CN113079992A - Cultivation method for interplanting Chinese wolfberry and alfalfa - Google Patents
Cultivation method for interplanting Chinese wolfberry and alfalfa Download PDFInfo
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- CN113079992A CN113079992A CN202110473871.5A CN202110473871A CN113079992A CN 113079992 A CN113079992 A CN 113079992A CN 202110473871 A CN202110473871 A CN 202110473871A CN 113079992 A CN113079992 A CN 113079992A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for interplanting alfalfa in medlar, which is characterized in that alfalfa is interplanted among medlar lines for field planting, the alfalfa is cut 2-5 times per year, the cut alfalfa is smashed and rolled over to be applied in green manure fields, the root of the alfalfa is smashed and rolled over when the last alfalfa is cut in the 3 rd year of interplanting, and the alfalfa is interplanted again in the next year. According to the method, the Chinese wolfberry and the alfalfa are interplanted, so that the soil nutrient and the fertility of the soil are improved, the using amount of a chemical fertilizer is reduced, and the yield and the quality of the Chinese wolfberry are effectively improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of agriculture and forestry cultivation, in particular to a cultivation technology suitable for medlar interplanting in northwest regions.
Background
The medlar industry is a characteristic dominant industry in northwest China, the yield, sales volume and export volume all live at the top of the world, and the medlar industry is a pillar industry for ecological management, labor employment, poverty removal and people enrichment in the region at present. Mainly uses the largest planting area in areas of Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang, inner Mongolia and the like, and forms an industrial layout of a Zhongning medlar core area, a Ningxia medlar as a radiation area, and a regional medlar driving area of Qinghai, Gansu, inner Mongolia and the like. In recent years, the quality of the medlar is reduced year by year due to the influence of the problems of climate and land force reduction. Aiming at solving the ecological environment of the main production area of the medlar and improving the land productivity, the method is one of the problems to be solved urgently at present.
In agricultural practice, the symbiotic nitrogen fixation effect of leguminous plants is utilized by human beings for hundreds of years voluntarily or involuntarily, and the method has extremely important significance in soil fertility improvement, yield increase and quality improvement. The alfalfa belongs to perennial alfalfa plants, is a high-yield and high-quality pasture recognized in the world, and has the advantages of strong stress resistance, high yield, mowing resistance, field fertilizing, water and soil conservation and the like. The alfalfa has a developed root system, can enrich and increase soil nutrients, activate and update soil organic matters, improve the composition of the soil organic matters, increase the quantity of tightly-combined soil humus, improve the nitrogen supply capability of the soil, and can effectively control water and soil loss, resist drought and preserve soil moisture. In conventional cultivation, the crops are mostly intercropped and interplanted with alfalfa.
At present, the Chinese wolfberry planting area is increased year by year in China, most Chinese wolfberry planting enterprises and farmers excessively apply chemical fertilizers, pesticides and the like for pursuing higher economic benefits, and the planting mode causes a series of problems of land fertility reduction, aggravation of soil salinization, serious plant diseases and insect pests, frequent yellowing and withering of Chinese wolfberry leaves, small Chinese wolfberry fruit particles, short fruit picking duration and the like. Meanwhile, a large amount of fertilizer resources are wasted, the problems of underground water and agricultural non-point source pollution, medlar yield reduction, quality reduction and the like are aggravated, and therefore the deterioration of the medlar producing area environment in the region is accelerated. Therefore, the traditional cultivation method for planting the Chinese wolfberry is improved, and schemes such as interplanting are tried, but researches on interplanting of the alfalfa in the Chinese wolfberry garden are less, and a perfect cultivation method for interplanting the Chinese wolfberry and the alfalfa is not formed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a cultivation technology capable of effectively improving the yield and quality of medlar.
In order to achieve the purpose, the cultivation method for interplanting the Chinese wolfberry and the alfalfa is characterized in that the alfalfa is interplanted among Chinese wolfberry plants to be planted in the field, the alfalfa is cut 2-5 times every year, the harvested alfalfa is smashed and rolled over to be applied to a green manure field, the root of the alfalfa is smashed and rolled over when the alfalfa is cut for the last time in the 3 rd year of interplanting, and the alfalfa is interplanted again in the next year.
