CN110583270A - Rapid garden building method for grafting after citrus stock saplings are planted - Google Patents
Rapid garden building method for grafting after citrus stock saplings are planted Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
Abstract
The invention provides a rapid garden building method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings, which comprises the following steps: cultivating citrus stock saplings; (II) disease-prevention transplanting and scion grafting of the stock saplings; the cultivation of the citrus tree stock saplings comprises the following steps: (1) selecting and pretreating rootstock seeds; (2) cultivating stock seedlings and saplings; the disease-prevention transplanting and scion grafting of the stock saplings comprises the following steps: (A) transplanting the stock saplings to a target garden for disease prevention; (B) grafting the target variety; (C) and (5) managing after grafting. The method adopts an efficient stock sapling cultivation method, a sapling transplanting method and a grafting treatment method, can obtain a large number of stock saplings with excellent growth vigor within 2 years, grafts target variety scions after transplanting, rapidly enhances the tree vigor, puts into production 1 year ahead of time, ensures the quality of citrus fruits, realizes the yield increase and harvest of citrus, and can well reduce the morbidity of citrus gummosis and root rot by adopting the cultivation method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a rapid garden building method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings.
Background
Citrus (Citrus) genus Rutaceae genus plant of the genus Rutaceae. The nature likes warm and humid climate, and the cold resistance is slightly stronger than that of pomelo, lime and sweet orange. The Citrus subfamily of Rutaceae is distributed between 16-37 ° north latitude. Is a tropical and subtropical evergreen fruit tree (except for trifoliate orange), and is used for economic cultivation of 3 genera: poncirus, Citrus, and Poncirus. Citrus grown in china and other countries of the world is predominantly of the genus citrus.
The citrus flowers grow singly or cluster in 2-3 flowers; irregular calyx 5-3 superficial cleft; the petals are usually within 1.5 cm long; 20-25 stamens, slender style of flower stigmas and head-shaped stigmas. The flowering period is 4-5 months, and the fruit period is 10-12 months. China is one of the important origin places of citrus, and the citrus is rich in resources, various in excellent varieties and has a cultivation history of more than 4000 years. After long-term cultivation and selection, the oranges become precious fruits for human beings.
The citrus is long in cultivation history in China, however, at present, most citrus forests in China are low-yield forests, grown trees grow slowly, the late ripening phenomenon is serious, and long time is needed for fruit bearing. On the other hand, most of the traditional citrus seedlings are cultivated through a nursery garden and then are planted into a garden, the seedlings cultivated through the nursery garden are short and small, the seedlings grow slowly after being transplanted and are not high in survival rate, the yield is greatly reduced due to the fact that citrus trees are easily damaged by diseases and insect pests in the cultivation process, and the economic benefit is low, so that a large number of high-quality seedlings are cultivated through improvement of a grafting and transplanting method to improve the yield and the quality of citrus, the survival rate of the transplanted citrus trees and the disease incidence rate of gummosis are effectively improved, and the purposes of high yield, increment and quality improvement are achieved.
How to provide a method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings to realize rapid citrus orchard establishment becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently.
Technical content
The invention aims to solve the technical problems and provides a rapid garden building method for grafting after the citrus stock saplings are planted, a large number of stock saplings with excellent growth vigor can be obtained within 2 years by adopting the method, target variety scions are grafted after the stock saplings are transplanted, the tree vigor is rapidly enhanced, the production is carried out 1 year ahead of time, the quality of citrus fruits is guaranteed, the yield and harvest of citrus are increased, and the incidence of citrus gummosis and root rot can be well reduced by adopting the cultivation method. In addition, the method provided by the invention can well keep the consistency of excellent varieties, and the produced fruits have the same genetic genes, consistent fruit quality and high commodity value.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a rapid garden building method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings comprises the following steps:
cultivating citrus stock saplings:
(1) selecting and pretreating rootstock seeds: selecting citrus stock seeds with high fruiting rate, high sweetness and no plant diseases and insect pests as cultivation objects, soaking the stock seeds in warm water for 1.5-2h, and then carrying out sand storage treatment in wet sand;
(2) stock seedling cultivation: in the first ten days of 2 months, the rootstock seeds which are subjected to sand storage treatment for 15-20 days are taken out and uniformly spread in a cultivation matrix, compaction and watering are carried out, the temperature of the cultivation matrix is kept at 28-32 ℃, the water content is kept at 50-60%, daily management is carried out after seedling emergence, the rootstock seedlings grow for half a year and have the height of 20-50 cm;
