CN109168865B - Dwarfing and close planting method for zanthoxylum bungeanum - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a dwarfing close planting method for zanthoxylum bungeanum in a top pot, which specifically comprises the technical links of cleaning a forestation land, preparing land and specification, applying base fertilizer, lifting seedlings, processing seedlings, planting, replanting, shaping, fertilizing, protecting flowers and fruits, loosening soil and weeding. The invention realizes the high-efficiency utilization of environmental resources, improves the yield of the pepper, improves the quality of the pepper and realizes the yield and income increase.

Description

Dwarfing and close planting method for zanthoxylum bungeanum

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of pepper planting, and particularly relates to a dwarfing close planting method for zanthoxylum bungeanum.

Background

The half-fallen leaf small tree of the pepper grows naturally and is 2-4 meters high, the fruit, the branch, the leaf and the trunk have fragrance, the bark is green to brown, and the trunk has a plurality of tumor-shaped bulges. The Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a common vegetation recovery species in stony desertification areas, is a plant of Zanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) in Rutaceae (Rutaceae), and is an economic tree species widely distributed in China due to unique edible and medicinal values and ecological functions. Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dintanensis) in Zanthoxylum plants is a variety of Zanthoxylum planispinum, is a unique spice plant with high ecological and economic values in Guizhou karst region, and plays a role in lifting the weight in ecological and economic construction in the karst region. The ecological function and the economic benefit of the overground vegetation are comprehensively considered, the zanthoxylum bungeanum is considered to be a better species selection for ecological restoration in the karst rocky desertification mountain area, and the zanthoxylum bungeanum forest is taken as one of vegetation types selected in the karst mountain area agricultural production or ecological restoration process.

The field visit survey shows that the growth process of the zanthoxylum bungeanum has the following problems: firstly, the tree age is reduced from 10-12 years to 3-6 years, and the felling period is shortened; secondly, the yield of the pepper is generally reduced, and the production enthusiasm and the economic income level of common people are seriously influenced; thirdly, the wild pepper is barren in forest land, and the soil fertility of the forest land is barren due to slow return of nutrients in leaves of the wild pepper, so that the growth and fructification of the wild pepper are limited; fourthly, pepper forests are difficult to form, the number of old and young trees is large, leaves are withered and yellow, and the forest stand function is low in efficiency. The cultivation of healthy and stable zanthoxylum bungeanum artificial forest with sustainable benefit is an important measure for improving soil fertility and land productivity in karst stony desertification areas and controlling water and soil loss and vegetation degradation. Therefore, the innovation and the improvement of the operating technology of the Zanthoxylum bungeanum forest have important practical significance.

In recent years, the zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim shows senescence degradation with yellow flower blooming as a typical mark, the zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim plants which are not senesced and degraded blossom green, the flowering period is about 15 days, and more and full seeds are obtained after flowering. The yellow flower ratio of the aged and degenerated zanthoxylum bungeanum plants reaches more than 30 percent, no obvious time rhythm exists, the flowering phase is about 10 days, and then the zanthoxylum bungeanum plants begin to wither and fall without bearing fruits; usually shoots further from the trunk are yellow earlier and gradually die in the short term. The same pepper plant can bloom yellow flowers and green flowers simultaneously, and the proportion of blooming yellow flowers is gradually enlarged. Along with the increase of the planting time, the range of the top altar pepper for cracking the yellow flowers is expanded. The phenomenon of flowering is not the change of flowering rhythm and phenology, but the typical phenomenon of plant senescence and degeneration. The students consider that the yellow flowers of the zanthoxylum bungeanum in the top altar are related to the deficiency of mineral elements in soil, and the important factor of nutrient waste is that the zanthoxylum bungeanum is not shaped and pruned. Therefore, the improved pepper cultivation technology has important practical value for implementing dwarf and dense planting cultivation.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for dwarf and close planting cultivation of zanthoxylum bungeanum, which can not only improve the yield and quality of zanthoxylum bungeanum, but also realize better water and soil conservation benefit and achieve the unification of economic benefit, ecological benefit and environmental benefit.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:

a dwarfing close planting method for zanthoxylum bungeanum in top altar comprises the steps of cleaning a forestation land, preparing soil according to specifications, applying base fertilizer, lifting seedlings, processing seedlings, planting, replanting, shaping, applying fertilizer, protecting flowers and fruits, loosening soil and weeding.

Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:

(1) cleaning a forestation land; selecting a gentle slope land with good illumination condition, thick soil layer, rich and moist soil, and removing weeds in a pit shape;

(2) land preparation specification: planting points are configured according to a square, the hole distance is 2-2.5 meters multiplied by 2.5-3.5 meters, the hole depth is 25-35 centimeters, the diameter is 25-30 centimeters, and surface soil is backfilled after fixed planting holes are dug;

(3) applying a base fertilizer: applying 0.2-0.3 kg of compound fertilizer and 4-6kg of organic fertilizer into each hole, uniformly distributing the compound fertilizer and the organic fertilizer in the holes, and covering 1-2 cm of soil after application;

(4) lifting seedlings: taking seedlings according to rows, and taking the middle of two rows as a boundary; the soil digging depth is 25-30 cm, and the water content of the soil is up to 30-35% before seedling taking;

(5) and (3) nursery stock treatment: the lower part of the main root of the seedling is cut flat by pruning shears, and the splitting part and the damaged part are removed; grading the seedlings, and planting the same-level seedlings in the same land;

(6) planting: after leaves fall in autumn and before freezing; placing the nursery stock into a planting hole, uniformly spreading and distributing root systems, filling surface soil, slightly lifting the nursery stock and then treading the nursery stock tightly; the upper part is filled with heart soil and then trampled; the root and stem are 2-5 cm higher than the ground, and ridges are earthed up around the nursery stock to make a tree tray; after planting, watering thoroughly, and then earthing up for cultivation;

(7) and (3) supplementary planting: after sprouting and leaf spreading in spring, checking the survival condition of the nursery stock, and replanting the deficient plants, the diseased plants, the residual plants and the dead plants with strong seedlings of the same age, wherein the replanting seedlings and the forest land seedlings keep consistent in growth;

(8) shaping: the height of the fixed trunk is 35 cm during shaping, the height of the tree is not more than 2.5 m, and branches are not overlapped in space; leaving a first lateral branch at a position of 30 cm after field planting, and culturing and forming for 2-3 years; cultivating a trunk of 50 cm after field planting, reserving 2-3 main branches, keeping the base angle at about 60 degrees, and cultivating 2-3 lateral branches on each main branch; uniformly reserving 2-3 main branches of young trees for short cutting in the second year after planting, not cutting other branches, and thinning dense branches, weak branches, diseased branches and rotten branches; gradually thinning out insect-resistant branches, crossed branches, overlapped branches, dense branches and spindly branches after the fruit bearing trees are harvested;

(9) fertilizing: applying fertilizers once in early spring and autumn every year, applying 0.2-0.3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of farmyard manure to each plant each time, applying the fertilizers to an area 40 cm around the root system of the pepper, and covering the fertilizers with soil 1-2 cm after rainfall;

(10) flower and fruit retention: 10 mg/kg gibberellin is sprayed on the leaf surfaces in the full-bloom stage; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate, 0.5% of urea and 0.5% of borax water solution in full-bloom stage and middle-bloom stage; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.5% of urea aqueous solution every 10 days after flower falling; the spraying amount is based on the wetting of the leaf surfaces;

(11) soil loosening and weeding: spring, summer and autumn are respectively carried out; shallow ploughing in spring to a depth of 8-12 cm; the soil loosening depth is 10-15 cm in summer and autumn.

The invention has the advantages that:

(1) the utilization efficiency of resources is improved. The utilization level of the pricklyash peel to ecological resources such as illumination, carbon dioxide and the like can be improved, the space overlapping is reduced, the circulation of air is increased, and the photosynthesis intensity is enhanced through dwarfing, shaping and pruning of the pricklyash peel; can also increase lignification, control plant transpiration speed, adjust soil moisture loss and improve the utilization efficiency of the pepper to water resources.

(2) Improve the quality and yield of the pepper. Through the dwarf and dense planting cultivation technology, the disease and rotten branches of the pepper can be cleared in time, the occurrence frequency and the intensity of plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and reduced, the excessive competition of the branches for nutrients and ecological factors is reduced, the nutrition growth investment is increased, and the effects of improving the yield of the pepper (more than 3 times of that of the common pepper) and improving the quality of the pepper (more sufficient and more durable flavor and numb taste) are achieved.

(3) Reduce the production cost and promote the adjustment of the industrial structure. Through accurate management, resources such as moisture, nutrients, ecology and the like can be efficiently utilized, resource waste is reduced, production cost is reduced, and income is improved. The technology has a powerful pushing effect on accelerating the adjustment of an industrial structure, creating superior agricultural products and developing regional economy in a crossing manner, and becomes a pillar industry for realizing the income increase of farmers and an ecological poverty-relieving industry with development potential.

