CN114946510A - Plantation management method for changing eucalyptus forest land into macadamia nut - Google Patents
Plantation management method for changing eucalyptus forest land into macadamia nut Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
- A01G23/02—Transplanting, uprooting, felling or delimbing trees
- A01G23/04—Transplanting trees; Devices for grasping the root ball, e.g. stump forceps; Wrappings or packages for transporting trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for changing the planting management of macadimia nuts in eucalyptus forest lands, which comprises the following steps: (1) soil improvement: digging holes for planting after cutting down the mountains in eucalyptus woodland, adding organic fertilizer and calcium superphosphate when backfilling, and spreading lime; (2) variety mixed breeding: planting Guire No. 1 macadamia nuts and other kinds of macadamia nuts according to a ratio of 9: 1; (3) fertilization management: performing sectional fertilization management on 1-year small trees, 2-3-year small trees, 4-5-year small trees and high-yield trees; (4) promoting flower processing; (5) fruit preservation treatment; (6) irrigation management: irrigating for young trees within 4 years for 2-4 times per week; for trees with the age of more than 4 years, irrigating for 1 time per week from the initial fruit setting stage to the nut filling stage and the autumn tip stage. The macadimia nuts are planted in the eucalyptus woodland, so that the ecological environment problems of water and soil loss, soil fertility reduction, biological diversity reduction and the like caused by eucalyptus planting are solved, and early bearing, high yield and quality improvement and increment of the macadimia nuts can be realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of macadimia nut planting, and particularly relates to a management method for changing a eucalyptus woodland into a macadimia nut planting mode.
Background
According to investigation, after eucalyptus is introduced in China, a plurality of places where eucalyptus is planted, such as natural forests, mixed forests and the like, are damaged in a large range, soil is hardened, barren and desertified, and the growth of surrounding original trees is stopped. The reason is as follows: (1) the water demand is higher: eucalyptus is a fast-growing and high-yield forest, the water demand is high, the underground water level is reduced when the eucalyptus is planted in soil, the soil is hardened after long-time planting, and the desertification phenomenon occurs; (2) the fertilizer demand is higher: eucalyptus has high requirements on fertilizers, and soil fertility is reduced greatly in places where eucalyptus is planted, so that original vegetation is lack of nutrients and dies; (3) hindering the growth of the original crop: the eucalyptus secretes a chemical substance which hinders the growth of other plants during the growth period, and when the eucalyptus is planted in a large range, other peripheral crops cannot grow, so that the ecology is damaged; (4) the application of odor harmful to human body: eucalyptus is non-toxic, but can emit a smell harmful to human bodies, is difficult to clean, and can pollute water greatly, so that people, poultry and livestock can cause great harm after drinking. With the continuous expansion of the planting area of eucalyptus, the tree seed structure is single day by day, and the ecological environment problems of water and soil loss, soil fertility reduction, biological diversity reduction and the like caused by the large-area planting of eucalyptus are solved. The eucalyptus forest is imperative to change into other economic forest trees.
Macadamia nut is also called macadamia nut, is a fast-growing nut originally produced in macadamia, contains rich calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B1, B2 and amino acid, is rich in monounsaturated fatty acid of over 84 percent, has about 70 percent of oil content and 9 percent of protein, enjoys the reputation of 'the queen fruit', has very high nutritional value and medicinal value, and is well received by consumers.
The fourth year of macadamia nut planting can enter a fruit harvesting period, the harvest and harvesting are easy, each kilogram of raw fruits is about 14 yuan, and the deep processing potential is large; the economic benefit is high, the high-yield period can be reached in the seventh year of planting, and the per mu yield value can reach 5600-7000 yuan after the garden with high management level enters the high-yield region; the macadimia nuts are storage-resistant, easy to transport, long in profit period of more than 70 years and wide in economic prospect.
The region suitable for planting macadimia nuts is narrow, the management is extensive, the macadimia nuts are suitable for growth of various soils, but the macadimia nuts grow badly in saline-alkali soil, calcareous soil and poorly drained soil. Because the soil is hardened, the soil fertility is seriously declined and the soil fertility is insufficient when the eucalyptus trees are planted, if the eucalyptus trees are directly planted, the survival rate of the macadamia nut trees is low, the phenomenon of premature senility is easy to generate, and the economic benefit is low. Most macadimia nuts have high self-sterility, and the yield is greatly influenced if the planting layout is unreasonable.
