CN102246650A - Planting method of high-quality and high-yield root-bark of peony - Google Patents
Planting method of high-quality and high-yield root-bark of peony Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a planting method of high-quality and high-yield root-bark of peony, comprising the steps of land selection and preparation, sowing, seedling culture, transplanting, field management, harvesting, processing, and the like. The planting method is characterized in that the yield and the quality of the root-bark of peony are improved by adopting measures of controlling the growth of an underground part and spraying foliar fertilizer. According to the planting method disclosed by the invention, by adopting a series of measures of culturing seedlings, transplanting, controlling nutrient growth, spraying foliar fertilizer, and the like, the quality of the root-bark of peony is increased, the yield is increased simultaneously and is improved by 20 percent compared with that obtained by the traditional planting method; the content of effective components is increased by over 10 percent; and the root-bark of peony has thick flesh, pink white cross section, strong aroma and export standard strip selecting rate of over 80 percent. Meanwhile, the contents of pesticide residue and heavy metal are reduced and the exported standard of medicinal materials is reached.
Description
Technical field
The invention provides a kind of authentic medicinal herbs standardized planting technology, specifically, provide a kind of kind method for planting of moutan bark good quality and high output.Phase relates to medicinal material culture technique field.
Background technology
Moutan bark is that the root skin of Paeoniaceae plant tree peony (Paeonia Suffruticoca Andr.) is used as medicine, also name: the root bark of tree peony, Feng Dan, unpeeled CORTEX MOUTAN, company's root bark of tree peony etc.The moutan bark cold nature, bitter, suffering.Has clearing heat and cooling blood, function promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.Cure mainly: warm disease is sent out spot, haematemesis, bleeding from five sense organs or subcutaneous tissue, night fever abating at dawn, and lossless hectic fever due to yin is through closing dysmenorrhoea, the swollen sore of pain, traumatic injury etc.Main chemical compositions has Paeoniflorin, the glycoside of Paeonol and Paeonol: root bark of tree peony phenolic glycoside, the former glycosides of Paeonol, the new glycosides of Paeonol etc.Main product in Anhui, the He Ze in Shandong etc.The root bark of tree peony of Bozhou cultivation in appearance and qualitatively has necessarily specially with the wind pellet, and processing is gone cork more and formed the root bark of tree peony commodity of Bozhou.Be large medicinal material, demand is big.
Domestic traditional Chinese medicine production at present mainly is to be the small-scale extensive style cropping pattern of main production and operation with peasant household, residue of pesticide, content of beary metal exceed standard, the quality instability is difficult to reach the quality control standard requirement of traditional Chinese medicine, has a strong impact on the development of traditional Chinese medicine business.By the access times and the time of choosing ground and cultivation process control agricultural chemicals, reach that to reduce farming residual, access times and method by choosing ground and cultivation process control chemical fertilizer reach the reduction content of beary metal.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of good quality and high output tree peony kind method for planting for fear of above-mentioned existing in prior technology weak point.
Technical solution problem of the present invention adopts following technical scheme:
The invention provides a kind of kind method for planting of moutan bark, it comprise choosing ground put in order, sow, grow seedlings, steps such as transplanting, field management and the processing of gathering, it is characterized in that in field management, improve the output and the quality of moutan bark by control aerial growth and the measure that sprays foliage fertilizer.
Preferably, the kind method for planting of above-mentioned described moutan bark, wherein said control aerial growth comprises does the flower bud pruning, and described foliage fertilizer is KH
2PO
4
Steps such as the kind method for planting of above-mentioned described moutan bark, wherein said field management also comprise weeding, bright, topdress, winter protection and the extermination of disease and insect pest.
