CN105875324A - Early-bearing high-yield cultivation method for olive - Google Patents
Early-bearing high-yield cultivation method for olive Download PDFInfo
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- CN105875324A CN105875324A CN201610231273.6A CN201610231273A CN105875324A CN 105875324 A CN105875324 A CN 105875324A CN 201610231273 A CN201610231273 A CN 201610231273A CN 105875324 A CN105875324 A CN 105875324A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
Abstract
The invention discloses an early-bearing high-yield cultivation method for olive, which belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation. The cultivation method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a garden field; (2) building a garden; (3) planting and grafting; (4) managing soil, fertilizer and water; (5) managing trees; (6) managing flowers and fruits; (7) and preventing main diseases and insect pests. According to a growth rule of the olive, by adopting a method of scientifically selecting a planting field, building a garden in a standardization manner, planting nutritional-bag tree seedlings, grafting excellent varieties, scientifically managing the soil, fertilizer, water and trees, appropriately controlling tips, promoting the flowering, protecting fruits and preventing diseases and insect pests in time, the early bearing and high yield can be realized. The method is simple and easy, effectively increases the olive planting economic benefit and has important significance on increasing the income of people.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fruit tree cultivation technical field, be specifically related to a kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method.
Background technology
Olive [Canarium album (Lour.)
Rauesch.], have another name called Chinese olive, Gan Lan etc., belong to Burseraceae (Burseraceae) Canarium (CanariumL.) aiphyllium fruit tree.Olive originates in China, having two thousand years cultivation history, through long-term natural selection, artificial selection and cultivation domestication, genetic resources is the abundantest, being mainly distributed on Fujian, Guangdong, also there is distribution on the ground such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Hainan.Olive is both for medicine and food fruit, has that pharynx clearing heat and detoxicating, sharp is reduced phlegm, promoted the production of body fluid to quench thirst, relieving restlessness is sobered up, the sending down abnormally ascending that whets the appetite, the effect such as anti-oxidant, antibacterial, has higher medical value.
Traditional olive plantation is planted with seedling, Tong Qichang, and variation is big, and the plantation of existing olive is planted with grafting seedling, and growth is prematurely senile, it is difficult to realize early knot, the purpose of high yield.China has issued LY/T2038-2012 olive high-yield cultivation technique code and DB44/T281-2005 olive high-yield cultivation technique code in olive growing field at present, the Chinese olive tree of application LY/T2038-2012 olive high-yield cultivation technique code plantation starts test manufacture of bearing fruit in the 4th year after grafting, the Chinese olive tree of application DB44/T281-2005 olive high-yield cultivation technique code plantation enters operation period for the 5th year after grafting, all fails to realize early knot purpose；And Chinese invention CN
201510264412.0 implantation methods disclosing a kind of olive treelet fast-growing, the Chinese olive tree of application the method plantation is taken 7 years and just starts test manufacture of bearing fruit, and also fails to realize early knot purpose.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method, the method is simple, can realize the purpose of olive early fruiting and high yield.
