CN106818128B - Desert greening planting structure and method - Google Patents
Desert greening planting structure and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106818128B CN106818128B CN201611235746.6A CN201611235746A CN106818128B CN 106818128 B CN106818128 B CN 106818128B CN 201611235746 A CN201611235746 A CN 201611235746A CN 106818128 B CN106818128 B CN 106818128B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of desert greening planting, in particular to a desert greening planting structure and a desert greening planting method. In recent years, local people try to breed crops such as red dates to increase income, but the crops cannot bear drought sand which is hot in summer, and crop seedlings which grow 5-8 leaves are killed by the high-temperature sand. The desert greening planting structure comprises a protective forest arranged on the periphery of a newly reclaimed desert land block, wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops and an economic forest are arranged in the desert land block, the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops are arranged among the wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, and the economic forest is arranged among the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops. The invention adopts a mode of planting melons and fruits by windbreak wheat, wheat is planted before the season of the wind, the height of the wheat is already over 50cm when the season of the wind comes, if frequent climate of sand storm occurs, jujube seedlings and melon seedlings can be protected from loss, the seedling rate is 87% -93%, the effects of windbreak and sand fixation are improved to the maximum extent, and the goal of improving the ecological environment of desert is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of desert greening planting, in particular to a desert greening planting structure and a desert greening planting method.
Background
The Takrama desert is located in the center of the Talima basin in south Xinjiang, is the largest desert in China, is also the tenth desert in the world, and is also the second largest moving desert in the world. The length of the whole desert is about 1000 kilometers, the width of the desert is about 400 kilometers, and the area of the desert is 33 ten thousand square kilometers. The average annual precipitation is not more than 100 mm, and the minimum annual precipitation is only four or five mm; while the average evaporation amount is as high as 2500-. Here, the pyramidal sand dune stood upright 300 m above plain. The crazy wind energy blows up the sand wall, and the height can reach 3 times of the sand wall. The sand dune is lingering in the desert and is influenced by wind, and the sand dune moves frequently. There are also a few plants in the desert, whose root systems are abnormally developed, which are tens to hundreds times more than the above-ground parts, so as to draw up the moisture in the ground, where the animals sleep in summer. In summer, the Takrama is red and hot, the silver sand is dazzling, the sand surface temperature is sometimes as high as 70-80 ℃, the evaporation is vigorous, the ground scenery is fluctuated, and desert travelers often see dim mirage in a long distance. Local people struggle with deserts for many years, various drought-enduring crops are planted for preventing wind and sand and dry, but the seedling protection effect is not ideal. In recent years, local people try to breed crops such as red dates in order to increase income, but the crops cannot bear drought sand which is hot in summer, and in the summer which is not hot, 5-8 leaves of crop seedlings are killed by the high-temperature sand, so that the survival rate is basically zero. At present, desert greening planting methods include a direct planting method without wind prevention and sand fixation, a method of buckling a large cup (plastic or paper) during sowing or in a seedling stage and pulling a windproof net to prevent wind and fix sand before seedling formation, a method of preventing wind and fix sand in a large land block (a protective forest is arranged on the periphery of the land block of more than 30 mu) and a small forest belt, and a planting management mode of a traditional agricultural area is followed to plant and manage a desert area. The method improves survival rate, but has high cost, and cannot generate economic benefit in the current year, and the economic benefit can not be generated in the first 3 and 4 years.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and solves the problems that the high cost of planting crops in newly-reclaimed land in desert areas of Hetian regions is poor in wind-sand prevention and sand fixation effects, the seedling rate and the yield are low, and economic benefits cannot be generated in the current year; the existing technical problems of low survival rate are caused by unreasonable planting structure, improper planting variety, unreasonable water and fertilizer collocation and unreasonable later-period management.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the desert greening planting structure comprises a protective forest arranged on the periphery of a newly reclaimed desert land block, wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops and an economic forest are arranged in the desert land block, the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops are arranged among the wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, and the economic forest is arranged among the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops.
The windbreak and sand fixation crops are herbaceous plants.
In order to generate economic benefit in the current year and have good wind prevention and sand fixation effects, the wind prevention and sand fixation crops are preferably spring wheat in herbaceous plants.
The secondary wind prevention and sand fixation crops are cucurbitaceae plants.
In order to generate economic benefit in the current year and have good wind prevention and sand fixation effects, the secondary wind prevention and sand fixation crops are preferably melons in cucurbitaceae plants.
The economic forest is red date, walnut, black medlar, red medlar, apple, pomegranate, badam, prune and grape.
