CN108967099B - Cultivation method for interplanting dioscorea opposita in desert orange orchard on hilly slope - Google Patents
Cultivation method for interplanting dioscorea opposita in desert orange orchard on hilly slope Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop interplanting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yam in a desert sugar orange orchard in hilly slope land. According to the method for interplanting the Chinese yam and the sugar oranges, the tuber of the Chinese yam vertically grows downwards to reach 40-100cm in depth, meanwhile, the diameter of the tuber of the Chinese yam expands to 5.0-8.0cm in the transverse direction, a good soil loosening effect is achieved, the root systems of the sugar oranges are well promoted to grow vertically and transversely, absorption of nutrients and water in soil is facilitated, the survival rate of the seedlings of the sugar oranges is improved by more than 10% compared with the comparative example, and the problem of low survival rate of the seedlings of the soil of sloping fields is effectively solved. Meanwhile, the nutritional growth of the sugar oranges can be further promoted, and the sugar oranges can be kept luxuriant. In addition, researchers also find that interplanting of the sugar oranges and the dioscorea opposita can effectively reduce the root diseases of the sugar oranges, and particularly has an obvious effect of inhibiting foot rot.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop interplanting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yam in a desert sugar orange orchard in hilly slope land.
Background
Shatang orange, also known as October orange, is known for its sweet taste like Shatang. The sugar orange is rich in vitamin C, cellulose, a small amount of protein and fat, rich in glucose, fructose, sucrose, malic acid, citric acid, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid and the like, and also contains elements necessary for human bodies such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and the like, is sweet and sour in taste and cold in nature, has the effects of regulating qi, reducing phlegm, moistening lung, clearing intestines, replenishing blood, tonifying spleen and the like, is well favored by people, and the planting area of the sugar orange is gradually increased in recent years.
The hilly slope refers to the soil in hilly and mountain areas and with fluctuant topography. In China, 2/3 of agricultural cultivation land belongs to sloping fields. Generally, the soil layer of the sloping field is thin, the water and soil loss is serious, the fertility is poor, and the drought is a soil type with poor tree growth conditions. When the sugar oranges are planted on hilly slopes, the problems of low survival rate, difficult root pricking and the like can occur.
In addition, in the planting process of the sugar oranges, besides adverse factors in the aspect of soil, the problems of unscientific management process, easy occurrence of diseases and the like exist. Foot rot, also known as skirt rot, rot root disease, brown rot, is a common disease, and can be caused by the invasion of various phytophthora fungi. In a sugar orange production area, the tree vigor of a diseased tree declines, the yield is sharply reduced, and a large amount of death of sugar orange plants can be caused, so that the yield and the fruit quality of oranges are seriously influenced. At present, the foot rot of sugar oranges is mainly prevented and treated by chemical agents in production, the chemical agents are adopted to prevent and treat residues of pesticides on soil and crops, soil, underground water, rivers and lakes are polluted, and particularly, the foot rot of sugar oranges brings harm to the survival, development and health of human beings. The use of a large amount of chemical pesticides also causes the pathogenic bacteria to generate certain drug resistance to common medicaments, so that the prevention and treatment effect of the pathogenic bacteria is continuously reduced. Therefore, a new way must be found to overcome the problems of pesticide residue and drug resistance of germs caused by chemical agent control.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the defects of low survival rate, difficulty in rooting, unscientific disease control and the like of the sugar oranges in the planting process of the sugar oranges in hilly slope lands in the prior art, so that the cultivation method for interplanting the common yam rhizome in the sugar orange orchard in the hilly slope lands is provided.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a cultivation method for interplanting common yam rhizome in a desert sugar orange orchard on hilly slope land comprises the following steps:
digging holes and planting: digging planting holes according to the plant spacing of 180-220cm and the row spacing of 280-320cm, and planting the sand sugar orange seedlings;
land preparation and fertilization: digging soil between two rows of the sugar orange seedlings, spreading base fertilizer, deep ploughing side by side, and forming sowing ridges;
interplanting of common yam rhizome: chinese yam is interplanted among the sugar orange rows according to a conventional method.
Preferably, the row spacing of the common yam rhizome is 38-42cm, and the plant spacing is 28-32 cm.
Further preferably, the row spacing of the dioscorea opposita is 40cm, and the plant spacing is 30 cm.
Further preferably, the plant spacing of the planting holes is 200cm, and the row spacing is 300 cm.
Further, the interplanting time of the common yam rhizome is from 3 late to 4 middle of the month every year.
Further, the base fertilizer comprises 1500-2200 parts by weight of decomposed pig manure and/or chicken manure and 90-110 parts by weight of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer. The potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer has no special requirements and can be a conventional product sold in the market.