Chinese patent CN105409545B discloses a high-yield planting method of macadimia nuts, the row spacing of planting holes in odd rows is set to be 3-4 m, the row spacing of planting holes in even rows is 4-6 m, the planting holes in odd rows and the planting holes in adjacent even rows are divided into a group in pairs, the positions of the planting holes, close to the land parcel edge, in the even rows in each group are set to form an isosceles triangle with the positions of the two nearest planting holes in adjacent odd rows, then, macadimia nut cutting seedlings of two different varieties are planted in the planting holes with the row spacing of 3-4 m at intervals, and the macadimia nut grafting seedlings are planted in the planting holes with the row spacing of 4-6 m. The method has the following focus on planting spacing and density, and avoids self-sterility by mutually matching the cutting seedlings and the grafting seedlings of different varieties, realizes gene complementation and improves the yield of the macadimia nuts. However, in the long term, the pollination and fruit bearing rate is still low, and the yield can not be increased stably.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for changing the eucalyptus forest land into the macadimia nuts for planting management, which aims at solving the ecological environment problems of water and soil loss, soil fertility reduction, biodiversity reduction and the like caused by eucalyptus planting, can realize early bearing and high yield and quality improvement increment of the macadimia nuts, and has wide economic prospect.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a planting management method for changing a eucalyptus forest land into a macadimia nut includes the following steps:
(1) soil improvement: selecting a small typhoon, a small frost, no water accumulation, a soil layer with the thickness of more than 1 meter, an underground water level within 1 meter, a weakly acidic hilly or plain eucalyptus woodland, digging planting holes with the specification of 80 multiplied by 80 cm after cutting down a hill, adding organic fertilizer and calcium superphosphate during backfilling, spreading lime, fully mixing uniformly, filling soil and building a soil pile 8-12 cm higher than the ground;
(2) variety mixed breeding: planting Guire No. 1 macadamia nut and other kinds of macadamia nuts according to the proportion of 9:1, wherein the height of a seedling is more than or equal to 60cm, the height of a grafting opening is more than or equal to 25 cm; the planting time is 2-4 months;
(3) fertilization management: performing sectional fertilization management on 1-year small trees, 2-3-year small trees, 4-5-year small trees and high-yield trees;
(4) flower promoting treatment: spraying an amino acid foliar fertilizer, boric sand liquid for 2-3 times in the initial flowering period, and spraying the amino acid foliar fertilizer, monopotassium phosphate and urea every 10-15 days after the flowers are withered;
(5) fruit preservation treatment: 2-3 of hormone, gibberellic acid, brassinolide and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate are mixed and sprayed;
(6) irrigation management: irrigating for young trees within 4 years for 2-4 times per week, wherein each tree is 20-30 liters; for trees with the age of more than 4 years, irrigating for 1 time every week from the initial fruit setting stage to the nut filling stage and the autumn tip stage, and planting 130-150 liters of trees each; timely drainage of waterlogging and water replenishing irrigation in summer are carried out on all nut trees in time of high rainfall
(7) Pruning the saplings: and (3) removing sprout tillers: removing buds sprouting from the rootstock part in the early stage after planting, and removing sprouts reserved on bearing branches at ordinary times;
drying and shaping: after planting, pinching at a position 50-60 cm away from the ground, continuously sprouting the upper 3 axillary buds to grow, and respectively carrying out staggered pinching when 3 main branches grow to be 20-30 cm away from the last branch; then, branching is carried out at more than 4 levels according to the method;
short-cut: cutting the branches short;
(8) and (3) trimming and pruning fruit trees: opening a 'skylight': for trees with luxuriant growth and dense crowns, the top of the crown is cut appropriately and the height is controlled;
thinning and shearing: after the fruiting tree is harvested, the stem axes of the fruits left on the fruiting branches after the disease insect branches, dead branches, crossed and overlapped branches, the bare-grown branches in the inner chamber and the dropped fruits are mainly removed and cleaned;
branch pulling: reasonable branch pulling can not only enable the fruit trees to be quickly formed and establish a good skeleton structure, but also is beneficial to dispersing the polarity of the branches and adjusting the momentum of the branches so as to enable the branches to quickly achieve balance, stability and flowering;
(9) and (3) pest control:
firstly, agricultural prevention and control: the management of soil, fertilizer and water is enhanced, a proper amount of load is carried, the tree is reasonably pruned, the robust growth of the tree is promoted, and the disease and insect resistance of the tree is improved; cleaning the garden in winter, cutting pest branches, removing dead branches and fallen leaves, scraping the warping and splitting skin of the trunk and the disease spots of the branches, and burning or burying intensively;
secondly, physical prevention and treatment: according to the biological characteristics of pests, adopting sugar-vinegar liquid, frequency vibration type insecticidal lamps, trunk straw-winding handles, adhesives and other methods to trap and kill or avoid the pests; using insect sex pheromone (sex attractant) to trap and kill pests or interfere mating of imagoes;
thirdly, biological control: the ecological environment of the orchard is improved, and natural enemies such as ladybugs, lacewings, predatory mites and the like are protected;
chemical control is only used when the disease is serious or the population density is high and the damage is serious.