More preferably, the kind method for planting of above-mentioned described moutan bark, wherein said field management comprises:
A, weeding: remove weeds, it is suitable shallow to loosen the soil in the weeding process, in order to avoid the damage root system;
B, bright: push the earth of rhizosphere aside 1 year spring after planting, the exposed roots root and stem of certain plants allows solar radiation, treats the fibrous root atrophy, the soil of fostering and apply fertilizer again;
C, topdress: annually respectively topdress material once spring, autumn, winter, described fertilizer is based on P, K fertilizer; The preferred people's animal manure of using for the first time applies for the second time people and animals' liquid dung and adds an amount of compound P.K fertilizer, uses the cake fertilizer of matured compost and fermentation for the third time;
D, control aerial growth and spray foliage fertilizer: remove bud and old branch, and spray foliage fertilizer, preferred described foliage fertilizer is KH
2PO
4
E, winter protection: before the Frost's Descent,, can survive the winter with winter protection in ridging of plant root or lid layer grass in conjunction with the intertill and clean tillage winter dressing;
F, the extermination of disease and insect pest: carry out disease control with 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim or 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb; Pest control comprises does not use the farmyard manure that does not become thoroughly decomposed, and stirs fragrant wheat bran with 1000 times in 90% chlorophos when perhaps putting in order ground and makes period poison bait larva grub, and perhaps milpa is set up black light lamp trapping adult.
Wherein, the kind method for planting of above-mentioned described moutan bark, wherein disease control hockets with 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim and 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb, in order to avoid produce drug resistance.
Wherein, the kind method for planting of above-mentioned described moutan bark, put in order to wherein said choosing ground, execute the sandy soil of selecting deep, the well-drained heavy metal free of soil layer to pollute, apply base fertilizer earlier, base fertilizer is based on farmyard manure or cake fertilizer, join and execute the cake fertilizer that compound NPK is fertile or become thoroughly decomposed, then soil deeptillage, flatten, do furrow; The preferred wide 100～200cm of furrow, high 15～20cm.
Particularly,, the invention provides a kind of good quality and high output moutan bark kind method for planting, comprise that choosing ground is put in order ground, sows, grown seedlings, transplanting, field management, gather and process and reserve seed for planting, it is characterized in that as one of specific embodiments of the present invention:
Put in order ground to described choosing, at first soil, water quality, atmosphere and environmental quality are detected, the sandy soil of selecting deep, the well-drained heavy metal free of soil layer to pollute; Apply base fertilizer earlier, base fertilizer is based on farmyard manure or cake fertilizer, mu is executed farmyard manure 2000～3000kg, join and execute the fertile 30kg of compound NPK or mu is executed the cake fertilizer 300～350kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, soil deeptillage 30～35cm then, rake is leveling carefully, do furrow: wide 100～200cm, high 15～20cm about furrow furrow width 30cm, waits to broadcast.
In described sowing time, transplanting time is chosen in 9 months, the last ten-days period, and every mu with 20,000 strains of seedling amount, on soil, leveling ground, jolt-squeezes after broadcasting by 40, covers with hay or sunshade net above;
Above-mentioned described good quality and high output moutan bark kind method for planting is characterized in that: at described nursery stage, comprise thinning; The moutan bark growth of seedling is slow, and sowing is not generally emerged then, emerges in 1 year, takes off grass after emerging, and topdresses, weeding, strengthens the field management in seedling stage, cultivates 1-2, can transplant.
Preferably, above-mentioned described good quality and high output tree peony kind method for planting, it is characterized in that: described field management comprises:
A, transplant in 9 months, can begin the chamber of transplanting plant the last ten-days period, by spacing in the rows 40cm, line-spacing 50cm, dark 25cm, every cave plants into sturdy stem 1 strain of lifes in 2 years or carefully seedling rhizome 2 strains.Cultivation requires root system to unfold, and the bud head is near wall top, cave, and earthing compresses, and the slightly high furrow face of blinding, last bedding one deck become thoroughly decomposed fertilizer or withered grass are in order to the winter protection of taking precautions against drought.Also some places are transplanted 1 year living seedling, and method is with above-mentioned identical.
B, weeding accomplish that duty cuts weeds, and growth the first two years 3～4 times, weeds are less after 2 years, weeding according to circumstances.Weeding requires to loosen the soil suitable shallow, in order to avoid the damage root system.Fine day is advisable behind the rain, can increase the permeability of soil.