In order to reach the purpose of foregoing invention, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is as follows:
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method, comprises the following steps:
(1) field selects: select benign climate, soil layer is deep, fertile, faintly acid, level of ground water are low, the level land of sandy soil or mild hilly ground build garden；
(2) building garden: dig planting pit by certain seeding row spacing, table soil and subsoil pile up separately, described planting pit backfill base manure after weathering, and field planting layer backfill table soil, after having returned soil, acupuncture point forms the knoll of certain altitude above ground level, plantation after cave soil is heavy in fact；
(3) field planting and grafting:
A. field planting: take plastic nutritional bag seedling, a vesicle is dug in described knoll central authorities during field planting, described seedling is put into described vesicle, peel off nutrient bag film, plucking some leaf, return soil having peace of mind, Hui Tuhou blinding around described seedling forms tree dish, water and determine root water, described tree dish covers one layer of straw；
B. grafting: after described seedling direct planting survives, pinching or cutting back on trunk, to promote the multiple lateral bud of pumping, some angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated major branch, grafting improved seeds scion on described major branch；
(4) clay fertilizer water management, described clay fertilizer water management includes soil management, fertilizing management and water management:
Described soil management includes:
Middle weeding: orchard carry out in tree crown drip every year in weeding 2 ~ 3 times, respectively 3 ~ April temperature turn warm, root system comes into play and carries out before fruit picking；
B. tree dish covers: with rice straw mulching tree dish after middle weeding；
C. plough deeply and improve the soil: dig outside tree crown drip autumn and winter wide, be the annular groove of 50 cm × 30 cm deeply, insert fertilizer when returning soil；
Described fertilizing management includes:
A. tree childhood fertilizing management: childhood, tree was centered by cultivating branch, expanding tree crown, and fertilising executes thin executing as principle with duty, adhered to that a tip two is fertile, and emphasis respectively executes a quick-acting fertilizer before and after the spring tip, summer shoot and autumn growth pumping, coordinates and executes the people and animals' fecaluria that becomes thoroughly decomposed；
B. bearing-age tree fertilizing management: bearing-age tree, to promote bud differentiation, Fruit, cultivates the bearing basal shoot that stalwartness is enriched, improves for the purpose of the quality of annual production and fruit, annual fertilising 3 times: for the first time for applying fertilizer after fruit picking, based on fertilizer, increasing application phosphorus potassium fertilizer, improve the soil in conjunction with ploughing deeply；Second time is for spending front fertilising, based on quick-acting chemical fertilizer, coordinates farm manure；Third time is strong fruit tip-promoting fertilizer, based on rapid available phosphorus potash fertilizer；
Described water management includes:
A. tree childhood water management: childhood, tree Root Distribution was shallower, and drought-resistance ability is poor, running into high temperature and drought weather to pour water in time, and rainy season wants timely draining, ground moistening to be kept during young sprout pumping；
B. bearing-age tree water management: bearing-age tree Root Distribution is relatively deep, more drought-enduring, at fruit expanding period ground moistening to be kept, rainy season is wanted timely draining, suitably controls water winter；
(5) tree body management:
A. tree childhood tree body management: it is important that promote branch take out send out, increase branch progression, cultivate downgrade high yield type tree crown；
B. bearing-age tree tree body management: bearing-age tree is pruned at winter or summer, it is important that control the height of tree and promote stunted growth；Cultivate healthy and strong autumn growth bearing basal shoot；
(6) flower and fruit management, including controlling the treetops and hastening blossom and flower and fruit protecting；
(7) main diseases and insect pests preventing and treating: olive has leaf spot, anthracnose, dark mildew, Pseudophacopteron Canarium, hoe palpus clump snout moth's larva, skin thin moth pest and disease damage to cause harm, and produces with " putting prevention first, integrated control " as principle, and main prophylactico-therapeutic measures includes:
A. strengthen tree body management, strengthen tree vigo(u)r, improve tree body premunition；
B. clear garden in winter, reduces disease pest source；
C. protect and utilize pest natural enemy；
D. chemical control.
Particularly as follows:
(1) field selects: select year-round average temperature 19 ~ 24
DEG C, extreme low temperature is not less than-2 DEG C, annual rainfall 1100 ~ 2000
Mm, height above sea level 50 ~ 300 m, deep 1 ~ 2 m of soil layer, the content of organic matter 0.8 ~ 2.0 wt. %, pH value 4.5 ~ 6.5, level of ground water 1.5 ~ 2 m, the level land of sandy soil or 6 ~ 25 ° of hilly grounds of the gradient build garden.
