CN111096189B - Apple tree shaping, trimming and managing technology - Google Patents
Apple tree shaping, trimming and managing technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN111096189B CN111096189B CN202010008749.6A CN202010008749A CN111096189B CN 111096189 B CN111096189 B CN 111096189B CN 202010008749 A CN202010008749 A CN 202010008749A CN 111096189 B CN111096189 B CN 111096189B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pruning management technology for apple trees, which adopts planting, dry setting, pruning and shaping and a series of fertilization technologies, so that the apple trees can grow flowers and fruit in two years, the yield per mu of the three-year trees can reach 1000 kilograms, and the yield per mu of the five-year trees can reach 5000-6000 kilograms.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to a technology for trimming and managing apple trees.
Background art:
since the early 90 s, the main apple producing area and apple technical research unit in China are changed from the stem thinning delayed open heart shape for popularizing the Soviet Union to the free spindle shape for popularizing Western Europe as the main tree shape.
Free spindle-shaped trimming key points:
before planting, the land is deeply ploughed and leveled, the living soil layer reaches 40 cm deep, and a drainage ditch is reserved. During planting, a square pit with the length and width of 40 cm and the depth of 20 cm is dug, a small amount of biological organic fertilizer and potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer are applied into the pit and stirred uniformly, a small amount of soil is filled, then seedlings with the height of more than 1.2 m are planted in the pit, and soil is buried and compacted (the row spacing of the seedlings is 3 m multiplied by 3 m or 3 m multiplied by 4 m). And (3) fixing the trunk at a position 80 cm away from the ground, removing the second bud and the third bud below the cut bud before sprouting, alternately bud-carving the trunk at a position 60 cm away from the ground to promote the drawing, and performing smoothing and drawing on the branches in summer and autumn to make the opening angle of the branches larger than 70 degrees.
When pruning is carried out in spring of the next year, branches with good angles in three directions and uniform growth are reserved as main branches, and the rest branches are thinned and removed. The middle trunk extension branch is cut short at the position of 40-60 cm according to the strength of the momentum, and two buds and three buds below the cut are removed to avoid competitive branches; and (4) bud carving is carried out on the buds in the good direction, so that the buds are promoted to shoot. And (4) smoothing branches and pulling branches in summer and autumn.
When pruning is carried out in spring of the third year, 2-3 main branches are cut into spaces above 30 cm of the third main branch, other branches of the third main branch are thinned and removed (each main branch is spaced by 30 cm), the main branches are thrown and released uniformly, and buds are carved on the two sides of the main branches at the interval of three and five, so that lateral branches with large branch difference ratio are extracted from the two sides of the main branches. The buds on the back are properly wiped off, and vigorous branches are prevented from being generated. The central trunk still has a 60 cm short section, and the main branch has an opening angle of 80 degrees.
The pruning method for the branch remaining in the fourth year is the same as that in the third year. In a word, the branches are kept without layering, are fallen in a staggered manner and grow, and are lifted spirally. At this time, the shaping is basically completed, the height of the tree body is about 3 meters, and the number of the main branches is about 10 to 12. The free spindle-shaped pruning method is mainly based on putting, cutting short stems, cutting buds and growing branches, opening angles, combing thinning and shrinking and extending in a single axis.
Specifically, during pruning, the extension branches of each main branch are thrown and released uniformly, only bud carving is carried out on the two sides of the central trunk and the main branches, the branch quantity is increased, and the branch pulling and opening angle is about 80 degrees, so that the effects of moderating tree vigor, balancing internal and external growth vigor are achieved, and the flower bud formation is promoted to achieve the purposes of early fruiting and early high yield. Thinning and shrinking combination, namely thinning Jiang Wang branches, competitive branches, transition branches, dense branches and weak branches during pruning; the extension branches of the main branches and the bearing branches at the two sides of the weak trees are properly retracted, the branch quantity and the consumption of nutrient substances are reduced, and therefore the purpose of rejuvenation of the trees is achieved. Meanwhile, flower and fruit thinning and reasonable loading are carried out. The uniaxial extension means that all the competitive branches of the extension branches of each main branch are thinned and removed, and only one extension branch is left to grow forwards, so that the strong potential of the extension branch is maintained. In summary, the free spindle-shaped pruning method can obtain early high yield by early fruiting, but has the defects of labor and time waste and large investment because of the need of bud carving on the sides of the central trunk and the main branch, summer branch smoothing and spring and autumn branch pulling and opening angles.
