CN112314374A - Method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean variety in coastal region of south China in open field in winter and spring - Google Patents
Method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean variety in coastal region of south China in open field in winter and spring Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of vegetable rotation cover cultivation, and particularly relates to an open field cultivation method for early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in winter and spring. A method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean variety in coastal area of south China in open field in winter and spring comprises selecting a medium-early-maturing asparagus bean variety 'Gui cowpea I' bred by vegetable research institute of Guangxi agricultural academy of sciences; deeply applying decomposed biological organic fertilizer as base fertilizer; seed treatment; sowing and planting; a small arched shed is utilized; and (4) cultivating and managing methods such as combination of chemical seedling growth control and topping pruning. The method is suitable for being used as an open field cultivation method of early-maturing cowpea varieties in China and spring in coastal areas, can improve the yield of spring cowpea, improve the appearance in the market in advance, increase the benefit, and has good popularization and application prospects.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of vegetable rotation cover cultivation, and particularly relates to an open field cultivation method for early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in winter and spring.
Background
Cowpea is also called vigna unguiculata, is a vegetable of vigna of leguminosae, is rich in nutrition, high in protein content, rich in crude fiber, carbohydrate, vitamins, iron, phosphorus, calcium and other elements, strong in adaptability and wide in cultivation area, and is one of the main vegetable types in China. The history of cultivating the asparagus bean in the open air in winter and spring in the coastal region of south China is long, the regional advantages and natural endowments of the asparagus bean are based on, the condition that the asparagus bean industry is extremely thick is provided for the development of the asparagus bean industry, the time of putting the asparagus bean into the market is just better than the blank period of 1-5 months per year when the market needs a large amount of the asparagus bean in all parts of the country, the iron law of 'following the market' is met, the product is pretty, and the economic benefit of farmers is guaranteed. However, the open field cultivation of cowpeas in coastal areas of south China in winter and spring has these problems: (1) the yield of cowpea varieties is low, the commodity and the storage and transportation resistance are poor, and the coverage rate of improved varieties needs to be improved; the problems of mixed varieties, difficult selection of farmers and the like are increasingly prominent. (2) The key matching technology for high-efficiency production of cowpea is lacked. Control of the spindling problem: the climate characteristics of coastal areas enable the cowpeas to easily grow excessively in the production process, so that the plants are early capped, and the yield is low; the problems of yield and row spacing are solved: farmers blindly increase the field culture density of cowpeas for pursuing economic benefits, which leads to poor permeability of cowpea cultivation and serious pest and disease damage. The yield is severely restricted by unreasonable row spacing on production, and comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests are affected. (3) The chemical fertilizer is used in excess. In the cowpea planting production process, few farmers apply organic fertilizers as base fertilizers, most farmers directly apply a small amount of compound fertilizers, and chemical fertilizers and leaf fertilizers are additionally used in the middle and later growth stages of cowpeas. The planting habit of farmers is unscientific, and the field irrigation is usually carried out by flood irrigation, which is easy to cause the spread of field soil-borne diseases.
The suitable temperature range of the whole growth period of the cowpea is 20-32 ℃, the suitable temperature of the seed germination is 25-35 ℃, the minimum temperature is 10 ℃, and the maximum temperature is 38 ℃; cowpeas are afraid of low temperature, grow slowly below 15 ℃, are inhibited at 10 ℃, are frozen at 5 ℃ and die at 0 ℃. In the coastal areas of south China, the early stage of the open field cowpea cultivation is in the season of low temperature and weak illumination, and the phenomenon of serious freezing injury often occurs. Therefore, the planted asparagus bean variety is required to have strong cold resistance.
The coastal areas in south China are rainy, and the multiple cropping index of the vegetable base is high, so that the soil humus of cowpea growing in open field in winter and spring is reduced, the physiological obstacles are increased, cowpea diseases, particularly soil-borne diseases, are often caused to prevail and cause disasters, a large amount of crops in the seedling stage of the cowpea die are withered, the early production of the cowpea spring is seriously influenced, and the cowpea growing in the coastal areas in south China becomes one of the main bottlenecks for restricting the sustainable development of the cowpea growing base; meanwhile, in the positive seedling stage of the cowpea planted in the open field directly or in the seedling revival stage after field planting, the formation of new roots is seriously influenced by low-temperature cold damage, and the biological organic fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to promote the cowpea to grow new roots early and frequently, so that the water absorption and fertilizer absorption capacity of the cowpea in the seedling stage is improved, and the continuous influence of the low-temperature cold damage on the growth of the cowpea is reduced. Compared with the traditional cowpea habitual fertilization method, the novel cowpea fertilization method has the advantages of saving fertilizer, saving labor, realizing high yield, high quality and high efficiency, and the deep fertilization method is soil layer deep fertilization, so that the volatilization loss of the fertilizer is reduced, and the excessive use of chemical fertilizer is reduced.