(3) stock sapling cultivation: transplanting the cultured rootstock seedlings into soil in a root control device, wherein the diameter of the root control device is 30cm, the height of the root control device is 30cm, and a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied once during transplanting; performing daily irrigation, additional fertilization and pest control management after transplanting; after 2 years, the stock saplings with the diameter of 3-4cm are cultivated;
(II) disease-prevention transplanting and scion grafting of the stock saplings:
(A) disease-preventing transplanting of stock saplings to target park
(a) Land selection (destination campus): selecting a land with the elevation of 1500 meters below and the annual sunshine duration of 1000-1200 hours as a target park;
(b) preparing soil, ridging, digging planting holes: carrying out deep ploughing treatment on the soil of a target garden, applying fermented organic fertilizer to the soil, carrying out rotary tillage, then ditching and ridging, forming a box between two drainage ditches, forming double ridges on the box, and digging planting holes on the ridges;
(c) lifting and transporting: cutting off the part of the trunk of the sapling, which is more than 20-30cm, wherein the cut is required to be smooth, removing a root controller of the sapling root, and keeping the root soil balls from loosening as much as possible during transportation;
(d) planting: cutting off damaged roots and properly cutting off the roots of the rest roots; vertically placing the saplings into the planting holes, paving a layer of wet sand inside the planting holes, then covering and compacting the sand layer with middle-layer soil, watering and fertilizing once, and covering with a mulching film;
(e) disease prevention management: irrigating water immediately after transplanting the stock saplings, applying fertilizers in multiple times after the plants start to root, intertilling and weeding before applying fertilizers, keeping soil loose and free of weeds, wherein the fertilizing time is 5-6 months, 7 months and 8 months, irrigating water in time during drought, pinching when young tips of the stock saplings grow to 10-15cm, so that the saplings grow coarsely, removing sprouts and needles on trunks, and preventing gummosis diseases and red spider and leaf miner pests in time;
(B) target variety grafting treatment
After the saplings are determined to survive, cutting off the upper half parts of the saplings at the positions 20-30cm away from the ground of the main trunk, and taking the remaining parts as stocks for grafting; selecting an annual branch of a target citrus variety which grows strongly and has no diseases and insect pests in spring or autumn, wherein the branch contains 2-4 plump buds, cutting the branch with the buds into 10-12cm long branches as scions, and carrying out grafting treatment; 2-3 scions are grafted on each stock;
(C) post-grafting management
After grafting, a plastic bag is used for sealing a grafting opening, when scion buds of the scions grow out, an opening is cut at the top of the plastic bag, and the environmental temperature and humidity of the grafted seedlings are kept at 18-25 ℃ and 65-80%; timely pruning the branch buds growing out of the stocks to ensure that the scions are positioned at the topmost ends.
The citrus stock sapling cultivation method, the sapling transplanting method and the sapling grafting cultivation method provided by the invention can well ensure the quality of citrus fruits and realize the yield increase and harvest of citrus. The method specifically adopts the method of pre-treating seeds by warm water soaking and sand storage, and then combines the high-quality stock sapling cultivation method and the grafting treatment method, so that the survival rate of the transplanted saplings can be well ensured, the survival rate is up to more than 98 percent, the vegetative propagation is carried out by adopting the grafting method, the excellence and the virtues of the variety are well kept, the genetic genes of the produced fruits are basically the same, the fruit quality is consistent, and the variety is pure. In addition, the method provided by the invention can cultivate a large number of citrus stock saplings with excellent growth vigor within two years, and the stock saplings are transplanted and then grafted with target variety scions, so that the tree vigor is rapidly enhanced, the citrus fruit is put into production 1 year ahead of time, the quality of citrus fruits is ensured, and a high-quality and high-yield production direction is provided for citrus planting.
In addition, the citrus seedlings cultured by the conventional method belong to small seedlings, the seedlings are short and small, the seedlings grow slowly after transplanting, and the yield is low.
Further, the culture medium is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45-50 parts of turfy soil, 4-6 parts of sawdust, 10-15 parts of fine sand, 6-9 parts of wormcast, 3-6 parts of animal waste fur, 3-6 parts of vermiculite and 5-8 parts of walnut shell powder; the thickness of the culture substrate is 6-8 cm. The waste animal fur refers to leftover of processed animals, waste animal fur of slaughterhouses and the like, and the wormcast and the waste animal fur are used as fertilizers after being decomposed.
Further, the rootstock seeds in the step (1) comprise fructus aurantii, orange and tangerine which are used as the rootstock seeds.