(2) garden is built: first 2 months of field planting is by m × 7, m ~ 6.5, seeding row spacing 5.5 m × 6 m, per hectare is planted the specification of 225 strain ~ 300 strains and is dug length, wide, it is the cave of l00 cm × l00 cm × 80 cm deeply, by table soil and subsoil pile up separately when digging cave, described planting pit divides three layers after weathering after digging and returns soil, 30 kg green manure inserted by bottom, sprinkle quick lime 250 g, backfill part described table soil, middle level is with 20 kg poultry fertilizers, 1.5 kg calcium superphosphate and part table soil mix go back to cave, sprinkle quick lime 250 g, field planting layer backfill table soil, it is the most steady and sure to return during cave, after having returned soil, acupuncture point forms 30 cm knolls above ground level, plant after cave soil is heavy in fact.
(3) field planting and grafting:
A. field planting: take the plastic nutritional bag seedling of life in 1 year, in spring planting in 3 ~ April；A vesicle is dug in described knoll central authorities during field planting, described nutrient bag seedling is put into described vesicle, peel off nutrient bag film, guarantee that nutrient bag mass of soil is the loosest, pluck 1/3 ~ 1/2 leaf, return soil steady and sure, return soil to be advisable covering collar 2 ~ 5 cm, Hui Tuhou blinding around described seedling forms the wide tree dish of diameter 1 m, waters foot and determines root water, covers one layer of straw on described tree dish；
B. grafting: after described seedling direct planting survives, in October then pinching or cutting back at trunk overhead 50 cm, to promote the multiple lateral bud of pumping, 3 ~ 4 angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated major branch, managed with delicacy through 1 ~ 2 year, thick 1 ~ 2 cm of stem at described major branch 25 cm, in the bearing basal shoot on the sunny side of the i.e. grafting improved seeds in the rain or shine sky of mid-February to mid-April.
(4) clay fertilizer water management, described clay fertilizer water management includes soil management, fertilizing management and water management:
Described soil management includes:
Middle weeding: orchard carry out in tree crown drip every year in weeding 2 ~ 3 times, respectively 3 ~ April temperature turn warm, root system comes into play and carries out before fruit picking.
B. tree dish covers: with rice straw mulching tree dish after middle weeding；
C. plough deeply and improve the soil: dig outside tree crown drip autumn and winter wide, be the annular groove of 50 cm × 30 cm deeply, insert fertilizer when returning soil；
Described fertilizing management includes:
A. tree childhood fertilizing management: childhood, tree was centered by cultivating branch, expanding tree crown, and fertilising executes thin executing as principle with duty, adhered to that a tip two is fertile, emphasis respectively executes disposable fertilizer in the sprouting of the spring tip, summer shoot and autumn growth and blade when turning green, 1 year raw childhood tree, individual plant each sealing fertilizer 30 ~ 50 g, add 50
Wt. % becomes thoroughly decomposed people and animals' fecaluria 3 ~ 5 kg, the most annual dose increasing by 0.5 ~ 1 times；
B. bearing-age tree fertilizing management: bearing-age tree is to promote bud differentiation, Fruit, cultivate the bearing basal shoot that stalwartness is enriched, improve for the purpose of the quality of annual production and fruit, annual fertilising 3 times: for the first time for applying fertilizer after fruit picking, improve the soil in conjunction with ploughing deeply, person poultry muck 30 kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potash fertilizer 4 kg, boron fertilizer 2 kg are executed in every strain, and dose accounts for 45 % of the whole year；Second time is for spending front fertilising, and person poultry muck 3 kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, composite fertilizer 5 kg, boron fertilizer 0.8 kg are executed in every strain, and dose accounts for 35 % of the whole year；Third time is strong fruit tip-promoting fertilizer, every strain sealing fertilizer 2 kg, potash fertilizer 2 kg, phosphate fertilizer 1 kg, and dose accounts for 20 % of the whole year；
Described water management includes:
A. tree childhood water management: childhood, tree Root Distribution was shallower, and drought-resistance ability is poor, running into high temperature and drought weather to pour water in time, and rainy season wants timely draining, ground moistening to be kept during young sprout pumping；
B. bearing-age tree water management: bearing-age tree Root Distribution is relatively deep, more drought-enduring, at fruit expanding period ground moistening to be kept, rainy season is wanted timely draining, suitably controls water winter.
