CN112021061A

CN112021061A - High-quality and high-yield cultivation method of ginkgo biloba for low hilly land leaves

Info

Publication number: CN112021061A
Application number: CN202011071061.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 邓辉洪; 宋鹏; 徐雪娇; 余亚东; 张孟楠; 朱祥芬; 唐秀; 李勇; 贾晨; 武华卫; 邵艳琴
Original assignee: SICHUAN ACADEMY OF FORESTRY; Kaijiang Forestry Research Institute
Current assignee: SICHUAN ACADEMY OF FORESTRY; Kaijiang Forestry Research Institute
Priority date: 2020-10-09
Filing date: 2020-10-09
Publication date: 2020-12-04

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at low hilly land with high quality and high yield, which comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a base; (2) seedling/kernel preparation; (3) cultivating and managing; (4) crown shape regulation; (5) and (6) harvesting leaves. According to the method, according to the actual conditions of different forestation land conditions, gentle seed kernel direct seeding is adopted for building a garden, 2-3 year-old seedlings are transplanted to the sloping land for building the garden, the mode development of the newly-built garden is promoted gradually towards the sloping land year by year, crown regulation and control treatment is performed in time, the excessive growth of branches is regulated and controlled at the key time node of the growth of the leaf-used ginkgo, and a compounded growth regulator and a quick-acting fertilizer are assisted, so that the quantity and the quality of the leaves are improved, and the aims of flourishing leaves, the yield of the leaves in unit area and the content of effective medicinal components are fulfilled. By popularizing and applying the technology in the low hilly area, the purposes of saving labor and economic cost and effectively improving the yield of fresh leaves and the content of effective medicinal components of the leaf ginkgo in unit area are achieved.

Description

High-quality and high-yield cultivation method of ginkgo biloba for low hilly land leaves

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of woody medicinal material planting, in particular to a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method of ginkgo for low mountain hilly land leaves.

Background

Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree of the genus Ginkgo of the family Ginkgoaceae, a rare tree species of secondary writings, and is called "activating stone". Gingko is a special product in China, and is an economic forest integrating fruits, medicinal materials, beverages, wood and other raw materials and beautifying and greening the environment.

The distribution amount of gingko in China accounts for more than 70% of the total amount of the whole world, and is the first major gingko leaf extract producing country in the world. In recent years, domestic ginkgo leaf extraction enterprises, ginkgo preparation enterprises and health product enterprises are still increasing, the demand of ginkgo leaves is also increased, and the oriented cultivation and planting of ginkgo leaves is developed like bamboo shoots in spring after rain. A domestic gingko base is mainly built in plain areas such as Jiangsu, Shandong and the like at first, a dwarf and close planting mode is mainly adopted for planting, the planting height is generally not more than 2 meters, the planting density of hectare is 4-10 ten thousand plants, and the planting mode is more successful after years of local technical exploration. However, in recent years, due to the influence of serial factors such as soil degradation and environmental condition change, the ginkgo leaves produced in the ginkgo biloba base with leaves in plain have certain difference between the extract and the yield of leaves per unit area compared with the requirement of the international market on the content and yield of effective medicinal components of the ginkgo leaves. Based on this, many ginkgo leaf extract enterprises gradually shift the gaze to the hilly areas with better climatic environments and conditions in the midwest and the middle, and practice also proves that ginkgo leaves produced in part of the hilly areas in the midwest are superior to plain areas in terms of the content of effective medicinal components, but have the problems of unstable content, low yield and the like. The improvement of the quality and the yield of the ginkgo leaf preparation is related to the production quality of various links of planting, harvesting, processing, storing, market circulation, plant extraction, production of pharmaceutical enterprises and the like of the leaf ginkgo. Among the multiple influencing factors, establishing a standard base for efficiently cultivating leaf ginkgo, and obtaining high-quality and high-yield ginkgo leaves is the first link for guaranteeing the quality and yield of the ginkgo leaf extract. In the hilly area of the middle and western region, the time for developing the leaf-used ginkgo is later, most of the technical aspects refer to plain areas, and the planting benefit is not ideal due to different climatic environments, site factors and the like. High-quality and high-yield leaf ginkgo planted in hilly areas needs to further explore and perfect practical technology according to actual conditions, and the new technology is used for efficiently producing the high-yield and stable-content ginkgo leaves with effective medicinal components.