Further, the temperature of the sand layer is kept at 32-35 ℃ in the sand storage process in the step (1), and the relative humidity is 15-20%.
Further, the stepsThe application amount of the seeds in the step (2) is 2-5kg/m2。
Further, the formula of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer in the step (3) comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 18-21 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 8-10 parts of potassium sulfate, 8-10 parts of manganese sulfate and 3-5 parts of borax; the fertilizing amount is 100-200 kg applied per mu.
Further, the drainage ditch of the step (b) is 0.6 meter wide and 0.6 meter deep, the compartment is 8 meters wide, the ridge is 4 meters wide and 0.3 meter high.
Furthermore, in the step (c), the diameter of the planting hole is 0.6 meter, the depth of the planting hole is 0.6 meter, and the hole distance is 4 meters.
Further, the sand layer in the step (d) has a thickness of 10-15cm and a relative humidity of 15-20%.
Further, the grafting treatment method in the step (B) comprises the following steps: beveling the stock for one cut, longitudinally cutting off the top at an angle of 30-45 degrees, breaking a cut smaller than the scion, sticking the scion to the cut of the stock, spraying sterilizing liquid on the whole plant, and wrapping the scion with a mulching film; the sterilization liquid is a mixed solution of 800 times of prochloraz and 1500 times of thiophanate-methyl.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention provides a method for cultivating excellent citrus saplings and building a garden, which adopts an efficient stock sapling cultivation method, a sapling disease-prevention transplanting method and a grafting treatment method, can obtain a large number of stock saplings with excellent growth vigor within 2 years, and grafts target variety scions after transplanting the stock saplings, so that the tree vigor can be rapidly enhanced, the production can be put into production 1 year ahead of time, the quality of citrus fruits is ensured, and the yield and harvest of citrus are increased;
(2) the method provided by the invention can realize disease-free transplanting of citrus saplings, the survival rate of the transplanted saplings is high, the growth vigor is regular, the varieties are excellent, the consistency of the excellent varieties is well maintained, the economic value is high, and the high yield and quality improvement of citrus fruits are realized;
(3) the method for grafting and transplanting the citrus saplings can well prevent and treat gummosis and root rot, the incidence rate of the gummosis can reach about 10% in the growth process from transplanting the citrus saplings to plants, and the incidence rate of the root rot is about 15%.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, which are intended to illustrate and explain the present invention, but are not intended to limit the present invention. The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but rather, may be modified within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
A rapid garden building method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings comprises the following steps:
cultivating citrus stock saplings:
(1) selecting and pretreating rootstock seeds: selecting bitter orange and citrus stock seeds with high fruiting rate, high sweetness and no plant diseases and insect pests as cultivation objects, soaking the stock seeds in warm water for 1.5h, and then carrying out sand storage treatment in wet sand, wherein the temperature of a sand layer is kept at 32 ℃ and the relative humidity is 15% in the sand storage process;
(2) stock seedling cultivation: in the last ten days of 2 months, the stock seeds after being subjected to sand storage treatment for 15 days are taken out and uniformly spread in a cultivation matrix, and the cultivation matrix is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of turfy soil, 4 parts of sawdust, 10 parts of fine sand, 6 parts of wormcast, 3 parts of waste skin and hair of slaughter house cattle, 3 parts of vermiculite and 5 parts of walnut shell powder; the thickness of the culture medium is 6cm, and the application amount of the seeds is 2kg/m2Compacting and watering after the seeds are sowed, keeping the temperature of a culture substrate at 28 ℃ and the water content at 50%, performing daily management after seedling emergence, and growing into rootstock seedlings half a year later, wherein the height of the rootstock seedlings is 20 cm;