In order to quickly bring economic benefits, the economic forest is preferably red dates.
The planting structure layout is as follows:
wheat in spring
8 rows of spring wheat are arranged in every 3m in the east-west direction, 1 drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle of every 4 rows of spring wheat, and the row spacing of the spring wheat is 0.1m multiplied by 0.1 m.
② red date
And 2 emitter drip irrigation belts with the row spacing of 30cm and the spacing of 40-50 cm are laid in the middle of each 8 rows of wheat, and red dates with the row spacing of 25-30 cm are sown in the middle of the drip irrigation belts.
③ melon
Sowing melon seeds in drip irrigation zones on two sides of the red dates or on the outer sides of the drip irrigation zones, wherein the planting distance is about 40cm, and sowing is carried out according to the number of 1-2-1 seeds.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the invention, a mode of planting melons and windbreak forests by wheat is adopted, wheat is planted before the season of the wind, the height of the wheat is already over 50cm when the season of the wind comes, the row spacing between the wheat and red dates and the melons is 1.5m, the jujube seedlings and the melon seedlings can be protected from loss if the climate frequently meets a sand storm, the germination rate is 93-98%, the seedling rate is 87-93%, the commodity melon rate is 80-85%, the windbreak sand fixation effect is improved to the maximum extent, and the goal of improving the ecological environment of the desert is achieved. The invention adopts a film-free direct seeding method, namely, a mulching film is not covered, so that the land pollution can be reduced, the planting cost is reduced, and the green and environment-friendly desert ecological environment is achieved. The invention has more outstanding economic benefits, namely the late-maturing muskmelon benefit, the expected average yield per mu of muskmelon is 2 tons, and the market price of the late-maturing muskmelon is obviously higher than that of the early-maturing muskmelon and the middle-maturing muskmelon, the market trend is good, the lower price is 2.5 yuan/kg, and the yield per mu is more than 5000 yuan. According to the analysis of main cost and raw materials of the product, burning consumption, labor and welfare fees, management fees and other fees, the production cost of each kilogram of melons is calculated to be about 0.75 yuan, and the pure income per mu is 3500 yuan; secondly, the wheat effect is achieved, the wheat not only plays a role in wind prevention and sand fixation in the current year and the next year, but also generates certain economic benefit, through the experiment of planting the wheat for many years, the per mu yield of the wheat can reach 350-400 kg, 5040-5760 kg of the wheat can be harvested in 60 mu of field of intercropping, and the income can reach more than 1 ten thousand yuan; thirdly, the economic forest effect, the intercropped planted forest fruits gradually enter the fruit-raising period by the third year, considerable economic benefits are obtained every year after the third year, the dream of poverty deprivation and richness getting of farmers in south China can be realized, meanwhile, the wind prevention and sand fixation effects are good, and the soil evaporation moisture is effectively prevented. Compared with single planting, the intercropping crops save water and electricity, the water and electricity are saved by one third, and the economic benefit and the ecological benefit are obvious.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a desert greening planting structure.
Detailed Description
As shown in figure 1, the desert greening planting structure comprises a protective forest 1 arranged on the periphery of a newly reclaimed desert land block, wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops and economic forests are arranged in the desert land block, the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops are arranged among the wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, and the economic forests are arranged among the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops.
The windbreak and sand fixation crops are herbaceous plants.
In order to generate economic benefit in the current year and have good wind prevention and sand fixation effects, the wind prevention and sand fixation crop is preferably spring wheat 2 in herbaceous plants.
The secondary wind prevention and sand fixation crops are cucurbitaceae plants.
In order to generate economic benefit in the current year and have good wind prevention and sand fixation effects, the secondary wind prevention and sand fixation crop is preferably melon 3 in cucurbitaceae plants.
The economic forest is red date, walnut, black medlar, red medlar, apple, pomegranate, badam, prune and grape.
In order to quickly bring economic benefits, the economic forest is preferably red dates 5.
The planting structure layout is as follows:
wheat in spring
8 rows of spring wheat 2 are arranged in every 3m in the east-west direction, 1 drip irrigation tape 4 is laid in the middle of every 4 rows of spring wheat 2, and the row spacing of the spring wheat 2 is 0.1m multiplied by 0.1 m.
② red date
2 emitter drip irrigation belts 4 with the row spacing of 30cm and the spacing of 40-50 cm are laid in the middle of each 8 rows of wheat, and red dates 5 with the row spacing of 25-30 cm are sown in the middle of the drip irrigation belts 4.