In the prior art, the application range is narrow in base preparation, and soil is not sterilized in time; the final ginkgo pest damage is serious, the grown ginkgo tree crown is poor and the yield of fresh leaves is low due to the lack of experience of planting on hilly slopes.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for ginkgo biloba in low hilly land, which can solve the technical problem of efficiently planting ginkgo biloba in low hilly land with different altitudes (within 1000m of altitude), different soil types (including purple soil, yellow soil, loam, sandy soil, sandy brown soil and the like) and different standing conditions.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method of ginkgo biloba for hilly lands, which comprises the following steps:

(1) base preparation

Selecting low mountain, hilly sloping land and valley scouring land as garden sites, removing weeds, opening drainage ditches, and finally applying fertilizer and pesticide;

(2) seedling/approval preparation

Selecting seed kernels, sterilizing semen Ginkgo with 0.3-0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 1-2 hr, taking out, washing with clear water, and soaking in clear water for 48-72 hr; selecting seedlings, placing the roots of the seedlings in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder and 5000 times of 98% naphthylacetic acid, and soaking for 5-10 min;

(3) cultivation management

(ii) sowing/transplanting

The seeding process of the seed core comprises the following steps: the sowing time is before and after the frightening, the sowing mode is ditching and drilling, the ditching depth is 3-5cm, the sowing quantity per hectare is 800-; the transplanting process of the seedlings comprises the following steps: transplanting time is from the time that the gingkoes enter dormancy in autumn to the time that the gingkoes sprout in spring of the next year for half a month, planting density of seedlings per hectare is 4-7 ten thousand plants, line spacing is 40-100 cm, and plant spacing is 20-50 cm;

② density regulation

The density regulation process comprises the following steps: seeds are firstly used for high-density direct seeding on a gentle land to build a garden, so that 27-40 thousands of seedlings emerge per hectare, and fresh leaves begin to be harvested in the second year after seeding; thinning is started in the third year, namely, redundant seedlings are transplanted to a slope land to build a new garden according to the proportion of 60%, and the slope land new garden is planted according to the density of 4-7 ten thousand plants per hectare; in the fourth year, on the basis of the current annual density of the direct seeding garden, the redundant seedlings are continuously transplanted to a newly-built garden according to the proportion of 60 percent;

thirdly, weeding

The weeding process comprises the following steps: weeding for 3-5 times all the year round, and removing weeds before seed setting in spring and autumn; only high-stalk weeds or invasive weeds are removed in summer;

fourthly, fertilizer application

The specific process of fertilization comprises the following steps: applying 600-700 kg of decomposed rapeseed oil cake and 300-350 kg of urea per hectare to the density-controlled ginkgo one week before sprouting in spring; after the leaves are harvested, 5000-10000 kg of biological organic fertilizer and 450-550 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each hectare; applying fertilizer by adopting a ditch application method, namely ditching 20-30 cm deep between the gingko rows, uniformly spreading the fertilizer in the ditches, and covering soil;

fifth, draining

The specific process of draining comprises the following steps: dredging the drainage ditch in rainy season, wherein the width of the main drainage ditch is 50-60 cm, and the height of the main drainage ditch is 50-80 cm; the width of the compartment groove is 30-50 cm, and the height is 40-60 cm; the compartment ditch is higher than the main ditch;

(4) crown shape regulation

After the ginkgo biloba is put into the sleep period in autumn every year and before the ginkgo biloba sprouts in spring next year, the ginkgo biloba is cut off at the position of the trunk which is 35 cm-60cm away from the ground; spraying a crown with a mixed solution of 4000-5000 times of 4% gibberellin emulsifiable solution and 1000-1500 times of 0.01% brassinolide emulsifiable solution in the leaf expanding period of the gingkoes in spring; when young shoots sprout to 30-60 cm, pinching, and spraying the ginkgo crown with mixed liquid of 12000-15000-time 97% mepiquat chloride powder, 1500-2000-time 0.01% brassinolide missible oil and 500-800-time 98% monopotassium phosphate within one week after pinching;

(5) leaf harvesting

Harvesting leaves from the middle and late 7 months to the middle and late 8 months, and cutting off the leaves with petioles.

