CN101040584A - Manual and normative planting technology and continuous using method of akebia trifoliate - Google Patents
Manual and normative planting technology and continuous using method of akebia trifoliate Download PDFInfo
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- CN101040584A CN101040584A CNA2007100521189A CN200710052118A CN101040584A CN 101040584 A CN101040584 A CN 101040584A CN A2007100521189 A CNA2007100521189 A CN A2007100521189A CN 200710052118 A CN200710052118 A CN 200710052118A CN 101040584 A CN101040584 A CN 101040584A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an artificial standard planting utilizing method of Akebia trifoliate, which comprises that selecting planting base, preparing, cultivating seed, transplanting, and managing in field. The invention utilizes Akebia trifoliate seed to process sexual reproduction or utilizes young plant to process asexual propagation as grafting or the like, thereby realizing artificial standard transplantation of Akebia trifoliate, it can transplant one time and collect several times, utilize the plant continuously, improve plant utilization, reduce cost and protect environment, with wide application.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the medicinal plant field of planting, be specifically related to artificial standardized planting and the sustainable utilization method of a kind of threeleaf akebia.
Background technology
2005 editions Pharmacopoeias of the People's Republic of China of " akebi " medicinal material have recorded three kinds, are respectively Lardizabalaceae akebi Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. threeleaf akebia Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz. or akebia trifoliata varaustralis Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) koidz.var.australis (Diels) Rehd.What wherein output was bigger is three leaves.Threeleaf akebia is the wooden winding of a perennial fallen leaves liane, long number rice, and smooth no hair, the sprig taupe has sparse hole skin.Palmately compound leaf, 3 on leaflet, keratin, avette, wide oval or long avette, central lobule is bigger usually, the blunt circle of tip, nick, there is small cusp the centre, common circle of base portion or wide wedge shape, there is obviously wavy shallow knuckle-tooth at the edge, and common 5～7 pairs of lateral vein protrudes below.The raceme armpit is given birth to, flower unisexuality, and the same preface of monoecism, male flower is less, is born in inflorescence top, and 6 pieces of stamens are arranged, separate, lilac, female flower is big slightly, is born in the inflorescence bottom, and the bronzing carpel separates, 6 pieces of staminodiums; Sepal is aubergine.Fruit is a berry, long avette or oblong, and meat, pericarp is thick, and ripe back is along ventral suture cracking, pericarp light gray colour band reddish violet; The seed majority, avette, black or brownish black.And threeleaf akebia in Jiangxi, all there is distribution provinces and regions such as Jiangsu, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan.Main chemical compositions has oleanane-type triterpene saponin in the threeleaf akebia, comprises hederagenin and oleanolic acid.Also has lignanoids, flavonoids, phenols, grease, multiple compositions such as organic acid and polysaccharose.The tool clearing away the heart-fire, diuresis, the effects such as lactogenesis of stimulating the menstrual flow; Be used for irritable feverish sensation in chest, larynx numbness pharyngalgia clinically, the urine tooth, five drench, oedema, whole body contraction pain is waited a little while,please the curative effect produce effects through closing breast.For rough gentian purging the liver of pathogenic fire preparation series, lead the primary raw material of red ball, row's stone preparation series, annual requirement is more than 1,500,000 kilograms, market demand is very huge.The situation that supply falls short of demand usually appears." Chinese pharmacopoeia Lardizabalaceae Akebia plant that version in 1963 is recorded has changed aristolochiaceae plant northeast birthwort Aristolochia manshuriensis Koma into because version in 1977, it is this important historical reason of caulis aristologhiae manshuriensis, cause caulis aristologhiae manshuriensis by a large amount of research and development utilizations, thereby make Lardizabalaceae plant threeleaf akebia etc. be able to and a certain amount ofly to keep, yet the renal toxicity that aristolochic acid causes that caulis aristologhiae manshuriensis is contained, make akebis such as threeleaf akebia be subject to people's attention again, make herb resources such as threeleaf akebia be tending towards in imminent danger again, so that the Department of Science and Technology in Tenth Five-Year Plan Period with itself and Cordyceps sinensis etc. together as " the rare medicinal material in imminent danger " research of tackling key problems, though threeleaf akebia like this still can not satisfy the demands far away.Therefore how to carry out artificial standardized planting and the sustainable utilization of threeleaf akebia, its resource is effectively protected, just become the research topic that solution is badly in need of in China plant cultivation field.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is at the deficiencies in the prior art; artificial standardized planting and the sustainable utilization method of a kind of threeleaf akebia are provided; improve plant and soil availability, reduce production costs, satisfy enterprise to raw-material active demand; protect wild plant resource simultaneously; when helping peasant programme, preserve the ecological environment, prevent erosion.
Purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions, and its method step is as follows:
(1) selection of planting base: select soil property fertile, the neutrality of thicker soil and subacidity soil (pH5～7) He Xi two sides, border, hillside or farmland, requirement is ventilated, printing opacity is good, has irrigation conditions and communications and transportation to cultivate in the place easily.
(2) preparation before the field planting: planting site is ploughed deeply 20～30cm, according to the every even farmyard manure that 1000～1500kg becomes thoroughly decomposed (barnyard manure, compost or make compost) that applies per mu of soil fertility, 20～40kg carbonic hydroammonium, 40～60kg superphosphate, turn over into ground, rake is leveling carefully, makes high 15～20cm then, the furrow of wide 150～160cm are fixed the ditch about wide 30cm between furrow.
(3) sapling multiplication
1. seed seedling-raising: when ventral suture is blown, can gather October when Trilobed Caulis Akebiae fruit is ripe, takes out seed immediately.If wild threeleaf akebia can be piled up fruit when fruit as yet not during full maturity, make it well-done, take out seed then.With the ripening fruits of gathering, take out seed, clean repeatedly with clear water, the residual pulp of seed is removed in stranding, floats and removes flat grain, pulls out and dries, in 1: 3 ratio seed and clean thin river sand are mixed then, put into mid-indoor seasoning of wooden case or field and dig cave (loam cake hides the thing of rain), sand humidity is controlled at 30%～40%, does not promptly drip with holding tightly agglomerating.Routine observation regularly waters and preserves moisture, and if any finding threeleaf akebia seed " broken chewing " phenomenon, takes out the seed of " broken chewing " immediately, and it is transplanted in the in advance prefabricated nutritive cube, puts in the greenhouse and emerges.After emerging seedling is grown in the greenhouse always, treat to move into again about the long 60cm of seedling stem big Tanaka's field planting.After planting keep suitable temperature, treat to water once after the surperficial earthing drying, treat the 10～15d that will shelter from heat or light after seedling all sprouts, temperature is aeration-cooling more than 20 ℃ the time.
2. cuttage and seedling culture: halcyon days, gather 5～8mm thickness of life in 3～4 years, healthy and strong ripe, the full threeleaf akebia wild species bar of eye of long 15～20cm, the upper end goes out straight snips in the last 1～2cm of joint, the lower end tiltedly is cut into horse ear shape in the 1cm place down in joint, and wet husky storage is passed the winter.Before and after next year " Waking of Insects (3rd solar term) ", will plant bar with 100 * 10
-6The ABT root-inducing powder soaks 24h No. 2, simultaneously cuttage is ploughed rake repeatedly with the field, make no weeds tree root in the soil, it is in the seedbed of matrix that kind of bar is inserted the thick fine sand of 20～25cm, kind of bar becomes 30 ° with bed surface, cuttage seeding row spacing 10cm * 10cm detains shade net or shelters from heat or light with the reed built on the seedbed, to keep kind of bar and ground moistening, the seedbed covers with black mulch film simultaneously.When fine temperature was higher than 30 ℃, time opening spraying apparatus between every day 10:00～15:00 made it keep air humidity, prevented from that seedling from crossing because of the too high transpiration of temperature to consume moisture by force in a large number.When seedling early growth to 30～40cm, excavate the situation of taking root that seedling is checked in the seedbed, intact if the root system of seedling takes place, can transplant planting in big Tanaka.Is the center with shovel with the seedling, and each shovel of left-right and front-back is got the seedbed soil of 5cm, catches seedbed soil (female soil) with straw bag, transplants in the land for growing field crops.
3. layering seedling growth: the autumn growth of threeleaf akebia is chosen the stem rattan sturdy, that growing way is good, operate, branches and tendrils are imbedded in the earth, fixing and mark with bamboo let according to the conventional method of press strip.Treat that fibrous root grows to about 10cm, can transplant.
(4) seedling field planting: the root growth situation according to the seedling of different reproductive mode gained is carried out field planting, waters permeable after the field planting.Cuttage seeding and press strip seedling land for growing field crops field planting time Ying Zaichun, two seasons of winter.Spring plants should be before rudiment, and promptly mid or late Febuary is to early March; Winter plants should be behind fallen leaves, and late November is to early December.Cuttage, propagation by layering seedling seedling rise transplantation of seedlings can December or next year early March carry out, Best Times is 1 year " rainwater " and transplant between " Waking of Insects (3rd solar term) ".Seed seedling-raising all can be transplanted throughout the year.Planting point digs diameter 30～40cm apart from stringing upright projection 15～20cm, the planting pit of dark 25～30cm, the soil that digs out is admixed in the well-rotted farmyard manure backfill cave half, trains into steamed bun shape mound at the bottom of the cave, and nursery stock is left with in the cave, unfold root system, backfill residue soil is gently carried seedling root system and soil is close to then, and soil is filled and led up having peace of mind, do diameter 50～60cm water pond, water, treat that water oozes after, the water pond creeper is raked.The field planting standard should in the long run be considered, should consider the rational density of threeleaf akebia, considers more new situation again, and for forming standardization threeleaf akebia plantation, its seeding row spacing should carry out field planting by 90cm * 130cm, can not disorderly plant, and must standardize.
