 is a picture of the current year of established seedling planting in 2 years.
Fig. 7 is a picture before pruning in winter of the current year for permanent planting.
FIG. 8 is a picture of sprout germination in spring after pruning in winter of the current year for permanent planting.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained and illustrated by the following specific examples.
Example 1
The experimental garden is arranged in Yue area Zhang Yi Jia Zhuang in Taian city, Taian, Shandong. The sweet cherry variety is three varieties of 'Brukas', 'Mezao' and 'Samite', and the stock is Jisaira No. 6. The 3-year-old big seedlings with branches are adopted for field planting in 2015, the row spacing of the seedlings is 1 meter multiplied by 3 meters, and the area is 2 mu.
Erecting a support: the support is composed of 4 steel wires with fixed heights of the upright columns at the row ends being 1.5 m, 2.2 m, 3 m and 3.5m respectively, and the center trunk is bound on the steel wires; the row spacing of the plants is 0.8-1.0m multiplied by 2-3 m, 667 m2Planting 220-420 plants, wherein the specific planting density is properly adjusted according to the growth potential of the combination of the variety and the stock, the soil fertility condition and the mechanization degree of planting; the tree body is in a column shape, the height of the tree body is determined according to the row spacing, the height of the tree body is generally 2.5-3.5m, the central trunk is upright and strong, the trunk height is about 50-60cm, 30-50 fruiting branch groups are uniformly grown on the trunk, and the length is 5-50 cm; the first resultant branch group is 50-60cm away from the ground, the resultant branch group is not fixed, the ratio of the thickness of the resultant branch group to the thickness of the central trunk at the position where the resultant branch group is planted is 1: 6-10, and when the diameter exceeds 1/4 of the central trunk, the resultant branch group is cut again and updated.
The test plots were trimmed using this method. During planting, the central trunk is bound on the steel wire of the bracket (figure 1). The central trunk is not fixed, branches competing with the central trunk are subjected to heavy truncation (about 5cm is reserved) and branches competing with the central trunk are subjected to heavy truncation, and the rest branches are subjected to truncation of about 10 cm. Directional bud carving (binding two steel saw blades together, keeping the direction of sawteeth consistent, deeply cutting to xylem at the position 0.5-1cm above the bud, and uniformly applying force when cutting down) on the central stem promotes the bud, pinching when the new tip is 15-20cm long can be continuously carried out, and the advantage of extending the tip of the central stem is maintained. In winter, 5-10cm branches (figure 2) are cut off from the central trunk, the extension head of the central trunk is not cut off, and small fruiting branch groups are bud-carved and cultured on the upper part of the central trunk (figure 3).
In the 2 nd year after planting, pinching the central trunk and the small branches and the extension heads on each branch in the growing season when the young shoots are 15-20cm long. To maintain the dominance of the central trunk, the competing shoots that germinated on the central trunk were continuously pinched (fig. 4). And after the height of the tree body reaches a preset value, the central trunk extension tip is cut for 7 months to the standard height of 3-3.5 m, the control is strong, branching is promoted, and the cylindrical tree shape is promoted. The key point is that the growth potential of the secondary shoots germinated after the cutting of the growing season is obviously weakened, and the growth strength of the trees can be effectively controlled. The main method for pruning in winter is cutting short, the extending head of the fruiting branch group is used for cutting short the first leaf bud after the flower bud, the extending head of the central stem is not cut short, but the central stem is kept to extend uniaxially. And (4) cutting the small lateral branches growing on the fruiting branch group to flower buds, and continuously bud-carving the upper part of the central trunk to culture the small fruiting branch group.
The planting period can be in the full bearing period after 3 years, and the tree vigor of the tree body tends to be moderate. The pruning management in the growing season is the same as that in the 2 nd year. The winter pruning still takes the short section as the main part, and the method is the same as that in the 2 nd to 3 rd year. Excessive flower buds can be removed through cutting, the load is reasonable, and the fruit quality is improved. In addition, the result branch group which is too big to be updated is cut down, so as to avoid competition with the central trunk and promote new branches to grow roots and strengthen trees. The bearing branch groups which bear fruits for many years are retracted, updated and rejuvenated in time, so that each bearing branch group on the central trunk can sprout a new branch.