(5) tree body management, the management of described tree body includes that tree childhood and bearing-age tree tree body manage:
A. tree childhood tree body management: it is important that promote branch take out send out, increase branch progression, cultivate dwarf-type tree crown.From the beginning of tree tree body management childhood is after seedling direct planting survives, fixed dry 3 ~ 4, major branch of cultivation, after grafting survival, every scion 2 ~ 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated secondary major branch, 2 ~ 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain on secondary major branch are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated big side shoot, branch controls pinching or cutting back after 30 cm every time, and the tree-shaped downgrade, got bumper crops basically forms.
B. bearing-age tree tree body management, the management of described bearing-age tree tree body includes pruning and the healthy and strong autumn growth bearing basal shoot of cultivation:
Prune: bearing-age tree is pruned 2 times for 1 year, i.e. the winter cuts and cuts with the summer, it is important that control the height of tree and promote stunted growth；Winter cuts and carries out after fruit picking, wipes out the deadwood of inner canopy, sick and weak branch, overstocked branch, the upright branch of excessive growth, the peripheral side shoot extending growth continuously of cutting back retraction tree crown；Summer cuts at the beginning of 8 months, the summer shoot at tree crown top being bounced back to the spring tip, retracts to base portion after gathering next year again；
Cultivate healthy and strong autumn growth bearing basal shoot: combining the summer at the beginning of 8 months cuts summer shoot cutting back is inspired autumn growth, executes tip-promoting fertilizer mid-August 1 time, promotes that autumn growth is taken out in good time and send out, in autumn growth young sprout length to 10 ~ 15
When cm, blade launch the most substantially, spray 15 200 ~ 300 times of liquid+0.2 wt. % ~ 0.3 of wt. % paclobutrazol wettable powder
Wt. % potassium dihydrogen phosphate, promotes autumn growth robust growth.
(6) flower and fruit management, described flower and fruit management includes controlling the treetops and hastening blossom and flower and fruit protecting:
A. controlling the treetops and hastening blossom: olive autumn growth blade turns green rear strict control nitrogenous fertilizer control water, the control winter tip is taken out and is sent out, and Winter hardness of erasing in time sprays 15 wt. each 1 controlling the treetops and hastening blossom of 200 ~ 300 times of liquid of % paclobutrazol wettable powder in mid or late November and early January in next year；
B. flower and fruit protecting: spray 0.2 wt. % potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.1 before spending
Wt. % borax improves flower matter, improves pollen germination rate and fruit-setting rate；Thank and spend rear young fruit period to spray 0.3 wt. % potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.1 wt. % borax fruit retention, reduce shedding.
(7) main diseases and insect pests preventing and treating: olive has leaf spot, anthracnose, dark mildew, Pseudophacopteron Canarium, hoe to cause harm by the pest and disease damage such as clump snout moth's larva, the thin moth of skin.With " putting prevention first, integrated control " for principle on Sheng Chaning, main prophylactico-therapeutic measures includes:
A. strengthen tree body management, strengthen tree vigo(u)r, improve tree body premunition；
B. clear garden in winter, reduce disease pest source: utilize winter pruning, by sick branch and fallen leaves concentrate destroy, buried, full garden sprays lime sulfur, trunk whitewashing；
C. protect and utilize pest natural enemy: by orchard ground cover, build and be conducive to natural enemy to perch the environment taken food；
D. chemical control: select 50 wt. at olive leaf pinta, anthracnose early stage
1000 times of liquid of % thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 50
Wt. 1 000 times of liquid of % carbendazol wettable powder are prevented and treated；Sooty mould is mainly that Pseudophacopteron Canarium, aphid secretion cause, and its main prevention and controls is to prevent and treat Pseudophacopteron Canarium, aphid in time, selects 70 at the initial stage of a disease
Wt. 1000 times of liquid of % thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 50
Wt. 1 000 times of liquid of % carbendazol wettable powder are prevented and treated；Pseudophacopteron Canarium is caused harm the most universal, it is essentially identical that occurrence in peak period and olive young sprout take out the phase of sending out, and peak period of causing harm alternately sprays 200 times of liquid of 99wt.% mineral oil missible oil, 90 wt. % ten thousand spirit 2500 times of liquid of wettable powder, 10 2000 times of liquid of wt. % imidacloprid wettable powder, 21 wt. % pyridine 1000 times of liquid of worm miaow soluble liquid are prevented and treated；Other insects such as 800 times of liquid of 80% metrifonate crystal, 2.5 1500 times of liquid of wt.% time missible oil, 20 2000 times of liquid of wt. % Belmark, preventing and treating olive hoe palpus clump snout moth's larva are alternately sprayed at spawning period and low instar larvae phase.