The beneficial effect who adopts above-mentioned scheme is: in the prior art, only a technical scheme is made for gently building a garden, the two terrains are combined for planting, the geographical condition of gingko planting is increased, a garden site is treated, a drainage ditch is opened so as to divide a planting area and drain water in time subsequently, fertilizer is applied to increase the soil fertility, then insecticide is applied, pathogenic microorganisms in soil are treated firstly, and seed cores and seedlings are prevented from being damaged during planting; selecting proper seed kernels, sterilizing the seed kernels by using a potassium permanganate solution, wherein the potassium permanganate solution has strong sterilization, disinfection and corrosion prevention effects, and also contains 2 nutrient elements of manganese and potassium which are necessary for plants, so that the plant growth can be promoted, and the seed kernels can be used as a pesticide and a fertilizer; the root of the seedling is placed in the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder, the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder is sprayed on the crop, and the parent body after releasing hypobromous acid through systemic conduction forms triazine diketone and triazine, so that the strong virus killing effect is achieved, in addition, the starting raw material of the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder is rich in sylvite and trace element groups, so that the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder has strong capacity of preventing and killing bacteria, fungi and viruses, and has the effects of promoting the vegetative growth of the crop and the like; the naphthylacetic acid is a broad-spectrum plant growth regulator, can promote cell division and expansion, needs a sterile environment when used for plant tissue culture, and is mixed with chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder for use; sowing the treated seed kernels, transplanting the treated seedlings, and timely regulating and controlling the density of the grown seedlings, so that the density of the direct seeding garden can be reduced to a reasonable density, weeding, fertilizing and draining are timely performed on cultivation management, and the chemical fertilizer utilization rate of the gingko is high under the condition of high emergence rate; crown regulation and control are carried out on the growing ginkgo, the trunk cutting height is moderate, the survival rate of the ginkgo is high under the condition of large yield per unit area, and top application and growth regulation control measures are adopted in time due to the top advantage of the ginkgo to ensure that the yield of the whole plant of leaves is improved, and finally leaf harvesting is carried out; the cultivation management and crown shape regulation are the most important, for the cultivation management, the soil layer of a low hilly sloping field is generally not thick, and water and fertilizer running is easy to happen due to the slope, so that the conditions of low emergence rate, thin and weak ginkgo seedlings and the like can occur in the direct seeding garden building on the sloping field, and the later-period transplanting garden building is not facilitated; in order to ensure higher emergence rate, the gingko seed kernel seeding and earthing thickness is generally 2-3 times of the transverse diameter of the seed kernel, so the optimal earthing thickness is 3-5 cm; at the initial stage of planting leaf-used ginkgo and building a garden, the planting density is properly increased, the improvement of the yield of fresh leaves is facilitated, but along with the increase of the tree age, the crown of the ginkgo in the base is increased, the canopy density is increased year by year, and under the condition of tight wind, diseases and insect pests are easy to breed, and no leaf can be harvested due to insufficient illumination at the lower part of the trunk, so that the yield is stabilized by reasonably reducing the planting density year by year in the high-density base, and density regulation measures need to be adhered to the optimal reasonable density; the reproductive capacity of weeds is very strong, and if the key time point of weeding is not clear, the situation of labor and idle work can occur, for example, in spring and autumn, weeding must be performed early and small, namely seeds of weeds are removed unequally, so that the next generation propagation of weeds can be effectively controlled, the later-stage weeding labor amount is saved, weeding needs to be performed according to the actual situation of a base, weeding fixed time points are not required to be specified, in addition, in summer, due to strong solar irradiation, high air temperature, vigorous surface evaporation and special attention for weeding are required, low weeds are reserved, soil moisture preservation and temperature reduction are facilitated, and ginkgo biloba growth is facilitated, so only high-point weed irrigation or invasive weeds are removed in summer; the application methods and the use amounts of the fertilizers with different active ingredient contents are different, if the application methods and the use amounts are not obvious, the confusion is brought to farmers, when urea is used as a foliar fertilizer for spraying, if the application amount is large, the risk of burning seedlings is caused, in addition, the optimal leaf picking periods of the leaf-used ginkgo in the low hilly area are 7 months and 8 months of high temperature and high humidity, and the fertilizer application in the period is not high in fertilizer utilization rate and can possibly generate fertilizer damage; for crown regulation, the content of active medicinal ingredients of the ginkgo leaves on the rejuvenated branches is higher than that of leaves on old branches, the lower the trunk cutting height is, the larger the industrial quantity per unit area is, the higher the active medicinal ingredients are, but the trunk cutting height cannot be too low, the dormant buds at the base of the ginkgo trunk are fewer, and the too low trunk cutting height has the risk of causing the withering of the whole tree; the top growth advantage of the ginkgo is very strong, after the trunk is cut, the bud closest to the cut trunk is used as a new top bud to rapidly grow to form a new trunk, if additional fertilizer and growth regulation control measures are not taken, the internode of the new main branch can be lengthened, the leaves are large and thick, but the number is small, and the new main branch inhibits the lateral branch from sprouting and growing because the new main branch overgrows most nutrients of the plant, so that the yield of the whole plant leaf is influenced to be improved; therefore, the method makes great adjustment in the aspects of cultivation management and crown shape regulation, so that the cultivated ginkgo in the hilly land can be high in quality and yield.

Further, the garden site in the step (1) needs to meet the conditions that the elevation is below 1000m, the gradient is less than 25 degrees, the soil is purple soil, yellow soil, loam, sandy soil or sandy brown soil, the pH value is 5.5-7.5, the drainage is good, and the garden site is far away from a pollution source.

Further, the fertilizer prepared in the base is a compound fertilizer mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and the fertilization standard is 500 kg-800 kg per hectare of land.

The beneficial effect who adopts above-mentioned scheme is: when the nitrogen fertilizer is sufficient, the plant can synthesize more protein and promote the division and growth of cells, so that the leaf area of the plant is increased quickly, and more leaf areas can be used for photosynthesis; the phosphate fertilizer participates in photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transmission, cell division, cell enlargement and other processes in the plant body, can promote the formation and growth of early roots, improves the capability of the plant to adapt to external environmental conditions, and is beneficial to the cold resistance of the plant in winter; the potassium fertilizer has higher distribution amount in organs and tissues with active plant metabolism, and has the functions of ensuring smooth progress of various metabolic processes, promoting plant growth, enhancing disease and pest resistance and lodging resistance and the like; the compound fertilizer formed by mixing the three components has the advantages of high nutrient content, few side ingredients, good physical properties and the like, and plays an important role in balancing fertilization, improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer and promoting the high and stable yield of crops.