(5) field management
1. nursery stage management
If threeleaf akebia is adopted cottage propagation, after the cuttage seeding rudiment,, can't absorb moisture owing to do not take root as yet, mainly rely in the cuttage bar supply of self moisture, should carry out this moment and shelter from heat or light and water, in case cuttage seeding dries up because of the leaf water evaporation., be the highest stage of cuttage seeding death at this moment particularly at the south hot weather in regular meeting's stage of appearance between April to May.Can adopt spray method to reach the purpose of cooling moisture-retaining this moment.
The general external condition of propagation by layering is not obvious to its influence, and is simpler in seedling management.
Seed seedling-raising is mainly adopted in threeleaf akebia sexual propagation, and this method is mainly carried out in the greenhouse, and the nursery stage management is comparatively simple, as long as regularly water, operates very simple.But to note ventilatedly at high temperature season, prevent that the too high appearance of temperature from burning the seedling phenomenon.
2. seedling period management
The seedling of seed seedling-raising gained, mainly spend in the greenhouse early stage of seedling phase, only after plant surely just big Tanaka, owing to being balled transplanting, its root system is not caused any harm, and the seedling of this seedling method gained, well developed root system, the grown in field that can suit rapidly after planting surely the brightness reversion phenomena of mortality can not occur, survival rate is absolutely basically, so the management master of seedling phase is weeding.
Behind seed seedling-raising, cuttage or the layering seedling growth, when transplanting, should in planting hole, discharge a small amount of base manure, but base manure should mix with soil, influence in case fertilizer is too concentrated that cuttage seeding is taken root and the growth of young root.
After planting surely, threeleaf akebia has just entered the seedling phase, is quick period of growth of threeleaf akebia at this moment, and than higher, should use sufficient base manure this moment before rudiment, based on farmyard manure to the requirement of liquid manure.The while sealing fertilizer is based on nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer.
3. fertilising
Semi supplied manure is mainly made base manure and is used when field planting, also can be used as the use of topdressing, and uses but will plough deeply the back; Organic commercial fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, microbial manure carry out with plant strain growth in 6～July mid-term (fruit expanding period) before the early March rudiment respectively mainly as the use of topdressing.Generally after field planting, topdress, chase after quick-acting nitrogen, potash fertilizer (mid or late March budding period) in every strain both sides for the 1st time.,, fertilizer is spread in the ditch with interior scope apart from plant 30cm, waters little water immediately, send fertilizer, must guard against the big flood deep irrigation with water with hoe, spade excavation shallow ridges; Impose quick-acting phosphorus potash fertilizer at plant strain growth in 6～July mid-term (fruit expanding period) the 2nd time.Along with the expansion of tree body, fertilizer amount increases year by year.
4. irrigate
When lack of water appears in threeleaf akebia, should carry out man-made irrigation.The drain ditch of reply threeleaf akebia planting site is in time cleared up before wet season of summer is arrived, and the ponding place will in time get rid of.
5. intertill and clean tillage
Keep loosing soil not have assorted living plant in the planting site threeleaf akebia plant scope.The intertill and clean tillage degree of depth 10～15cm is advisable.Threeleaf akebia is liked being grown in the humus soil of good water permeability, and requires low cover few more good more, if weeds are luxuriant in the soil, will have a strong impact on the growth of threeleaf akebia.Be embodied in the threeleaf akebia growth retardation, the leaf look turns to be yellow even turns black withered.1 year of transplanting of threeleaf akebia, because threeleaf akebia does not occupy whole space as yet, so weeds are more, are maximum time of weeds in the whole life process of threeleaf akebia at this moment, the main task in this stage also is an intertill and clean tillage.The general manual method that adopts is carried out weeding, can not use weed killer herbicide.
According to the growth rhythm of weeds in field, (early or mid March) carries out a weeding before the threeleaf akebia rudiment, and Ying Jiancao must remove, and must guard against weeds and covers the medicine seedling, should adopt manual uprooting weed, two week backs with hoe in conjunction with intertilling weeding once more.At All Other Times according to the in good time weeding of the growing state of weeds, generally be once in mid-May and each weeding of early July, keep the furrow face not have weeds.