③ melon
Sowing melon 3 seeds in the drip irrigation belts 4 at two sides of the red dates 5 or at the outer sides of the drip irrigation belts, wherein the plant spacing is about 40cm, and sowing is carried out according to the number of 1-2-1 seeds.
A greening planting method for a desert greening planting structure comprises the following steps:
A. protection forest
Adopting a planting method of preventing wind and fixing sand in an encrypted forest zone, and arranging a protective forest 1 at the periphery of a newly reclaimed desert land block of more than 30 mu;
in autumn of the last year or in early spring of the same year, the Xinjiang poplar and the oleaster tree are planted in a crossed mode at the row spacing of 1m multiplied by 1m to form a wind-prevention sand-fixation protection forest 1;
B. wind-proof sand-fixation crop and economic forest planting
Preparation work
(1) Topography: leveling newly reclaimed desert land to reach irrigation and planting conditions;
(2) storing farmyard manure: preparing sheep manure, chicken manure or pig manure according to 2-3 cubes per mu of land on average, adding 25-30kg of heavy calcium into each cube of farmyard manure, uniformly stirring, and composting and decomposing 1-2 months in advance for later use in spring; if the oil residue is prepared according to 200-300 kg per mu of land;
(3) the seed storage is about 25kg of spring wheat 2 seeds per mu of land on average, 0.25kg of red dates 5 seeds per mu of land on average, and 50-60 g of melon 3 seeds per mu of land on average;
(4) seed treatment: insolating the spring wheat 2 seeds, the red dates 5 seeds and the muskmelon 3 seeds for 8 hours in the sun 2-3 days before sowing for later use;
(5) watering the soil moisture on the soles: the water is required to be evenly poured, no leakage is caused, and the water amount per mu is not less than 80-100 cubic meters.
② spring wheat planting
(1) Preparation before broadcasting:
(1) selecting improved varieties: selecting excellent varieties with high earning rate, good single plant productivity, short stalk, lodging resistance, disease resistance, early maturity and compact plant type, such as New spring No. 6, Yongliang 15, Yongliang 17, Ganchun 15 and the like;
(2) a, selecting seeds, wherein seeds marked by 'plant quarantine inspection certificate' are required to be pasted on a package; b. before sowing seeds, the seeds are spread in the sun to be exposed for 2-3 days in sunny days and are often turned over, so that the seeds absorb heat uniformly, the seed activity is enhanced, and the seed germination rate is improved; c. the seed dressing with 20% triazolone missible oil according to 0.2% of seed quantity can prevent and control wheat rust disease, powdery mildew and the like, or 100 ml of 50% phoxim missible oil and 50 ml of 20% triazolone missible oil are adopted, 2-3 kg of water is added, 2 kinds of spring wheat are mixed with 50kg of water, the mixture is evenly stirred and then is piled and braised for 2-3 hours for sowing, and various underground insect pests can be treated at the same time;
(3) sowing time: after the fertilization is finished, spring wheat 2 can be sown at the bottom of 2 months to 3 months;
(4) seeding rate: the amount of wheat seeds sowed in each mu of land is controlled to be 20-25 kg;
(5) and (3) sowing seeds with fertilizer: in the sowing process, 20-25 kg of diammonium phosphate is applied to each mu of land as a base fertilizer of the Fangfeng spring wheat 2;
(6) a sowing mode: setting 8 rows of spring wheat 2 in every 3m in the east-west direction, laying 1 drip irrigation tape 4 in the middle of every 4 rows of spring wheat 2, wherein the row spacing of the spring wheat 2 is 0.1m multiplied by 0.1 m;
(7) sowing quality: the requirements are that the sowing end is straight, the seeds are evenly sown, the stubble is accurately connected, the depth is consistent, the soil covering is good, the compacting is reliable, and the depth is about 3-5 cm.