Further preferably, the base fertilizer also comprises 60-100 parts by weight of seaweed, 10-30 parts by weight of calcium lactate and vitamin B41-2 parts by weight.
More preferably, the base fertilizer comprises 2000 parts by weight of decomposed pig manure and/or chicken manure, 100 parts by weight of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer, 80 parts by weight of seaweed, 20 parts by weight of calcium lactate and vitamin B41.5 parts by weight.
Preferably, the dosage of the base fertilizer is 1800 plus 2300 kg/mu.
Furthermore, after the Chinese yam is harvested, the vines of the Chinese yam are directly turned into soil. The technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
1. according to the cultivation method for interplanting the Chinese yam in the desert orange orchard in the hilly slope, the Chinese yam and the desert oranges are interplanted, the vertical downward growth depth of tubers of the Chinese yam can reach 40-100cm, meanwhile, the tubers of the Chinese yam expand in the transverse direction to 5.0-8.0cm, a good soil loosening effect is achieved, the vertical and transverse growth of roots of the desert oranges is well promoted, absorption of nutrients and water in soil is facilitated, the survival rate of the seedlings of the desert oranges is improved by more than 10% compared with that in a comparative example, and the problem of low survival rate of the seedlings of the soil in the hilly slope is effectively solved. Meanwhile, the nutritional growth of the sugar oranges can be further promoted, and the sugar oranges can be kept luxuriant. In addition, researchers also find that interplanting of the sugar oranges and the dioscorea opposita can effectively reduce the root diseases of the sugar oranges, and particularly has an obvious effect of inhibiting foot rot.
2. The invention provides a cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yam in a hill slope sugar orange orchard, wherein base fertilizer applied comprises 1500-2200 parts by weight of decomposed pig manure and/or chicken manure and 90-110 parts by weight of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer. Preferably, the food also comprises 60-100 parts by weight of seaweed, 10-30 parts by weight of calcium lactate and vitamin B41-2 parts by weight. By selecting the base fertilizer with specific proportion and composition, the yield and quality of the sugar orange can be remarkably improved, and the seaweed, the calcium lactate and the vitamin B4The sugar content of the sugar orange can be obviously improved particularly by using the sugar orange.
3. The cultivation method for interplanting the dioscorea opposita in the desert sugar orange orchard on the hilly slope land effectively fertilizes the land capability of the orchard, the dioscorea opposita is interplanted in the desert sugar orange orchard, the biomass of nutrient bodies (vines) of overground parts of the dioscorea opposita is large, the harvested desert sugar orange root soil is ploughed to be used as green manure, stems and leaves of the desert sugar orange orchard soil can play a role in loosening soil after being rotted, the organic carbon content of the soil on the hilly slope land can be increased by 97%, the input of chemical fertilizers is reduced, and therefore the quality and the yield of the desert sugar orange fruits are improved.
4. According to the cultivation method for interplanting the common yam rhizome in the desert sugar orange orchard on the hilly slope land, the interplanting mode of the common yam rhizome and the common yam rhizome is adopted, and the cultivation mode of interplanting the common yam rhizome among idle rows for three years before the fruits of the young desert sugar orange orchard are hung is adopted, so that the single traditional planting mode of the young desert sugar orange orchard is broken, 3000kg of fresh common yam rhizome can be produced per mu every year, and the economic benefit and the ecological benefit of a fruit grower before the fruits are hung are effectively improved. Meanwhile, the labor and pesticide investment for orchard weeding is greatly reduced, the using amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are greatly reduced, green and safe production of the orchard is guaranteed, and soil hardening of sloping fields is avoided.
Detailed Description
The following examples are provided to further understand the present invention, not to limit the scope of the present invention, but to provide the best mode, not to limit the content and the protection scope of the present invention, and any product similar or similar to the present invention, which is obtained by combining the present invention with other prior art features, falls within the protection scope of the present invention.
The examples do not show the specific experimental steps or conditions, and can be performed according to the conventional experimental steps described in the literature in the field. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by manufacturers, and are all conventional reagent products which can be obtained commercially.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yams in a desert sugar orange orchard on hilly slope land, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation: digging soil of hilly sloping fields (family farms in new world in Yongfeng county in Jiangxi province) to loosen weeds, miscellaneous trees and stones;
(2) digging holes and planting sugar oranges: digging planting holes according to the plant spacing of 200cm and the row spacing of 300cm, and planting the sugar orange seedlings, specifically comprising:
preparation of planting pit
Dig 1 m3(length × width × depth is 1 meter × 1 meter) square pit. 1-2kg of phosphate fertilizer, 2-3kg of lime, 50kg of pond sludge and 15-25kg of decomposed chicken manure are applied to each pit. When filling the pit, uniformly mixing the fertilizer with pond sludge and part of soil, and then filling the mixture back into the pit, wherein the piled tree tray is about 20cm higher than the ground.