6. stand bar and pruning
Taking stand is the key of threeleaf akebia high yield.Threeleaf akebia branches and tendrils softness can not be upright, must depend on its tree or upwards growth of hack lever winding.Therefore its shaping needs the people to finish for the stand bar and in conjunction with pruning.Threeleaf akebia cuttage seeding, press strip seedling and seedling current increment are little, and plant height is generally at 40～60cm, and second annual is 180cm, but the 3rd year cloth shelfful face.At early and middle ten days in 1 year March in spring, long 2～2.5m, the weedtree bar of the higher authorities' diameter 15～20cm (frame bar) skewer is fixed with thin wire in the plant both sides, and built forms a rack mutually.The threeleaf akebia rattan is fixed in the stand with palma, and it is climing that every strain keeps 2～4 fixing masters.The same with fruit trees such as grapes, threeleaf akebia need carry out regular tree body management.Shaping is had any different because of posture is different, prunes then to prune off.The purpose of pruning is to set up and maintain main climing and good skeleton of bearing basal shoot composition, keeps the balance between plant strain growth and the result, is convenient to the cultivation management threeleaf akebia, prunes and mainly prunes off, and fruit bearing shoot should be noted based on poppyhead bud result as far as possible.Pruning is one of threeleaf akebia important measures of reaching high yield and stable yields.The purpose of pruning is for the nutrition of regulating complete stool reaches reasonable distribution, control nutrient and the unnecessary consumption of moisture.The task of pruning is to wipe out sick branch, thin and weak branch, overstocked branch and old and feeble branch from plant, satisfying growth and the result needs to nutrient and moisture, and makes old strain rejuvenation.(resin flow before) all can carry out winter pruning before the pruning time, thoughtful next year, bleeding began from plant fallen leaves back 2～3, but should mid-February prune end up being suitable.During pruning, clip does not stay side shoot from eye 2～3cm in the 30cm frame face of the face of land.
7. the extermination of disease and insect pest: the disease of threeleaf akebia mainly is leaf spot, white powder rust, brachynosis, fusarium wilt and rust, and anthracnose, angular leaf spot, circle pinta and dead leaf disease etc. are still arranged in addition; Insect pest mainly is aphid, hair peppery worm, corpus hemorrhagicum leafhopper, chi bat, in addition still tip hawk noctuid, euproctis pseudoconspersa, chafer, the dried longicorn of moth, white cottonycushion scale, two spotted spider mite etc.For the control of harm threeleaf akebia insect, mainly be to carry out clear garden in winter, eliminate survive the winter worm pupa, worm's ovum.Cloth pesticide control insect pest etc. will be sprayed in the orchard in good time, or manually catches, and also can adopt the biological synthesis control.Especially should note using medicament spring, prevent that corpus hemorrhagicum leafhopper, aphid, the peppery worm of hair, white cottonycushion scale, two spotted spider mite etc. to climing the causing harm of young spray, also can adopt the method control of physics and chemistry, but must select in the scope that GAP allows to use.
(6) gather and stay pocket: select fine day to gather, the morning dew carry out after disappearing, gather with secateurs, sharp cutter, should cut off from the high about 20cm of basal part of stem place when gathering, but can not injure maternal plant basis and root, promptly to stay pocket, as the basis of breeding in 1 year.The maternal plant of threeleaf akebia after gathering can grow a large amount of young sprouts from base portion in 1 year, and these young sprouts keep 2～3 after selecting, on the side's of being fixed in frame, can become new plant.The rest may be inferred, can tap maternal plant every 4～5 years afterwards, produces the threeleaf akebia medicinal material, keeps maternal plant simultaneously and produce new plant as the basis of breeding, thereby reach once gather for many years sustainable utilization purpose of plantation.
The described weeding system of step 5 of the present invention is an artificial weeding, described fertilising, and the fertilizer that allows to use comprises semi supplied manure, organic commercial fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, microbial manure etc.Semi supplied manure should fully become thoroughly decomposed, and with killing ova, pathogen, weed seed, reaches innoxious sanitary standard.Ban use of domestic waste, industrial refuse, hospital waste and ight soil.Described irrigation water should meet " agricultural irrigation water quality standard " quoted, and well water, rainwater, mountain stream water and pollution-free river, mountain spring water should be considered as health, suitable irrigation water.Agricultural chemicals that the described extermination of disease and insect pest is used and bactericide etc. should be selected in the scope that the medicinal material standardized planting allows to use, and forbid chloride class agricultural chemicals, stop using various bactericide in the previous moon of gathering.