Further, the pesticide is 25-30 kg of 3% phoxim granules and 1000-1500 times of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder; wherein, the phoxim granule is applied in a broadcasting way, and the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder is applied in a spraying way.

The beneficial effect who adopts above-mentioned scheme is: before planting the leaf ginkgo, the selected garden site is planted with previous crops or barren mountains and wastelands, and the soil is bound to have unknown pathogenic microorganisms, insect eggs, larvae or pupae and the like, so that the soil is killed in time when the soil is prepared without evaluation, and the hidden trouble of building a new garden is eliminated; the phoxim granules have wide insecticidal spectrum and strong knockdown force, mainly take contact killing and stomach poisoning effects, have no systemic effect, are very effective on lepidopterous larvae, are unstable to light in fields and are quickly decomposed, so the residual period is short and the residual danger is small, but the phoxim granules are applied to soil, have long residual period and are suitable for preventing and controlling underground pests, so the phoxim granules are selectively applied; when the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid is sprayed on the surface of crops, hypobromous acid and hypochlorous acid can be slowly released, the strong capability of killing bacteria and fungi is achieved, and the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid is sprayed on the crops, and a parent body after the hypobromous acid is released through systemic conduction forms triazine diketone and triazine, so that the strong virus killing effect is achieved; in addition, as the starting material is rich in potassium salt and trace element groups, the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid not only has strong capability of preventing and killing bacteria, fungi and viruses, but also has the effects of promoting the vegetative growth of crops and the like, so the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid is selected for spraying; the two are applied simultaneously, so that the soil pesticide can prevent and control soil pests and pathogenic microorganisms in soil.

Further, the seed kernel should satisfy the following condition: the purity of the variety is more than 98%, the hundred-grain weight of the seed kernel is more than 250g, the purity is more than 99%, the mildew rate is less than 5%, and the germination rate is more than 85%; the seedling should satisfy the following conditions: the seedlings grow for 2-3 years in a direct seeding garden, the ground diameter is more than 0.8cm, the seedling height is more than 60cm, the lateral buds are plump, and the seedlings are free of diseases, insect pests and mechanical damage.

The beneficial effect who adopts above-mentioned scheme is: the survival rate of the saplings can be increased only by selecting high-quality seed kernels, and the production efficiency is increased; the high-quality seedlings are selected for transplanting, the survival rate of transplanting can be increased, and healthy seedlings are strong in environmental resistance to virus.

Furthermore, the ditching depth of the sowing is 5cm, and the sowing quantity per hectare is 1000 kg; the transplanting density per hectare is 5 ten thousand plants, the row spacing is 75cm, and the plant spacing is 35 cm.

The beneficial effect who adopts above-mentioned scheme is: when planting, the seedlings are big in pits, flat in bottom, straight in seedling and comfortable in root, the seedlings are suitable for shallow planting, and the survival rate of the seedlings can be ensured only by filling soil and treading on the seedlings in layers.

Further, in the fertilizing process of the step (iv), the urea contains 46% of N, the application amount of the decomposed rapeseed oil cake and the urea is 650kg and 300kg respectively, the compound fertilizer is a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, the application amount of the bio-organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer is 7500kg and 500kg respectively, wherein the bio-organic fertilizer can be a grass source bio-organic fertilizer-multi-resistance functional type.

Further, the leaf harvesting also comprises the step of drying fresh leaves within 24 hours after harvesting by using a dryer, wherein the inlet temperature of the dryer is preferably 800-1100 ℃, the outlet temperature of the dryer is preferably 110-130 ℃, and the drying time is 30-120 min; the dried ginkgo leaves need to be stored in a cool, ventilated, dry and clean place.

The beneficial effect who adopts above-mentioned scheme is: when the leaves use the ginkgo, the concentrated harvesting time is short, large-scale airing of the fresh leaves needs a very wide sunning ground, the operability is not strong, and therefore, the drying is selected, and the dried ginkgo leaves can be stored for a longer time and are not influenced by the weather.