In the middle and later growth period of cowpeas cultivated in open field in winter and spring in coastal areas of south China, the fertilizer application amount is increased blindly in the cowpea planting process, the yield is not increased, and the problems of over-vigorous plant growth, less pod formation and the like are caused. The first plant of the osmanthus cowpea grows vigorously, both the main lateral tendrils can bear pods, the lateral tendrils bear pods as main parts, and in order to capture higher yield, some vegetable growers have the defects that when a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in a base fertilizer, cowpeas are easy to grow in vain, branches and leaves are luxuriant, the closing is early, the ventilation and light transmission performance are poor, the flowering parts are moved upwards, the inflorescence is reduced, the pod bearing time is delayed, and the symptoms of early stage vigorous growth and late stage fertilizer removal and premature senility can occur. Before the cowpea blooms and grows pod, the requirement on water and fertilizer conditions is not high, and the principle of no drought is taken in the aspect of management. When the pods of the first inflorescence of the plants are seated and the inflorescences appear later, watering and topdressing are combined, after the pods are grown, soil is always kept moist to keep the plants robust and grow, the pods are in a full harvest period, and after rainfall, drainage is paid attention to, so that premature senility and flower and pod dropping of the plants are prevented. In the process of cultivating cowpeas in open field in winter and spring in coastal areas of south China, under the technical conditions of fertilizer control, water control and the like, the cowpeas are ensured not to grow excessively by using a simple chemical seedling control excessive growth technology.
In the proper growth period of the asparagus bean, the plant shape can be effectively adjusted through topping and pruning, the nutrient flow direction is coordinated, and the effect of inducing the main tendrils and the side branches of the asparagus bean to simultaneously flower and pod is achieved, so that the variety yield of the asparagus bean variety is improved, the yield value is increased, and the income of farmers is improved.
Therefore, a set of cultivation methods suitable for the open field cultivation of early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in winter and spring is needed.
At present, no report related to the cultivation method of early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in open field in winter and spring exists in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in open fields in winter and spring, and aims to solve the problem that suitable varieties are difficult to select in the open fields in winter and spring of the existing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China; when the small arched shed is built, the biological organic fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, so that the early growth of new roots and multiple new roots in the seedling stage of the cowpea can be promoted, the continuous influence of low-temperature cold damage on the growth of the cowpea is reduced, and the excessive use of chemical fertilizer is reduced; the combination of chemical seedling control and topping and pruning is a feasible method for increasing the early-stage yield and the total yield.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in open field in winter and spring comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting an asparagus bean variety suitable for winter and spring planting and export marketing;
(2) the base fertilizer application method comprises the following steps: a method for deeply applying decomposed biological organic fertilizer as base fertilizer includes ditching in middle of furrow with depth of 20cm, applying 80-100kg of biological organic fertilizer, 25kg of calcium superphosphate and 15kg of potassium sulfate to each 667m of 2, mixing the above fertilizers, turning into a soil layer with 20cm, applying fertilizer, covering soil, and applying base fertilizer;
(3) seed treatment: before sowing, airing cowpea seeds for 1-2 days, and during sowing, carrying out seed dressing disinfection treatment by using 2.5% of suspending seed dressing agent (fludioxonil), wherein 10mL of 1 seed dressing agent can be mixed with 1-3kg of seeds;
(4) sowing and field planting: when the ground temperature of 5-10cm deep soil is stabilized above 10 ℃, the variety starts to be sowed; the row spacing of the cowpeas is 70cm, the plant spacing is 30cm, the cowpeas are planted in double rows, and 3-4 seeds are sowed in each hole; the Guangxi cowpea variety I is thinned and fixed to be seedlings every 667m2Seedling protection 6000-glass 7500 strain;
(5) building a small arched shed: after sowing, building a small heat-preservation arched shed with the length of no more than 25m, the width of 1.0m and the height of 0.6m along a furrow by using bamboo chips with the length of 1.8m, agricultural films with the width of 2.0m and the thickness of 0.005-0.006 mm; when the height of the bean seedlings is 0.3-0.5m, removing the small arched shed, and uncovering the film for ventilation and hardening the seedlings before removing the shed;