Meanwhile, the back superiority is easily caused by the overlarge free-spindle-shaped branch pulling angle (80-90 degrees), so that branches grow vigorously, a large amount of nutrient substances are consumed, flower buds are difficult to form, and the illumination condition is deteriorated. In addition, in order to achieve the purpose of alleviating tree vigor and promoting flower formation in advance, the growth of the young trees is usually controlled by spraying growth regulators such as PBO (polyp-based oxygen demand) and the like.
The invention content is as follows:
the invention aims to overcome the defects in the free spindle-shaped pruning technology and provide a simple apple pruning management technology which is time-saving, labor-saving, low in investment, capable of realizing early flowering, early fruiting and early high yield and obtaining higher economic benefit.
The technical scheme adopted for realizing the above purpose of the invention is as follows: a technology for managing apple tree pruning is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Planting: firstly, deeply ploughing and leveling the soil, enabling a live soil layer to reach 40 cm depth, digging drainage ditches, digging square pits with the length and width of 40 cm and the depth of 20 cm during planting, vertically placing robust seedlings with the height of more than 1.5 m into the pits, ridging and compacting, planting 83 pollinated trees in each mu, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 2 meters multiplied by 4 meters;
(2) Drying: drying the nursery stock at a distance of 80-100 cm from the ground, watering the nursery stock in the spring without applying fertilizer in the planting pit in 6-8 months, and applying urea with the N content of 40% in 50-100 g per nursery stock for 3 times along with watering; (3) When pruning is carried out in spring of the next year, 2-3 hidden buds of the same age branches of the central trunk are cut into oblique Ma Erzhuang from the base part, the central trunk is not cut into short branches, 4 buds are carved upwards at intervals of 4 buds from a position 80 cm away from the ground, and the buds are carved to a position 20-30 cm below the top end of the central trunk;
management of fertilizer and water in this period: the early stage is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the middle and later stages are additionally applied with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, the specific method is that before sprouting in 3 months, watering is combined, 60 g of urea with 40% of N content is applied to each plant, 200-300 g of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer is applied to each plant in 6-8 months, and 500 times diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer is respectively sprayed to the leaf surfaces in the middle ten days of 5 months, the upper ten days of 6 months and the middle ten days of 9 months;
(4) In the third year of pruning, removing the strong competitive branches and thick branches on the middle trunk to make the ratio of the branches and the trunks reach 1/4-1/5, throwing and releasing the other branches uniformly, and controlling the number of flower buds of each tree to be 70-170;
in the aspect of fertilizer and water management, timely watering is carried out before sprouting in early spring, 0.5-0.8 kg of urea with 40% of N content is applied to each tree, 0.5-0.8 kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer is applied to each tree of all fruit trees in the middle and last ten days of June, 6 kg of organic fertilizer and 1 kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer are applied to each tree of all fruit trees in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and foliage spraying of 500-time diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer is carried out in the middle and last days of 5 months, the last ten days of 6 months and the middle and last ten days of 9 months; (5) The pruning and fertilizer and water management measures in the fourth year are the same as those in the previous year;
(6) In the fifth year, only weak and dense main branches are thinned and removed during pruning, meanwhile, weak main branch extension branches are retracted to branches with good direction and angle in the second year or third year, fruiting branch groups with weak growth are thinned and removed or shrunk and pruned, and the fruit spacing is kept at 25 cm +/-5 cm;
the fifth year fertilizer and water management measures are that before germination and in the middle of 6 months, open radial furrows are adopted for fertilization, the furrow depth is 20 cm, 1 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, 1 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 6 kg of organic fertilizer are applied to each plant in the middle of 9 months, and meanwhile, 500 times diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer is sprayed on leaf surfaces in the middle of 5 months, the last ten days of 6 months and the middle and the last ten days of 9 months.