The method can help to promote the strict ecological conservation and development of the stony desertification region, solve the problem of continuous aging and degradation of the zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim, and consolidate the difficult rocky desertification control result.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further specifically described below by way of examples. The idea of the invention or simple substitution of the same kind of substance falls within the scope of protection of the invention. The ingredients or materials involved in the following processes, unless otherwise specified, are commercially available. The related experimental methods are conventional methods in the technical field if not specifically stated. The numerical values or numerical proportions, if not indicated, are mass values or mass proportions.

Example 1:

the zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings cultivated in the embodiment are from a self-constructed nursery base of zanthoxylum ltd, Zhefeng county, and the number of the zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings produced in the year is more than 100 million.

(1) Cleaning a forestation land: selecting gentle slope land with good illumination condition, soil layer thickness greater than 30 cm, fertile and moist soil and slope lower than 20 degrees, and removing weeds in pit shape.

(2) Land preparation: the planting points are arranged according to a square, the hole distance is 2 meters multiplied by 3 meters, the hole depth is 30 centimeters, the diameter is 30 centimeters, and surface soil is backfilled after the fixed planting holes are dug.

(3) Applying a base fertilizer: 0.3 kg of compound fertilizer and 5 kg of organic fertilizer are applied to each planting hole, the compound fertilizer and the organic fertilizer are uniformly spread in the holes, 1-2 cm of soil is covered after the compound fertilizer is applied, and the root system is not in direct contact with the fertilizer to prevent the root from being burnt.

(4) Lifting seedlings: the roots should be injured less, lateral roots and fibrous roots should be kept as much as possible, and mechanical damage to the stems is reduced. The seedlings are picked up in rows, and the middle of two rows is used as a boundary. Digging from one end to the other end, wherein the digging depth is 25-30 cm, and when the water content of the soil is lower than 10% -15%, enough water is poured one day before seedling taking, so that the water content of the soil reaches 30% -35%.

(5) And (3) nursery stock treatment: the lower part of the main root of the seedling is cut flat by pruning shears, and the splitting part and the damaged part are removed, so that the recovery of the root system and the healing of the root breaking part after the seedling is planted are facilitated; the seedlings are strictly classified, and the seedlings at the same level are planted in the same land, so that the seedlings grow consistently after planting and the management and management are convenient.

(6) Planting: during the period from 8 months to 9 months, the nursery stock is placed into a planting hole, the root system is evenly spread and distributed, surface soil is filled, the seedling is slightly lifted, and then the seedling is trampled; the upper part is filled with heart soil and then trampled; the root and stem are 2-5 cm higher than the ground, and ridges are earthed up around the nursery stock to make a tree tray; after planting, watering thoroughly to make the water content of the soil reach 35%, and then covering soil for cultivation.

(7) And (3) supplementary planting: after the seedlings sprout and leave in spring, the survival condition of the seedlings is checked in time, and the plants which are deficient, diseased, residual and dead are replanted by strong seedlings of the same age, and the growth of the replanted seedlings is consistent with that of the seedlings in the forest land. The replanting rate of seedlings in this example was about 20%.

(8) Trimming and shaping: the pepper is a kind of common camptotheca, has strong branch force, and can ensure sufficient illumination and good ventilation by timely pruning and shaping. The height of the fixed trunk is 30-40 cm during shaping, the height of the tree is not more than 2.5 m, and branches are not overlapped in space. And reserving a first lateral branch at a position of 28-32 cm after the permanent planting. And cultivating a trunk of 40-60 cm after field planting, reserving 2-3 main branches, and cultivating 2-3 lateral branches for each main branch, so as to accelerate the lignification process. And uniformly reserving 2-3 main branches of young trees for short cutting in the second year after planting, and thinning dense branches, weak branches and diseased branches without short cutting other branches. The fruiting tree is usually harvested to gradually remove insect-disease branches, cross branches, overlapped branches, dense branches and spindly branches.

(9) Fertilizing: applying the fertilizer for 1-2 months and 9-10 months every year, applying 0.25 kg of compound fertilizer and 3.5 kg of farmyard manure for each plant, applying the fertilizer within 40 cm around the root system of the pepper, and covering the fertilizer for 1 cm with soil after rainfall.