The c anti-fertility of tree peony of topdressing is strong, needs many fertilises, except that should using sufficient the base manure, annually respectively topdresses once spring, autumn, winter.If not with base manure or base manure deficiency, then topdressing at different stages is even more important, based on P, K fertilizer.Use for the first time people's animal manure, apply people and animals' liquid dung for the second time and add an amount of compound P.K fertilizer, use the cake fertilizer of matured compost and fermentation etc. for the third time.The fertilization principle fertilising of " spring and autumn is few, and the cured winter is many " is decided according to the plant size.
D plucks flower bud and prunes: except that seed field, will spend all to do at the tree peony bud stage and remove, and promote the nutrient supply root growth, and can improve output, the general fine day of selecting carries out the morning, after the annual Frost's Descent, in conjunction with intertill and clean tillage, remove the fallen leaves weeds, cut off deadwood, remove to transport and make compost.Spray KH in addition one time
2PO
41% solution improves the growing way of tree peony, helps accumulating to root of active ingredient.
The e winter protection of earthing up before the Frost's Descent, in conjunction with the intertill and clean tillage winter dressing, can be eradicated about ridging 15cm or the lid layer grass plant, survives the winter with winter protection.
The f irrigation and drainage, tree peony is afraid of waterlogging, should in time dredge ditch water discharge rainy season, in case and the mashed root of water.As arid, can water between the lights, disposable irrigating can not ponding.
Preferably, above-mentioned described good quality and high output tree peony kind method for planting is characterized in that: the control aerial growth, remove bud and old branch.Require the growth of control tree peony bud and branch on triennial tree peony ground, and spray KH
2PO
41% solution once.
Preferably, above-mentioned described good quality and high output tree peony kind method for planting is characterized in that: in the described extermination of disease and insect pest:
, sprayed 1 time in per 7 days with 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim or 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb for leaf spot, gray mold, root rot, their early stage, connect and spray 3-4 time.Preferably hocket, avoid producing drug resistance.
Insect pest: mainly contain grub and sting the food root.Prevent method: do not use the farmyard manure that does not become thoroughly decomposed; Stir fragrant wheat bran with 1000 times in 90% chlorophos during whole ground and make period poison bait larva grub; Milpa is set up black light lamp trapping adult (for example chafer).Ban use of agricultural chemicals directly to spray plant in the plot of tree peony cultivation more than 3 years, reduce the residual of agricultural chemicals.
Compared with the prior art, beneficial effect of the present invention is embodied in:
The present invention is according to tree peony tradition plantation characteristics, at the subject matter that exists in producing, a kind of good quality and high output tree peony kind method for planting is provided, by employing grow seedlings, transplant autumn and winter, remove the flower measures such as control aerial growth of pruning, not only improved commercial specification, increase output simultaneously, improved benefit.Effectively raise output and the quality of tree peony, per mu yield 600-750 kilogram dried food and nuts, comparable tradition plantation improves output 25%, improves active constituent content more than 10%, and paeonol content is about 3%.Tree peony skin and flesh is thick, the section white powder, and fragrance is dense, and export standard preferably rate reaches more than 80%.Reduce residue of pesticide, content of beary metal simultaneously, reached outlet medicinal material standard.
Embodiment
The present invention will be further described by the following examples.
Tree peony kind method for planting in the present embodiment comprises
(1), choosing ground selects deep, the well-drained sand loam of soil layer, and soil, water quality, atmosphere and environmental quality are detected, and uses sufficient base fertilizer.Optional farmyard manure with good conditionsi, mu is executed farmyard manure and is not less than 4000kg.As do not have farmyard manure to replace with cake fertilizer, and mu is executed 300kg, and composite fertilizer can use about 30kg according to the soil situation.The soil is ploughed deeply more than the 30cm, and consumption is leveling carefully, does furrow and waits to broadcast.
(2) grow seedlings and select the good full seed of freshly harvested, black is shinny, fresh, the seed of no damage by disease and insect, is placed in 50 ℃ the warm water to soak 24～30h, and floating seed removes need not.With 25ppm gibberellin (GA) solution seed soaking 2～4h.Improve the germination rate of tree peony like this.Press line-spacing 25cm, the trench digging drilling, ditch depth 6cm, the wide 10cm of sown scope will handle seed well and mix ash and be sprinkled into equably in the ditch, on cover thin loam, approximately 3cm is thick, compresses, and the lid grass, keeps ground moistening.Should in time water if meet the weather arid, emerge in 1 year, take off grass after emerging, topdress, weeding, strengthen the field management in seedling stage, cultivate 1-2, can transplant every mu of about 80kg of sowing quantity.