There is advantages that
1, mix go back to cave with base manure with the table soil dug out in advance in the present invention uses planting pit, provide the guarantee of nutriment for the growth of seedling from now on；Seedling is planted in the knoll on planting pit growth and the development downwards of beneficially seedling root system；Tree dish and tree dish that around seedling, blinding is formed cover one layer of straw, play the effect of moisturizing of taking precautions against drought to seedling, become organic fertilizer after straw corruption and provide follow-up nutriment for seedling growth, be ensure that by these measures the field planting of seedling survives, survival rate 95 more than %.
2, the present invention uses plastic nutritional bag seedling direct planting, the most surely 3 ~ 4 major branches of cultivation are done after surviving, managed with delicacy through 1 ~ 2 year, the bearing basal shoot on the sunny side of grafting improved seeds on major branch again, graft survival rate reaches 85 more than %, after grafting survival, every scion 2 ~ 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated secondary major branch, 2 ~ 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain on secondary major branch are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated big side shoot, plant fast-growing is the longest, after grafting the 2nd year starts test manufacture of bearing fruit, 3rd year basic capping after grafting, thus reach the purpose of early fruiting and high yield.
3, the fertilizing management of the present invention is carried out according to the different age of trees, tree vigo(u)r, the fertilizer requirement in phenological period, meets the growth demand of Chinese olive tree；Fertilizing management of the present invention, flower and fruit management and the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control greatly improve olive yield.
4, the present invention use efficiently, the chemical control pest and disease damage of low toxicity, low-residual, the residues of pesticides of olive fruit meet national standard.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to make content of the present invention it is more readily appreciated that be described in further detail technical solutions according to the invention below by specific embodiment, but the present invention is not limited only to this.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method, comprises the following steps:
(1) field selects: selecting year-round average temperature 20 DEG C, extreme low temperature is not less than-2 DEG C, annual rainfall 1500mm, height above sea level 200 m, deep 2 m of soil layer, the content of organic matter 1 wt.%, pH value 5, level of ground water 1.5m, the level land of sandy soil or 15 ° of hilly grounds of the gradient and builds garden.
(2) building garden: contour halfpace, the gradient less than 15 ° are opened in hilly ground orchard, platform is wide is advisable with 6 m, the gradient more than 15 °, and platform is wide is advisable with 4 m；First 2 months of field planting is planted the specification of 250 strains by seeding row spacing 6m × 6.5 m, per hectare and is dug planting pit, planting pit length and width, is l00 deeply
Cm × l00 cm × 80 cm, dividing three layers after weathering after table soil and subsoil pile up separately, described planting pit being dug when digging cave and return soil, 30 kg green manure inserted by bottom, sprinkle quick lime 250 g, backfill part described table soil, middle level 20 kg poultry fertilizers, 1.5 kg calcium superphosphate mix go back to cave with part described table soil, sprinkle quick lime 250 g, field planting layer backfill table soil, it is the most steady and sure to return during cave, and after having returned soil, acupuncture point forms 30 cm knolls above ground level, plants after cave soil is heavy in fact.