(10) Flower and fruit retention: 10 mg/kg gibberellin is sprayed on the leaf surfaces in the full-bloom stage; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate, 0.5% of urea and 0.5% of borax water solution in full-bloom stage and middle-bloom stage; spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5% urea aqueous solution every 10 days after flower falling. The spraying amount is based on the wetting of the leaf surfaces.

(11) Soil loosening and weeding: spring, summer and autumn. Shallow ploughing in spring with a depth of 10 cm; the soil loosening depth is 12 cm in summer and autumn, and root damage should be prevented. And after loosening the soil, irrigating enough water, and performing ridging in autumn and winter to ensure that the pepper can safely overwinter.

The average yield of each plant in full bearing period can reach 11.5 kg.

The above are only specific application examples of the present invention, and other embodiments of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention as claimed by using equivalent alternatives or equivalent variations.

Claims (1)

1. A dwarfing close planting method for Zanthoxylum bungeanum is characterized in that: the method comprises the steps of cleaning a forestation land, preparing land specifications, applying base fertilizer, lifting seedlings, processing seedlings, planting, replanting, shaping, fertilizing, protecting flowers and fruits, loosening soil and weeding, and specifically comprises the following steps:

(1) cleaning a forestation land;

(2) land preparation specification: the hole distance of the planting points is 2-2.5 m multiplied by 2.5-3.5 m, the hole depth is 25-35 cm, the diameter is 25-30 cm, and surface soil is backfilled after the fixed planting holes are dug;

(3) applying a base fertilizer: applying 0.2-0.3 kg of compound fertilizer and 4-6kg of organic fertilizer into each hole, uniformly distributing the compound fertilizer and the organic fertilizer in the holes, and covering 1-2 cm of soil after application;

(4) lifting seedlings: taking seedlings according to rows, and taking the middle of two rows as a boundary; the soil digging depth is 25-30 cm, and the water content of the soil is up to 30-35% before seedling taking;

(5) and (3) nursery stock treatment: the lower part of the main root of the seedling is cut flat by pruning shears, and the splitting part and the damaged part are removed; grading the seedlings, and planting the same-level seedlings in the same land;

(6) planting: after leaves fall in autumn and before freezing; placing the nursery stock into a planting hole, uniformly spreading and distributing root systems, filling surface soil, slightly lifting the nursery stock and then treading the nursery stock tightly; the upper part is filled with heart soil and then trampled; the root and stem are 2-5 cm higher than the ground, and ridges are earthed up around the nursery stock to make a tree tray; after planting, watering thoroughly, and then earthing up for cultivation;

(7) and (3) supplementary planting: after sprouting and leaf spreading in spring, checking the survival condition of the nursery stock, and replanting the deficient plants, the diseased plants, the residual plants and the dead plants with strong seedlings of the same age, wherein the replanting seedlings and the forest land seedlings keep consistent in growth;

(8) shaping: the height of the fixed trunk is 35 cm during shaping, the height of the tree is not more than 2.5 m, and branches are not overlapped in space; leaving a first lateral branch at a position of 30 cm after field planting, and culturing and forming for 2-3 years; cultivating a trunk of 50 cm after field planting, reserving 2-3 main branches, keeping the base angle at about 60 degrees, and cultivating 2-3 lateral branches on each main branch; uniformly reserving 2-3 main branches of young trees for short cutting in the second year after planting, not cutting other branches, and thinning dense branches, weak branches, diseased branches and rotten branches; gradually thinning out insect-resistant branches, crossed branches, overlapped branches, dense branches and spindly branches after the fruit bearing trees are harvested;

(9) fertilizing: applying fertilizers once in early spring and autumn every year, applying 0.2-0.3 kg of compound fertilizer and 3-4 kg of farmyard manure to each plant each time, applying the fertilizers to an area 40 cm around the root system of the pepper, and covering the fertilizers with soil 1-2 cm after rainfall;

(10) flower and fruit retention: 10 mg/kg gibberellin is sprayed on the leaf surfaces in the full-bloom stage; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate, 0.5% of urea and 0.5% of borax water solution in full-bloom stage and middle-bloom stage; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.5% of urea aqueous solution every 10 days after flower falling; the spraying amount is based on the wetting of the leaf surfaces;

(11) soil loosening and weeding: spring, summer and autumn are respectively carried out; shallow ploughing in spring to a depth of 8-12 cm; the soil loosening depth is 10-15 cm in summer and autumn.