Described 2～3 young sprouts of step 6 are by being sent out the strongst person in the young sprout.
Advantage of the present invention is: make full use of continuous young sprout that produces of maternal plant of threeleaf akebia or the seed in the fruit, thereby reach the purpose that raises up seed, taken the lead in realizing the artificial standardized planting of threeleaf akebia, and reached once plantation, repeatedly gather the purpose of sustainable utilization plant.Realizing effectively having improved the availability of plant on the basis that the threeleaf akebia industrialization is produced, reduced production cost, protected ecotope simultaneously, avoid the water and soil loss that causes because of vegetation deterioration, have better market prospect.
Embodiment
Fertile in soil property, in the neutrality of thicker soil and subacidity soil (pH5～7) He Xi two sides, border, hillside or the farmland, planting site is ploughed deeply 20～30cm, according to the every even farmyard manure that 1000～1500kg becomes thoroughly decomposed (barnyard manure, compost or make compost), the 20～40kg carbonic hydroammonium of applying per mu of soil fertility, 40～60kg superphosphate, turn over into ground, rake is leveling carefully, makes high 15～20cm then, the furrow of wide 150～160cm are fixed the ditch about wide 30cm between furrow.When ventral suture is blown, can gather October when Trilobed Caulis Akebiae fruit is ripe, takes out seed immediately.If wild threeleaf akebia can be piled up fruit when fruit as yet not during full maturity, make it well-done, take out seed then.With the ripening fruits of gathering, take out seed, clean repeatedly with clear water, the residual pulp of seed is removed in stranding, floats and removes flat grain, pulls out and dries, in 1: 3 ratio seed and clean thin river sand are mixed then, put into mid-indoor seasoning of wooden case or field and dig cave (loam cake hides the thing of rain), sand humidity is controlled at 30%～40%, does not promptly drip with holding tightly agglomerating.Routine observation regularly waters and preserves moisture, and if any finding threeleaf akebia seed " broken chewing " phenomenon, takes out the seed of " broken chewing " immediately, and it is transplanted in the in advance prefabricated nutritive cube, puts in the greenhouse and emerges.After emerging seedling is grown in the greenhouse always, treat to move into again about the long 60cm of seedling stem big Tanaka's field planting.After planting keep suitable temperature, treat to water once after the surperficial earthing drying, treat the 10～15d that will shelter from heat or light after seedling all sprouts, temperature is aeration-cooling more than 20 ℃ the time.When treating that seedling grows to high about 60cm.In planting site, should dig diameter 30～40cm by 90cm * 130cm by seeding row spacing, the planting pit of dark 25～30cm, the soil that digs out is admixed in the well-rotted farmyard manure backfill cave half, at the bottom of the cave, train into steamed bun shape mound, nursery stock is left with in the cave, unfold root system, then backfill residue soil, gently carry seedling root system and soil are close to, soil is filled and led up having peace of mind.After planting surely, threeleaf akebia has just entered the seedling phase, is quick period of growth of threeleaf akebia at this moment, and than higher, should use sufficient base manure this moment, based on farmyard manure to the requirement of liquid manure.The while sealing fertilizer is based on nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer.When lack of water appears in threeleaf akebia, should carry out man-made irrigation.The drain ditch of reply threeleaf akebia planting site is in time cleared up before wet season of summer is arrived, and the ponding place will in time get rid of.Keep loosing soil not have assorted living plant in the planting site threeleaf akebia plant scope.The intertill and clean tillage degree of depth 10～15cm is advisable.Threeleaf akebia is liked being grown in the humus soil of good water permeability, and requires low cover few more good more, if weeds are luxuriant in the soil, will have a strong impact on the growth of threeleaf akebia.Be embodied in the threeleaf akebia growth retardation, the leaf look turns to be yellow even turns black withered.1 year of transplanting of threeleaf akebia, because threeleaf akebia does not occupy whole space as yet, so weeds are more, are maximum time of weeds in the whole life process of threeleaf akebia at this moment, the main task in this stage also is an intertill and clean tillage.The general manual method that adopts is carried out weeding, can not use weed killer