Further, in the step (1), 15 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.5-1 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.5 kg of lime are added during backfilling.
Further, in the step (3), the sectional fertilization is as follows:
fertilizing the small trees for 1 year:
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea;
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 2-3 years:
200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 5-10 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing trees in 4-5 years:
500-1000 g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the bottom of 3 months, 250-500 g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
500-1000 g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 500-1000 g of compound fertilizer and 10-20 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the high-yield trees:
fertilizing before flowering: 1 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 1 month;
fruit retention and strengthening fertilizer: at the bottom of 3 months, 1 jin of compound fertilizer;
fertilizing before fruit: 2 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
and (4) post-fruit fertilizer: at the bottom of 10 months, 20 jin of organic fertilizer and 2 jin of compound fertilizer.
Further, compound fertilizer N-P for 1 month and 10 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 15-15-15; compound fertilizer N-P for 3 and 6 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 20-8-10.
Further, the organic fertilizer is fermented pig manure or humic acid type organic fertilizer.
Further, in the step (2), after planting, timely replanting the same variety of the dead seedling with the plant missing after 25-35 days; and after 45-55 days of field planting, applying water and fertilizer once, and applying 25 g of urea, 25 g of potash fertilizer and 10 kg of water to each plant for watering.
Further, in step (2), the other variety macadamia nut is a combination of No. 695, Jw, OC and A16.
Further, in the step (2), the plant spacing is 4-6 m, and the row spacing is 6-8 m.
Further, in the step (4), the mass concentration of the borax liquid is 0.2%; the mass concentration of the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.2 percent; the mass concentration of the urea is 0.1 percent; the dosage of the amino acid foliar fertilizer is 500-800 times of the liquid.
Further, in the step (5), the using concentration of the hormone is 10-25 ppm, and the using concentration of the gibberellic acid is 10-20 ppm; the concentration of the rutinoside is 0.4-1.0 ppm; the using concentration of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate is as follows: 10 to 20 ppm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. aiming at the current situations that soil hardening, land strength decline seriously and soil fertility is insufficient after eucalyptus is felled by all crops during eucalyptus planting, the organic fertilizer and the calcium superphosphate are applied to the eucalyptus felled forest land before macadamia nut planting to improve the physical and chemical conditions and the biological characteristics of the soil, the soil is cured, the fertilizer preserving and supplying capability and the buffering capability of the soil are enhanced, the sufficient soil nutrient supply of the young period of the nut seedlings is ensured, and a good foundation is laid for early fruiting and high yield of nuts.
2. Aiming at the characteristic that the macadamia nut has self-sterility for self-pollination and fruit setting, by combining soil planting conditions and the soil improvement condition of a forest region after cutting down by eucalyptus, Guire No. 1 with high early-fruiting yield and strong stress resistance is screened out as a main planting variety for improving the macadamia nut, and meanwhile, the other varieties of the macadamia nut 695, Jw, OC and A16 which are close to the flowering phase are mixed and planted according to the proportion of 9:1, so that the pollination and fruit bearing rate of fruit trees can be improved, the economic benefit period is reached 1 year ahead of the fixed value of the conventional grafted seedlings, the single variety planting is realized after the macadamia nut enters the production period to obtain higher unit area yield, the investment year limit is shortened, the higher unit area yield is obtained with the same project investment cost, the market competitiveness is improved, and the sustainable and healthy development of the macadamia nut planting industry is promoted. According to the seed mixing proportion, the fruit trees have good spacing, self-bred infertility can be avoided, good ventilation and lighting effects are achieved, and the technical effect that the nuts are early-fruited and high-yield is achieved.
3. According to the method, the feasible and sustainable development conditions for carrying out macadamia nut planting in the eucalyptus forest land are researched around factors such as terrain topography, soil texture, soil thickness and underground water level, the eucalyptus forest land meeting the conditions of soil pH value, soil thickness, underground water level and the like is selected for carrying out the improvement and growth of the macadamia nuts, and a good foundation is further laid for early fruiting and high yield of the nuts.
4. In the aspect of water and fertilizer management, the organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer are correspondingly buried and applied by researching the nutritional requirements of the nut trees in different periods, and the tip, the green pressing and the flower and fruit retention control of the nut trees are respectively controlled scientifically and reasonably, so that the nutrients can be better absorbed and utilized, and the quality and yield of nuts are improved and increased. By researching the water requirements of the nut trees in different periods and reasonably irrigating, the nutrient absorption can be promoted, and the nut quality is improved.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention will be made in terms of specific embodiments, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments.