Further, the specific method for cutting the alfalfa annually comprises the following steps: cutting all alfalfa after picking the summer fruits of the Chinese wolfberry, keeping the pile for 5cm to enable the alfalfa to continue growing, smashing the cut alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator, applying a part of alfalfa as a green manure in a turning and pressing mode, and covering the rest of alfalfa among the Chinese wolfberry plants; and after the autumn fruits of the Chinese wolfberry are picked, cutting all the alfalfa without leaving piles, turning over and applying a part of alfalfa as a green manure, and covering the rest of alfalfa among the Chinese wolfberry lines. The method can save labor cost, prevent and control diseases and pests, and improve water retention and soil moisture conservation of soil on the basis of ensuring the yield and quality of the medlar.
Or cutting the alfalfa by adopting the following method every year: cutting the alfalfa when the alfalfa grows to the height of 30cm, keeping the pile for 5cm to enable the alfalfa to continue to grow, smashing the cut alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator, and applying the smashed alfalfa as green manure; and (4) mowing for 4-5 times every year, and when mowing for the last time, not leaving a pile, and smashing the harvested alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator and covering the smashed alfalfa among the Chinese wolfberry lines. The method has the advantages that the number of times of mowing is relatively large every year, the labor cost is improved, and the yield and the quality of the medlar are better.
Furthermore, the cultivation method selects the medlar tree age to be more than 3 years, the medlar plant spacing is between 1.0 and 1.3 meters, the row spacing is between 2.2 and 2.8 meters, a fertilizing manual operation area is reserved between medlar rows, and the alfalfa is sown in the rest open space in a drilling mode.
Specifically, a 35 cm fertilization manual operation area is reserved between the medlar rows.
The cultivation method adopts the conventional fertilization technology and field management on the medlar, but the decrement is carried out when the field nitrogen fertilizer is applied: the usage amount of the nitrogen fertilizer applied in the field is 60 percent of the fertilizing amount of the medlar planted singly.
Further, the interplanting of the alfalfa adopts a drilling mode: 4-5 rows of medlar are sowed among rows, the row spacing is 20cm, and the sowing depth is 2 cm.
Meanwhile, the cultivation method of the invention replenishes alfalfa in the next year of interplanting: and (4) beginning to sprout in the last ten days of April, and after the first water irrigation is finished for 4-5 days, performing the reseeding after shallow soil turning in the place where no seedling emerges, wherein the reseeding mode is broadcast sowing.
In order to be suitable for planting in northwest region, the variety of the alfalfa is alfalfa Qingda No. 1.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the alfalfa is perennial leguminous plant, and can be used for reseeding in places without seedling emergence in the next year without repeated sowing every year. The alfalfa seeds are less in dosage, low in planting cost, high in growth speed, large in grass yield and convenient to manage in the field.
2. The alfalfa grows quickly, has large coverage, is tightly attached to the ground surface, competes with weeds for light, heat, water, gas and other resources in a farmland to inhibit the growth of the weeds, and saves the cost of weeding for turning over the field by 300 yuan/mu every year.
3. By interplanting alfalfa, the biological diversity in the medlar field can be improved, the number of natural enemies can be increased, and the occurrence of diseases and insect pests of medlar can be reduced, so that the use of pesticides is reduced, and the pesticide residue of medlar fruits is reduced. After alfalfa is interplanted, medlar aphids, red gall midge, thrips and root rot are effectively controlled.
4. By interplanting the alfalfa, the microclimate of the farmland can be effectively improved, the water and soil loss can be controlled, and the drought resistance and the soil moisture conservation can be realized. Due to the penetrating action of the root system of the alfalfa, the large pores of the soil are criss-cross, so that the water permeability of the soil is increased; the structure of the soil is improved, the water retention of the soil is increased, surface runoff can be reduced when the ground is covered with crops in rainfall, a large amount of rainwater is trapped, the air humidity of the field is increased, and the air temperature and the ground temperature are obviously reduced. In high-temperature weather in summer, the temperature of the land in which the alfalfa is interplanted is obviously reduced by 3 ℃, and the volume water content of the soil is improved by 5 to 8 percent. The growth vigor of the tested medlar tree interplanted with alfalfa is obviously better than that of the medlar land which is not interplanted.