(3) field planting and grafting:
A. field planting: take plastic nutritional bag completely the most damaged, mass of soil is the loosest, robust plant, leaf dark green, without pest and disease damage, 1 year raw seedling of well developed root system, in spring planting in 3 ~ April；A vesicle that can put into described seedling is dug in described knoll central authorities during field planting, described seedling is put into described vesicle together with the plastic nutritional bag cultivating it, peel off nutrient bag film, guarantee that nutrient bag mass of soil is the loosest, pluck 1/2 leaf, return soil, seedling described in righting on one side is wanted while returning soil when returning soil, return soil several times, return soil having peace of mind to be layered every time, return soil 3 cms higher than described nutrient bag mass of soil, Hui Tuhou blinding around described seedling forms the wide tree dish of diameter 1 m, water foot to seedling described in every strain and determine root water, and on described tree dish, cover one layer of straw；After field planting, fine day wants timely moisturizing, keeps tree dish ground moistening, until surviving；Rainy day wants timely draining, in order to avoid long-time ponding macerates the dead seedling of root；
B. grafting: after described seedling direct planting survives, in October then pinching or cutting back at trunk overhead 50 cm, to promote the multiple lateral bud of pumping, 4 angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated major branch, managed with delicacy through 2 years, thick 2 cm of stem at described major branch 25 cm, in the bearing basal shoot on the sunny side of the i.e. grafting improved seeds in the rain or shine sky of early April；Keep tree dish ground moistening after grafting, within about 30 days, to smear debudding in time, send out until grafting bud is taken out.
(4) clay fertilizer water management, described clay fertilizer water management includes soil management, fertilizing management and water management:
Described soil management includes:
Middle weeding: orchard carry out in tree crown drip every year in weeding 3 times, respectively April temperature turn warm, root system comes into play and carries out before fruit picking.
B. tree dish covers: with rice straw mulching tree dish after middle weeding；
C. plough deeply and improve the soil: dig outside tree crown drip autumn and winter wide, be the annular groove of 50 cm × 30 cm deeply, insert fertilizer when returning soil；
Described fertilizing management includes:
A. tree childhood fertilizing management: childhood, tree was centered by cultivating branch, expanding tree crown, fertilising executes thin executing as principle with duty, adhere to that a tip two is fertile, emphasis respectively executes disposable fertilizer in the sprouting of the spring tip, summer shoot and autumn growth and blade when turning green, 1 year raw childhood tree, individual plant each sealing fertilizer 40 g, adds 50 wt. % and becomes thoroughly decomposed people and animals fecaluria 4kg, the most annual dose increasing by 1 times；
B. bearing-age tree fertilizing management: bearing-age tree is to promote bud differentiation, Fruit, cultivate the bearing basal shoot that stalwartness is enriched, improve for the purpose of the quality of annual production and fruit, annual fertilising 3 times: for the first time for applying fertilizer after fruit picking, to recover tree vigo(u)r, promote Shoot growth healthy and strong and for the purpose of bud differentiation, improve the soil in conjunction with ploughing deeply, person poultry muck 30 kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, potash fertilizer 4 kg, boron fertilizer 2 kg are executed in every strain, and dose accounts for 45 % of the whole year；Second time is for spending front fertilising, and to meet Spring-shoot growth and Hua Sui pumping, for the purpose of improving flower matter and fruit-setting rate, person poultry muck 3 kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, composite fertilizer 5 kg, boron fertilizer 0.8 kg are executed in every strain, and dose accounts for 35 % of the whole year；Third time is strong fruit tip-promoting fertilizer, and for the purpose of promoting that fruit development and branch grow stalwartness, every strain sealing fertilizer 2 kg, potash fertilizer 2 kg, phosphate fertilizer 1 kg, dose accounts for 20 % of the whole year；Additionally, in growth of young phase, autumn growth growth and development stage spray 0.3
Wt. each fruit retention of % potassium dihydrogen phosphate dilution, the strong tip, sprays 0.3 wt. % urea+0.3 wt. % potassium dihydrogen phosphate and reaches to recover tree vigo(u)r effect after fruit picking；
Described water management includes:
A. tree childhood water management: childhood, tree Root Distribution was shallower, and drought-resistance ability is poor, running into high temperature and drought weather to pour water in time, and rainy season wants timely draining, ground moistening to be kept during young sprout pumping；
B. bearing-age tree water management: bearing-age tree Root Distribution is relatively deep, more drought-enduring, at fruit expanding period ground moistening to be kept, rainy season is wanted timely draining, suitably controls water winter.