Example 1
A planting management method for changing a eucalyptus forest land into a macadimia nut includes the following steps:
(1) soil improvement: selecting a small typhoon, a small frost, no water accumulation, a soil layer with the thickness of more than 1 meter, an underground water level within 1 meter, soil in a faintly acid hilly or plain eucalyptus woodland, cutting a hill, digging planting holes with the specification of 80 multiplied by 80 cm, adding 15 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.5 kg of lime during backfilling, fully mixing uniformly, filling soil and building a soil pile 8 cm higher than the ground;
(2) variety mixed breeding: carrying out mixed planting on Guire No. 1 macadamia nut with the height of the seedling being more than or equal to 60cm and the height being more than or equal to 25cm above the grafting opening, No. 695, Jw, OC and A16, wherein the proportion of the Guire No. 1 macadamia nut to other macadamia nuts is 9: 1; the plant spacing is 4 meters and the row spacing is 7 meters; the planting time is 2 months; after 25 days of field planting, timely replanting the same variety of the dead seedlings with the missing plants; after 45 days of field planting, applying water and fertilizer once, and applying 25 g of urea, 25 g of potash fertilizer and 10 kg of water for each plant;
(3) fertilization management: performing sectional fertilization management on 1-year small trees, 2-3-year small trees, 4-5-year small trees and high-yield trees; the sectional type fertilization is as follows:
fertilizing the small trees for 1 year:
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea;
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 2 years:
200gg compound fertilizer and 40g urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 200g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
200g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 200g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 3 years:
300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
300g of compound fertilizer and 10 jin of organic fertilizer at the bottom of 10 months;
fertilizing trees in 4 years:
500g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the end of 3 months, 250g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
500g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 500g of compound fertilizer and 10 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing trees in 5 years:
1000g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the end of 3 months, 500g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
1000g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 1000g of compound fertilizer and 20 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the high-yield trees:
fertilizing before flowering: 1 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 1 month;
fruit retention and strengthening fertilizer: at the bottom of 3 months, 1 jin of compound fertilizer;
fertilizing before fruit: 2 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
and (4) post-fruit fertilizer: at the bottom of 10 months, 20 jin of organic fertilizer and 2 jin of compound fertilizer;
wherein, the compound fertilizer N-P is used for 1 month and 10 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 15-15-15; month 3 and month 6Compound fertilizer N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 20-8-10;
the organic fertilizer is humic acid type organic fertilizer;
(4) and (3) flower promoting treatment: spraying 500 times of liquid amino acid foliar fertilizer and 0.2% borax liquid for 3 times in the initial flowering stage, and spraying 500 times of liquid amino acid foliar fertilizer, 0.2% monopotassium phosphate and 0.1% urea every 10 days after flower withering;
(5) fruit preservation treatment: 2 kinds of gibberellic acid and rutinoside are mixed and sprayed; the gibberellic acid is used at a concentration of 10 ppm; the concentration of the used rutinoside is 0.4 ppm;
(6) irrigation management: irrigating for young trees within 4 years for 2 times per week, wherein each tree is 20 liters; for trees with the age of more than 4 years, irrigating for 1 time every week from the initial fruit setting stage to the nut filling stage and the autumn tip stage, and planting 130 liters of trees; timely drainage of waterlogging and water replenishing irrigation in summer are carried out on all nut trees in time of high rainfall
(7) Pruning the saplings: and (3) removing sprout tillers: removing buds sprouting from the rootstock part in the early stage after planting, and removing sprouts reserved on bearing branches at ordinary times;
drying and shaping: after planting, pinching at a position 50cm away from the ground, continuously sprouting the upper 3 axillary buds to grow, and respectively carrying out staggered pinching on the 3 main branches when the 3 main branches grow to be 20cm away from the last branch; then, carrying out 5-level branching according to the method;
short-cut: cutting the branches short;
(8) and (3) trimming and pruning fruit trees: opening a skylight: for trees with luxuriant growth and dense crowns, the top of the crown is cut appropriately and the height is controlled;
thinning and shearing: after the fruiting tree is harvested, the stem axes of the fruits left on the fruiting branches after the disease insect branches, dead branches, crossed and overlapped branches, the bare-grown branches in the inner chamber and the dropped fruits are mainly removed and cleaned;
branch pulling: reasonable branch pulling can not only enable the fruit trees to be quickly formed and establish a good skeleton structure, but also is beneficial to dispersing the polarity of the branches and adjusting the momentum of the branches so as to enable the branches to quickly achieve balance, stability and flowering;
(9) and (3) pest control:
firstly, agricultural prevention and control: the management of soil, fertilizer and water is enhanced, a proper amount of load is carried, the tree is reasonably pruned, the robust growth of the tree is promoted, and the disease and insect resistance of the tree is improved; cleaning the garden in winter, cutting pest branches, removing dead branches and fallen leaves, scraping the warping and splitting skin of the trunk and the disease spots of the branches, and burning or burying intensively;
secondly, physical prevention and control: according to the biological characteristics of pests, adopting sugar-vinegar liquid, frequency vibration type insecticidal lamps, trunk straw-winding handles, adhesives and other methods to trap and kill or avoid the pests; using insect sex pheromone (sex attractant) to trap and kill pests or interfere mating of imagoes;
thirdly, biological control: the ecological environment of the orchard is improved, and natural enemies such as ladybug, lacewing, predatory mites and the like are protected;
chemical control is only used when the disease is serious or the population density is high and the harm is serious.