(3) stock sapling cultivation: transplanting the cultured rootstock seedlings into soil in a root control device, wherein the diameter of the root control device is 30cm, the height of the root control device is 30cm, and a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied once during transplanting; the formula of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 18 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 8 parts of potassium sulfate, 8 parts of manganese sulfate and 3 parts of borax; the fertilizing amount is 100 kilograms per mu; performing daily irrigation, additional fertilization and pest control management after transplanting; after 2 years, the stock saplings with the diameter of 3-4cm are cultivated;
(II) disease-prevention transplanting and scion grafting of the stock saplings:
(A) disease-preventing transplanting of stock saplings to target park
(a) Land selection (destination campus): selecting land with elevation below 1500 m and annual sunshine duration of 1000 hours as a target park;
(b) preparing soil, ridging, digging planting holes: carrying out deep ploughing treatment on the soil of a target garden, applying fermented organic fertilizer to the soil, carrying out rotary tillage, then ditching and ridging, forming a box between two drainage ditches, forming double ridges on the box, and digging planting holes on the ridges; the width of the drainage ditch is 0.6 meter, the depth is 0.6 meter, the width of the cage is 8 meters, the width of the ridge is 4 meters, and the height is 0.3 meter; the diameter of the planting hole is 0.6 meter, the depth is 0.6 meter, and the hole distance is 4 meters;
(c) lifting and transporting: cutting off the part of the trunk of the sapling, which is more than 20-30cm, wherein the cut is required to be smooth, removing a root controller of the sapling root, and keeping the root soil balls from loosening as much as possible during transportation;
(d) planting: cutting off damaged roots and properly cutting off the roots of the rest roots; vertically placing the young trees into the planting holes, paving a layer of wet sand inside the planting holes, covering and compacting the sand layer with middle-layer soil, watering and fertilizing once, and covering with a mulching film, wherein the thickness of the sand layer is 10cm, and the relative humidity is 15%;
(e) disease prevention management: irrigating water immediately after transplanting the stock saplings, applying fertilizers in multiple times after the plants start to root, intertilling and weeding before applying fertilizers, keeping soil loose and free of weeds, wherein the fertilizing time is 5-6 months, 7 months and 8 months, irrigating water in time during drought, pinching when young tips of the stock saplings grow to 10-15cm, so that the saplings grow coarsely, removing sprouts and needles on trunks, and preventing gummosis diseases and red spider and leaf miner pests in time;
(B) target variety grafting treatment
After the saplings are determined to survive, cutting off the upper half parts of the saplings at the positions 20-30cm away from the ground of the main trunk, and taking the saplings without diseases and insect pests as stocks; selecting an annual branch of a target citrus variety which grows strongly and has no diseases and insect pests in spring or autumn, wherein the branch contains 2-4 plump buds, cutting the branch with buds into 10cm as a scion, and carrying out grafting treatment; the grafting treatment method comprises the following steps: beveling the stock for one cut, longitudinally cutting off the top at an angle of 30 degrees, breaking a cut smaller than the scion, sticking the scion to the cut of the stock, spraying the sterilizing liquid on the whole plant, and wrapping the scion with a mulching film; the sterilization liquid is a mixed solution of 800 times of prochloraz and 1500 times of thiophanate methyl;
(C) post-grafting management
After grafting, a plastic bag is used for sealing a grafting opening, when scion buds of the scions grow out, an opening is cut at the top of the plastic bag, and the environmental temperature and humidity of the grafted seedlings are kept at 18 ℃ and 65%; timely pruning the branch buds growing out of the stocks to ensure that the scions are positioned at the topmost ends.
The method is adopted for planting, a large number of stock saplings can be cultivated after two years, the citrus stock saplings grow regularly, the average height can reach more than 100cm, the ground diameter can reach 2.5cm, the survival rate of tree seedlings is 98%, the stock saplings are transplanted and then grafted with target variety scions, the tree vigor can be rapidly enhanced, the production can be carried out 1 year ahead of time, the quality of citrus fruits is guaranteed, the yield of citrus is increased, the yield per mu is increased by more than 30% (compared with the existing method for cultivating citrus saplings for grafting), the fruits on each fruit tree are counted randomly after the fruits are ripe, and the produced fruits are basically the same in genetic genes, consistent in fruit quality and pure in variety.