② treatment of young fruit seedlings
Before planting, partial branches and leaves of the seedlings are cut off to reduce water evaporation. The main root is cut off, and the fibrous root is kept as much as possible.
③ fixed planting
And selecting fine weather in the middle ten days of 2 months or 3 months of the year for planting the treated young fruit seedlings. During field planting, shallow pits are dug to naturally stretch fibrous roots, then soil is returned, soil is compacted, and the soil burying height cannot exceed the grafting position of young fruit seedlings.
Fourthly, managing water and fertilizer after field planting
Covering the tree tray with rice straw or other weeds, and spraying sufficient planting water. Within one month after planting, the soil near the root system needs to be kept moist, the temperature is high, the soil is dry in sunny days without rain, and water is drenched every day.
After planting for 40 days, the new roots start to grow, and can be diluted by decomposed liquid dung by 2-3 times and drenched once every 10-15 days, wherein each plant is 2-5 kg. In the growth process of the saplings, the using amounts of the liquid manure and the fertilizer are gradually increased, wherein 10-15kg of liquid manure and 0.05-0.1kg of urea are added each time. In 9 months of the year, the application of nitrogen fertilizer and liquid manure is stopped, potassium fertilizer is applied once, and meanwhile, the soil moisture management is required.
Pruning young saplings
After field planting, cutting the trunk at 40cm, selecting and reserving 3-4 branches with different directions as main branches after the main branches sprout, and forming an angle of 45 degrees between the main branches and the trunk. The trunk is processed for cutting again at 30cm after aging, 3 auxiliary main branches with different directions are selected from the main branches, and the trunk and the bone branches can be prolonged by adopting the method. The vertical branches growing on the main branches, the subsidiary branches and other skeleton branches are cut off, and the weak branches are properly reserved as auxiliary branches. Each branch is generally left with 3-4 branches, and the surplus is completely removed.
In order to ensure that the shoots in summer and autumn are taken out regularly, buds are wiped off and controlled, tender buds are wiped off, lateral buds are stimulated to germinate, 80 percent of branches in the whole garden germinate, and the shoots are controlled uniformly.
(3) Land preparation and fertilization: digging soil between two rows of the shatang orange seedlings, spreading base fertilizer with the dosage of 2201 kg/mu, deep ploughing side by side, and forming sowing ridges; wherein the base fertilizer comprises 2000kg of decomposed pig manure and/or chicken manure, 100kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15), 80kg of seaweed, 20kg of calcium lactate and vitamin B41kg。
(4) Interplanting of common yam rhizome: chinese yam is interplanted among the sugar orange rows according to a conventional method, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
seed potato selection and germination acceleration
The variety of high-yield, high-quality, high-resistance and strong-growth-vigor dioscorea opposita is selected, such as Guihuai No. 5, Guihuai No. 7 and the like, and Guihuai No. 7 is selected in the embodiment. The seed potato tubers which are thick, free of diseases and insects, free of damage and high in germination vigor are selected to be used as seeds.
Cutting the seed tuber into potato blocks with the length of about 5cm, soaking the seed in 500-fold and 600-fold liquid of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder for 10-15 min, taking out and drying, and smearing talcum powder or quicklime on the wound to heal the wound.
The seed potato blocks after treatment and wound healing are evenly laid on a seedbed with high sunny terrain, covered with fine sand of 5cm-10cm and then put into a small arched shed for accelerating germination. The germination accelerating and seeding time can be advanced to the middle and last of 2 months or the middle and last of 3 months.
② planting
In late 3 months or last 4 months, mechanically ridging the sowing ridges, and digging sowing ditches with the depth of 5-10cm on the ridge surface, wherein each 667m2Each 667m in the sowing trench2And (3) broadcasting 50kg of seed fertilizer, and then transplanting the potato blocks with accelerated germination into the sowing trench. The row spacing of Chinese yam is 40cm, and the plant spacing is 30 cm. Each 667m2Planting 1200-1600 plants, covering the seed potatoes with soil, and covering the seed potatoes with soil of 5-10 cm.
Management of field
After the stump is supplemented and seedlings are picked, the seedlings are inspected regularly, and the timely replanting of the stump deficiency is found. And (4) finding that the single seedling is too many, removing weak seedlings in time, and keeping 1-2 strong seedlings.
When the height of the seedling is about 25cm, the bamboo is used for building a herringbone frame, and the vine is pulled to the frame.
After the soil is loosened and topdressed, the red soil dry land can be loosened and topdressed once. Topdressing is carried out every 667m2The urea is sprayed and applied by 3kg and water. If the seedling condition is weak, it is necessary to make every 667m2And topdressing 45% compound fertilizer 10kg-15 kg. The potato block expanding period is duly 667m according to the plant growth condition2And additionally applying 20kg to 30kg of 45 percent compound fertilizer.