Example 2
A planting management method for changing a eucalyptus forest land into a macadimia nut includes the following steps:
(1) soil improvement: selecting a small typhoon, a small frost, no water accumulation, a soil layer with the thickness of more than 1 meter, an underground water level within 1 meter, soil in a faintly acid hilly or plain eucalyptus woodland, cutting a hill, digging planting holes with the specification of 80 multiplied by 80 cm, adding 15 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.8 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.5 kg of lime during backfilling, fully mixing uniformly, filling soil and building a soil pile with the height of 10 cm higher than the ground;
(2) variety mixed breeding: carrying out mixed planting on Guire No. 1 macadamia nut with the height of the seedling being more than or equal to 60cm and the height being more than or equal to 25cm above the grafting opening, No. 695, Jw, OC and A16, wherein the proportion of the Guire No. 1 macadamia nut to other macadamia nuts is 9: 1; the plant spacing is 5 meters and the row spacing is 6 meters; the planting time is 3 months; after 30 days of field planting, timely replanting the same variety of the dead seedlings with the plants lacking; 50 days after planting, applying water and fertilizer once, and applying 25 g of urea, 25 g of potash fertilizer and 10 kg of water for each plant;
(3) fertilization management: performing sectional fertilization management on 1-year small trees, 2-3-year small trees, 4-5-year small trees and high-yield trees; the sectional type fertilization is as follows:
fertilizing the small trees for 1 year:
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea;
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 2 years:
200gg compound fertilizer and 40g urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 200g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
200g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 200g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 3 years:
300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
300g of compound fertilizer and 10 jin of organic fertilizer at the bottom of 10 months;
fertilizing trees in 4 years:
500g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the end of 3 months, 250g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
500g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 500g of compound fertilizer and 10 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing trees in 5 years:
1000g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the end of 3 months, 500g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
1000g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 1000g of compound fertilizer and 20 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the high-yield trees:
fertilizing before flowering: 1 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 1 month;
fruit retention and strengthening fertilizer: at the bottom of 3 months, 1 jin of compound fertilizer;
and (3) pre-fruit fertilizer: 2 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
and (3) post-fruit fertilizer: at the bottom of 10 months, 20 jin of organic fertilizer and 2 jin of compound fertilizer;
wherein, the compound fertilizer N-P is used for 1 month and 10 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 15-15-15; compound fertilizer N-P for 3 and 6 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 20-8-10;
the organic fertilizer is fermented pig manure;
(4) and (3) flower promoting treatment: spraying 800 times of liquid amino acid foliar fertilizer and 0.2% borax liquid for 2 times in the initial flowering stage, and spraying 800 times of liquid amino acid foliar fertilizer, 0.2% monopotassium phosphate and 0.1% urea every 12 days after the flowers are withered;
(5) fruit preservation treatment: 3 kinds of gibberellic acid, brassinolide and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate are mixed and sprayed; the gibberellic acid is used at a concentration of 20 ppm; the concentration of the used rutinoside is 1.0 ppm; the using concentration of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate is as follows: 20 ppm;
(6) irrigation management: for young trees within 4 years, irrigating for 3 times per week, wherein each tree is 25 liters; for trees with the age of more than 4 years, irrigating for 1 time every week from the initial fruit setting stage to the nut filling stage and the autumn tip stage, and making each tree grow to 140 liters; timely drainage of waterlogging and water replenishing irrigation in summer are carried out on all nut trees in time of high rainfall
(7) Pruning the saplings: and (3) removing sprout tillers: removing buds sprouting from the rootstock part in the early stage after planting, and removing sprouts reserved on bearing branches at ordinary times;
drying and shaping: after planting, pinching at 55cm above the ground, continuously sprouting the upper 3 axillary buds to grow, and respectively carrying out staggered pinching when 3 main branches grow to 25cm away from the last branch; then, carrying out 6-stage branching according to the method;
short-cut: cutting the branches short;
(8) and (3) trimming and pruning fruit trees: opening a skylight: for trees with luxuriant growth and dense crowns, the top of the crown is cut appropriately and the height is controlled;