In summary, the invention has the following advantages:

1. aiming at building gardens on gentle lands and sloping lands, the method is classified according to production practice, the gardens are built by seeding and direct seeding on the gentle lands, 2-3 year-old seedlings are transplanted on the sloping lands to build the gardens, the mode development of building the gardens is promoted from the gentle lands to the sloping lands year by year, and the method is more scientific and efficient;

2. the ginkgo seed kernels or the seedlings are sterilized and disinfected in time during sowing or planting, so that the probability of disease and pest disasters of later-period bases can be effectively reduced;

3. the invention has higher standard when selecting seeds and seeds, and is a high-yield tamping foundation for later-period bases;

4. the density of the gingko in the base after density regulation is properly increased, the canopy density of the base is increased under the condition that the base continuously produces high yield every year, the space for weed growth is reduced, and the weeding cost is indirectly saved;

5. the invention optimizes the weeding and fertilizing scheme, can realize accurate weeding and fertilizing at the key point where weeding and fertilizing are most needed for growth of leaf gingko, and can effectively save labor and economic cost

6. By the process of cultivation management, the processes of soil covering, planting density increasing, density regulation and control, weeding and fertilization are adopted, and the yield of fresh leaves is increased;

7. through the process of crown shape regulation and control, the modes of stem cutting to generate rejuvenated branches, top dressing and growth regulation and control are adopted, and the yield of the whole plant of leaves is increased.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the growth of the top of the main branch of leaf-use ginkgo biloba without crown width regulation;

FIG. 2 shows the growth of the top of the main branch of leaf ginkgo after crown width regulation.

Detailed Description

Example 1

A method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at high quality and high yield in hilly land comprises the following steps:

1. base preparation

Selecting a valley alluvial land with the elevation below 410m, the gradient of 3 degrees, soil purple soil, the pH of 6.5, good drainage and far away from a pollution source as a garden address; at the beginning of winter, removing the weeds in the base, preparing soil, and opening drainage ditches; in combination with land preparation, 500kg of compound fertilizer mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in a mass ratio of 1:1:1 is applied to each hectare as base fertilizer, 30kg of 3% phoxim granules are applied to prevent and control underground pests, and 1000 times of liquid of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder is sprayed to prevent and control pathogenic microorganisms in soil;

2. seed approval device

The quality of the seed kernel reaches the grade I and above standards specified in GB/T20397-; before sowing, firstly, sterilizing seeds for 1h by using 0.5% potassium permanganate solution, fishing out, washing the seeds by using clean water, soaking the seeds in the clean water for 72h, and fishing out for later use;

3. cultivation management

(1) Seeding

Sowing in one week before the stunting, adopting a ditching and drilling mode, ditching depth of 5cm, sowing quantity of 1000kg per hectare, and timely watering thoroughly after seeds are sowed and covered with soil;

(2) density regulation

Sowing the seedlings to grow 35.2 thousands of plants per hectare in the current year, and harvesting fresh leaves in the second year after sowing; thinning is started in the third year, namely, redundant seedlings are transplanted to a slope land according to the proportion of 60 percent to build a new garden, and 14.1 thousand ginkgo biloba plants per hectare are after thinning; continuously transplanting the redundant seedlings to a newly-built garden in a ratio of 60% in the fourth year on the basis of the current-year density of the direct seeding garden, and adjusting the density of the direct seeding garden to 5.6 thousands of plants per hectare in the fourth year, so that the density is reasonable in the full-production period of fresh leaves, and the density adjustment and control work is completed;

(3) weeding

Weeding is carried out for 5 times all the year round, the traditional weeding mode is adopted, and weeding is carried out in early and small time in spring and autumn, namely, the weeding is carried out without waiting for the seeds of weeds to be sown; in summer, the low weeds are used for moisturizing and cooling the soil, and only higher weed irrigation or invasive weeds are removed;

(4) fertilizing

The density of the ginkgo biloba is regulated and controlled, 600kg of thoroughly decomposed rapeseed oil cake and 300kg of urea containing N46 percent are applied to each hectare one week before sprouting of seedlings in spring; after the leaves are harvested, 6000kg of bio-organic fertilizer and 500kg of compound fertilizer mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1 are applied to each hectare, wherein the bio-organic fertilizer is a grass source bio-organic fertilizer-multi-resistance functional type; applying fertilizer by ditching 25cm deep between rows of semen Ginkgo, uniformly spreading fertilizer in the ditch, and covering soil;

(5) draining water

The width and the height of the annual main drainage ditch are kept 60cm and 70 cm; the width of the compartment ditch is kept to be 40cm, and the height of the compartment ditch is kept to be 60 cm;

4. crown shape regulation

The crown shape regulation and control mainly comprises the following three key steps: (1) cutting off the trunks of the direct seeding garden at the position 35cm high from the ground after the growth of the gingkoes in autumn of the second year enters dormancy and before buds sprout in spring of the next year, and cutting off the trunks of the direct seeding garden at the position 50cm high from the ground every year; (2) in the spring ginkgo leaf-expanding period, mixed solution of 5000 times of 4 percent gibberellin emulsifiable solution and 1500 times of 0.01 percent brassinolide emulsifiable solution is sprayed on the tree crown; (3) pinching when young shoots grow to 30cm, and spraying the ginkgo crown with mixed solution of 15000 times of 97% mepiquat chloride powder, 2000 times of 0.01% brassinolide missible oil and 800 times of 98% monopotassium phosphate within one week after pinching;

5. leaf harvesting

The leaf harvesting time is 8 months; when the leaves are harvested, the petioles are pinched and harvested to keep the leaves intact and fresh; drying fresh leaves in a dryer within 24h after picking, wherein the inlet temperature of the dryer is 1000 ℃, the outlet temperature is 100 ℃, and the drying time is 60 min; and (4) storing the dried ginkgo leaves in a cool, ventilated, dry and clean place.