Chemically controlling the excessive growth of terminal bud every 667m265g of 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder is mixed with 60kg of water, and the mixture is sprayed on leaves to control plant growth and promote potato block expansion. When the later temperature is lower than 25 ℃, the seedlings are seen for topdressing, the seedlings with weak vigor can be fertilized outside roots, and 0.2-0.5% of monopotassium phosphate or other foliar fertilizers are sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
Moisture management keeps soil moist, loose and breathable. When the weather is fine and dry, the drip irrigation is carried out for replenishing water in time.
The disease and pest control mainly controls anthracnose, nematode disease, brown spot, leaf spot, blight, brown rot and other diseases; preventing and treating pests such as black cutworm, mole cricket and prodenia litura.
(5) Harvesting Chinese yam: and (3) selecting fine weather for harvesting before first frost in the last 10 th or the last 11 th month, directly turning the Chinese yam vines into soil after harvesting, repeating the operations in the steps (3) - (5) from the middle and the last 3 th months of the year, and managing the saplings of the Shatang oranges according to the saplings after field planting in the step (2). The survival rate of the sugar orange seedlings in the first year is 97 percent.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yams in a desert sugar orange orchard on hilly slope land, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation: digging soil of hilly sloping fields (family farms in new world in Yongfeng county in Jiangxi province) to loosen weeds, miscellaneous trees and stones;
(2) digging holes and planting sugar oranges: digging planting holes according to the plant spacing of 180cm and the row spacing of 320cm, and planting the sugar orange seedlings, specifically comprising:
preparation of planting pit
Dig 1 m3(length × width × depth is 1 meter × 1 meter) square pit. 1-2kg of phosphate fertilizer, 2-3kg of lime, 50kg of pond sludge and 15-25kg of decomposed chicken manure are applied to each pit. When filling the pit, uniformly mixing the fertilizer with pond sludge and part of soil, and then filling the mixture back into the pit, wherein the piled tree tray is about 20cm higher than the ground.
② treatment of young fruit seedlings
Before planting, partial branches and leaves of the seedlings are cut off to reduce water evaporation. The main root is cut off, and the fibrous root is kept as much as possible.
③ fixed planting
And selecting fine weather in the middle ten days of 2 months or 3 months of the year for planting the treated young fruit seedlings. During field planting, shallow pits are dug to naturally stretch fibrous roots, then soil is returned, soil is compacted, and the soil burying height cannot exceed the grafting position of young fruit seedlings.
Fourthly, managing water and fertilizer after field planting
Covering the tree tray with rice straw or other weeds, and spraying sufficient planting water. Within one month after planting, the soil near the root system needs to be kept moist, the temperature is high, the soil is dry in sunny days without rain, and water is drenched every day.
After planting for 40 days, the new roots start to grow, and can be diluted by decomposed liquid dung by 2-3 times and drenched once every 10-15 days, wherein each plant is 2-5 kg. In the growth process of the saplings, the using amounts of the liquid manure and the fertilizer are gradually increased, wherein 10-15kg of liquid manure and 0.05-0.1kg of urea are added each time. In 9 months of the year, the application of nitrogen fertilizer and liquid manure is stopped, potassium fertilizer is applied once, and meanwhile, the soil moisture management is required.
Pruning young saplings
After field planting, cutting the trunk at 40cm, selecting and reserving 3-4 branches with different directions as main branches after the main branches sprout, and forming an angle of 45 degrees between the main branches and the trunk. The trunk is processed for cutting again at 30cm after aging, 3 auxiliary main branches with different directions are selected from the main branches, and the trunk and the bone branches can be prolonged by adopting the method. The vertical branches growing on the main branches, the subsidiary branches and other skeleton branches are cut off, and the weak branches are properly reserved as auxiliary branches. Each branch is generally left with 3-4 branches, and the surplus is completely removed.
In order to ensure that the shoots in summer and autumn are taken out regularly, buds are wiped off and controlled, tender buds are wiped off, lateral buds are stimulated to germinate, 80 percent of branches in the whole garden germinate, and the shoots are controlled uniformly.
(3) Land preparation and fertilization: digging soil between two rows of the shatang orange seedlings, spreading base fertilizer with the dosage of 1800 kg/mu, deep ploughing side by side, and forming sowing ridges; wherein the base fertilizer comprises 1500 parts by weight of decomposed pig manure and/or chicken manure, 110 parts by weight of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15), 60 parts by weight of seaweed, 30 parts by weight of calcium lactate, and vitamin B42 parts by weight.