thinning and shearing: after the fruiting tree is harvested, the stem axes of the fruits left on the fruiting branches after the disease insect branches, dead branches, crossed and overlapped branches, the bare-grown branches in the inner chamber and the dropped fruits are mainly removed and cleaned;
branch pulling: reasonable branch pulling can not only enable the fruit trees to be quickly formed and establish a good skeleton structure, but also is beneficial to dispersing the polarity of the branches and adjusting the momentum of the branches so as to enable the branches to quickly achieve balance, stability and flowering;
(9) and (3) pest control:
firstly, agricultural prevention and control: the management of soil, fertilizer and water is enhanced, a proper amount of load is carried, the tree is reasonably pruned, the robust growth of the tree is promoted, and the disease and insect resistance of the tree is improved; cleaning the garden in winter, cutting pest branches, removing dead branches and fallen leaves, scraping the warping and splitting skin of the trunk and the disease spots of the branches, and burning or burying intensively;
secondly, physical prevention and treatment: according to the biological characteristics of pests, adopting sugar-vinegar liquid, frequency vibration type insecticidal lamps, trunk straw-winding handles, adhesives and other methods to trap and kill or avoid the pests; using insect sex pheromone (sex attractant) to trap and kill pests or interfere mating of imagoes;
thirdly, biological control: the ecological environment of the orchard is improved, and natural enemies such as ladybug, lacewing, predatory mites and the like are protected;
chemical control is only used when the disease is serious or the population density is high and the harm is serious.
Example 3
A planting management method for changing a eucalyptus forest land into a macadimia nut includes the following steps:
(1) soil improvement: selecting a small typhoon, a small frost, no water accumulation, a soil layer with the thickness of more than 1 meter, an underground water level within 1 meter, soil in a faintly acid hilly or plain eucalyptus woodland, cutting a hill, digging planting holes with the specification of 80 multiplied by 80 cm, adding 15 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 1 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.5 kg of lime during backfilling, fully mixing uniformly, filling soil and building a soil pile with the height of 12 cm higher than the ground;
(2) variety mixed breeding: carrying out mixed planting on Guire No. 1 macadamia nut with the height of the seedling being more than or equal to 60cm and the height being more than or equal to 25cm above the grafting opening, No. 695, Jw, OC and A16, wherein the proportion of the Guire No. 1 macadamia nut to other macadamia nuts is 9: 1; the plant spacing is 6 meters and the row spacing is 8 meters; the planting time is 4 months; after 32 days of field planting, timely replanting the same variety of the dead seedlings with the missing plants; after planting for 55 days, applying water and fertilizer once, and applying 25 g of urea, 25 g of potash fertilizer and 10 kg of water for each plant;
(3) fertilization management: performing sectional fertilization management on 1-year small trees, 2-3-year small trees, 4-5-year small trees and high-yield trees; the sectional type fertilization is as follows:
fertilizing the small trees for 1 year:
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea;
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 2 years:
200gg compound fertilizer and 40g urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 200g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
200g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 200g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 3 years:
300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
300g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 300g of compound fertilizer and 10 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing trees in 4 years:
500g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the end of 3 months, 250g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
500g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 500g of compound fertilizer and 10 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing trees in 5 years:
1000g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the end of 3 months, 500g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
1000g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 1000g of compound fertilizer and 20 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the high-yield trees:
fertilizing before flowering: 1 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 1 month;
fruit retention and strengthening fertilizer: at the bottom of 3 months, 1 jin of compound fertilizer;
fertilizing before fruit: 2 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
and (4) post-fruit fertilizer: at the bottom of 10 months, 20 jin of organic fertilizer and 2 jin of compound fertilizer;
wherein, the compound fertilizer N-P is used for 1 month and 10 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 15-15-15; compound fertilizer N-P for 3 and 6 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 20-8-10;
the organic fertilizer is humic acid type organic fertilizer;
(4) and (3) flower promoting treatment: spraying 600 times of liquid amino acid foliar fertilizer and 0.2% borax liquid for 3 times in the initial flowering stage, and spraying 600 times of liquid amino acid foliar fertilizer, 0.2% monopotassium phosphate and 0.1% urea every 15 days after flower withering;