5. The invention researches the cutting mode and treatment of the alfalfa when the medlar is interplanted with the alfalfa, replaces the conventional treatment mode of interplanting the alfalfa and harvesting the alfalfa with the mode of turning over and pressing and fertilizing after harvesting as the pasture, and can effectively improve the yield and the quality of the medlar.
6. The method provided by the invention has the advantages that the medlar and the alfalfa are interplanted, so that the soil nutrient and the fertility of the soil are improved, and the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced. The planting of the alfalfa can improve the nitrogen effectiveness and can improve the total nitrogen and total phosphorus content of the soil. After the alfalfa is turned over and pressed to decay, the contents of soil organic matters, available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and trace elements can be improved, and the salinization degree of soil is reduced: after fertilization is finished, the ammonia volatilization amount of farmland is measured by using a ventilation type ammonia capture method, the ammonia volatilization amount of the sown alfalfa is obviously lower than that of the alfalfa which is not interplanted, the fertilizer utilization rate is improved, and the nitrogen loss is reduced. The electric conductivity and the pH value of the soil are reduced by interplanting the alfalfa; in the dormancy stage of the medlar, the alfalfa is interplanted to improve the chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate of the medlar leaves.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a field in which Lucerne is interplanted in Lycium chinense in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the comparison of ammonia volatilization rates of farmland with single lycium barbarum and alfalfa interplanting in lycium barbarum after fertilization for 5 months and 2 days in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the comparison of ammonia volatilization rates of farmland with single plants of Lycium barbarum and alfalfa interplanting in Lycium barbarum after fertilization of 29 days after 5 months in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the comparison of ammonia volatilization rates of farmland with single plants of Lycium barbarum and alfalfa interplanting after fertilization of 29 days after 7 months in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a photograph of field cultivation of interplanting alfalfa with Lycium barbarum as in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a photograph of the harvested autumn fruits with fructus Lycii and alfalfa interplanted in example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and the specific embodiments.
Example 1
The cultivation technology for interplanting the Chinese wolfberry and the alfalfa comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a medlar land: the medlar variety is a high-quality medlar variety with high quality, strong stress resistance, wide adaptability and good economical efficiency. The age of the Chinese wolfberry trees is three years or more, the planting distance of the Chinese wolfberry trees is 1.0-1.3 meters, the row distance of the Chinese wolfberry trees is 2.2-2.8 meters, the convenience in managing field farming activities is ensured, and meanwhile, an empty space is reserved for the growth of alfalfa.
(2) And (3) field management of the medlar:
fertilizing: and conventional fertilization technology and conventional field management are adopted.
Applying base fertilizer, and applying 3000kg of high-quality rotten farmyard manure per mu of grown-up trees before irrigating winter water in the last 10 to last 11 months or after thawing in spring. 30kg of urea, 15kg of diammonium phosphate, 20kg of diammonium phosphate, 15kg of potassium chloride and 20kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu from the middle ten days of April to the upper ten days of May in the coming year, and from the middle 7 month to the middle 8 month (N-P)2O5-K215-15-15) of O, and 30kg of the catalyst. The application amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer in the medlar field is sixty percent of the original application amount, the fertilization is concentrated on the manual fertilization operation belt, and the alfalfa planting is not independently fertilized.
And (3) irrigation: irrigating after fertilizing, and irrigating once in 15 days of fruit picking period.
Garden turning, intertillage and weeding: and (4) in the last 3-4 months, the spring garden is ploughed shallowly, the ploughing depth is 10-15 cm, and then the interplanting of the alfalfa in the step (3) is carried out. Weeding is carried out once in 5 months, 6 months, 7 months and 8 months respectively, and the depth of intertillage is 8 cm-10 cm. And (4) turning over and drying the autumn garden in the late 8 th to middle 10 th months, wherein the ploughing depth is 20cm to 25cm, and the lower part of the crown is slightly shallow so as to avoid damaging roots.