(4) Interplanting of common yam rhizome: chinese yam is interplanted among the sugar orange rows according to a conventional method, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
seed potato selection and germination acceleration
High-yield, high-quality, high-resistance and strong-growth-vigor Chinese yam varieties are selected, such as Guihuai No. 5, Guihuai No. 7 and the like. The seed potato tubers which are thick, free of diseases and insects, free of damage and high in germination vigor are selected to be used as seeds.
Cutting the seed tuber into potato blocks with the length of about 5cm, soaking the seed in 500-fold and 600-fold liquid of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder for 10-15 min, taking out and drying, and smearing talcum powder or quicklime on the wound to heal the wound.
The seed potato blocks after treatment and wound healing are evenly laid on a seedbed with high sunny terrain, covered with fine sand of 5cm-10cm and then put into a small arched shed for accelerating germination. The germination accelerating and seeding time can be advanced to the middle and last of 2 months or the middle and last of 3 months.
② planting
In late 3 months or last 4 months, mechanically ridging the sowing ridges, and digging sowing ditches with the depth of 5-10cm on the ridge surface, wherein each 667m2Each 667m in the sowing trench2And (3) broadcasting 50kg of seed fertilizer, and then transplanting the potato blocks with accelerated germination into the sowing trench. The row spacing of Chinese yam is 38cm, and the plant spacing is 32 cm. Each 667m2Planting 1200-1600 plants, covering with soil (5-10 cm).
Management of field
After the stump is supplemented and seedlings are picked, the seedlings are inspected regularly, and the timely replanting of the stump deficiency is found. And (4) finding that the single seedling is too many, removing weak seedlings in time, and keeping 1-2 strong seedlings.
When the height of the seedling is about 25cm, the bamboo is used for building a herringbone frame, and the vine is pulled to the frame.
After the soil is loosened and topdressed, the red soil dry land can be loosened and topdressed once. Topdressing is carried out every 667m2The urea is sprayed and applied by 3kg and water. If the seedling condition is weak, it is necessary to make every 667m2And topdressing 45% compound fertilizer 10kg-15 kg. The potato block expanding period is duly 667m according to the plant growth condition2And additionally applying 20kg to 30kg of 45 percent compound fertilizer.
Chemically controlling the excessive growth of terminal bud every 667m265g of 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder is mixed with 60kg of water, and the mixture is sprayed on leaves to control plant growth and promote potato block expansion. When the later temperature is lower than 25 ℃, the seedlings are seen for topdressing, the seedlings with weak vigor can be fertilized outside roots, and 0.2-0.5% of monopotassium phosphate or other foliar fertilizers are sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
Moisture management keeps soil moist, loose and breathable. When the weather is fine and dry, the drip irrigation is carried out for replenishing water in time.
The disease and pest control mainly controls anthracnose, nematode disease, brown spot, leaf spot, blight, brown rot and other diseases; preventing and treating pests such as black cutworm, mole cricket and prodenia litura.
(5) Harvesting Chinese yam: and selecting sunny weather for harvesting before blooming in the last 10 th or the last 11 th month. And (3) directly turning the Chinese yam vines into soil after harvesting, repeating the operations in the steps (3) - (5) from the middle ten days of the next 2 months to the middle ten days of the last 3 months, and managing the sugar orange seedlings according to the seedlings after field planting in the step (2). The survival rate of the sugar orange seedlings in the first year is 96.2 percent.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yams in a desert sugar orange orchard on hilly slope land, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation: digging soil of hilly sloping fields (family farms in new world in Yongfeng county in Jiangxi province) to loosen weeds, miscellaneous trees and stones;
(2) digging holes and planting sugar oranges: digging planting holes according to the plant spacing of 220cm and the row spacing of 280cm, and planting the sugar orange seedlings, specifically:
preparation of planting pit
Dig 1 m3(length × width × depth is 1 meter × 1 meter) square pit. 1-2kg of phosphate fertilizer, 2-3kg of lime, 50kg of pond sludge and 15-25kg of decomposed chicken manure are applied to each pit. When filling the pit, uniformly mixing the fertilizer with pond sludge and part of soil, and then filling the mixture back into the pit, wherein the piled tree tray is about 20cm higher than the ground.
② treatment of young fruit seedlings
Before planting, partial branches and leaves of the seedlings are cut off to reduce water evaporation. The main root is cut off, and the fibrous root is kept as much as possible.
③ fixed planting
And selecting fine weather in the middle ten days of 2 months or 3 months of the year for planting the treated young fruit seedlings. During field planting, shallow pits are dug to naturally stretch fibrous roots, then soil is returned, soil is compacted, and the soil burying height cannot exceed the grafting position of young fruit seedlings.