The matched technical measures are as follows: building a garden, selecting a land block with a deep soil layer and a water pouring condition, and adopting ridging cultivation, wherein the ridge height is 20-30cm, and the ridge width is 70-120 cm; watering in time when the soil is dry; the cylindrical cultivation needs to increase the fertilizing amount, the base fertilizer mainly comprises soil miscellaneous fertilizer and organic fertilizer, the principle of multiple times of small amount of additional fertilizer needs to be mastered, and watering is carried out in time after each additional fertilizer.
Comparative example 1
The other methods are the same as the embodiment 1, except that the bud carving method is different, and the specific bud carving method comprises the following steps: a steel saw is adopted to deeply cut the part 0.5-1cm above the bud to the xylem, and the force is uniformly applied when the steel saw is cut off), so as to promote the germination, and finally, the germination rate is only 56.2 percent through statistics, but the germination rate of the bud carving method provided by the invention is more than 90 percent.
Control group
The contrast gardens are in the same garden, the specifications of the seedlings are the same, and the shaping mode of the row spacing of the planted plants being 3 meters multiplied by 4 meters is spindle-shaped shaping.
Effects of the embodiment
The experimental gardens after the example and the control group are pruned are subjected to yield statistics, and specific results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 average acre yield for the pruning method of the present invention and control
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
The fruit quality at 5 years after pruning was compared and the specific results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 comparison of fruit quality between two pruning methods at 5 years after planting
Figure 306072DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
Example 2
The experimental garden is arranged in Yue area Zhang Yi Jia Zhuang in Taian city, Taian, Shandong. The sweet cherry variety is four varieties of 'red honey', 'Brukas', 'Samite' and 'Meizao', and the stock is Jisaira No. 6. Planting the 2-year-grown seedlings in 2017 spring, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 0.7 m multiplied by 2 m, and the area is 2 mu.
During planting, the tree body is bound on a support steel wire, the trunk is not fixed, high-quality buds are selected at different directions every 10-15cm from the height of 50cm above the ground, and the buds are carved at the position of 0.5cm above the buds to promote directional branching, so that the small fruiting branch groups are distributed in a spiral shape (figure 6). Maintaining the advantage of the central trunk extending tip, performing group culture on the branch germinating on the trunk as a bearing branch, and continuously pinching a new tip; the branches that germinated on the central trunk of the heavy winter cutoffs were cut to the first leaf bud after the flower bud for the branches that had formed flower buds (fig. 8); branches without differentiated flower buds are left with 3-5cm short cuts. The extension head of the central stem is not truncated;
in the 2 nd year of field planting, centering a central trunk and small side branches and extension heads on each branch in a growing season when a new tip is 15-20cm long, continuously centering competing tips sprouting on the central trunk, and after the height of a tree body reaches a preset value, cutting the extension tips of the central trunk in 7 months to promote branching and promote a cylindrical tree shape; in the dormant season, the first leaf bud after the flower bud is truncated by the extension head of the fruiting branch group, the extension head of the central stem is not truncated, but the central stem is kept to extend uniaxially; cutting the small lateral branches growing on the bearing branch group to flower buds, and continuously bud-carving the upper part of the central trunk to culture the small bearing branch group;
the 'red honey', 'Samite' and 'Brukas' plants are continuously trimmed for 3 years by adopting the trimming method, the yield is more than 1kg, and a small amount of fruit is produced in the early American stage. The controls (spindle truing) "red honey", "sagitt" and "brux" had only a small amount of fruiting and therefore no yield statistics were performed.
Control group: the nursery stocks are arranged in the same garden, the specifications of the nursery stocks are the same, the row spacing of the planted seedlings is 3 meters multiplied by 4 meters, and the shaping mode is spindle-shaped shaping.