(3) transplanting late September can transplant.Will dig with the coring that do not fracture during lifting deeply serves as easily, during transplanting, turns over ditch 20cm, selects the general mu of robust plant to plant 8000～10000 strains and gets final product.
(4) field management
1,1 year spring after weeding is transplanted, treat that tree peony sends seedling after, promptly throw off and cover man-hour, begin weeding.Accomplish that duty cuts weeds, growth the first two years 3～4 times, weeds are less after 2 years, weeding according to circumstances.Weeding requires to loosen the soil suitable shallow, in order to avoid the damage root system.Fine day is advisable behind the rain, can increase the permeability of soil.
2 bright 1 year spring after planting, open, when covering grass, push aside rhizosphere because of earth, the exposed roots root and stem of certain plants allows solar radiation---bright, its purpose allows the fibrous root atrophy, promotes the main root growth, after 2～3 days in conjunction with the intertill and clean tillage soil of fostering and apply fertilizer again.
3, the anti-fertility of tree peony of topdressing is strong, needs many fertilises, except that should using sufficient the base manure, annually respectively topdresses once spring, autumn, winter.Base manure must be main with farmyard manure that becomes thoroughly decomposed or cake fertilizer.If not with base manure or base manure deficiency, then topdressing at different stages is even more important, based on P, K fertilizer.Use for the first time people's animal manure, apply animal manure water for the second time and add the fertile 30kg of compound P, K, use the cake fertilizer and the fertile 40kg of compound P, K of matured compost and fermentation for the third time.
4, do flower bud and prune except that seed field, will spend all to do at the tree peony bud stage and remove, promote the nutrient supply root growth, can improve output, the general fine day of selecting carries out the morning, uses KH simultaneously
2PO
41% solution sprays 1 time; After the annual Frost's Descent,, remove the fallen leaves weeds, cut off deadwood, remove to transport and make compost, reduce the generation of damage by disease and insect in conjunction with intertill and clean tillage.
5, before loam winter protection Frost's Descent,, can eradicate about ridging 15cm or the lid layer grass, survive the winter with winter protection plant in conjunction with the intertill and clean tillage winter dressing, next year growing way more contain.
6, the irrigation and drainage tree peony is afraid of waterlogging, and should in time dredge ditch water discharge rainy season, in case and the mashed root of water.As arid, can water between the lights, disposable irrigating can not ponding.
(5) extermination of disease and insect pest
The tree peony disease mainly occurs in the 5-7 month in rainy season, and leaf spot, gray mold, root rot etc. are arranged, and their early stage sprayed 1 time with 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim or 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb in per 7 days, connected and sprayed 3-4 time.The most handy two kinds of medicines hocket, and avoid producing drug resistance.
Tree peony insect pest: mainly contain grub and sting the food root, prevent method: do not use the farmyard manure that does not become thoroughly decomposed; Stir fragrant wheat bran with 1000 times in 90% chlorophos during whole ground and make period poison bait larva grub; Milpa is set up black light lamp trapping adult (chafer).Ban use of agricultural chemicals directly to spray plant in the plot of tree peony cultivation more than 3 years, reduce the residual of agricultural chemicals.Only allow to adopt trapping or fixed point to kill with pharmaceutical chemistry.
(6) gather and process
1, collecting time is transplanted back growth 4 years, gathers at twice in annual early August to early October.The Feng Dan producing region of gathering in August claims " new goods ", and moisture is more, processing easily, and the tough look of processing back matter is white, but output is on the low side; The title of gathering October " old goods ", quality is harder, and processing is difficulty, but quality and output are all higher.
2, the collecting method choosing is fine, soil around excavating earlier, and with three special tooth spades, the direct motion trench digging takes.