Fourthly, managing water and fertilizer after field planting
Covering the tree tray with rice straw or other weeds, and spraying sufficient planting water. Within one month after planting, the soil near the root system needs to be kept moist, the temperature is high, the soil is dry in sunny days without rain, and water is drenched every day.
After planting for 40 days, the new roots start to grow, and can be diluted by decomposed liquid dung by 2-3 times and drenched once every 10-15 days, wherein each plant is 2-5 kg. In the growth process of the saplings, the using amounts of the liquid manure and the fertilizer are gradually increased, wherein 10-15kg of liquid manure and 0.05-0.1kg of urea are added each time. In 9 months of the year, the application of nitrogen fertilizer and liquid manure is stopped, potassium fertilizer is applied once, and meanwhile, the soil moisture management is required.
Pruning young saplings
After field planting, cutting the trunk at 40cm, selecting and reserving 3-4 branches with different directions as main branches after the main branches sprout, and forming 450 angles between the main branches and the trunk. The trunk is processed for cutting again at 30cm after aging, 3 auxiliary main branches with different directions are selected from the main branches, and the trunk and the bone branches can be prolonged by adopting the method. The vertical branches growing on the main branches, the subsidiary branches and other skeleton branches are cut off, and the weak branches are properly reserved as auxiliary branches. Each branch is generally left with 3-4 branches, and the surplus is completely removed.
In order to ensure that the shoots in summer and autumn are taken out regularly, buds are wiped off and controlled, tender buds are wiped off, lateral buds are stimulated to germinate, 80 percent of branches in the whole garden germinate, and the shoots are controlled uniformly.
(3) Land preparation and fertilization: digging soil between two rows of the shatang orange seedlings, spreading base fertilizer with the dosage of 2300 kg/mu, deep ploughing side by side, and forming sowing ridges; wherein the composition ratio of the base fertilizer is 2200 parts by weight of decomposed pig manure and/or chicken manure and 90 parts by weight of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (15-15-15).
(4) Interplanting of common yam rhizome: chinese yam is interplanted among the sugar orange rows according to a conventional method, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
seed potato selection and germination acceleration
High-yield, high-quality, high-resistance and strong-growth-vigor Chinese yam varieties are selected, such as Guihuai No. 5, Guihuai No. 7 and the like. The seed potato tubers which are thick, free of diseases and insects, free of damage and high in germination vigor are selected to be used as seeds.
Cutting the seed tuber into potato blocks with the length of about 5cm, soaking the seed in 500-fold and 600-fold liquid of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder for 10-15 min, taking out and drying, and smearing talcum powder or quicklime on the wound to heal the wound.
The seed potato blocks after treatment and wound healing are evenly laid on a seedbed with high sunny terrain, covered with fine sand of 5cm-10cm and then put into a small arched shed for accelerating germination. The germination accelerating and seeding time can be advanced to the middle and last of 2 months or the middle and last of 3 months.
② planting
In late 3 months or last 4 months, mechanically ridging the sowing ridges, and digging sowing ditches with the depth of 5-10cm on the ridge surface, wherein each 667m2Each 667m in the sowing trench2And (3) broadcasting 50kg of seed fertilizer, and then transplanting the potato blocks with accelerated germination into the sowing trench. The row spacing of Chinese yam is 38cm, and the plant spacing is 32 cm. Each 667m2Planting 1200-1600 plants, covering with soil (5-10 cm).
Management of field
After the stump is supplemented and seedlings are picked, the seedlings are inspected regularly, and the timely replanting of the stump deficiency is found. And (4) finding that the single seedling is too many, removing weak seedlings in time, and keeping 1-2 strong seedlings.
When the height of the seedling is about 25cm, the bamboo is used for building a herringbone frame, and the vine is pulled to the frame.
After the soil is loosened and topdressed, the red soil dry land can be loosened and topdressed once. Topdressing is carried out every 667m2The urea is sprayed and applied by 3kg and water. If the seedling condition is weak, it is necessary to make every 667m2And topdressing 45% compound fertilizer 10kg-15 kg. The potato block expanding period is duly 667m according to the plant growth condition2And additionally applying 20kg to 30kg of 45 percent compound fertilizer.
Chemically controlling the excessive growth of terminal bud every 667m265g of 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder is mixed with 60kg of water, and the mixture is sprayed on leaves to control plant growth and promote potato block expansion. When the later temperature is lower than 25 ℃, the seedlings are seen for topdressing, the seedlings with weak vigor can be fertilized outside roots, and 0.2-0.5% of monopotassium phosphate or other foliar fertilizers are sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
Moisture management keeps soil moist, loose and breathable. When the weather is fine and dry, the drip irrigation is carried out for replenishing water in time.
The disease and pest control mainly controls anthracnose, nematode disease, brown spot, leaf spot, blight, brown rot and other diseases; preventing and treating pests such as black cutworm, mole cricket and prodenia litura.