(6) chemical seedling control spindling and topping pruning are combined: chemical control of vain growth: chemical seedling control is carried out according to the vain growth condition of the asparagus I, 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole emulsifiable solution 1000-2000 times liquid is sprayed for 2-3 times; 1, spraying 18.7 percent of benzyl propiconazole missible oil 1500-fold liquid 2000 times when the height of the main vine is 0.5-0.8 m; 2, spraying 1500 times of solution of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil 1300-fold when the height of the main vine is 1.0-1.2 m; 3, spraying a 1300-fold liquid of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil of 1000 times when the height of the main vine is 1.5-1.8 m; topping and pruning: matching with chemical seedling control, performing when the main vine grows to 1.3-1.5m, knocking and removing the top of the main vine by using small bamboo strips at the position 3-4cm away from the top of the main vine, and simultaneously removing lateral branches of each node below a first inflorescence of the main vine and weak axillary buds growing on each node above the first inflorescence; 1-3 nodes are left on the lateral branches to form inflorescences, then the core is picked as soon as possible, and the leaf buds are picked off from the mixed buds; all the operations are carried out on sunny days;
(7) and (3) water and fertilizer management: controlling water content in the early stage of cowpea, watering for the first time when the cowpea blooms and pods, and watering at proper time according to soil moisture content, wherein the moisture of the soil is kept while the humidity of the field is controlled to avoid diseases; observing the growth condition of field cowpeas at the early stage of flowering, wherein each 667m220kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer is applied; in the vigorous pod-bearing period of cowpea, watering and dressing for 4-5 times, every 5-7d, 667m each time2Dressing 10kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer and 4kg of 46.2% urea; spraying foliar fertilizer for 1 time every 6 days in the pod-bearing full period, continuously spraying for 3 times, and each time 667m2Fertilizing amount is 75kg of 0.3 percent potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution;
(8) and (3) pest control: the plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and controlled in time, the main diseases and the insect pests include root rot, gray mold, powdery mildew and bacterial blight, and the main insect pests include thrips and liriomyza sativae.
Preferably, the variety of the asparagus bean suitable for being planted in winter and spring and sold outside in the step (1) is Guizhou No. I.
Preferably, said step (7) is carried out in the presence of a catalystN: P in composite fertilizer2O5:K2O＝15:15:15。
Preferably, the foliar fertilizer in the step (7) is 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution.
Preferably, the N: P in the potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer in the step (7)2O5:K2O＝15:15:15。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) aiming at the climatic characteristics of coastal areas in south China in winter and spring, the invention selects a cold-resistant, moisture-proof and middle-early-maturing variety named Guicowpea I, and utilizes a small shed to prevent cold; compared with a local cowpea habitual fertilization method, the deeply fertilizing method has the advantages that fertilizer is saved, labor is saved, high yield, high quality and high efficiency are achieved, volatilization and loss of the fertilizer are reduced through deep fertilizing, early generation and multiple generation of new roots of cowpea in the seedling stage can be promoted through using the biological organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer, the continuous influence of low-temperature cold damage on growth of the cowpea is reduced, and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers is reduced: the combination of chemical seedling control and topping and pruning is a feasible method for increasing the early-stage yield and the total yield.
(2) The cultivation method is suitable for being used as an open field cultivation method of early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in winter and spring, can improve the yield of spring cowbeans, improve the appearance on the market in advance, increase the benefit and have good popularization and application prospects.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples.
The variety of the first- # Alternaria sinensis vigna unguiculata has strong cold resistance, can grow normally under the environment of 10-15 ℃ in winter and spring, has vigorous growth, can be used for pod-bearing on the main lateral tendrils, is mainly pod-bearing on the lateral tendrils, is light green in tender pods of commodities, is in a strip shape, has the length of 60-70cm and the transverse diameter of 0.7-0.8cm, has the advantages of uniform pod shape, high flower turning rate and double pod rate, good yield, high commodity rate, storage and transportation resistance, wide adaptability, strong disease resistance, obvious yield advantage compared with local main cultivated varieties and the like, is sowed to initial harvest 70d in spring, sowed to initial harvest 55d in summer and autumn, has the whole growth period of 90-130d and the yield of 3000-2)-1Strong resistance to rust disease, powdery mildew and coal mold in the field, and comprehensive characters of the fertilizer meet the requirement of cultivating cowpea varieties in winter and spring
Example 1:
a method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in coastal areas of south China in open field in winter and spring comprises the following steps:
arranging the crop rotation period:
when the soil temperature is stabilized above 10 ℃ in a depth of 5-10cm, the variety is suitable for beginning to sow, cowpea seeds are directly sown generally from 12 months to 1 month in the next year, harvesting begins in 2-3 months, and the harvesting ends in the middle and last ten days of 5 months.