(5) tree body management, the management of described tree body includes that tree childhood and bearing-age tree tree body manage:
A. tree childhood tree body management: it is important that promote branch take out send out, increase branch progression, cultivate dwarf-type tree crown.From the beginning of tree tree body management childhood is after seedling direct planting survives, fixed dry 4, major branch of cultivation, after grafting survival, every scion 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated secondary major branch, 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain on secondary major branch are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated big side shoot, branch controls pinching or cutting back after 30 cm every time, and the tree-shaped downgrade, got bumper crops basically forms.
B. bearing-age tree tree body management, the management of described bearing-age tree tree body includes pruning and the healthy and strong autumn growth bearing basal shoot of cultivation:
Prune: bearing-age tree is pruned 2 times for 1 year, i.e. the winter cuts and cuts with the summer, it is important that control the height of tree and promote stunted growth；Winter cuts and carries out after fruit picking, wipes out the deadwood of inner canopy, sick and weak branch, overstocked branch, the upright branch of excessive growth, the peripheral side shoot extending growth continuously of cutting back retraction tree crown；Summer cuts at the beginning of 8 months, the summer shoot at tree crown top being bounced back to the spring tip, retracts to base portion after gathering next year again；
Cultivate healthy and strong autumn growth bearing basal shoot: combining the summer at the beginning of 8 months cuts summer shoot cutting back is inspired autumn growth, execute tip-promoting fertilizer mid-August 1 time, promote that autumn growth is taken out in good time to send out, when autumn growth young sprout length to 13cm, blade is launched the most substantially, spray 300 times of liquid+0.3 wt. % potassium dihydrogen phosphates of 15 wt.% paclobutrazol wettable powder, promote autumn growth robust growth.
(6) flower and fruit management, described flower and fruit management includes controlling the treetops and hastening blossom and flower and fruit protecting:
A. controlling the treetops and hastening blossom: olive autumn growth blade turns green rear strict control nitrogenous fertilizer control water, the control winter tip is taken out and is sent out, and Winter hardness of erasing in time sprays 15 each 1 controlling the treetops and hastening blossom of 300 times of liquid of wt.% paclobutrazol wettable powder in mid or late November and early January in next year；
B. flower and fruit protecting: spray 0.2 wt. % potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.1 before spending
Wt. % borax improves flower matter, improves pollen germination rate and fruit-setting rate；Thank and spend rear young fruit period to spray 0.3 wt. % potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.1 wt. % borax fruit retention, reduce shedding.