(3) Seed selection and interplanting of alfalfa:
seed selection: the variety-alfalfa Qingda No. 1 suitable for being planted in northwest areas is selected, the seed purity is not lower than 95%, and the germination rate is not lower than 95%.
Sowing time of alfalfa: and after the first water is poured in the middle ten days to the first ten days of May, waiting for 4-5 days, ploughing the whole garden, leveling the land and sowing. And reserving a 35 cm fertilization manual operation area between the Chinese wolfberry rows, and sowing alfalfa in the rest open lands. A drill seeding mode is adopted, 4-5 rows are sowed, the row spacing is 20cm, the sowing depth is about 2cm, and the planting density is 2 kg/mu. As shown in figure 1, the field cultivation is shown in figure 5.
(4) And (3) medlar pest control: the diseases and insect pests of the medlar mainly comprise medlar aphids, medlar gall mites, medlar psylla, medlar thrips, medlar black fruit disease, medlar root rot, medlar powdery mildew and the like, and the comprehensive prevention and control are carried out by adopting a method of combining physical prevention and control, biological prevention and control and medicament prevention and control mainly.
(5) Alfalfa later-stage management and turning:
the irrigation of the alfalfa and the irrigation of the Chinese wolfberry are carried out simultaneously, weeds in rows are cleared manually in time within one month after the alfalfa is sown, only the weeds in the Chinese wolfberry plants need to be cleared in time after the alfalfa grows, and the labor cost is saved.
Turning and pressing: cutting the alfalfa when the alfalfa grows to a height of 30cm, keeping the pile for 5cm to enable the alfalfa to continue to grow, smashing the cut alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator, and applying the smashed alfalfa as green manure; and (4) mowing for 4-5 times every year, and when mowing for the last time, not leaving a pile, and smashing the harvested alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator and covering the smashed alfalfa among the Chinese wolfberry lines.
And (3) complementing seeds: in the middle ten days of April, the alfalfa grows by breaking the soil, and after 4-5 days after the first water irrigation is finished, the seeds are reseeded after shallow soil turning in the places without seedlings, wherein the reseeding mode is broadcast sowing.
Removing roots: taking three-year-old alfalfa as an example, the depth of the root of the alfalfa is about 30cm generally, and after the alfalfa grows for three years, the root of the alfalfa needs to be removed in time, so that the alfalfa and the roots of the Chinese wolfberry can be prevented from robbing the Chinese wolfberry for needed nutrients and water. The specific operation method comprises the following steps: and when the medlar and the alfalfa are interplanted for the third year, smashing and turning over the root of the alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator after the medlar is picked in autumn (in the middle and last ten days of 10 months). And sowing again in the next year.
The cultivation mode of interplanting alfalfa is adopted in this embodiment, after fertilization each time, utilize the air-passing ammonia capture method to measure its farmland ammonia volatilization volume, plant the chinese wolfberry alone and use traditional chemical fertilizer volume (100% chemical fertilizer group), plant the chinese wolfberry alone and use 60% traditional chemical fertilizer volume (60% chemical fertilizer group) and the interplanting alfalfa that this embodiment adopted and use 60% traditional chemical fertilizer volume (60% chemical fertilizer + alfalfa group) to compare respectively, as shown in figure 2, 3, 4, behind the interplanting alfalfa, can effectively reduce the fertilization volume, and ammonia volatilization volume is obviously less than planting the chinese wolfberry alone (not interplanted), the utilization ratio of fertilizer has been improved, nitrogen loss has been reduced.
Meanwhile, after the medlar is planted independently and the alfalfa is interplanted by the method, soil nutrients are compared, and the following table 1 shows:
TABLE 1 comparison of soil nutrients of interplanting alfalfa with medlar and a single medlar
As can be seen from the table above, after the alfalfa is interplanted and the fertilizer is turned over, the contents of the soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, organic matters, available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like can be effectively improved.
Compared with the yield and quality of the Chinese wolfberry harvested by interplanting in the embodiment and the Chinese wolfberry harvested by singly planting in the prior art, the total yield in the first year is increased by 14 percent compared with the yield harvested by singly planting, and the yield is increased by 21 percent in the second year; meanwhile, the quality ratio of the medlar harvested in the first year is shown in the following table 2, and the weight of the fresh fruits per hundred grains is obviously increased.