Selecting proper short cowpea fine varieties:
the method is suitable for selecting a medium-maturing short cowpea variety which has high yield, good commodity, strong disease resistance, strong cold resistance and storage and transportation resistance, the Arvicia sinensis I long cowpea variety has strong cold resistance, can grow normally under the environment of 10-15 ℃ in winter and spring, the plant of the variety grows vigorously, both the main side tendrils can bear pods, the first flower nodes are 5-6 nodes, and each inflorescence can bear 2-3 pods. The commercial tender pod is white and green, is in a strip shape, has the length of 60-70cm and the transverse diameter of 0.7-0.8cm, has the advantages of uniform pod shape, high flowering rate and double pod rate, good yield, high commodity rate, storage and transportation resistance, wide adaptability, strong disease resistance, obvious yield advantage compared with local main cultivated varieties and the like, is sowed to harvest for 70 days in spring, sowed to harvest for 55 days in summer and autumn, and sowed to harvest for 90-130 days in full growth period, and has the yield of 3000 plus 4000kg (667m m.2)-1The field has strong resistance to rust disease, powdery mildew and coal mold, and the comprehensive characters meet the requirements of cultivating cowpea varieties in winter and spring.
The cultivation method comprises the following steps:
selecting a producing area environment: mainly uses rice-cowpea paddy-upland rotation as main material, selects the field block which is far from pollution source, convenient for irrigation and drainage, deep, loose and fertile in soil layer and can be used as non-leguminous crop in the future. Land preparation and fertilization: the planting field requires deep ploughing and harrowing, so that fine soil preparation is achieved, soil loosening and ventilation are increased, and water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil is improved to facilitate development of cowpea root systems. The method for preparing the farmland and making the bed and applying the base fertilizer comprises the following steps: a method for deeply applying decomposed biological organic fertilizer as basic fertilizer includes ditching in the middle of furrow,The depth of the ditch is 20cm, 80-100kg of bio-organic fertilizer, 25kg of calcium superphosphate and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each 667m of 2, the fertilizers are mixed and then are turned into a soil layer of 20cm, and soil is covered after the fertilizers are applied to serve as a base fertilizer. The width of the ridge (covering the ditch) is 1.8m, the width of the ridge surface is 1.5m, the width of the ridge ditch is 30cm, and the depth of the ridge ditch is 8-15cm, so that irrigation, drainage and covering of a small arched shed can be facilitated. Seed treatment: before sowing, airing cowpea seeds for 1-2 days, and during sowing, carrying out seed dressing disinfection treatment by using 2.5% of suspending seed dressing agent (fludioxonil), wherein 10mL of 1 seed dressing agent can be mixed with 1-3kg of seeds. Sowing and field planting: when the ground temperature of 5-10cm deep soil is stabilized above 10 ℃, the variety starts to be sowed; the row spacing of cowpea is 70cm, the plant (cave) spacing is 30cm, double row planting is carried out, and 3-4 seeds are sowed in each cave; the Guangxi cowpea variety I is thinned and fixed to be seedlings every 667m2The seedling protection 6000-strain 7500. Building a small arched shed: after sowing, a small heat-preservation arched shed with the length of no more than 25m, the width of 1.0m and the height of 0.6m is built along the ridge by using bamboo chips with the length of 1.8m, agricultural films with the width of 2.0m and the thickness of 0.005-0.006 mm. Managing the seedling culture management temperature in the greenhouse: the temperature of the small arched shed is kept at 25-35 ℃ before seedling emergence, the temperature after seedling emergence is controlled to be 20-30 ℃ in the daytime and 15-25 ℃ at night, soil is kept moist, and the temperature is controlled to prevent high seedlings. Ventilating for 3-5 days for 1 time in low-temperature rainy days or at night when the temperature is lower than 15 ℃, and mainly closing the greenhouse film for heat preservation. Water content management: the seedling stage is not drenched generally, and the ventilation is required frequently to reduce the relative humidity in the canopy, increase the luminousness of film, reduce the emergence of disease and pest damage of cowpea seedling. And (3) adopting a proper amount of water spraying for the extremely dry cowpea seedlings of the individual field along with the appearance of the first true leaves to the third true leaves. The water spraying is usually carried out in the morning of fine days, the water temperature is over 15 ℃, the water spraying is uniform, the middle is few, the two ends are sufficient, and the cowpea seedlings are promoted to grow regularly and robustly. After the water is sprayed, the surface of the plant and the soil surface are covered with a film after the water is dried. Hardening seedlings: in the early spring small arched shed cultivation of the cowpeas, seedling hardening is required to improve the resistance of the cowpea seedlings to adverse environments such as early spring, late spring, cold and the like. Ventilating