(5) Harvesting Chinese yam: selecting sunny weather for harvesting before blooming in late 10 month or early 11 month. And (3) directly turning the Chinese yam vines into soil after harvesting, repeating the operations in the steps (3) - (5) from the middle ten days of the next 2 months to the middle ten days of the last 3 months, and managing the sugar orange seedlings according to the seedlings after field planting in the step (2). The survival rate of the sugar orange saplings in the first year is 96 percent.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example provides a method of planting sugar oranges alone in hilly slopes, with field management and water and fertilizer similar to those of example 1. The method is characterized in that in a single sugar orange planting mode, fertilizers are supplemented in the middle and last 4 months, the middle and last 7 months and the last 8 months every year, mainly chemical fertilizers are taken as main materials, and organic fertilizers such as poultry and livestock manure are taken as auxiliary materials. 1-2kg of compound fertilizer per plant and 10-25kg of organic fertilizer per plant. The survival rate of the sugar orange saplings in the first year is 84 percent.
Comparative example 2
The comparative example provides a conventional sugar orange and peanut interplanting cultivation method, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) fine ploughing and fine farming
The ecological environment is directly related to the effect of interplanting peanuts in hilly orchards. And (5) repairing horizontal terraced fields, performing equal-height planting, and deeply ploughing and storing water. Preparing an orchard interplanted with peanuts, deeply ploughing before winter to mature soil, improving water storage capacity of the soil and improving soil permeability. The ridge surface is leveled, and the plowing quality reaches the standards of depth, looseness, fineness and flatness.
(2) Reasonable cultivation
Generally, interplanting is carried out during the period of field planting of the fruit seedlings for 1-3 years, the distance between peanuts and the fruit seedlings is kept to be more than 0.6 m, and the interplanting area is reduced year by year along with the growth of the seedlings and the increase of tree crowns. The interplanting area is approximately proportional to 70-75% in 1 st and 2 nd years, 60% in 3 rd year, and 55% per year from 4 th year.
(3) Scientific fertilizer application
The hillside orchard has low organic matter content, and multiple applications of organic fertilizer and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer are needed, wherein each 667m210kg of urea, 25kg of calcium superphosphate and 20kg of potassium chloride are applied. Taking 50% of nitrogen fertilizer and 100% of phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizers, uniformly mixing the 3 fertilizers in combination with the land preparation surface, and after the peanut seedlings are leveled, combining intertillage ridging to topdressing the remaining 50% of nitrogen fertilizer and 70% of potassium fertilizer.
(4) Disease and pest control
The disease and pest of the interplanted peanuts in the orchard need to be considered by both the peanuts and the trees, and particularly, the disease and pest can be simultaneously controlled, and the pest source can be killed. The peanut insect pests are mainly grubs and aphids. Deep ploughing and ridge-leveling are needed for preventing and treating grubs, and the phoxim is spread in soil. The pesticide emulsifiable concentrate of 25 percent for preventing and controlling aphids, the emulsifiable concentrate of texate and the wettable powder of 50 percent for preventing and controlling aphids, namely 2000 times liquid, are used for preventing and controlling the spray of the peanuts. The leaf spot is the main disease of peanuts, and can be sprayed by 500-time wettable carbendazim liquid level every 10-15 days from the middle and the last ten days of 7 months, and after 2 times of prevention and control, 150-time 200-time Bordeaux liquid is used for protection, so that the photosynthesis of the peanuts is improved, the senescence is delayed, and the yield of the peanuts is increased.
(5) Returning peanut stems and leaves to field
Peanut stems and leaves are a good organic fertilizer, and through determination, the stems and leaves contain 4.53% of nitrogen, 0.82% of phosphorus and 2.34% of potassium, and the stems and leaves completely cover the roots of fruit trees after the peanuts are harvested, so that the peanut stem and leaf organic fertilizer has an important effect on drought preservation and soil moisture conservation and soil curing. When the hole of the young fruit tree of the next year is expanded, the fruit tree is completely buried in soil, soil organic matters are increased, soil fertility is improved, and the purpose of promoting the growth of the fruit tree is achieved. The survival rate of the sugar orange seedlings in the first year is 85 percent.