herbicide.According to the growth rhythm of weeds in field, (early or mid March) carries out a weeding before the threeleaf akebia rudiment, and Ying Jiancao must remove, and must guard against weeds and covers the medicine seedling, should adopt manual uprooting weed, two week backs with hoe in conjunction with intertilling weeding once more.At All Other Times according to the in good time weeding of the growing state of weeds, generally be once in mid-May and each weeding of early July, keep the furrow face not have weeds.Taking stand is the key of threeleaf akebia high yield.Threeleaf akebia branches and tendrils softness can not be upright, must depend on its tree or upwards growth of hack lever winding.Therefore its shaping needs the people to finish for the stand bar and in conjunction with pruning.Threeleaf akebia cuttage seeding, press strip seedling and seedling current increment are little, and plant height is generally at 40～60cm, and second annual is 180cm, but the 3rd year cloth shelfful face.At early and middle ten days in 1 year March in spring, long 2～2.5m, the weedtree bar of the higher authorities' diameter 15～20cm (frame bar) skewer is fixed with thin wire in the plant both sides, and built forms a rack mutually.The threeleaf akebia rattan is fixed in the stand with palma, and it is climing that every strain keeps 2～4 fixing masters.The same with fruit trees such as grapes, threeleaf akebia need carry out regular tree body management.Shaping is had any different because of posture is different, prunes then to prune off.The purpose of pruning is to set up and maintain main climing and good skeleton of bearing basal shoot composition, keeps the balance between plant strain growth and the result, is convenient to the cultivation management threeleaf akebia, prunes and mainly prunes off, and fruit bearing shoot should be noted based on poppyhead bud result as far as possible.Pruning is one of threeleaf akebia important measures of reaching high yield and stable yields.The purpose of pruning is for the nutrition of regulating complete stool reaches reasonable distribution, control nutrient and the unnecessary consumption of moisture.The task of pruning is to wipe out sick branch, thin and weak branch, overstocked branch and old and feeble branch from plant, satisfying growth and the result needs to nutrient and moisture, and makes old strain rejuvenation.(resin flow before) all can carry out winter pruning before the pruning time, thoughtful next year, bleeding began from plant fallen leaves back 2～3, but should mid-February prune end up being suitable.During pruning, clip does not stay side shoot from eye 2～3cm in the 30cm frame face of the face of land.The disease of threeleaf akebia mainly is leaf spot, white powder rust, brachynosis, fusarium wilt and rust, and anthracnose, angular leaf spot, circle pinta and dead leaf disease etc. are still arranged in addition; Insect pest mainly is aphid, hair peppery worm, corpus hemorrhagicum leafhopper, chi bat, in addition still tip hawk noctuid, euproctis pseudoconspersa, chafer, the dried longicorn of moth, white cottonycushion scale, two spotted spider mite etc.For the control of harm threeleaf akebia insect, mainly be to carry out clear garden in winter, eliminate survive the winter worm pupa, worm's ovum.Cloth pesticide control insect pest etc. will be sprayed in the orchard in good time, or manually catches, and also can adopt the biological synthesis control.Especially should note using medicament spring, prevent that corpus hemorrhagicum leafhopper, aphid, the peppery worm of hair, white cottonycushion scale, two spotted spider mite etc. to climing the causing harm of young spray, also can adopt the method control of physics and chemistry, but must select in the scope that GAP allows to use.After threeleaf akebia growth 4～5, after rattan meets the medicinal material requirement, can select fine day to gather, carry out after the dew disappearance in the morning, gather with secateurs, sharp cutter, should cut off from the high about 20cm of basal part of stem place when gathering, but can not injure maternal plant basis and root, promptly to stay pocket, as the basis of breeding in 1 year.The maternal plant of threeleaf akebia after gathering can grow a large amount of young sprouts from base portion in 1 year, and these young sprouts keep 2～3 after selecting, on the side's of being fixed in frame, can become new plant.The rest may be inferred, can tap maternal plant every 4～5 years afterwards, produces the threeleaf akebia medicinal material, keeps maternal plant simultaneously and produce new plant as the basis of breeding, thereby reach once gather for many years sustainable utilization purpose of plantation.