The pollinated tree in the step (1) of the invention is preferably selected from Gala, jinshuai and other apple tree varieties.
And (3) the bud carving method in the step (3) is to transversely carve a bud to the depth of xylem at a position 0.3 cm above the bud by using a small hacksaw blade, wherein the length of the carved bud is one third of the thickness of a branch.
The potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer in the steps (3), (4) and (6) is N, P, K = 15; the seaweed water-soluble fertilizer contains 50 g of nitrogen, 110 g of phosphorus, 50 g of potassium, 40 g of humic acid and 28 g of organic matter per liter.
The number of the open radial grooves in the step (6) is preferably 4-8.
The apple tree is managed according to the simple shaping, pruning and managing technology of the apple tree, and the apple tree management method has the following advantages:
1. the invention breaks through the traditional pruning method, and the pruning method is simple, labor-saving and labor-saving. Compared with the traditional free spindle-shaped pruning method, the method saves labor by 90 percent, is simple to operate and is easy to popularize.
2. The arbor cultivation has low cost.
3. Besides the middle dry bud carving, the main branch does not need bud carving, girdling and pulling technology.
4. Growth regulators are not needed, the apple trees can flower and bear fruits in two years, the yield per mu of the three-year trees can reach 1000 kilograms, and the yield per mu of the five-year trees can reach 5000-6000 kilograms.
5. By testing more than ten varieties such as Fuji, jinshuai, gala, green bananas, guguang and the like, the effect is good when the method is adopted for pruning.
Detailed Description
To illustrate the invention in detail, the invention is described in further detail below with reference to specific examples of implementation, which however should not be construed as limiting.
A technology for managing apple tree pruning is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Planting: firstly, deeply ploughing and leveling a soil, digging a drainage ditch, digging a square pit with the length and width of 40 cm and the depth of 20 cm when planting, vertically placing robust seedlings with the height of more than 1.5 m into the pit, ridging and compacting, planting 83 pollinated trees in each mu, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 2 m multiplied by 4 m, and the pollinated trees account for 5%; and selecting Gala, jinshuai and the like from the pollinated trees.
(2) Drying: fixing the trunk of the nursery stock at a place 80-100 cm away from the ground, extracting 3-5 growing branches in the current year, wherein the length of the growing branches is 60-100 cm, applying no fertilizer in planting pits in the spring of the current year, only watering for 6-8 months, and applying urea with the N content of 40% along with watering, wherein each plant is 50-100 g for 3 times; (3) When pruning is carried out in spring of the next year, the branches of the same age of the central trunk are cut into oblique Ma Erzhuang by only leaving 2-3 hidden buds from the base, the branches with proper direction and large angle can be extracted after sprouting, the growth potential can be favorably eased, the purpose of early flowering and early fruiting can be achieved, the central trunk is not cut short, 4 buds are carved by a small steel saw blade from a position 80 cm away from the ground every 4 buds upwards, and the buds are carved to a position 20-30 cm below the top end of the central trunk; the bud carving method is that a small hacksaw blade is used for transversely carving a part 0.3 cm above a bud to reach the xylem, the length of the carved bud is one third of the thickness of a branch, and the bud carving method needs to be pointed out that the carved bud cannot be too heavy to avoid causing central stem breakage and influencing shaping and trimming. By the pruning method, the height of the tree can reach about 3 meters in autumn, the number of main branches can also reach about 30, and the front parts of some branches can form axillary buds, and the number can reach about 20, so that a good foundation is laid for early fruiting.