Counting the incidence of gummosis of the citrus seedlings within 1-3 years after transplanting the stock saplings, wherein the incidence of gummosis is 12% in the 1 st year, 15% in the 2 nd year and 18% in the 3 rd year, and the average incidence of gummosis is more than 50% after transplanting the ordinary seedlings; counting the incidence rate of soft rot of the large citrus seedlings within 1-3 years after transplanting, wherein the incidence rate is 14% in 1 year, 16% in 2 year and 17% in 3 year, and the average incidence rate of soft rot of the common seedlings after transplanting is more than 60%
Example 2
A rapid garden building method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings comprises the following steps:
cultivating citrus stock saplings:
(1) selecting and pretreating rootstock seeds: selecting bitter orange and citrus stock seeds with high fruiting rate, high sweetness and no plant diseases and insect pests as cultivation objects, soaking the stock seeds in warm water for 2 hours, and then carrying out sand storage treatment in wet sand, wherein the temperature of a sand layer is kept at 35 ℃ and the relative humidity is 20% in the sand storage process;
(2) stock seedling cultivation: in the last ten days of 2 months, the rootstock seeds after being subjected to sand storage treatment for 20 days are taken out and uniformly spread in a cultivation matrix, and the cultivation matrix is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 50 parts of turfy soil, 6 parts of sawdust, 15 parts of fine sand, 9 parts of wormcast, 6 parts of waste fur in leftovers after mutton production and processing, 6 parts of vermiculite and 8 parts of walnut shell powder; the thickness of the culture medium is 8cm, and the application amount of the seeds is 5kg/m2Compacting and watering after the seeds are sowed, keeping the temperature of a culture substrate at 32 ℃ and the water content at 60%, performing daily management after seedling emergence, and growing into rootstock seedlings half a year later, wherein the height of the rootstock seedlings is 50 cm;
(3) stock sapling cultivation: transplanting the cultured rootstock seedlings into soil in a root control device, wherein the diameter of the root control device is 30cm, the height of the root control device is 30cm, and a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied once during transplanting, and the formula of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 20 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 21 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 10 parts of potassium sulfate, 10 parts of manganese sulfate and 5 parts of borax; the fertilizing amount is 200 kg per mu; performing daily irrigation, additional fertilization and pest control management after transplanting; after 2 years, the stock saplings with the diameter of 3-4cm are cultivated;
(II) disease-prevention transplanting and scion grafting of the stock saplings:
(A) disease-preventing transplanting of stock saplings to target park
(a) Land selection (destination campus): selecting land with elevation below 1500 m and annual sunshine duration of 1200 hours as a target park;
(b) preparing soil, ridging, digging planting holes: carrying out deep ploughing treatment on the soil of a target garden, applying fermented organic fertilizer to the soil, carrying out rotary tillage, then ditching and ridging, forming a box between two drainage ditches, forming double ridges on the box, and digging planting holes on the ridges; the width of the drainage ditch is 0.6 meter, the depth is 0.6 meter, the width of the cage is 8 meters, the width of the ridge is 4 meters, and the height is 0.3 meter; the diameter of the planting hole is 0.6 meter, the depth is 0.6 meter, and the hole distance is 4 meters;
(c) lifting and transporting: cutting off the part of the trunk of the sapling, which is more than 20-30cm, wherein the cut is required to be smooth, removing a root controller of the sapling root, and keeping the root soil balls from loosening as much as possible during transportation;
(d) planting: cutting off damaged roots and properly cutting off the roots of the rest roots; vertically placing the saplings into the planting holes, paving a layer of wet sand inside the planting holes, then covering and compacting the sand layer with middle-layer soil, watering and fertilizing once, and covering with a mulching film;
(e) disease prevention management: irrigating water immediately after transplanting the stock saplings, applying fertilizers in multiple times after the plants start to root, intertilling and weeding before applying fertilizers, keeping soil loose and free of weeds, wherein the fertilizing time is 5-6 months, 7 months and 8 months, irrigating water in time during drought, pinching when young tips of the stock saplings grow to 10-15cm, so that the saplings grow coarsely, removing sprouts and needles on trunks, and preventing gummosis diseases and red spider and leaf miner pests in time;
(B) target variety grafting treatment
After the saplings are determined to survive, cutting off the upper half parts of the saplings at the positions 20-30cm away from the ground of the main trunk, and taking the remaining parts as stocks for grafting; selecting an annual branch of a target citrus variety which grows strongly and has no diseases and insect pests in spring or autumn, wherein the branch contains 3-4 plump buds, shearing the branch with buds into 12cm as a scion, and carrying out grafting treatment; the grafting treatment method comprises the following steps: beveling the stock for one cut, longitudinally cutting off the top at an angle of 45 degrees, breaking a cut smaller than the scion, sticking the scion to the cut of the stock, spraying the sterilizing liquid on the whole plant, and wrapping the scion with a mulching film; the sterilization liquid is a mixed solution of 800 times of prochloraz and 1500 times of thiophanate methyl;
(C) post-grafting management
After grafting, a plastic bag is used for sealing a grafting opening, when scion buds of the scions grow out, an opening is cut at the top of the plastic bag, and the environmental temperature and humidity of the grafted seedlings are kept at 25 ℃ and 80%; timely pruning the branch buds growing out of the stocks to ensure that the scions are positioned at the topmost ends.