two ends of the small arched shed 5-7 days before the shed is removed, gradually transitioning to the day and all day, uncovering the film and drying the cowpea seedlings, and building frames to guide the cowpea seedlings to the outside. And (3) removing the small arched shed when the cowpea seedlings begin to pull tendrils at the plant height of 25-35cm, and timely using bamboo rods with the length of more than 2.5m to build a herringbone frame for tendrils leading. Chemical seedling controlCombining excessive growth and topping pruning, and chemically controlling excessive growth: chemical seedling control is carried out according to the vain growth condition of the asparagus I, 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole emulsifiable solution 1000-2000 times liquid is sprayed for 2-3 times; 1, spraying the 1500-fold 2000-time liquid of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil when the height of the main vine is about 0.5 m; 2, spraying 1500 times of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil 1300-fold liquid when the height of the main vine is about 1.0 m; and 3 rd time, spraying a 1300 times solution of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil of 1000 times when the height of the main vine is about 1.8 m. Topping and pruning: matching with chemical seedling control, performing the seedling control when the main vine grows to 1.3-1.5m, knocking and removing the top of the main vine by using small bamboo strips at the position 3-4cm away from the top of the main vine, and simultaneously removing lateral branches of each node below a first inflorescence of the main vine and weak axillary buds growing on each node above the first inflorescence; 1-3 nodes are left on the lateral branches to form inflorescences, then the core is picked as soon as possible, and the leaf buds are picked off by the mixed buds. All the above operations should be performed in sunny days to avoid infection and attack of wound. And (3) water and fertilizer management: the moisture of the cowpea is controlled to the maximum extent in the early stage, the cowpea is watered for the first time when blooming and pod bearing, and then the water is watered in due time according to the soil moisture content, so that the moisture of the soil is kept, and the field humidity is controlled to avoid diseases. 20kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer (N: P: K is 15:15:15) is applied to each 667m2 according to the growth condition of field cowpeas at the early stage of flowering; in the vigorous pod-bearing period of cowpeas, dressing is carried out in combination with watering for 4-5 times, each time is 5-7d, 10kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer (N: P: K is 15:15:15) and 4kg of 46.2% urea are dressed for 667m2 each time. In addition, 1 time of foliar fertilizer is sprayed every 6 days in the pod-bearing full period, and 3 times of foliar fertilizer is continuously sprayed in total, and 667m of foliar fertilizer is sprayed every time2The fertilizing amount is 75kg of 0.3 percent potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. Harvesting in due time: cowpeas are successively harvested crops, and are generally harvested 10 to 13 days after flowering. Harvesting once a day in the full pod period, and harvesting once every 2 days in the later period. When in harvesting, the pod is broken at the 1cm position of the pod base, so that inflorescence is not damaged, and flowering and pod bearing are facilitated. And (3) pest control: the main diseases and pests include root rot, gray mold, powdery mildew and bacterial blight, and the main pests include thrips and liriomyza sativae. Agricultural control: strengthening field management and cultivating robust plants; deeply ploughing the land, timely cleaning the field and removing weeds and disease and pest residues. Advocated rotation with rice, or othersAnd (4) crop rotation of the non-legume crops in dry land for more than 3 years. Physical control: according to the blue tendency of thrips, blue boards can be hung in the planting field for trapping and killing, the height of the blue pest sticking boards is close to the top of cowpeas, and 50 blue boards are hung per mu. Chemical control: root rot, sterilizing with 2.5% suspending seed coating agent (fludioxonil), and mixing 1 coating agent 10ml with 1-3kg of seeds. And (3) irrigating or spraying 600 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 600 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder at the initial stage of disease attack. The 800 times liquid of 80% Dasheng wettable powder or 500 times liquid of 77% wettable powder is used for preventing and treating gray mold in the early stage of disease. Powdery mildew is prevented and treated by 1000 times of liquid (20% boscalid and 10% kresoxim-methyl) or 2000 times of liquid in the early stage of disease attack by spraying. The bacterial blight is prevented and treated by spraying 58 percent metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid or 72.2 percent propiconazole 800 times liquid at the early stage of the disease. Thrips is controlled alternately with 5% acetamiprid wettable powder 2500 times liquid or 2.5% suspending agent 1500 times liquid. The liriomyza sativae is controlled by spraying 3000 times of 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable solution or 4000 times of 50% cyromazine wettable powder.