Example 2

1. base preparation

Selecting a low hillside land with an altitude of 619m, a gradient of 21 degrees, soil sandy soil or sandy brown soil, a pH value of 5.9, good drainage and a far distance from a pollution source as a garden address; in early winter, after removing the weeds in the base, performing soil preparation; combining soil preparation, applying 800kg of compound fertilizer mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1 per hectare as base fertilizer, simultaneously, applying 25kg of 3% phoxim granules to prevent and control underground pests, and spraying 1200 times of liquid of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder to prevent and control pathogenic microorganisms in soil;

2. preparation of seedlings

Selecting seedlings which grow for 2 years in a direct seeding garden with the density to be reduced, have developed root systems, have the ground diameter of more than 0.8cm, the seedling height of more than 60cm, plump lateral buds and no diseases, insect pests and mechanical damage, placing the roots of the seedlings in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder and 5000 times of 98% naphthylacetic acid, soaking for 10min, and fishing out for later use;

3. cultivation management

(1) Transplanting

Transplanting time is 1 month before ginkgo sprout in spring, hectare planting density is 6.7 ten thousand plants, row spacing is 50cm, plant spacing is 30cm, when planting, pit is large, bottom is flat, seedling is straight, root is comfortable, seedling is suitable for shallow planting, and layered filling and treading are carried out;

(2) weeding

Weeding for 3 times all the year, adopting a traditional weeding mode, and weeding in spring and autumn insist on removing early and small weeds, namely removing weeds without seeding; in summer, the low weeds are used for moisturizing and cooling the soil, and only higher weed irrigation or invasive weeds are removed;

(3) fertilizing

700kg of decomposed rapeseed oil cake and 300kg of urea (containing N46%) are applied to each hectare in the half month before sprouting of seedlings in spring by using the density-controlled ginkgo; after the leaves are harvested, 9000kg of a biological organic fertilizer and 480kg of a compound fertilizer mixed with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in a mass ratio of 1:1:1 are applied to each hectare, wherein the biological organic fertilizer is a grass source biological organic fertilizer-multi-resistance functional type; applying fertilizer by ditching 25cm deep between rows of semen Ginkgo, uniformly spreading fertilizer in the ditch, and covering soil;

(4) draining water

Irrigating in a dry season in due time according to conditions;

4. crown shape regulation

The crown shape regulation and control mainly comprises the following three key steps: (1) after the leaves are put into production by a ginkgo garden, cutting off the position of a trunk of the ginkgo in a position 50cm away from the ground after the ginkgo grows into dormancy in autumn every year and before buds sprout in spring in the next year; (2) in the spring ginkgo leaf-expanding period, the crown is sprayed with mixed solution of 4500 times of 4% gibberellin missible oil and 1200 times of 0.01% brassinolide missible oil; (3) pinching when young shoots grow to 50cm, and spraying the ginkgo crown with a mixed solution of 12000 times of 97% mepiquat chloride powder, 2000 times of 0.01% brassinolide missible oil and 500 times of 98% monopotassium phosphate within one week after pinching;

5. leaf harvesting

The leaf harvesting time is 8 middle ten days of the month, the leaf with the petiole is harvested, and the leaves are kept complete and fresh; drying fresh leaves in a dryer within 24h after picking, wherein the inlet temperature of the dryer is preferably 1000 ℃, the outlet temperature of the dryer is preferably 100 ℃, and the drying time is 60 min; the dried ginkgo leaves need to be stored in a cool, ventilated, dry and clean place.

Example 3

1. base preparation

Selecting a low hillside land with the elevation below 805m, the gradient of 13 degrees, soil sandy soil, the pH of 6.9, good drainage and far away from a pollution source as a garden site; in early winter, after removing the weeds in the base, performing soil preparation; combining soil preparation, applying 600kg of compound fertilizer mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1 per hectare as base fertilizer, simultaneously, applying 25kg of 3% phoxim granules to prevent and control underground pests, and spraying 1500 times of liquid of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder to prevent and control pathogenic microorganisms in soil;

2. preparation of seedlings

Selecting seedlings which grow for 2 years in a direct seeding garden with the density to be reduced, have developed root systems, have the ground diameter of more than 0.8cm, the seedling height of more than 60cm, plump lateral buds and no plant diseases, insect pests and mechanical damage, placing the roots of the seedlings in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder and 5000 times of 98% naphthylacetic acid, soaking for 5min, and fishing out for slope transplantation and garden building;

3. cultivation management

(1) Transplanting

Transplanting time is half a month before sprouting of ginkgo sprouts in spring, planting density of 6.25 ten thousand plants per hectare is achieved, row spacing is 80cm, plant spacing is 20cm, when planting, pits are large, bottom is flat, seedlings are straight and root is comfortable, seedlings are suitable for shallow planting, and layered filling and treading are carried out;