(2) Field management:
(1) and (3) water and fertilizer management: sufficient water is poured after the spring wheat 2 is sown, the germination rate is ensured, and top dressing is carried out in the early, middle and later stages; fertilizing urea with water about 2.5 kg/mu in one-leaf one-heart period, watering second water 7-10 days after the first water, and dressing urea with water about 3 kg/mu; water supply is guaranteed in three periods of later heading, blooming and grouting, and water filling in windy weather is avoided during grouting so as to avoid lodging; in the later stage of the spring wheat 2, if fertilizer shortage appears, the watering in the heading and flowering stages is combined for dressing urea about 4 kg/mu;
(2) chemical weeding: in 4 ten days in the middle of the month, 150-200 ml of methoxone is used for weeding each mu, and a sprayer is needed to be used in the downwind direction when spraying the herbicide;
(3) chemical regulation and control: for the Wangchun wheat 2 field, in order to prevent the spring wheat 2 from lodging, 100-150 g of chlormequat chloride is applied to each mu before jointing, and the Wangchun wheat 2 field is sprayed for the second time 7-10 days after the first spraying;
(4) preventing dry hot air: in the flowering and grouting period, 50 kilograms of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with the concentration of 0.4 percent is sprayed on each mu of land, so that the harm of dry hot air is prevented, and the spraying is suitable for the morning and the evening; the 0.4 percent potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is prepared by adding 50 kilograms of water into 200 grams of monopotassium phosphate;
(5) and (3) pest control: the diseases and insect pests in the middle and later stages of the spring wheat 2 mainly comprise wheat rust, powdery mildew, aphids, wheat spiders, wheat straw flies and the like;
the prevention method comprises the following steps: a. when the leaf rate of wheat rust disease reaches 1% or the leaf rate of powdery mildew disease reaches 10%, adding 50kg of water into 20% tebuconazole wettable powder or 40% tebuconazole wettable powder per mu for spray control; b. when the wheat has insect pests such as aphids, wheat spiders, wheat straw flies and the like, 30 milliliters of aphid killing oil is added with 30kg of water for prevention and treatment, or 2000 times of 15 percent of fenpropacin is used for prevention and treatment, 45kg of liquid medicine is diluted per mu for prevention and treatment by spraying.
(6) Harvesting: the optimal harvesting period is ten days of 6 months, mechanical harvesting needs one long operation, quality is guaranteed, no cutting is missed, no crushing is caused, threshing is finished, and loss rate is not more than 5%.
Planting red dates
(1) Preparation before broadcast
(1) Applying sufficient base fertilizer: ditching and fertilizing, namely finding a center line at a position 1.5 meters in the middle of two wind-proof sand-fixing belts for spring wheat 2, ditching according to the row spacing of 3m, wherein the ditching depth is about 30-50 cm, the width is about 40cm, uniformly applying fertilizers and decomposed farmyard manure at the bottom of a ditch, the farmyard manure is about 2 cubic meters per mu, and diammonium phosphate is 25-30kg per mu or oil residue is about 100kg per mu, and then sealing and leveling;
(2) laying a drip irrigation tape 4: 2 drip irrigation tapes 4 with drippers at intervals of 40-50 cm are paved on the fertilizing ditch, and the drippers of the drip irrigation tapes 4 are preferably at intervals of 30 cm;
(3) watering the soil moisture on the soles: the water is required to be uniformly and thoroughly poured without flushing or leaking, and the water amount per mu is not less than 80-100 cubic meters;
(4) selecting improved varieties: selecting seeds of the northern wild jujube;
(5) seed treatment: and (3) exposing the wild jujube seeds in the sun for 8 hours 2-3 days before sowing for later use.
(2) Sowing:
(1) sowing time: after the fertilization is finished, sowing wild jujube seeds in the early ten days of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months;
(2) seeding rate: the wild jujube seeds are sowed in each mu of land about 0.25 kg;
(3) a sowing mode: direct seeding, namely, without covering a mulching film, manually or mechanically sowing among 2 drip irrigation belts 4, wherein the planting distance is 25-30 cm;
(4) sowing quality: the requirements are that the sowing end is straight, the seeds are evenly sown, the depth is consistent, the soil covering is good, the compacting is reliable, and the depth is 2-3 cm.
(3) Field management:
(1) and (3) water and fertilizer management: after the wild jujube is sowed, the soil humidity should be controlled to be about 50 percent so as to ensure the germination rate and the top dressing in time at the initial, middle and later stages; 1.5kg of urea is applied along with water in the two-leaf one-heart stage of seedling emergence, and one water fertilizer is applied; after the seedlings are set, the use amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer can be increased, watering is carried out for 1 time about 4 days, and the nitrogenous fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are applied about 4 kg/mu each time; applying 3-4 kg/mu of potash fertilizer in autumn to facilitate the seedling formation of the wild jujube, and pouring enough water in winter after freezing;
(2) and (3) final singling: the wild jujube seedlings begin to set seedlings about 8cm, weak and strong seedlings are removed, and the wild jujube seedlings begin to shoot around 15cm so as to ensure that nutrition is concentrated to the roots of the wild jujube seedlings, which is beneficial to root grafting in the next year;
(3) weeding: removing weeds in the field in time;
(4) and (3) pest control: the disease and insect pest of the wild jujube seedlings in the middle and later stages are mainly red spiders, when the wild jujube seedlings have the red spider insect pest, the pesticide solution containing 2000 times of tetranychus triazoline is used for preventing and treating, 45kg of pesticide solution is used for each mu of the wild jujube seedlings, the wild jujube seedlings are diluted, and 50kg of water is added for spraying to prevent and treat.