Yield comparison test:
regional tests were carried out in 2017 and 2018 in Shiwan town of Hepu county, North sea, Guangxi province, Qinan district, Liguo town, Xuhan county, North town, Guangdong Shantou city, and Lizhong town, respectively, of Hepu county, North town, Shandong Shantou city, and Guangxi city, respectively. Directly sowing cowpea seeds in 12 months to the next 1 month, starting harvesting in 2-3 months and ending in the middle and last days of 5 months. The test uses the main cultivated species of Jindou No. I and Cuibao No. 2 in each region as comparison. The test adopts low-ridge hole sowing and frame-building cultivation, the row spacing of cowpeas is 70cm, the plant (hole) spacing is 30cm, double-row planting is carried out, and 3-4 seeds are sowed in each hole; each variety is thinned and fixed to each 667m26000-plus 7500 seedlings are preserved, and other management methods are the same according to local cultivation. Random block arrangement is adopted, 3 times of repetition are carried out, and the area of a cell test cell is 30m2The seeding time of the two-year test is the same. 8 batches are harvested in the harvesting period, and the field management of each cell in the whole growth period is kept consistent.
TABLE 1 area test pod yield results for Osmanthus cowpea I
Note: indicates a significant difference from the control (α ═ 0.05), and indicates a significant difference from the control (α ═ 0.01)
As shown in Table 1, the average yield of the two-year 5-point Guizhou I is 2798.4kg (667 m)2)-1. The average total yield of the comparison control variety of golden bean I bean is 2593.3kg (667 m)2)-1Compared with a control, the yield is increased by 7.9 percent; comparing the average total yield of the control Cuibao No. 2 green beans of 2620.4kg (667 m)2)-1And the yield is increased by 6.8 percent. The new species of the osmanthus cowpeas has obvious yield advantage compared with the current main cultivated species in coastal areas of south China. In addition, production demonstration is carried out in areas such as Guangxi urban defense harbor city, Hainan Haikou city, Guangdong Chaozhou city and the like in 2019, and the high yield performance of the Guangdong Yihao is good.
(II) commodity property survey:
in 2017 and 2018, cowpea seeds are directly sown in 15 days in 1 month, the cowpea seeds begin to be harvested in 28 days in 3 months, and the cowpea seeds end in 29 days in 5 months. A property comparison test of open-field variety commodities is carried out in Nippon province Toyoxincun base of Hepu county, Hepu, North Hai, Guangxi. The test area is 300m2The three cowpea varieties of Gui cowpea I, jin bean I and Cuibao No. 2 participate in comparative experiments. Random block arrangement is adopted, 3 times of repetition are carried out, and the area of a cell test cell is 15m2The test is carried out by respectively using the main cultivated species Jindou No. I and Cuibao No. 2 of each region as a contrast. The tests all adopt low-ridge hole sowing and frame building cultivation, the row spacing of the cowpea is 70cm, the plant (hole) spacing is 30cm, the cowpea is planted in double rows, and 3-4 seeds are sowed in each hole; each variety is thinned and fixed to each 667m26000-plus 7500-strain is preserved, other management methods are the same according to local cultivation, and the test results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 investigation results of commercial properties of cowpea variety
Note: the commercial pod rate is more than 40cm, and the pod number is the number of the upright pods per all pods.
As shown in table 2, the average commercial pod rate of the cowpeas I in two seasons is 96.6%, which is increased by 2.0% compared with the comparison golden bean I, and is increased by 2.9% compared with the comparison and Cuibao No. 2; the average pod length is 68.9cm, which is 4.9cm and 5.1cm longer than the comparison Jindou No. I and Cuibao No. 2 respectively; in the later period of harvesting, the first Guizhou rarely has a rat tail pod; whereas the control often presented few rat tail pods. In addition, the smooth surface of the first-number Artocarpus sinensis pod is a popular commodity character in the market at present.
In the asparagus bean variety cultivated in open field in winter and spring in coastal areas of south China, the yield and the commodity of the osmanthus cowpeas are superior to those of the main local cultivated variety.
The Arcanus fragrans var I can grow normally in the environment of 10-15 ℃ in winter and spring, the plant of the Arcanus fragrans var I grows vigorously, the main lateral tendrils can carry out pod formation, the lateral tendrils carry out pod formation mainly, the initial flower nodes are the 5 th to 6 th nodes, and each inflorescence can carry out pod formation for 2-3. The commercial tender pod is white and green, is in a strip shape, has the length of 60-70cm and the transverse diameter of 0.7-0.8cm, has the advantages of uniform pod shape, high flowering rate and double pod rate, good yield, high commodity rate, storage and transportation resistance, wide adaptability, strong disease resistance, obvious yield advantage compared with local main cultivated varieties and the like, is sowed to harvest for 70 days in spring, sowed to harvest for 55 days in summer and autumn, and sowed to harvest for 90-130 days in full growth period, and has the yield of 3000 plus 4000kg (667m m.2)-1The field has strong resistance to rust disease, powdery mildew and coal mold, and the comprehensive characters meet the requirements of cultivating cowpea varieties in winter and spring.