(2) weeding

Weeding for 3 times all the year, adopting the traditional weeding mode, and weeding in spring and autumn insist on removing early and small weeds, namely removing weeds without sowing seeds; in summer, the low weeds are used for moisturizing and cooling the soil, and only higher weed irrigation or invasive weeds are removed;

(3) fertilizing

The ginkgo biloba, the density of which is regulated and controlled, is applied with 600kg of decomposed rapeseed oil cake and 350kg of urea (containing N46%) per hectare in the first half month of sprout germination in spring; after leaves are harvested, 8000kg of biological organic fertilizer and 500kg of compound fertilizer mixed by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1 are applied to each hectare, wherein the biological organic fertilizer is a grass source biological organic fertilizer-multi-resistance functional type; applying fertilizer by ditching for 20cm, spreading fertilizer in the ditch, and covering soil;

(4) draining water

Irrigating in real time in dry seasons according to actual conditions;

4. crown shape regulation

The crown shape regulation and control mainly comprises the following three key steps: (1) after the leaves are put into production by a ginkgo garden, cutting off the position of a trunk of the ginkgo in a position 60cm away from the ground after the ginkgo grows into dormancy in autumn every year and before buds sprout in spring in the next year; (2) in the spring ginkgo leaf-expanding period, spraying tree crowns with mixed solution of 4000 times of 4% gibberellin missible oil and 1200 times of 0.01% brassinolide missible oil; (3) pinching when young shoots grow to 60cm, and spraying the ginkgo crown with mixed solution of 15000 times of 97% mepiquat chloride powder, 1200 times of 0.01% brassinolide missible oil and 600 times of 98% monopotassium phosphate within one week after pinching;

5. leaf harvesting

The leaf harvesting time is 8 middle ten days; when the leaves are harvested, the petioles are pinched and harvested to keep the leaves intact and fresh; drying fresh leaves in a dryer within 24h after picking, wherein the inlet temperature of the dryer is preferably 1000 ℃, the outlet temperature of the dryer is preferably 100 ℃, and the drying time is 60 min; the dried ginkgo leaves need to be stored in a cool, ventilated, dry and clean place.

Comparative example

The leaf-used ginkgo management method in the prior art comprises the following steps:

(1) land selection and preparation

Selecting sandy loam with mild topography, deep soil layer, fertile and loose properties and good irrigation and drainage conditions as a garden site, applying 38000kg of decomposed farmyard manure as a base fertilizer per hectare in spring of the year of planting, deeply turning over the soil by 50cm, leveling, and making a high bed with the width of 1.2m, the height of 15cm and the furrow width of 50 cm;

(2) seed treatment

Half a month before sowing, soaking the seeds in a container with clear water, removing the shrunken seeds, and taking out after 80% of the seeds absorb water, swell and crack;

(3) seeding

Selecting gingko kernels with the weight of 220g per hundred grains, uniformly sowing 120kg of gingko kernels per hectare on a high bed in 3 months, taking soil from ditches, covering the seeds with soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil reaches 8 cm;

(4) thinning

4.9 ten thousand seedlings are sown per hectare in the current year, and the first thinning is carried out after the third year of planting and leaf picking, the method is that 50 percent of seedlings are dug in a dense area planted by gingkoes for transplanting, and the density of each hectare in the field is 2.5 ten thousand seedlings after the first thinning; carrying out second thinning after planting leaves in the fourth year, wherein 50 percent of seedlings are dug in a dense area where the gingkoes grow in one year after the first thinning for transplanting, and the density of each hectare in the field after the second thinning is 1.2 ten thousand plants;

(5) management of field

Weeding and fertilizing: weeding once every 2 months for the first year of gingko planting, weeding once every 6 months and 11 months later, fertilizing once every 3 months for the first year of gingko planting, and applying the fertilizer with urea of 300kg/hm²And potassium dihydrogen phosphate fertilizer 200kg/hm²Uniformly spreading the fertilizer on a high bed by adopting a spreading method, and then respectively spraying 400kg/hm of urea in 3, 5 and 8 months every year²Spraying 450kg/hm of monopotassium phosphate in 7 months²30000kg/hm of decomposed farmyard manure is broadcast and applied in 11 months²(ii) a Shaping and trimming: when the ginkgo tree grows to 1m, the pruning is carried out, the pruning main branches are clear, the distribution is uniform, the structure is compact, and the ventilation and light transmission are good; thirdly, pest control; the plant protection working policy of 'prevention is mainly and comprehensively prevented' is adhered to, and the 'NY/T393-2000 green food pesticide use criterion' is strictly executed;

(6) leaf harvesting

The harvesting period of the ginkgo leaves is 8 months earlier, and the fresh leaves are harvested and dried in the sun in time.