3, the bright root that will cut of processing method was stacked 1-2 days earlier, treat deliquescing slightly after, take fibrous root, dry and be " red must "; With holding tight bright root, firmly read and change the top carbonyl again, root skin one side is broken, the skin heart slightly breaks away from, pinch a side of not splitting on the other hand then, another hand pinches core, core along breach down, Bian Labian separates and to strip out core, smoothes out with the fingers the taproot bar more smoothly, dry " root bark of tree peony ".The root bar that color of the leather is relatively poor scrapes off outer cork with bowl sheet etc., removes core, dry " scraping pellet "; Inconvenient rossing and the radicula of taking out the heart are directly dried, " unpeeled CORTEX MOUTAN ".
(7), the technology of reserving seed for planting
When the tree peony fruit is orange-yellow, when being about to ftracture,, placing indoor shady and cool place and spread out fruit harvesting, make the fruit after-ripening.When the fruit lobe of fruit ftractures fully, promptly sift out the collection seed, to be sure not to tan by the sun, seed is the easiest to dry out, drying forfeiture germination rate.So should sow immediately.
Claims (6)
1. the kind method for planting of a moutan bark, comprise choosing ground put in order, sow, grow seedlings, steps such as transplanting, field management and the processing of gathering, it is characterized in that in field management, improve the output and the quality of moutan bark by control aerial growth and the measure that sprays foliage fertilizer, wherein said control aerial growth comprises does the flower bud pruning, and described foliage fertilizer is KH
2PO
4
2. steps such as the kind method for planting of moutan bark according to claim 1, wherein said field management also comprise weeding, bright, topdress, winter protection and the extermination of disease and insect pest.
3. according to the kind method for planting of the described moutan bark of claim 1-2, wherein said field management comprises:
A, weeding: remove weeds, and it is suitable shallow to loosen the soil in the weeding process, in order to avoid the damage root system;
B, bright: push the earth of rhizosphere aside 1 year spring after planting, the exposed roots root and stem of certain plants allows solar radiation, treats the fibrous root atrophy, the soil of fostering and apply fertilizer again;
C, topdress: annually respectively topdress material once spring, autumn, winter, described fertilizer is based on P, K fertilizer; The preferred people's animal manure of using for the first time applies for the second time people and animals' liquid dung and adds an amount of compound P.K fertilizer, uses the cake fertilizer of matured compost and fermentation for the third time;
D, control aerial growth and spray foliage fertilizer: remove bud and old branch, and spray foliage fertilizer, preferred described foliage fertilizer is KH
2PO
4
E, winter protection: before the Frost's Descent,, can survive the winter with winter protection in ridging of plant root or lid layer grass in conjunction with the weeding winter dressing;
F, the extermination of disease and insect pest.
4. according to the kind method for planting of the described moutan bark of claim 1-3, the wherein said extermination of disease and insect pest is to carry out disease control with 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim or 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb; Pest control comprises does not use the farmyard manure that does not become thoroughly decomposed, and stirs fragrant wheat bran with 1000 times in 90% chlorophos when perhaps putting in order ground and makes period poison bait larva grub, and perhaps milpa is set up black light lamp trapping adult.
5. according to the kind method for planting of the described moutan bark of claim 1-4, wherein disease control hockets with 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim and 500 times of liquid of 65% zineb, in order to avoid produce drug resistance.
6. according to the kind method for planting of the described moutan bark of claim 1-5, put in order to wherein said choosing ground, the sandy soil of selecting deep, the well-drained heavy metal free of soil layer to pollute, apply base fertilizer earlier, base fertilizer is based on farmyard manure or cake fertilizer, join and execute the cake fertilizer that compound NPK is fertile or become thoroughly decomposed, then soil deeptillage, flatten, do furrow; The preferred wide 100～200cm of furrow, high 15～20cm.