And (III) combining chemical seedling growth control with topping and pruning (treatment):
1 materials and methods
1.1 test materials
Cowpea variety: gui cowpea I, jin bean I and Cuibao No. 2
1.2 test methods
The test adopts a random block design, a cultivation method combining chemical seedling control spindling and topping pruning is used as treatment, a cultivation method combining chemical seedling control spindling and topping pruning is not used as non-treatment, and 6 treatments are set, namely A: processing the osmanthus cowpeas;
a1: processing the cowpeas I (CK 1);
b: processing the golden beans I;
b1: golden bean No. one is not processed (CK 2);
c: treating Cuibao No. 2;
c1: cuibao No. 2 does not process (CK 3).
The test is carried out in open field in Dongchun of 2017 and Dongchun of 2018 in Shiwan town of Hepu county, North Hai, Guangxi, the tests are all carried out by low-ridge hole sowing and frame building cultivation, the cowpea row spacing is 70cm, the plant (hole) spacing is 30cm, the cowpea is planted in double rows, and 3-4 seeds are sowed in each hole; each variety is thinned and fixed to each 667m26000-plus 7500 seedlings are preserved, and other management methods are the same according to local cultivation. The test is carried out by directly sowing cowpea seeds in 15 days in 1 month, starting to harvest in 28 days in 3 months and ending in 29 days in 5 months. Each variety is independently sown in a cell with the area of 15m2(length 10m, width 1.5m), planting in 2 rows, and repeating the experiment for 3 times by adopting a random block design. The method for preparing the farmland and making the bed and applying the base fertilizer comprises the following steps: a method for deep application of decomposed biological organic fertilizer as base fertilizer includes ditching in middle of furrow with depth of 20cm for each 667m2Applying 80kg of bio-organic fertilizer, 25kg of calcium superphosphate and 15kg of potassium sulfate, mixing the fertilizers, turning into a soil layer of 20cm, and covering soil after applying the fertilizers to serve as a base fertilizer. Chemical seedling growth control and topping pruning are combined, and chemical seedling growth control: 1, spraying 1800 times of solution of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil when the main vine is about 0.5m high; 2, spraying 1300 times of solution of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil when the main vine is about 1.0m high; and 3 rd time, spraying 1100 times of 18.7% benzyl propiconazole missible oil at the time of about 1.7m of the main vine. Topping and pruning: matching with chemical seedling control, performing growth of the main vine to 1.5m, knocking and removing the top of the main vine by using fine bamboo strips at the position 3-4cm away from the top of the main vine, and simultaneously removing lateral branches of each node below a first inflorescence of the main vine and weak small axillary buds growing on each node above the first inflorescence; 1-3 nodes are left on the lateral branches to form inflorescences, then the core is picked as soon as possible, and the leaf buds are picked off by the mixed buds.
2 influence of combination of chemical seedling control and topping pruning on yield and output value of cowpea
The test results of the effect of the combination of chemical seedling-control spindling and topping pruning on the yield and output value of cowpea are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 influence of combination of chemical seedling growth control and topping and pruning on yield and output of cowpeas
As shown in Table 3, the A, B, C yield of 3 local main cultivars treated by the combination of chemical seedling-control spindling and topping pruning is obviously higher than that of untreated A1, B1 and C1, because the combination of chemical seedling-control spindling and topping pruning in a proper period has certain regulating effect on the growth and the yield of cowpeas, the combination of proper chemical seedling-control spindling and topping pruning can be beneficial to fully utilizing light energy resources after topping of crops and harmonizing the contradiction between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of crops, the plant shape can be effectively regulated by topping and pruning, the nutrient flow direction can be coordinated, the effect of inducing the main vines and side branches of the cowpeas to blossom and bear pods simultaneously is achieved, and the yield of the variety of the cowpeas is improved and the yield value is increased. After cowpea treatment, the yield of the Guicowpea I is increased by 232.3.1kg/667m2The yield of the Guicowpea I is increased by 836.3 yuan/667 m2(ii) a The yield of the golden bean I is increased to 215.8kg/667m2The yield of the golden bean I is increased by 776.9 yuan/667 m2(ii) a The yield of Cuibao No. 2 is increased by 200.7kg/667m2The yield of Cuibao No. 2 is increased by 722.5 yuan/667 m2。
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. A winter and spring open field cultivation method for an early-maturing asparagus bean variety in a coastal region of south China is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting an asparagus bean variety suitable for winter and spring planting and export marketing;