Planting muskmelon
(1) Preparation before broadcast
(1) Selecting improved varieties: through planting experiments for many years, four varieties of Jiashizu, hybrid Jiashizu No. 2, No. 86 and No. 17 are selected as main plants, the adaptability is high, the four varieties are arranged from front to back in sequence, the varieties are improved varieties approved by a good variety approval committee of crops in the Uygur autonomous region of Xinjiang, the variety has the characteristics of late maturity, disease resistance, high quality, high commodity and the like, and the company has been planted in desert continuously for three years, and the adaptability is good;
(2) seed treatment: exposing the melon seeds 2-3 days before sowing for 8 hours in the sun for later use;
(3) watering the soil moisture on the soles: before seeding, the bottom water is poured thoroughly.
(2) Sowing:
(1) sowing time: the muskmelon 3 is suitable for sowing when the soil temperature of 5cm stably reaches above 15 ℃, 3 seeds of the muskmelon can be sown in the last 6 th month after the fertilization is finished, and the sowing is carried out by combining local weather forecast and machine selection;
(2) a sowing mode: digging holes in or outside the drip tapes at two sides of the wild jujube seedlings for 3 muskmelon seeds, wherein the depth is about 2.5cm, the plant spacing is about 40cm, and sowing according to the number of 1-2-1 seeds;
(3) seeding rate: the sowing amount of 3 seeds of the melons per mu is controlled to be 50-60 g;
(4) sowing quality: the requirements are that the sowing end is straight, the seeds are evenly sown, the depth is consistent, the soil covering is good, and the pressing is reliable.
(3) Management of seedling stage
(1) And (3) seedling supplementing: seedling emergence can be realized in about 6 days, and after seedling emergence lasts for 2-3 days, seedling inspection and reseeding are finished;
(2) protecting seedlings: placing soil blocks or arranging windbreak on the windward side of the seedlings;
(3) thinning and final singling: when 3 muskmelon seedlings, 2 leaves and 1 heart are planted, one seedling is planted in each hole, weak and strong removing is needed, healthy removing is needed, impurities are removed and pure keeping is needed, and the stems of rejected seedlings are cut off;
(4) weeding: loosening soil, ridging soil and weeding weeds around the melon seedlings by using a hand shovel after the 3 melon seedlings are aligned, weeding for 2-3 times before the 3 melon seedlings extend to the vines, removing the weeds around the sowing holes and sealing the hole openings at any time;
(5) ridging and vine pouring: timely pouring vines when 5-6 true leaves appear in the seedling stage, slightly digging soil on the outer side of a rootstock part when the vines are poured, enabling the soil to form a small groove with the depth of 2cm, then pouring the vines into the groove in a clockwise manner, wiping the 1 st lateral vines and the 2 th lateral vines at the base part of the rootstock part, and meanwhile, cultivating loose dry soil with the depth of about 4cm at the base part of the rootstock part;
(6) reasonable topdressing: the muskmelon 3 is applied with a seedling-extracting fertilizer on the basis of applying enough base fertilizer, and can be applied with the jujube seedlings when 1 leaf and 1 heart are formed after seedling emergence for the first time, but the application of the fertilizer is controlled to be about 1.5-2 kg/mu; before flowering or early bearing of young melons for the second time, 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus compound fertilizer can be applied, and before the melons 3 develop lines and change color for the third time, about 5kg of drip irrigation fertilizer is evenly applied per mu;
(7) watering in time: the first water of the melon 3 is properly controlled in the morning and evening according to the seedling condition and squats the seedlings, when the seedlings have 5 leaves, the water and fertilizer are controlled for one week, the seedlings are rooted deeply, and the situation that the stems grow excessively and are not resistant to high temperature is avoided; the squat seedlings are watered for the second time about 7 days, and the land blocks with larger sand property can be watered for more times.
(4) Pruning single vine
Generally, single vine branches are adopted, fruits are left when 12-13 leaves of 3 seedlings of the melons are planted in the melons, pruning is stopped after the melons are stably seated, excessive pruning is avoided, vine pressing is carried out in the afternoon of a fine day, the melons are uniformly fixed on a melon bed through large soil blocks or hooked branches, the melon vines are pressed once every 4-5 sections for 3-4 times, and the fruit-seated sections cannot be pressed.