The method is adopted for planting, a large number of stock saplings can be cultivated after two years, the citrus stock saplings grow regularly, the average height can reach more than 120cm, the ground diameter can reach 3.2cm, the survival rate of tree seedlings is 98%, the stock saplings are transplanted and then grafted with target variety scions, the tree vigor can be rapidly enhanced, the production can be carried out 1 year ahead of time, the quality of citrus fruits is guaranteed, the yield of citrus is increased, the yield per mu is increased by more than 35% (compared with the existing method for cultivating citrus saplings for grafting), the fruits on each fruit tree are counted randomly after the fruits are ripe, and the produced fruits are basically the same in genetic genes, consistent in fruit quality and pure in variety.
Counting the incidence of gummosis of the citrus saplings 1-3 years after the rootstock saplings are transplanted, wherein the incidence of gummosis is 13.1% in the 1 st year, 14.8% in the 2 nd year and 21% in the 3 rd year, and the average incidence of gummosis is more than 50% after the ordinary seedlings are transplanted; the soft rot incidence of the citrus saplings 1-3 years after the transplantation is counted, wherein the incidence of the soft rot is 12.3% in the 1 st year, 15.89% in the 2 nd year and 22.4% in the 3 rd year, and is lower, and the average incidence of the soft rot after the transplantation of the common seedlings is more than 53%.
Example 3
A rapid garden building method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings comprises the following steps:
cultivating citrus stock saplings:
(1) selecting and pretreating rootstock seeds: selecting orange and orange stock seeds with high fruiting rate, high sweetness and no plant diseases and insect pests as cultivation objects, soaking the stock seeds in warm water for 1.8h, and then carrying out sand storage treatment in wet sand, wherein the temperature of a sand layer is kept at 33 ℃ and the relative humidity is 17% in the sand storage process;
(2) stock seedling cultivation: in the last ten days of 2 months, the rootstock seeds after being subjected to sand storage treatment for 18 days are taken out and uniformly spread in a cultivation matrix, and the cultivation matrix is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 46 parts of turfy soil, 5 parts of sawdust, 12 parts of fine sand, 8 parts of wormcast, 5 parts of waste skin and hair after pork processing in a slaughterhouse, 4 parts of vermiculite and 6 parts of walnut shell powder; the thickness of the culture medium is 7cm, and the application amount of the seeds is 4kg/m2Compacting and watering after the seeds are sowed, keeping the temperature of the culture substrate at 30 ℃ and the water content at 53%, performing daily management after seedling emergence, and growing for half a year to form a stockThe height of the stock seedling is 40 cm;
(3) stock sapling cultivation: transplanting the cultured rootstock seedlings into soil in a root control device, wherein the diameter of the root control device is 30cm, the height of the root control device is 30cm, and a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied once during transplanting, and the formula of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 18 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 19 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 9 parts of potassium sulfate, 9 parts of manganese sulfate and 4 parts of borax; the fertilizing amount is 150 kilograms per mu; performing daily irrigation, additional fertilization and pest control management after transplanting; after 2 years, the stock saplings with the diameter of 3-4cm are cultivated;
(II) disease-prevention transplanting and scion grafting of the stock saplings:
(A) disease-preventing transplanting of stock saplings to target park
(a) Land selection (destination campus): selecting land with elevation below 1500 m and annual sunshine duration of 1100 hours as a target park;
(b) preparing soil, ridging, digging planting holes: carrying out deep ploughing treatment on the soil of a target garden, applying fermented organic fertilizer to the soil, carrying out rotary tillage, then ditching and ridging, forming a box between two drainage ditches, forming double ridges on the box, and digging planting holes on the ridges; the width of the drainage ditch is 0.6 meter, the depth is 0.6 meter, the width of the cage is 8 meters, the width of the ridge is 4 meters, and the height is 0.3 meter; the diameter of the planting hole is 0.6 meter, the depth is 0.6 meter, and the hole distance is 4 meters;
(c) lifting and transporting: cutting off the part of the trunk of the sapling, which is more than 20-30cm, wherein the cut is required to be smooth, removing a root controller of the sapling root, and keeping the root soil balls from loosening as much as possible during transportation;
(d) planting: cutting off damaged roots and properly cutting off the roots of the rest roots; vertically placing the young trees into the planting holes, paving a layer of wet sand inside the planting holes, covering and compacting the sand layer with middle-layer soil, watering and fertilizing once, and covering with a mulching film, wherein the thickness of the sand layer is 10cm, and the relative humidity is 15%;