And (4) conclusion: (1) the economic benefit of interplanting the peanuts is low. First, peanut yield is low. Peanuts are interplanted in hilly orchards, and the yield per unit is generally 130kg/667m2The hair income of the dry pod is 1300 yuan when the dry pod is sold according to 10 yuan/kg. The yield of fresh yam can reach 3000kg per unit, the income of fresh yam can reach 15000 yuan per kg calculated according to 5 yuan/kg. Secondly, the labor cost for interplanting peanuts is high. At present, the peanut harvesting and threshing can not realize mechanical operation, a large amount of labor is spent, the labor intensity is high, and each 667m of seeding, harvesting and threshing2It needs 8-10 workers, and the cost of labor is 800-. Therefore, the yield is less than 150 yuan/667 m by deducting the labor cost and the cost, the production data cost of pesticide and the like2While the pure benefit of interplanting Chinese yam can generally reach 3000-2。
(2) The biomass of the peanut straws is small, and the effects of fertilizing soil and curing soil are not obvious. Interplanting peanut, the amount of peanut straw is only 800kg/667m2About, while Huai Yam can reach 2000-2. Therefore, the interplanting of peanuts has no obvious effect on soil fertility and soil fertilityThe effect of improving the growth and quality of young fruit seedlings is not obvious.
(3) The peanut has shallow plowing layer and small promotion effect on the growth of the root system of the sugar orange. The plough layer of the peanut is shallow, generally only 15-20cm, and the promotion effect on the downward growth of the root system of the peanut seedling is not large. The thickness of the plough layer of the common yam rhizome can reach 80-100cm, and meanwhile, the pressure of the common yam rhizome expanding to the periphery is also large, so that the transverse loosening of soil is facilitated. Therefore, the interplanting of the common yam rhizome is more beneficial to the upward and downward growth of the root system of young fruit seedlings, the thick and strong fruit seedlings and the luxuriant fruit seedlings and the improvement of the disease resistance.
Test examples
Quality identification of sugar oranges
1. 50 of the first harvest sugar oranges of examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-2 were randomly selected, and the sugar content and soluble solid content of each group of sugar oranges were analyzed, and the specific results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 test results of each group of sugar oranges
From the data in the table above, it can be seen that the technical solution provided by the present invention can significantly increase the sugar content of the sugar orange compared to the comparative example. Wherein the sugar content of the sugar oranges of examples 1-2 is higher than that of example 3, indicating that seaweed, calcium lactate and vitamin B4The use of (A) can significantly improve the sugar content of the sugar orange.
2. Statistics were made on the incidence of foot rot in the sugar orange orchards of examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-2, and the specific results are shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 statistics of foot rot incidence in each sugar orange orchard group
From the data in the table above, it can be seen that the disease incidence of foot rot of sugar orange seedlings can be significantly reduced by interplanting sugar orange and dioscorea opposita compared with the comparison 1 and 2.
Secondly, measuring the content of organic carbon in soil
The organic carbon content of the soil in the 3 rd year of the sugar orange orchard of the examples 1 to 3 and the comparative examples 1 to 2 is detected, and the specific results are shown in the table 3:
TABLE 3 organic carbon content in soil
As can be seen from the data in the table, the interplanting of Dioscorea opposita in a satsuma orchard can significantly increase the organic carbon content in the soil, compared to comparative examples 1 and 2. The organic carbon content in the soil was increased by more than 97% compared to comparative example 1, and by more than 25% compared to comparative document 2.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A cultivation method for interplanting common yam rhizome in a desert sugar orange orchard on hilly slope land is characterized by comprising the following steps:
digging holes and planting: digging planting holes according to the plant spacing of 180-220cm and the row spacing of 280-320cm, and planting the sand sugar orange seedlings;
land preparation and fertilization: digging soil between two rows of the sugar orange seedlings, spreading base fertilizer, deep ploughing side by side, and forming sowing ridges;
interplanting of common yam rhizome: interplanting rhizoma Dioscoreae in the sugar orange rows according to conventional method;
the base fertilizer comprises 2000 parts by weight of decomposed pig manure and/or chicken manure, 100 parts by weight of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer, 80 parts by weight of seaweed, 20 parts by weight of calcium lactate and vitamin B41.5 parts by weight.
2. The cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yams in the mountain slope satchel orange orchard as claimed in claim 1, wherein the row spacing of the Chinese yams is 38-42cm, and the plant spacing of the Chinese yams is 28-32 cm.
3. The cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yams in the mountain slope sandy orange orchard as claimed in claim 2, wherein the row spacing of the Chinese yams is 40cm, and the plant spacing of the Chinese yams is 30 cm.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the planting distance of the planting holes is 200cm, and the row spacing is 300 cm.
5. The cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yam in the hill slope sandy orange orchard, according to claim 3, is characterized in that the interplanting time of the Chinese yam is 3 to 4 middle months per year.
6. The cultivation method for interplanting Chinese yam in the mountain slope arenaceous orange orchard as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of the base fertilizer is 1800-2300 kg/mu.
7. The method for interplanting Chinese yam in a mountain slope sandy orange orchard according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein after harvesting the Chinese yam, vines of the Chinese yam are directly turned into soil.
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