In the fertilizer-water management of the period, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used in the early period, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are additionally applied in the middle and later periods, and the specific method is that before sprouting in 3 months, watering is combined, and 60 g of urea containing 40% of N is applied to each plant; applying 200-300 g of a potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 15) to each plant in 6-8 months, and respectively spraying 500-fold diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer to leaf surfaces in the middle 5, 6 and 9 months, thereby powerfully promoting the growth and development of trees; (4) And when pruning is carried out in the third year, removing competitive branches with vigorous growth and thicker branches on the trunks so as to enable the branch-trunk ratio to reach 1/4-1/5, throwing and putting the other branches uniformly, keeping the dynamic balance of the tree body, moderating the tree vigor, achieving the balanced distribution of nutrient substances, ensuring that the number of flower buds of each tree is between 70 and 170, the average yield of each tree is 15 to 20 kilograms, and the per mu yield reaches 1200 to 1500 kilograms.
In the aspect of fertilizer and water management, timely watering before sprouting in early spring, applying 0.5-0.8 kg of urea to each plant of trees with weak vigor, applying 0.5-0.8 kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer to each plant of all fruit trees in the middle and last ten days of June, applying 6 kg of organic fertilizer and 1 kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer to each plant of all fruit trees in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and spraying 500 times diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer on leaf surfaces in the middle and last days of 5 months, the last days of 6 months and the middle and last days of 9 months; (5) The pruning and fertilizer and water management measures in the fourth year are the same as those in the previous year. Only the number of formed flower buds in the year is relatively increased compared with that in the third year, and axillary flower buds on the upper parts of branches can be properly thinned for fruit trees with sufficient flower quantity, so that full and plump high-quality flower buds are left; and a good foundation is laid for reducing the consumption of nutrient substances and producing high-quality fruits. The yield of apples in 4 th year is about 2500-3000 kg. (6) In the fifth year, the apple trees enter the full bearing period, in order to maintain robust tree vigor during pruning, main branches with weak and dense growth are properly thinned, the illumination condition of the tree body is improved, meanwhile, extension branches of the weak main branches are properly retracted to branches with good direction and angle in the second year or the third year, and branches with weak growth are properly thinned or shortened and pruned, so that the nutrient consumption is reduced, the flower thinning and fruit thinning are carried out timely to achieve reasonable load, and the fruit retention interval is kept at 25 cm +/-5 cm; on the basis of strengthening the management of soil, fertilizer and water, the full bearing period is prolonged by pruning, thereby achieving the purpose of stably producing high yield, high quality and strong trees in successive years. The yield per mu in the fifth year is 2500-3500 kg.
The management measures of fertilizer and water in the fifth year are that 4-8 radial ditches are opened before germination and in the middle of 6 months, the depth of the ditches is 20 cm, 1 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, 1 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 6 kg of organic fertilizer are applied to the plants in the middle of 9 months, and meanwhile, 500 times of seaweed water soluble fertilizer is sprayed on leaf surfaces in the middle of 5 months, the last 6 months and the middle and last 9 months.
The potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer is characterized in that P, K = 15; the seaweed water-soluble fertilizer contains 50 g of nitrogen, 110 g of phosphorus, 50 g of potassium, 40 g of humic acid and 28 g of organic matter per liter.
The organic fertilizer is any organic fertilizer directly purchased in the market and capable of being applied to apple trees.