TABLE 2 comparison of the hundred-grain weight of interplanting alfalfa with wolfberry and single species
TABLE 3 comparison of growth of alfalfa interplanting of Lycium barbarum with single Lycium barbarum
Example 2
The cultivation method of interplanting alfalfa is the same as that of example 1, but the cultivation method is different from the method of rolling alfalfa. The pressing manner of this embodiment is as follows:
turning and pressing: and (3) cutting the alfalfa in the maturation period of the summer fruits, keeping the pile for 5cm, smashing the harvested alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator, applying partial green manure in a turning way (about two thirds), and covering the rest part (about one third) between the Chinese wolfberry plants to smash and turn the harvested alfalfa to the artificial fertilization operating zone by using the rotary cultivator. After the next crop grows out, cutting the alfalfa again in the mature period of autumn fruits (as shown in figure 6), smashing part (about two thirds) and turning over to the fertilization belt, and covering the rest part (one third) among the Chinese wolfberry lines.
The turn-over and press mode that this embodiment adopted only needs to carry out 2 times of mowing to alfalfa annually, can effectively practice thrift the cost of labor. After the cultivation method for interplanting the alfalfa is adopted, the total yield of the Chinese wolfberry in the first year is kept equal to that of the Chinese wolfberry planted alone, the total yield is increased by 23% in the second year, and meanwhile, the weight of the fresh fruit in hundred grains is obviously increased.
Claims (9)
1. The cultivation method is characterized in that alfalfa is interplanted among medlar lines for field planting, the alfalfa is cut 2-5 times every year, the cut alfalfa is smashed and rolled over to be applied to a green manure field, the root of the alfalfa is smashed and rolled over when the last alfalfa is cut in the 3 rd year of interplantation, and the alfalfa is interplanted again in the next year.
2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the specific method for cutting alfalfa every year is as follows: cutting all alfalfa after picking the summer fruits of the Chinese wolfberry, keeping the pile for 5cm to enable the alfalfa to continue growing, smashing the cut alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator, applying a part of alfalfa as a green manure in a turning and pressing mode, and covering the rest of alfalfa among the Chinese wolfberry plants; and after the autumn fruits of the Chinese wolfberry are picked, cutting all the alfalfa without leaving piles, turning over and applying a part of alfalfa as a green manure, and covering the rest of alfalfa among the Chinese wolfberry lines.
3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the specific method for cutting alfalfa every year is as follows: cutting the alfalfa when the alfalfa grows to the height of 30cm, keeping the pile for 5cm to enable the alfalfa to continue to grow, smashing the cut alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator, and applying the smashed alfalfa as green manure; and (4) mowing for 4-5 times every year, and when mowing for the last time, not leaving a pile, and smashing the harvested alfalfa by using a rotary cultivator and covering the smashed alfalfa among the Chinese wolfberry lines.
4. The cultivation method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the tree age of the medlar is more than 3 years, the plant spacing of the medlar is between 1.0 and 1.3 meters, the row spacing is between 2.2 and 2.8 meters, a fertilizing manual operation belt is reserved between medlar rows, and the alfalfa is sown in the rest empty spaces in a drilling manner.
5. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 4, wherein a 35 cm fertilization manual operation zone is reserved between the medlar rows.
6. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the medlar is cultivated by applying conventional fertilization technology and field management to medlar, and the usage amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the field is 60% of the fertilization amount of medlar planted alone.
7. The cultivation method according to claim 6, wherein the alfalfa is interplanted by means of drill seeding: 4-5 rows of medlar are sowed among rows, the row spacing is 20cm, and the sowing depth is 2 cm.
8. The cultivation method according to claim 7, wherein the method comprises the following steps of interplanting alfalfa: and (4) beginning to sprout in the last ten days of April, and after 4-5 days after the first irrigation is finished, replanting seeds after shallow soil turning in the places without sprouting, wherein the replanting mode is broadcast sowing.
9. The cultivation method according to claim 8, wherein the alfalfa is selected from alfalfa qingda No. 1.
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