The results of the data obtained for each example and for the comparative ginkgo biloba are shown in table 1:

TABLE 1 comparison of the content of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the full-term and the yield of fresh leaves

Note: the seedling age of "2 + 2" in the table means that after growing in the direct seeding garden for 2 years, the seedlings are transplanted to a sloping field to continue growing for 2 years.

As can be seen from the table: under the condition of the same experimental area, the ginkgo trees with the same age are compared, and the fresh leaf yield of the ginkgo cultivated by the method is increased by 2-3 times compared with that of the ginkgo cultivated by the traditional method, so that the total flavonol glycoside content and the terpene lactone content can be greatly increased in the same experimental area, and the economic benefit is high.

While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the illustrated embodiments, it should not be construed as limited to the scope of the present patent. Various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without inventive step within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating the ginkgo with high quality and high yield on the leaves of hilly lands is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) base preparation

Selecting low mountain, hilly slope-relieving land and valley-rushing land as garden sites, removing weeds, opening drainage ditches, and finally applying compound fertilizer and pesticide;

(2) seedling/approval preparation

Selecting seed kernels, sterilizing semen Ginkgo with 0.3-0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 1-2 hr, taking out, washing with clear water, and soaking in clear water for 48-72 hr;

selecting seedlings, placing the roots of the seedlings in a mixed solution of 2000 times of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder and 5000 times of 98% naphthylacetic acid, and soaking for 5-10 min;

(3) cultivation management

(ii) sowing/transplanting

② density regulation

The density regulation process comprises the following steps: seeds are firstly used for high-density direct seeding on a gentle land, a garden is built, 27-40 thousands of seedlings emerge per hectare, and fresh leaves begin to be harvested in the second year after seeding; thinning seedlings, transplanting redundant seedlings to a slope land to build a new garden according to the proportion of 60%, and planting every hectare of the slope land to build a field according to the density of 4-7 ten thousand plants; in the fourth year, on the basis of the current annual density of the direct seeding garden, the redundant seedlings are continuously transplanted to a newly-built garden according to the proportion of 60 percent;

thirdly, weeding

fourthly, fertilizer application

The specific process of fertilization comprises the following steps: after a park is built, 600-700 kg of thoroughly decomposed rapeseed oil cake and 300-350 kg of urea are applied to each hectare one week before sprout in spring; after the leaves are harvested, 5000-10000 kg of biological organic fertilizer and 450-550 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each hectare; applying fertilizer by adopting a ditch application method, namely ditching 20-30 cm deep between the gingko rows, uniformly spreading the fertilizer in the ditches, and covering soil;

fifth, draining

(4) crown shape regulation

(5) leaf harvesting

Harvesting leaves in the middle and late 7-8 months, and pinching with a leaf stalk.

2. The method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at high yield and high quality as claimed in claim 1, wherein the garden site in the step (1) satisfies the conditions of elevation below 1000m, gradient less than 25 °, purple soil, yellow soil, loam, sandy soil or sandy brown soil, pH 5.5-7.5, good drainage and being far away from pollution sources.

3. The method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at high quality and yield in hilly lands as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compound fertilizer in the step (1) is a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in a mass ratio of 1:1:1, and the fertilizer application standard is 500 kg-800 kg per hectare of land.

4. The method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at low mountain hills with high quality and high yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pesticide in the step (1) is 25-30 kg of 3% phoxim granules and 1000-1500 times of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder; wherein, the phoxim granule is applied in a broadcasting way, and the chlorobromoisocyanuric acid soluble powder is applied in a spraying way.

5. The method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at low hills with high quality and high yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed kernel satisfies the following conditions: the purity of the variety is more than 98%, the hundred-grain weight of the seed kernel is more than 250g, the purity is more than 99%, the mildew rate is less than 5%, and the germination rate is more than 85%; the seedlings need to meet the following conditions: the seedlings grow for 2-3 years in a direct seeding garden, the ground diameter is more than 0.8cm, the seedling height is more than 60cm, the lateral buds are plump, and the seedlings are free of diseases, insect pests and mechanical damage.

6. The method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at high yield and high quality as claimed in claim 1, wherein the depth of trench digging for sowing is 5cm, and the sowing amount per hectare is 1000 kg; the planting density of each hectare of transplantation is 5 ten thousand plants, the row spacing is 75cm, and the plant spacing is 35 cm.

7. The method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at high quality and yield in hilly areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein the urea in the fertilizing process of the step (iv) contains 46% of N, the application amount of the decomposed rapeseed oil cake and the urea is 650kg and 300kg respectively, the compound fertilizer is a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers which are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1:1:1, and the application amount of the bio-organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer is 7500kg and 500kg respectively.

8. The method for cultivating ginkgo biloba at high quality and high yield in hilly lands as claimed in claim 1, wherein the leaf harvesting further comprises drying fresh leaves within 24 hours after harvesting in a dryer, wherein the inlet temperature of the dryer is 800-1100 ℃, the outlet temperature is 110-130 ℃, and the drying time is 30-120 min; and (4) storing the dried ginkgo leaves in a cool, ventilated, dry and clean place.