Claims (6)
1, artificial standardized cultivation of a kind of threeleaf akebia and sustainable utilization method is characterized in that step is as follows:
(1) selection of planting base: select soil property fertile, the neutrality of thicker soil and subacidity soil He Xi two sides, border, hillside or farmland, requirement is ventilated, printing opacity is good, has irrigation conditions and communications and transportation to cultivate in the place easily;
(2) preparation before the field planting: planting site is ploughed deeply 20～30cm, according to the every even farmyard manure that 1000～1500kg becomes thoroughly decomposed that applies per mu of soil fertility, 20～40kg carbonic hydroammonium, 40～60kg superphosphate, turn over into ground, rake is leveling carefully, makes high 15～20cm then, the furrow of wide 150～160cm are fixed the ditch about wide 30cm between furrow;
(3) sapling multiplication
1. seed seedling-raising: with the ripening fruits of gathering, take out seed, clean repeatedly with clear water, the residual pulp of seed is removed in stranding, float and remove flat grain, pull out and dry, in 1: 3 ratio seed and clean thin river sand are mixed then, put into mid-indoor seasoning of wooden case or field and dig the cave, sand humidity is controlled at 30%～40%, routine observation, regularly water and preserve moisture, it is transplanted in the in advance prefabricated nutritive cube, put in the greenhouse again and emerge, after emerging seedling is grown in the greenhouse always, treat to move into again about the long 60cm of seedling stem big Tanaka's field planting, after planting keep suitable temperature, treat to water once after the surperficial earthing drying, treat the 10～15d that will shelter from heat or light after seedling all sprouts, temperature is aeration-cooling more than 20 ℃ the time;
2. cuttage and seedling culture: halcyon days, gather 5～8mm thickness of life in 3～4 years, healthy and strong ripe, the full threeleaf akebia wild species bar of eye of long 15～20cm, the upper end goes out straight snips in the last 1～2cm of joint, the lower end tiltedly is cut into horse ear shape in the 1cm place down in joint, wet husky storage is passed the winter, and before and after next year " Waking of Insects (3rd solar term) ", will plant bar with 100 * 10
-6The ABT root-inducing powder soaks 24h No. 2, simultaneously cuttage is ploughed rake repeatedly with the field, make no weeds tree root in the soil, it is in the seedbed of matrix that kind of bar is inserted the thick fine sand of 20～25cm, plant bar and become 30 ° with bed surface, cuttage seeding row spacing 10cm * 10cm, button shade net or shelter from heat or light on the seedbed with the reed built, to keep kind of bar and ground moistening, the seedbed covers with black mulch film simultaneously, when fine temperature is higher than 30 ℃, and time opening spraying apparatus between 10: 00～15: 00 every day, make it keep air humidity, preventing that seedling from crossing because of the too high transpiration of temperature consumes moisture by force in a large number, when seedling early growth to 30～40cm, excavates the situation of taking root that seedling is checked in the seedbed, if it is intact that the root system of seedling takes place, getting final product transplant planting in big Tanaka, is the center with shovel with the seedling, and each shovel of left-right and front-back is got the seedbed soil of 5cm, catch seedbed soil with straw bag, transplant in the land for growing field crops;
3. layering seedling growth: the autumn growth of threeleaf akebia is chosen the stem rattan sturdy, that growing way is good, operate, treat that fibrous root grows to about 10cm, can transplant according to the conventional method of press strip;
(4) seedling field planting: the root growth situation according to the seedling of different reproductive mode gained is carried out field planting, water after the field planting permeable, cuttage seeding and press strip seedling land for growing field crops field planting time Ying Zaichun, two seasons of winter.Spring plants should be before rudiment, and promptly mid or late Febuary is to early March; Winter plants should be behind fallen leaves, late November is to early December, cuttage, propagation by layering seedling seedling rise transplantation of seedlings can December or next year early March carry out, seed seedling-raising all can be transplanted throughout the year, planting point is apart from stringing upright projection 15～20cm, dig diameter 30～40cm, the planting pit of dark 25～30cm, the soil that digs out are admixed in the well-rotted farmyard manure backfill cave half, train into steamed bun shape mound at the bottom of the cave, nursery stock is left with in the cave, unfold root system, the backfill residue is native then, and its seeding row spacing should carry out field planting by 90cm * 130cm, can not disorderly plant, must standardize;
(5) field management
1. nursery stage management
If threeleaf akebia is adopted cottage propagation, after the cuttage seeding rudiment owing to do not take root as yet, can't absorb moisture, the main supply that relies in the cuttage bar self moisture, should carry out and shelter from heat or light and water this moment, in case cuttage seeding dries up because of the leaf water evaporation, particularly at the south hot weather in regular meeting's stage of appearance between April to May, be the highest stage of cuttage seeding death, can adopt spray method to reach the purpose of cooling moisture-retaining this moment, and the general external condition of propagation by layering is not obvious to its influence, simpler in seedling management, seed seedling-raising is mainly adopted in threeleaf akebia sexual propagation, and this method is mainly carried out in the greenhouse, and the nursery stage management is comparatively simple, as long as regularly water, operate very simply, but will note ventilatedly at high temperature season, prevent that the too high appearance of temperature from burning the seedling phenomenon;
2. seedling period management