(e) disease prevention management: irrigating water immediately after transplanting the stock saplings, applying fertilizers in multiple times after the plants start to root, intertilling and weeding before applying fertilizers, keeping soil loose and free of weeds, wherein the fertilizing time is 5-6 months, 7 months and 8 months, irrigating water in time during drought, pinching when young tips of the stock saplings grow to 12-15 cm, so that the saplings grow coarsely, sprouts and acupuncture on a trunk are removed, and gummosis diseases and red spider and leaf miner pests are prevented and treated in time;
(B) target variety grafting treatment
Selecting a young tree which is good in growth situation, 60-70cm high, plump in terminal bud, 1.2-1.8cm in ground diameter and free of diseases and insect pests as a stock; selecting an annual branch of a target citrus variety which grows strongly and has no diseases and insect pests in spring or autumn, wherein the branch contains 2-4 plump buds, cutting the branch with buds into 10-12cm long serving as a scion, and carrying out grafting treatment; the grafting treatment method comprises the following steps: beveling the stock for one cut, longitudinally cutting off the top at an angle of 40 degrees, breaking a cut smaller than the scion, sticking the scion to the cut of the stock, spraying the sterilizing liquid on the whole plant, and covering the scion with a mulching film; the sterilization liquid is a mixed solution of 800 times of prochloraz and 1500 times of thiophanate methyl;
(C) post-grafting management
After grafting, a plastic bag is used for sealing a grafting opening, when scion buds of the scions grow out, an opening is cut at the top of the plastic bag, and the environment temperature and humidity of the grafted seedlings are kept at 22 ℃ and 72%; timely pruning the branch buds growing out of the stocks to ensure that the scions are positioned at the topmost ends.
The method is adopted for planting, a large number of stock saplings can be cultivated after two years, the citrus stock saplings grow regularly, the average height can reach more than 125cm, the ground diameter can reach 3.5cm, the survival rate of tree seedlings is 98.3%, the stock saplings are transplanted and then grafted with target variety scions, the tree vigor can be rapidly enhanced, the yield can be put into production 1 year ahead of time, the quality of citrus fruits is guaranteed, the yield and the yield of citrus can be increased, the yield per mu can be increased by more than 37.2% (compared with the existing method for cultivating citrus saplings for grafting), the fruits on each fruit tree are counted randomly after the fruits are mature, and the produced fruits are basically the same in genetic genes, consistent in fruit quality and pure in variety.
Counting the incidence of gummosis of the citrus seedlings within 1-3 years after transplanting the stock saplings, wherein the incidence of gummosis is 9.8% in the 1 st year, 13.4% in the 2 nd year and 17.5% in the 3 rd year, and the incidence is lower, while the average incidence of gummosis after transplanting the ordinary seedlings is more than 48%; the soft rot incidence of the citrus saplings 1-3 years after the rootstock saplings are transplanted is counted, wherein the incidence of the soft rot is 10.8% in the 1 st year, 15.4% in the 2 nd year and 19.4% in the 3 rd year, the incidence is low, and the average incidence of the gummosis after the ordinary seedlings are transplanted is more than 62%.
Claims (10)
1. A rapid garden building method for grafting after planting citrus stock saplings is characterized by comprising the following steps:
cultivating citrus stock saplings:
(1) selecting and pretreating rootstock seeds: selecting citrus stock seeds with high fruiting rate, high sweetness and no plant diseases and insect pests as cultivation objects, soaking the stock seeds in warm water for 1.5-2h, and then carrying out sand storage treatment in wet sand;
(2) stock seedling cultivation: in the first ten days of 2 months, the rootstock seeds which are subjected to sand storage treatment for 15-20 days are taken out and uniformly spread in a cultivation matrix, compaction and watering are carried out, the temperature of the cultivation matrix is kept at 28-32 ℃, the water content is kept at 50-60%, daily management is carried out after seedling emergence, the rootstock seedlings grow for half a year and have the height of 20-50 cm;
(3) stock sapling cultivation: transplanting the cultured rootstock seedlings into soil in a root control device, wherein the diameter of the root control device is 30cm, the height of the root control device is 30cm, and a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied once during transplanting; performing daily irrigation, additional fertilization and pest control management after transplanting; after 2 years, the stock saplings with the diameter of 3-4cm are cultivated;
(II) disease-prevention transplanting and scion grafting of the stock saplings:
(A) disease-preventing transplanting of stock saplings to target park
(a) Land selection (destination campus): selecting a land with the elevation of 1500 meters below and the annual sunshine duration of 1000-1200 hours as a target park;