(5) fruit preservation treatment: 2 kinds of hormone and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate are mixed and sprayed; the hormone is used at a concentration of 10 ppm; the using concentration of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate is 10 ppm;
(6) irrigation management: irrigating for young trees within 4 years for 30 liters each plant 4 times a week; irrigating 150 liters of trees with the age of more than 4 years for each tree 1 time every week from the initial fruit setting stage to the nut filling stage and the autumn tip stage; timely drainage of waterlogging and water replenishing irrigation in summer are carried out on all nut trees in time of high rainfall
(7) Pruning the saplings: and (3) removing sprouts: removing buds sprouting from the rootstock part in the early stage after planting, and removing sprouts reserved on bearing branches at ordinary times;
drying and shaping: after planting, pinching at 60cm above the ground, continuously sprouting the upper 3 axillary buds to grow, and respectively carrying out staggered pinching when 3 main branches grow to 30cm away from the last branch; then, branching at more than 4 levels according to the method;
short-cutting: cutting the branches short;
(8) trimming and pruning fruit trees: opening a skylight: for trees with luxuriant growth and dense crowns, the top of the crown is cut appropriately and the height is controlled;
thinning and shearing: after the fruiting tree is harvested, the stem axes of the fruits left on the fruiting branches after the disease insect branches, dead branches, crossed and overlapped branches, the bare-grown branches in the inner chamber and the dropped fruits are mainly removed and cleaned;
branch pulling: reasonable branch pulling can not only enable the fruit trees to be quickly formed and establish a good skeleton structure, but also is beneficial to dispersing the polarity of the branches and adjusting the momentum of the branches so as to enable the branches to quickly achieve balance, stability and flowering;
(9) and (3) pest control:
firstly, agricultural prevention and control: the management of soil, fertilizer and water is enhanced, a proper amount of load is carried, the tree is reasonably pruned, the robust growth of the tree is promoted, and the disease and insect resistance of the tree is improved; cleaning the garden in winter, cutting pest branches, removing dead branches and fallen leaves, scraping the warping and splitting skin of the trunk and the disease spots of the branches, and burning or burying intensively;
secondly, physical prevention and treatment: according to the biological characteristics of pests, adopting sugar-vinegar liquid, frequency vibration type insecticidal lamps, trunk straw-winding handles, adhesives and other methods to trap and kill or avoid the pests; using insect sex pheromone (sex attractant) to trap and kill pests or interfere mating of imagoes;
thirdly, biological control: the ecological environment of the orchard is improved, and natural enemies such as ladybug, lacewing, predatory mites and the like are protected;
chemical control is only used when the disease is serious or the population density is high and the damage is serious.
Comparative example 1
Substantially the same as in comparative example 2 except that in step (2), the seed mixing ratio was 8: 1.
Comparative example 2
Substantially the same as in comparative example 2 except that in step (2), the seed mixing ratio was 7: 1.
Comparative example 3
Substantially the same as in comparative example 2 except that in step (2), the seed mixing ratio was 6: 1.
Comparative example 4
Substantially the same as in comparative example 2 except that in step (2), the seed mixing ratio was 10: 1.
Comparative example 5
Substantially the same as in comparative example 2 except that in step (2), the seed mixing ratio was 11: 1.
Comparative example 6
Substantially the same as in comparative example 2 except that in step (2), the seed mixing ratio was 12: 1.
Comparative example 7
Basically the same as the comparative example 2, except that in the step (2), the conventional grafting and field planting are carried out on the single variety of Guire No. 1 macadimia nuts.
In the above examples and comparative examples:
double-ploughing humic acid type organic fertilizer produced by Guangxi Shang agricultural biotechnology limited;
the calcium superphosphate fertilizer is granular calcium superphosphate produced by Chuming phosphorization limited company in Zhongxiang city;
the compound fertilizer is produced by Standby agriculture group Limited company;
the amino acid foliar fertilizer is a Yishabang amino acid water-soluble fertilizer produced by Italy Xijie group.
Comparative experiment
1. Planting place: the mountain area of the Wuming district of Nanning city is the forest area of the Luhan slope village.
2. Planting time: 10 months-2019 months in 2011.
3. Selecting a land block with the same conditions in all aspects, dividing the land block into 10 areas, wherein each area is 1 mu and the total area is 10 mu, planting the macadimia nuts by adopting the planting methods of examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-7 respectively, and counting the result time and the yield of each area, wherein the results are shown in the following table.