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103621277A (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2014-03-12 | 北京林大林业科技股份有限公司 | Method for cultivating peonies for oil |
| CN103931400A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-07-23 | 安徽汇中州中药饮片有限公司 | Planting method for obtaining good-quality and high-yield cortex moutan |
| CN104221680A (en) * | 2014-09-16 | 2014-12-24 | 郎溪庆林生态特色农业观光园有限公司 | Method for planting common peony |
| CN104272955A (en) * | 2014-10-16 | 2015-01-14 | 肥西县昌玖木本油料种植专业合作社 | Planting method for medicinal Tongling peonies |
| CN104429477A (en) * | 2014-11-11 | 2015-03-25 | 安顺市西秀区钰霖种养殖农民专业合作社 | High-yield culture technique of medicine peonies |
| CN104509356A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2015-04-15 | 太和县百岁源药业有限公司 | Planting method for peony |
| CN105453863A (en) * | 2015-11-17 | 2016-04-06 | 蚌埠龙达农业专业合作社 | Bighead atractylodes rhizome plantation method |
| CN106386357A (en) * | 2016-09-19 | 2017-02-15 | 唐山供销农业开发有限公司 | A cultivation method for increasing the yield of paeonia ostii by applying assisting foliage fertilizer after stubbling |
| CN107258303A (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2017-10-20 | 汝阳县林业科学研究所 | A kind of method that tree peony root bark of tree peony yield and quality are planted between raising Hetaoyuan |
| CN107926426A (en) * | 2017-11-22 | 2018-04-20 | 绵阳市涪城区三木鸵鸟养殖专业合作社 | A kind of method for culturing seedlings of oil tree peony |
| CN114793739A (en) * | 2022-05-16 | 2022-07-29 | 河南科技大学 | Method for improving quality of cortex moutan medicinal material by spraying selenium element |
| CN115568375A (en) * | 2022-11-14 | 2023-01-06 | 洛阳农林科学院 | High-yield cultivation method for cortex moutan |
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2011
- 2011-06-09 CN CN 201110153156 patent/CN102246650A/en active Pending
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103621277A (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2014-03-12 | 北京林大林业科技股份有限公司 | Method for cultivating peonies for oil |
| CN103621277B (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2015-03-04 | 北京林大林业科技股份有限公司 | Method for cultivating peonies for oil |
| CN103931400A (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2014-07-23 | 安徽汇中州中药饮片有限公司 | Planting method for obtaining good-quality and high-yield cortex moutan |
| CN104221680A (en) * | 2014-09-16 | 2014-12-24 | 郎溪庆林生态特色农业观光园有限公司 | Method for planting common peony |
| CN104272955A (en) * | 2014-10-16 | 2015-01-14 | 肥西县昌玖木本油料种植专业合作社 | Planting method for medicinal Tongling peonies |
| CN104429477A (en) * | 2014-11-11 | 2015-03-25 | 安顺市西秀区钰霖种养殖农民专业合作社 | High-yield culture technique of medicine peonies |
| CN104509356A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2015-04-15 | 太和县百岁源药业有限公司 | Planting method for peony |
| CN104509356B (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2016-08-24 | 太和县百岁源药业有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of Paeonia suffruticosa |
| CN105453863A (en) * | 2015-11-17 | 2016-04-06 | 蚌埠龙达农业专业合作社 | Bighead atractylodes rhizome plantation method |
| CN106386357A (en) * | 2016-09-19 | 2017-02-15 | 唐山供销农业开发有限公司 | A cultivation method for increasing the yield of paeonia ostii by applying assisting foliage fertilizer after stubbling |
| CN107258303A (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2017-10-20 | 汝阳县林业科学研究所 | A kind of method that tree peony root bark of tree peony yield and quality are planted between raising Hetaoyuan |
| CN107926426A (en) * | 2017-11-22 | 2018-04-20 | 绵阳市涪城区三木鸵鸟养殖专业合作社 | A kind of method for culturing seedlings of oil tree peony |
| CN114793739A (en) * | 2022-05-16 | 2022-07-29 | 河南科技大学 | Method for improving quality of cortex moutan medicinal material by spraying selenium element |
| CN114793739B (en) * | 2022-05-16 | 2024-03-15 | 河南科技大学 | Method for improving quality of cortex moutan medicinal material by selenium element spraying |
| CN115568375A (en) * | 2022-11-14 | 2023-01-06 | 洛阳农林科学院 | High-yield cultivation method for cortex moutan |
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