Claims (3)
1. A method for shaping, trimming and managing apple trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Planting: firstly, deeply ploughing and leveling the soil, enabling a live soil layer to reach 40 cm depth, digging drainage ditches, digging square pits with the length and width of 40 cm and the depth of 20 cm during planting, vertically placing robust seedlings with the height of more than 1.5 m into the pits, ridging and compacting, planting 83 pollinated trees in each mu, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings is 2 meters multiplied by 4 meters;
(2) Drying: drying the nursery stock at a distance of 80-100 cm from the ground, watering the nursery stock in the spring without applying fertilizer in the planting pit in 6-8 months, and applying urea with the N content of 40% in 50-100 g per nursery stock for 3 times along with watering;
(3) When pruning is carried out in spring of the next year, 2-3 short sections of hidden buds of the same age branches of the central trunk are left from the base part to be oblique Ma Erzhuang, the central trunk is not short section, 4 buds are carved upwards at intervals of 4 buds from a position 80 cm away from the ground, and the buds are carved to a position 20-30 cm below the top end of the central trunk;
fertilizer and water management in this period: the early stage is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the middle and later stages are additionally applied with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, the specific method is that before sprouting in 3 months, watering is combined, 60 g of urea with 40% of N content is applied to each plant, 200-300 g of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer is applied to each plant in 6-8 months, and 500 times diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer is respectively sprayed to the leaf surfaces in the middle ten days of 5 months, the upper ten days of 6 months and the middle ten days of 9 months;
(4) In the third year of pruning, removing the strong competitive branches and thick branches on the middle trunk to make the ratio of the branches and the trunks reach 1/4-1/5, throwing and releasing the other branches uniformly, and controlling the number of flower buds of each tree to be 70-170;
in the aspect of fertilizer and water management, timely watering is carried out before sprouting in early spring, 0.5-0.8 kg of urea with 40% of N content is applied to each tree, 0.5-0.8 kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer is applied to each tree of all fruit trees in the middle and last ten days of June, 6 kg of organic fertilizer and 1 kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer are applied to each tree of all fruit trees in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and foliage spraying of 500-time diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer is carried out in the middle and last days of 5 months, the last ten days of 6 months and the middle and last ten days of 9 months;
(5) The pruning and fertilizer and water management measures in the fourth year are the same as those in the previous year;
(6) In the fifth year, only weak and dense main branches are thinned and removed during pruning, meanwhile, weak main branch extension branches are retracted to branches with good direction and angle in the second year or third year, fruiting branch groups with weak growth are thinned and removed or shrunk and pruned, and the fruit spacing is kept at 25 cm +/-5 cm;
the fifth year fertilizer and water management measures are that before germination and in the middle of 6 months, open radial furrows are adopted for fertilization, the furrow depth is 20 cm, 1 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, 1 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 6 kg of organic fertilizer are applied to each plant in the middle of 9 months, and meanwhile, 500 times diluted seaweed water soluble fertilizer is sprayed on leaf surfaces in the middle of 5 months, the last ten days of 6 months and the middle and the last ten days of 9 months.
2. The apple tree pruning management method according to claim 1, wherein the pollinated trees in the step (1) are of two varieties of apple trees, namely Gala and Jinshuai.
3. The apple tree shaping, trimming and managing method according to claim 1, wherein the bud carving method in the step (3) is to use a small hacksaw blade to transversely carve a depth to xylem at a position 0.3 cm above the bud, and the length of the carved bud is one third of the thickness of a branch.
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| CN101755655B (en) * | 2010-03-11 | 2011-08-24 | 西北农林科技大学 | High slender spindle-shaped apple tree form and trimming method thereof |
| MD234Z (en) * | 2010-04-15 | 2011-02-28 | Общественное Учреждение Научно-Практический Институт Садоводства И Пищевых Технологий | Process for pruning apple trees |
| CN103081774B (en) * | 2013-03-02 | 2014-04-30 | 王存刚 | Apple orchard management technology without winter pruning |
| CN105493915B (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-04-20 | 赤峰市林业科学研究院 | Elongated pinecone shape apple is tree-like and its pruning method |
| CN107466770A (en) * | 2017-08-24 | 2017-12-15 | 郭高升 | A kind of apple sapling exempts from beta pruning precocity fruiting high yield management method to repair |
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