(5) Melon with water
The muskmelon 3 is a low-node muskmelon which is generally deformed, so root muskmelons should be removed, when young muskmelons grow to the size of eggs, only young muskmelons with normal fruit shapes, equal length in fruit stems and fresh color and luster which accord with the characteristics of the seed are selected to be left, other young muskmelons are removed to improve the commodity rate, the subsidiary tendrils after the remaining muskmelons are not broken off, the subsidiary tendrils after the remaining muskmelons are broken at one leaf behind the muskmelons, and the subsidiary tendrils and the grandsubsidiary tendrils before the remaining muskmelons are broken off in time so as to avoid nutrient loss and influence on the growth of the muskmelons 3.
(6) Management of fruit enlargement period
(1) Watering and fertilizing are main works of field management in early, expanding, later and mature periods so as to ensure timely watering and topdressing in the early, expanding, later and mature periods; the urea is dripped on early young seedlings by water and fertilizer, the amount of the urea is gradually increased along with the growth vigor of seedlings, the maximum urea in the expansion period reaches 3-4 kg per mu, 2-3 kg/mu of monoammonium phosphate is dripped and applied in the expansion period, and the fertilizer is continuously used for 3 times in 3 days for 1 time, and the urea is poured: the expansion period of the desert melon 3 is about 10 days, and after the expansion period, the use amount of nitrogen fertilizer is reduced; after the pattern is filled in the later period, additionally applying 1kg of nitrogen fertilizer and about 3kg of potassium fertilizer to each mu of land, 1 time in 4 days and 2 times in succession to improve the sugar content of the melons 3; before the melon seeds are ripe, fertilizer is not applied, and the water supply quantity is controlled to be the principle that water is not supplied as long as the melon seeds do not fall down at noon and the melon seedlings do not die; if water is normally supplied, each melon handle is flattened by a pliers or is punctured by a toothpick, so that partial moisture conveyed to a melon body by melon seedlings is blocked, and the melon to be ripe is prevented from being fried or cracked;
(2) scientifically pruning and pressing vines, adjusting the nutrient flow direction of plants, and preventing the melon field from being excessively shielded to cause poor ventilation and light transmission, thereby avoiding various diseases;
(3) the melon 3 exposed outside is covered by tendrils or grass in order to prevent the sun burn by combining the melon pad which is a soft grass or dry fine soil under the melon.
(7) Harvesting at the right time
The melon 3 serving as the outward transport commodity is harvested about 8 years after being ripe according to the requirements of customers, the fruit quality is affected by early harvesting, and the storage and transportation are not endurable by late harvesting. In the picking and transporting process, the mechanical damage is reduced, and the picking and the transporting are carried along. The melons which cannot be transported away should be shaded to avoid solarization, so as to reduce the loss rate. The harvesting time is from late 9 months to early 10 months.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made thereto within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.
Claims (4)
1. A greening planting method of a desert greening planting structure comprises the steps of arranging a protection forest at the periphery of a newly-reclaimed desert land block, arranging wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops and an economic forest in the desert land block, arranging the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops among the wind-proof and sand-fixation crops, and arranging the economic forest among the secondary wind-proof and sand-fixation crops; the windbreak and sand fixation crop is spring wheat in herbaceous plants; the secondary wind prevention and sand fixation crops are melons in cucurbitaceae plants; the economic forest is red dates;
the method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
A. protection forest
Adopting a planting method of preventing wind and fixing sand in an encrypted forest zone, and arranging a protective forest around a newly reclaimed desert land block of more than 30 mu;
B. wind-proof sand-fixation crop and economic forest planting
Preparation work
(1) Leveling terrain: leveling newly reclaimed desert land to reach irrigation and planting conditions;
(2) storing farmyard manure: the farmyard manure is sheep manure, chicken manure or pig manure;
(3) storing seeds, namely storing spring wheat seeds with the average weight of 25kg per mu of land, storing red date seeds with the average weight of 0.25kg per mu of land and storing melon seeds with the average weight of 50-60 g per mu of land;
(4) seed treatment: exposing spring wheat seeds, red date seeds and melon seeds in the sun for later use;
(5) watering the soil moisture on the soles: the water is required to be evenly poured, and no water leakage is caused;
② spring wheat planting
(1) Preparation before broadcasting:
(1) selecting improved varieties: selecting a good variety with high earning rate, good single plant productivity, short stalk, lodging resistance, disease resistance, early maturity and compact plant type;
(2) seed treatment: selecting seeds, wherein seeds marked by 'plant quarantine inspection certificate' are required to be pasted on a package;
(3) sowing time: after the fertilization is finished, spring wheat is sown at the beginning of 2-3 months;
(4) seeding rate: the amount of wheat seeds sowed in each mu of land is controlled to be 20-25 kg;
(5) and (3) sowing seeds with fertilizer: applying a fertilizer as a base fertilizer for the ledebouriella seseloides wheat during sowing;
(6) a sowing mode: arranging 8 rows of spring wheat in every 3m in the east-west direction, laying 1 drip irrigation tape in the middle of every 4 rows of spring wheat, wherein the row spacing of the spring wheat is 0.1m multiplied by 0.1 m;
(7) sowing quality: the requirements are that the sowing end is straight, the seeds are evenly sown, the stubble is accurately connected, the depth is consistent, the soil is covered and the stubble is smooth;
(2) field management:
(1) and (3) water and fertilizer management: sufficient water is poured after spring wheat is sowed, the germination rate is ensured, and top dressing is carried out in the early, middle and later stages;
(2) chemical weeding: weeding 150-200 ml of methoxone per mu in ten days in the middle of 4 months;
(3) chemical regulation and control: for preventing lodging of spring wheat in Wangchun wheat fields, 100-150 g of chlormequat chloride is applied to each mu before jointing;
(4) preventing dry hot air: in the flowering and grouting period, 50 kilograms of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with the concentration of 0.4 percent is sprayed on each mu of land, so that the harm of dry hot air is prevented, and the spraying is suitable for the morning and the evening;
(5) and (3) pest control: the diseases and insect pests in the middle and later stages of spring wheat mainly comprise wheat rust disease, powdery mildew, aphid, wheat spider and wheat straw fly;
the prevention method comprises the following steps: when the leaf rate of wheat rust disease reaches 1% or the leaf rate of powdery mildew disease reaches 10%, 20% tebuconazole wettable powder is used for preventing and treating each mu;
(6) harvesting: the optimal harvesting period is ten days before 6 months, mechanical harvesting needs one long operation, the quality is ensured, no cutting is missed, no crushing is caused, the threshing is clean, and the loss rate is not more than 5%;
planting red dates
(1) Preparation before broadcast
(1) Applying sufficient base fertilizer: ditching and fertilizing, namely ditching between the two windproof and sand-fixing belts for spring wheat, uniformly applying fertilizer to the bottoms of the ditches, and then sealing and leveling;
(2) laying a drip irrigation tape: 2 drip irrigation tapes with drippers at intervals of 40-50 cm are laid on the fertilizing ditch;
(3) watering the soil moisture on the soles: the water is required to be evenly poured, and no water leakage is caused;
(4) selecting improved varieties: selecting red date seeds;
(5) seed treatment: exposing the red date seeds in the sun for 8 hours 2-3 days before sowing for later use;
(2) sowing:
(1) sowing time: after the fertilization is finished, sowing red date seeds in the first ten days of 4 months to 5 months;
(2) seeding rate: sowing red date seeds in 0.25kg per mu of land;
(3) a sowing mode: direct seeding, namely, without covering a mulching film, and manually or mechanically seeding in the middle of 2 drip irrigation belts;
(4) sowing quality: the straight sowing end, uniform seed feeding, consistent depth, soil covering and leveling are required to be realized;
(3) field management:
(1) and (3) water and fertilizer management: after the red dates are sowed, the soil humidity is controlled to be 50% so as to ensure the germination rate and the top dressing in time at the initial stage, the middle stage and the later stage;
(2) and (3) final singling: setting seedlings of red date seedlings about 8cm, removing weakness and keeping strong;
(3) weeding: removing weeds in the field in time;
(4) and (3) pest control: when red jujube seedlings have red spider pests, 45kg of liquid medicine is used for each mu, and the liquid medicine is diluted and 50kg of water is added for spraying to prevent and treat the red spider pests;
planting muskmelon
(1) Preparation before broadcast
(1) Selecting improved varieties: through planting experiments for many years, four varieties of Jiaji melon and hybrid Jiaji melon No. 2, No. 86 and No. 17 are selected as main planting;
(2) seed treatment: exposing the melon seeds in the sun for 8 hours 2-3 days before sowing for later use;
(3) watering the soil moisture on the soles: before seeding, thoroughly watering the bottom water;
(2) sowing:
(1) sowing time: sowing when the muskmelon is suitable for 5cm soil temperature and stably reaches above 15 ℃, sowing muskmelon seeds in the last 6 th of month after fertilization is finished, and sowing by combining local weather forecast and machine selection;