(2) the base fertilizer application method comprises the following steps: a method for deeply applying decomposed biological organic fertilizer as base fertilizer includes ditching in middle of furrow with depth of 20cm, applying 80-100kg of biological organic fertilizer, 25kg of calcium superphosphate and 15kg of potassium sulfate to each 667m of 2, mixing the above fertilizers, turning into a soil layer with 20cm, applying fertilizer, covering soil, and applying base fertilizer;
(3) seed treatment: before sowing, airing cowpea seeds for 1-2 days, and during sowing, carrying out seed dressing disinfection treatment by using 2.5% of suspending seed dressing agent (fludioxonil), wherein 10mL of 1 seed dressing agent can be mixed with 1-3kg of seeds;
(4) sowing and field planting: when the ground temperature of 5-10cm deep soil is stabilized above 10 ℃, the variety starts to be sowed; the row spacing of the cowpeas is 70cm, the plant spacing is 30cm, the cowpeas are planted in double rows, and 3-4 seeds are sowed in each hole; the Guangxi cowpea variety I is thinned and fixed to be seedlings every 667m2Seedling protection 6000-glass 7500 strain;
(5) building a small arched shed: after sowing, building a small heat-preservation arched shed with the length of no more than 25m, the width of 1.0m and the height of 0.6m along a furrow by using bamboo chips with the length of 1.8m, agricultural films with the width of 2.0m and the thickness of 0.005-0.006 mm; when the height of the bean seedlings is 0.3-0.5m, removing the small arched shed, and uncovering the film for ventilation and hardening the seedlings before removing the shed;
(6) chemical seedling control spindling and topping pruning are combined: chemical control of vain growth: chemical seedling control is carried out according to the vain growth condition of the asparagus I, 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole emulsifiable solution 1000-2000 times liquid is sprayed for 2-3 times; 1, spraying 18.7 percent of benzyl propiconazole missible oil 1500-fold liquid 2000 times when the height of the main vine is 0.5-0.8 m; 2, spraying 1500 times of solution of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil 1300-fold when the height of the main vine is 1.0-1.2 m; 3, spraying a 1300-fold liquid of 18.7 percent benzyl propiconazole missible oil of 1000 times when the height of the main vine is 1.5-1.8 m; topping and pruning: matching with chemical seedling control, performing when the main vine grows to 1.3-1.5m, knocking and removing the top of the main vine by using small bamboo strips at the position 3-4cm away from the top of the main vine, and simultaneously removing lateral branches of each node below a first inflorescence of the main vine and weak axillary buds growing on each node above the first inflorescence; 1-3 nodes are left on the lateral branches to form inflorescences, then the core is picked as soon as possible, and the leaf buds are picked off from the mixed buds; all the operations are carried out on sunny days;
(7) and (3) water and fertilizer management: controlling water content in the early stage of cowpea, watering for the first time when the cowpea blooms and pods, and watering at proper time according to soil moisture content, wherein the moisture of the soil is kept while the humidity of the field is controlled to avoid diseases; observing the growth condition of field cowpeas at the early stage of flowering, wherein each 667m220kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer is applied; in the vigorous pod-bearing period of cowpea, watering and dressing for 4-5 times, every 5-7d, 667m each time2Dressing 10kg of potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer and 4kg of 46.2% urea; spraying foliar fertilizer for 1 time every 6 days in the pod-bearing full period, continuously spraying for 3 times, and each time 667m2Fertilizing amount is 75kg of 0.3 percent potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution;
(8) and (3) pest control: the plant diseases and insect pests are prevented and controlled in time, the main diseases and the insect pests include root rot, gray mold, powdery mildew and bacterial blight, and the main insect pests include thrips and liriomyza sativae.
2. The method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in open field in winter and spring in coastal areas of south China according to claim 1, wherein the asparagus bean variety suitable for planting in winter and spring and suitable for export in step (1) is Guizhou No. one.
3. The method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean variety in coastal area of south China in open field in winter and spring according to claim 1, characterized in that P is N in the ternary compound fertilizer in the step (7)2O5:K2O＝15:15:15。
4. The method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean varieties in the coastal areas of south China in open fields in winter and spring according to claim 1, wherein the foliar fertilizer in the step (7) is 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution.
5. The method for cultivating early-maturing asparagus bean variety in coastal area of south China in open field in winter and spring according to claim 1, wherein P is N in the potassium sulfate type ternary compound fertilizer in the step (7)2O5:K2O＝15:15:15。
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