(b) preparing soil, ridging, digging planting holes: carrying out deep ploughing treatment on the soil of a target garden, applying fermented organic fertilizer to the soil, carrying out rotary tillage, then ditching and ridging, forming a box between two drainage ditches, forming double ridges on the box, and digging planting holes on the ridges;
(c) lifting and transporting: cutting off the part of the trunk of the sapling, which is more than 20-30cm, wherein the cut is required to be smooth, removing a root controller of the sapling root, and keeping the root soil balls from loosening as much as possible during transportation;
(d) planting: cutting off damaged roots and properly cutting off the roots of the rest roots; vertically placing the saplings into the planting holes, paving a layer of wet sand inside the planting holes, then covering and compacting the sand layer with middle-layer soil, watering and fertilizing once, and covering with a mulching film;
(e) disease prevention management: irrigating water immediately after transplanting the stock saplings, applying fertilizers in multiple times after the plants start to root, intertilling and weeding before applying fertilizers, keeping soil loose and free of weeds, wherein the fertilizing time is 5-6 months, 7 months and 8 months, irrigating water in time during drought, pinching when young tips of the stock saplings grow to 10-15cm, so that the saplings grow coarsely, removing sprouts and needles on trunks, and preventing gummosis diseases and red spider and leaf miner pests in time;
(B) target variety grafting treatment
After the saplings are determined to survive, cutting off the upper half parts of the saplings at the positions 20-30cm away from the ground of the main trunk, and taking the remaining parts as stocks for grafting; selecting an annual branch of a target citrus variety which grows strongly and has no diseases and insect pests in spring or autumn, wherein the branch contains 2-4 plump buds, cutting the branch with the buds into 10-12cm long branches as scions, and carrying out grafting treatment; 2-3 scions are grafted on each stock;
(C) post-grafting management
After grafting, a plastic bag is used for sealing a grafting opening, when scion buds of the scions grow out, an opening is cut at the top of the plastic bag, and the environmental temperature and humidity of the grafted seedlings are kept at 18-25 ℃ and 65-80%; timely pruning the branch buds growing out of the stocks to ensure that the scions are positioned at the topmost ends.
2. The method for quickly building a garden by grafting after planting the citrus stock saplings according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation matrix is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45-50 parts of turfy soil, 4-6 parts of sawdust, 10-15 parts of fine sand, 6-9 parts of wormcast, 3-6 parts of animal waste fur, 3-6 parts of vermiculite and 5-8 parts of walnut shell powder; the thickness of the culture substrate is 6-8 cm.
3. The method for rapid garden establishment by post-planting grafting of citrus rootstock saplings according to claim 1, wherein the rootstock seeds comprise bitter oranges, orange and tangerine as the seeds of the rootstock.
4. The method for quickly constructing the garden of the grafted citrus rootstock saplings after the planting according to the claim 1, wherein the temperature of the sand layer is kept to be 32-35 ℃ and the relative humidity is kept to be 15-20% in the sand storing process in the step (1).
5. The method for rapid garden building by grafting after planting of the citrus stock saplings according to claim 1, wherein the seed application amount in the step (2) is 2-5kg/m2。
6. The method for quickly building a garden by grafting after planting the citrus stock saplings according to claim 1, wherein the formula of the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer in the step (3) comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 18-21 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 8-10 parts of potassium sulfate, 8-10 parts of manganese sulfate and 3-5 parts of borax; the fertilizing amount is 100-200 kg applied per mu.
7. The method for rapid garden building by grafting after planting the citrus stock saplings according to claim 1, wherein in the step (b), the drainage ditches are 0.6 m wide and 0.6 m deep, the compartments are 8 m wide, the ridges are 4 m wide, and the height is 0.3 m.
8. The method for rapid garden building by grafting after planting of the citrus stock saplings according to claim 1, wherein in the step (b), the planting holes are 0.6 meter in diameter and 0.6 meter in depth, and the hole distance is 4 meters.
9. The method for rapid garden building by grafting after planting of the citrus stock saplings according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the sand layer in the step (d) is 10-15cm, and the relative humidity is 15-20%.
10. The method for rapidly building a garden by grafting after planting the citrus stock saplings according to claim 1, wherein the grafting treatment method in the step (B) is as follows: beveling the stock for one cut, longitudinally cutting off the top at an angle of 30-45 degrees, breaking a cut smaller than the scion, sticking the scion to the cut of the stock, spraying sterilizing liquid on the whole plant, and wrapping the scion with a mulching film; the sterilization liquid is a mixed solution of 800 times of prochloraz and 1500 times of thiophanate-methyl.
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