(2) a sowing mode: digging holes on the inner side or the outer side of a drip pipe belt at two sides of the red date seedlings for sowing the melon seeds;
(3) seeding rate: controlling the seed sowing quantity of the muskmelon seeds to be 50-60 g per mu of land;
(4) sowing quality: the straight sowing end, uniform seed feeding, consistent depth, soil covering and leveling are required to be realized;
(3) management of seedling stage
(1) And (3) seedling supplementing: seedling emergence can be realized in about 6 days, and after seedling emergence lasts for 2-3 days, seedling inspection and reseeding are finished;
(2) protecting seedlings: placing soil blocks or arranging windbreak on the windward side of the seedlings;
(3) thinning and final singling: when 2 leaves and 1 heart of the melon seedlings are planted, one seedling is planted in each hole, weak and strong seedlings are removed, diseases are removed, healthy seedlings are left, impurities are removed, pure seedlings are left, and the stems of rejected seedlings are cut off;
(4) weeding: loosening soil and ridge soil around melon seedlings by shoveling the melon seedlings with hands after the melon seedlings are completely grown, weeding for 2-3 times before the melon seedlings extend to vines, removing weeds around sowing holes and sealing hole openings at any time;
(5) ridging and vine pouring: timely pouring tendrils when 5-6 true leaves appear in the seedling stage;
(6) reasonable topdressing: applying a seedling extracting fertilizer to the muskmelon on the basis of applying enough base fertilizer;
(7) watering in time: properly controlling water and squatting seedlings in the morning and evening according to the seedling condition of the first water of the melons;
(4) pruning single vine
Adopting single vine branch padding, retaining fruits when 12-13 leaves of melon seedlings are planted, stopping pruning after the melon is stably seated, and avoiding excessive pruning;
(5) melon with water
The muskmelon is a low-node muskmelon which is deformed, and only a young muskmelon which has a normal fruit shape, a long stem and a fresh color and luster and accords with the characteristics of the muskmelon is selected;
(6) management of fruit enlargement period
(1) Watering and fertilizing are main works of early, expanding and later-stage field management to ensure timely watering and topdressing in the early, expanding and later stages;
(2) scientifically pruning and pressing vines, adjusting the nutrient flow direction of plants, preventing the melon field from being excessively shielded, causing poor ventilation and light transmission, and avoiding various diseases;
(3) the melon is covered by turning over the melon, so that the appearance of the fruit is attractive, the color is uniform, the sugar content of the shady side is improved, the melon pads are arranged under the melon by combining the melon turning over, the melon pads are soft grass or dry fine soil, and the melon exposed outside is covered by leaf vines or grass in order to prevent the sun burn;
(7) harvesting at the right time
The melon is ripe and controlled to be 8-degree harvested, the fruit quality can be influenced by early harvesting, and the melon cannot be stored and transported by late harvesting; in the picking and transporting process, the mechanical damage is reduced, and the picking and the transporting are carried along; the melon which can not be transported is shaded, and the solarization is avoided, so that the loss rate is reduced.
2. A method for planting green in a desert area as in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the economic forest can also be one of walnut, black wolfberry, red wolfberry, apple, pomegranate, almond, prune and grape.
3. A method for planting green in a desert area as in claim 1, wherein the planting structure is arranged as follows:
wheat in spring
Arranging 8 rows of spring wheat in every 3m in the east-west direction, laying 1 drip irrigation tape in the middle of every 4 rows of spring wheat, wherein the row spacing of the spring wheat is 0.1m multiplied by 0.1 m;
② red date
Laying dripper drip irrigation belts with the row spacing of 30cm and the spacing of 40-50 cm in the middle of every 8 rows of spring wheat, and sowing red dates with the row spacing of 25-30 cm in the middle of the drip irrigation belts;
③ melon
Sowing melon seeds in the drip irrigation zone or outside the drip irrigation zone at two sides of the red dates at a plant spacing of 40cm, and sowing seeds according to the number of 1-2-1 seeds.
4. A method for planting green in a desert area as in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the protection forest in the A is formed by cross planting of Xinjiang poplar and elaeagnus angustifolia with a row spacing of 1m multiplied by 1m in autumn or early spring of the same year.
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| CN104686280A (en) * | 2015-03-25 | 2015-06-10 | 上海交通大学 | Method for planting grapes and interplanting grain crops such as wheat |
| CN104982194A (en) * | 2015-06-25 | 2015-10-21 | 新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所 | Corn interplanting method after harvesting wheat among fruit forest in southern Xinjiang area |
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