As can be seen from the above table, by using the planting methods of examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 6 of the present invention, fruiting starts in the 4 th year, which is one year earlier than comparative example 7 of conventional grafted seedling field planting, and the plant yield and fresh fruit weight average are significantly higher than comparative example 7; the method for the hybrid planting of the varieties can improve the pollination and fruit bearing rate of the fruit trees. The yield of the plants and the weight average of the fresh fruits in the examples 1-3 are higher than those in the comparative examples 1-6, which shows that the optimal planting effect can be obtained under the mixed planting proportion of the invention.
The above-mentioned embodiments are only for describing the preferred mode of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements of the technical solution of the present invention by those skilled in the art should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for changing the planting of macadimia nuts in eucalyptus forest land is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) soil improvement: digging holes for planting after cutting down the mountains in eucalyptus woodland, adding organic fertilizer and calcium superphosphate when backfilling, scattering lime, fully mixing uniformly, filling soil and building a soil pile 8-12 cm higher than the ground;
(2) variety mixed breeding: planting Guire No. 1 macadamia nuts and other kinds of macadamia nuts according to a ratio of 9: 1;
(3) fertilization management: performing sectional fertilization management on 1-year small trees, 2-3-year small trees, 4-5-year small trees and high-yield trees according to the tree ages;
(4) and (3) flower promoting treatment: spraying an amino acid foliar fertilizer, boric sand liquid for 2-3 times in the initial flowering period, and spraying the amino acid foliar fertilizer, monopotassium phosphate and urea every 10-15 days after the flowers are withered;
(5) fruit preservation treatment: 2-3 of hormone, gibberellic acid, brassinolide and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate are selected to be mixed and sprayed;
(6) irrigation management: irrigating for young trees within 4 years 2-4 times per week, wherein each tree is 20-30 liters; for trees with the age of more than 4 years, irrigating for 1 time every week from the initial fruit setting stage to the nut filling stage and the autumn tip stage, and planting 130-150 liters of trees each; and (4) draining waterlogging of all nut trees in time in the time of high rainfall, and supplementing water and irrigating in summer.
2. The method for changing the planting management of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), 15 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.5-1 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.5 kg of lime are added during backfilling.
3. The method for changing the planting management of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (3), the sectional fertilization comprises the following steps:
fertilizing the small trees for 1 year:
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea;
50g of compound fertilizer and 20g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 50g of compound fertilizer and 5 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the small trees for 2-3 years:
200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 1 month;
at the end of 3 months, 200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea;
200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 40g of urea at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 200-300 g of compound fertilizer and 5-10 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing trees for 4-5 years:
500-1000 g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer in the beginning of 1 month
At the bottom of 3 months, 250-500 g of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer;
500-1000 g of compound fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
at the bottom of 10 months, 500-1000 g of compound fertilizer and 10-20 jin of organic fertilizer;
fertilizing the high-yield trees:
fertilizing before flowering: 1 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 1 month;
fruit retention and strengthening fertilizer: at the bottom of 3 months, 1 jin of compound fertilizer;
fertilizing before fruit: 2 jin of compound fertilizer and 0.5 jin of potash fertilizer at the beginning of 6 months;
and (4) post-fruit fertilizer: at the bottom of 10 months, 20 jin of organic fertilizer and 2 jin of compound fertilizer.
4. The method for changing the planting management of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 3, wherein: compound fertilizer N-P for 1 month and 10 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 15-15-15; compound fertilizer N-P for 3 and 6 months 2 O 5 -K 2 O is 20-8-10.
5. The method for changing the planting management of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the organic fertilizer is fermented pig manure or humic acid type organic fertilizer.
6. The method for changing the planting of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (2), after planting, the same variety is replanted to the dead seedling lack plants in time 25-35 days; and after 45-55 days of field planting, applying water and fertilizer once, and applying 25 g of urea, 25 g of potash fertilizer and 10 kg of water to each plant for watering.
7. The method for changing the planting management of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (2), the other variety of macadamia nut is a combination of No. 695, No. Jw, No. OC and No. A16.
8. The method for changing the planting of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (2), the plant spacing is 4-6 meters, and the row spacing is 6-8 meters.
9. The method for changing the planting management of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (4), the mass concentration of the borax liquid is 0.2%; the mass concentration of the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.2 percent; the mass concentration of the urea is 0.1 percent; the dosage of the amino acid foliar fertilizer is 500-800 times of the liquid.
10. The method for changing the planting management of the macadimia nuts in the eucalyptus forest land as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (5), the using concentration of the hormone is 10-25 ppm, and the using concentration of the gibberellic acid is 10-20 ppm; the concentration of the rutinoside is 0.4-1.0 ppm; the using concentration of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate is as follows: 10 to 20 ppm.
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