The seedling of seed seedling-raising gained, the management master of seedling phase is weeding, behind seed seedling-raising, cuttage or the layering seedling growth, when transplanting, should in planting hole, discharge a small amount of base manure, but base manure should mix with soil, influence in case fertilizer is too concentrated that cuttage seeding is taken root and the growth of young root, after planting surely, threeleaf akebia has just entered the seedling phase, be the period that threeleaf akebia grows fast at this moment, than higher, should use sufficient base manure this moment before rudiment, based on farmyard manure to the requirement of liquid manure, the while sealing fertilizer is based on nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer;
3. fertilising
Before the early March rudiment, carry out respectively with plant strain growth in 6～July mid-term (fruit expanding period), generally after field planting, topdress for the 1st time, chase after quick-acting nitrogen, potash fertilizer in every strain both sides, with interior scope, excavate shallow ridges with hoe, spade apart from plant 30cm, fertilizer is spread in the ditch, water little water immediately, send fertilizer, impose quick-acting phosphorus potash fertilizer with water;
4. irrigate
When lack of water appears in threeleaf akebia, should carry out man-made irrigation, the drain ditch of reply threeleaf akebia planting site is in time cleared up before wet season of summer is arrived, and the ponding place will in time get rid of;
5. intertill and clean tillage
Keep loosing soil not have assorted living plant in the planting site threeleaf akebia plant scope, the intertill and clean tillage degree of depth 10～15cm is advisable, the general manual method that adopts is carried out weeding, can not use weed killer herbicide, growth rhythm according to weeds in field, before the threeleaf akebia rudiment, carry out a weeding, Ying Jiancao must remove, must guard against weeds and cover the medicine seedling, should adopt manual uprooting weed, two week backs with hoe in conjunction with intertilling weeding once more, At All Other Times according to the in good time weeding of the growing state of weeds, generally be once, keep the furrow face not have weeds in mid-May and each weeding of early July;
6. stand bar and pruning
The threeleaf akebia rattan is fixed in the stand with palma, it is climing that every strain keeps 2～4 fixing masters, the same with fruit trees such as grapes, threeleaf akebia need carry out regular tree body management, shaping is had any different because of posture is different, prune then to prune off, prune and mainly prune off, fruit bearing shoot is based on poppyhead bud result, the pruning time all can be carried out winter pruning before thoughtful next year, bleeding began from plant fallen leaves back 2～3, but should mid-February prune end up being suitable, during pruning, clip does not stay side shoot from eye 2～3cm in the 30cm frame face of the face of land;
7. the extermination of disease and insect pest: for the control of harm threeleaf akebia insect, mainly be to carry out clear garden in winter, elimination survive the winter worm pupa, worm's ovum, cloth pesticide control insect pest etc. will be sprayed in the orchard in good time, or manually catches, and also can adopt the biological synthesis control, especially should note using spring medicament, prevent that corpus hemorrhagicum leafhopper, aphid, the peppery worm of hair, white cottonycushion scale, two spotted spider mite etc. to climing the causing harm of young spray, also can adopt the method control of physics and chemistry, but must select in the scope that GAP allows to use;
(6) gather and stay pocket: select fine day to gather, carry out after the dew disappearance in the morning, gather with secateurs, sharp cutter, should cut off from the high about 20cm of basal part of stem place when gathering, but can not injure maternal plant basis and root, promptly to stay pocket, as the basis of breeding in 1 year, the maternal plant of the threeleaf akebia after gathering can grow a large amount of young sprouts from base portion in 1 year, and these young sprouts keep 2～3 after selecting, on the side's of being fixed in frame, can become new plant.
2. artificial standardized planting of a kind of threeleaf akebia according to claim 1 and sustainable utilization method, it is characterized in that: the described weeding system of step 5 is an artificial weeding.
3. artificial standardized cultivation of a kind of threeleaf akebia according to claim 1 and sustainable utilization method, it is characterized in that: the described fertilising of step 5, the fertilizer that uses comprises semi supplied manure, organic commercial fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, microbial manure etc., semi supplied manure should fully become thoroughly decomposed, with killing ova, pathogen, weed seed, reach innoxious sanitary standard, ban use of domestic waste, industrial refuse, hospital waste and ight soil.
4. artificial standardized cultivation of a kind of threeleaf akebia according to claim 1 and sustainable utilization method, it is characterized in that: the described irrigation water of step 5 should meet " agricultural irrigation water quality standard " quoted, and well water, rainwater, mountain stream water and pollution-free river, mountain spring water should be considered as health, suitable irrigation water.
5. artificial standardized cultivation of a kind of threeleaf akebia according to claim 1 and sustainable utilization method, it is characterized in that: agricultural chemicals that the described extermination of disease and insect pest of step 5 is used and bactericide etc. should be selected in the scope that the medicinal material standardized planting allows to use, forbid chloride class agricultural chemicals, stop using various bactericide in the previous moon of gathering.
6. artificial standardized cultivation of a kind of threeleaf akebia according to claim 1 and sustainable utilization method, it is characterized in that: described 2～3 young sprouts of step 6 are by being sent out the strongst person in the young sprout.
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