Claims (2)

1. A sweet cherry cylindrical shaping and trimming method suitable for labor-saving operation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) erecting a support: the support is composed of 4 steel wires with fixed heights of the upright columns at the row ends being 1.5 m, 2.2 m, 3 m and 3.5m respectively, and the center trunk is bound on the steel wires; the row spacing of the plants is 0.8-1.0m multiplied by 2-3 m, 667 m2Planting 220-420 plants, wherein the specific planting density is properly adjusted according to the growth potential of the combination of the variety and the stock, the soil fertility condition and the mechanization degree of planting; the tree body is in a column shape, the height of the tree body is determined according to the row spacing, the height of the tree body is generally 2.5-3.5m, the central trunk is upright and strong, the trunk height is about 50-60cm, 30-50 fruiting branch groups are uniformly grown on the trunk, and the length is 5-50 cm; the first bearing branch group is 50-60cm away from the ground, the bearing branch group is not fixed, the ratio of the thickness of the bearing branch group to the thickness of the central trunk of the bearing part is 1: 6-10, and when the diameter exceeds 1/4 of the central trunk, the bearing branch group is cut again and updated;
(2) if the planting of the seedlings generated in 2 years is adopted, the tree body is bound on a support steel wire, the trunk is not fixed, high-quality buds are selected in different directions at intervals of 10-15cm from the height of 50cm above the ground, and the directional branching is promoted by carving the buds at the position of 0.5cm above the buds, so that the small fruiting branch groups are spirally distributed; maintaining the advantages of the central trunk and the extended tips, culturing the branches germinating on the trunk as bearing branches, and continuously pinching new tips; the branches sprouting on the central trunk of the heavy cutoffs in winter are cut short to the first leaf bud after the flower bud for the branches which already form the flower bud; branches without differentiated flower buds are cut short by 3-5cm, and the extending head of the central trunk is not cut short;
if a large seedling with branches is adopted to build a garden, the central trunk is bound on a support steel wire during field planting, the central trunk is indefinite, 2-3 bud pole heavy cutoffs are reserved for branches competing with the central trunk, and 5-10cm heavy cutoffs are reserved for the other branches; directionally bud carving and sprouting promotion are carried out on the central trunk every 10-15cm, new shoots are continuously picked, the advantage of the central trunk extending shoots is maintained, and pruning is carried out in the dormant season;
in the step (2), if 2-year generated seedling planting is adopted, the continuous pinching concrete operation process is as follows: when the young shoots are 15-20cm long, keeping 5-10cm for continuous pinching; if a large seedling with branches is adopted to build a garden, 5-10cm is reserved for continuous pinching when the young shoots are 15-20cm long;
(3) pruning in the 2 nd to 3 rd year of planting: in the growing season, centering is performed on the central trunk and small side branches and extension heads on each branch when the new tips are 15-20cm long, centering is performed continuously on competing tips sprouting on the central trunk, after the height of a tree body reaches a preset value, the extension tips of the central trunk are cut short in 7 months to reach a standard height, branching is promoted, and a cylindrical tree shape is promoted; in the dormant season, the first leaf bud is cut short after the flower bud is cut short by the extension head of the fruiting branch group, the extension head of the central stem is not cut short, but the uniaxial extension of the central stem is kept; cutting the small lateral branches growing on the bearing branch group to flower buds, and continuously bud-carving the upper part of the central trunk to culture the small bearing branch group;
(4) pruning trees in full bearing period: the sweet cherry of the Gisela stock enters the full bearing period after the cylindrical shaping of the sweet cherry in the 4 th year, the tree vigor tends to be stable, and the pruning management in the growing season is the same as that in the 2 nd to 3 rd year; the dormancy stage is still mainly short-cut, and the method is the same as that of the 2 nd to 3 rd year, and the result branch group with overlarge updating is heavily short-cut; timely retracting, updating and rejuvenating fruiting branch groups which continuously bear fruits for many years;
(5) the matched technical measures are as follows: building a garden, namely selecting a land block with a deep soil layer and a water pouring condition, and adopting ridging cultivation; watering in time when the soil is dry; the cylindrical cultivation needs to increase the fertilizing amount, the base fertilizer mainly comprises soil and miscellaneous fertilizers and organic fertilizers, the principle of multiple times of small amount of additional fertilizer needs to be mastered, and watering is carried out in time after each additional fertilizer;
the bud carving specific operation process comprises the following steps: binding two steel saw blades together, keeping the same direction of saw teeth, deeply cutting to xylem at the position 0.5-1cm above the bud, and uniformly applying force when putting down the cutter.
2. The column-shaped pruning method for sweet cherries according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), in the ridging cultivation, the ridge height is 20-30cm, and the ridge width is 70-120 cm.
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