(7) main diseases and insect pests preventing and treating: olive has leaf spot, anthracnose, dark mildew, Pseudophacopteron Canarium, hoe to cause harm by the pest and disease damage such as clump snout moth's larva, the thin moth of skin.With " putting prevention first, integrated control " for principle on Sheng Chaning, main prophylactico-therapeutic measures includes:
A. strengthen tree body management, strengthen tree vigo(u)r, improve tree body premunition；
B. clear garden in winter, reduce disease pest source: utilize winter pruning, by sick branch and fallen leaves concentrate destroy, buried, full garden sprays lime sulfur, trunk whitewashing；
C. protect and utilize pest natural enemy: by orchard ground cover, build and be conducive to natural enemy to perch the environment taken food；
D. chemical control: select 50 at olive leaf pinta, anthracnose early stage
1000 times of liquid of wt.% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 50
1 000 times of liquid of wt.% carbendazol wettable powder are prevented and treated；Sooty mould is mainly that Pseudophacopteron Canarium, aphid secretion cause, and its main prevention and controls is to prevent and treat Pseudophacopteron Canarium, aphid in time, selects 1000 times of liquid of 70wt.% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 50 at the initial stage of a disease
1 000 times of liquid of wt.% carbendazol wettable powder are prevented and treated；Pseudophacopteron Canarium is caused harm the most universal, it is essentially identical that occurrence in peak period and olive young sprout take out the phase of sending out, and peak period of causing harm alternately sprays 99 200 times of liquid of wt.% mineral oil missible oil, 90 wt. % ten thousand spirit 2500 times of liquid of wettable powder, 2000 times of liquid of 10 wt.% imidacloprid wettable powder, 21 wt.% pyridine 1000 times of liquid of worm miaow soluble liquid are prevented and treated；80 are alternately sprayed at spawning period and low instar larvae phase
800 times of liquid of wt.% metrifonate crystal, 2.5
1500 times of liquid of wt.% time missible oil, 20
2000 times of liquid of wt.% Belmark, other insects such as palpus clump snout moth's larva uprooted by preventing and treating olive.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not the present invention is made any pro forma restriction；The those of ordinary skill of all industry all can implement the present invention described in by specification swimmingly；In every case those skilled in the art are in the range of without departing from technical solution of the present invention, available disclosed above technology contents and a little change made, the equivalent variations modifying and develop, are the Equivalent embodiments of the present invention；The change of any equivalent variations that above example is made by all substantial technological under this invention, modify and differentiation etc., all belong to the covering scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. an olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method, it is characterised in that said method comprising the steps of:
(1) field selects: select benign climate, soil layer is deep, fertile, faintly acid, level of ground water are low, the level land of sandy soil or mild hilly ground build garden；
(2) building garden: dig planting pit by certain seeding row spacing, table soil and subsoil pile up separately, described planting pit backfill base manure after weathering, and field planting layer backfill table soil, after having returned soil, acupuncture point forms the knoll of certain altitude above ground level, plantation after cave soil is heavy in fact；
(3) field planting and grafting:
A. field planting: take plastic nutritional bag seedling, a vesicle is dug in described knoll central authorities during field planting, described seedling is put into described vesicle, peel off nutrient bag film, plucking some leaf, return soil having peace of mind, Hui Tuhou blinding around described seedling forms tree dish, water foot and determine root water, described tree dish covers one layer of straw；
B. grafting: after described seedling direct planting survives, pinching or cutting back on trunk, to promote the multiple lateral bud of pumping, some angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated major branch, grafting improved seeds scion on described major branch；
(4) clay fertilizer water management, described clay fertilizer water management includes soil management, fertilizing management and water management:
Described soil management includes:
Middle weeding: orchard carry out in tree crown drip every year in weeding 2 ~ 3 times, respectively 3 ~ April temperature turn warm, root system comes into play and carries out before fruit picking；
B. tree dish covers: with rice straw mulching tree dish after middle weeding；
C. plough deeply and improve the soil: dig outside tree crown drip autumn and winter wide, be 50 cm × 30 deeply
The annular groove of cm, inserts fertilizer when returning soil；
Described fertilizing management includes:
A. tree childhood fertilizing management: childhood, tree was centered by cultivating branch, expanding tree crown, and fertilising executes thin executing as principle with duty, adhered to that a tip two is fertile, and emphasis respectively executes a quick-acting fertilizer before and after the spring tip, summer shoot and autumn growth pumping, coordinates and executes the people and animals' fecaluria that becomes thoroughly decomposed；
B. bearing-age tree fertilizing management: bearing-age tree, to promote bud differentiation, Fruit, cultivates the bearing basal shoot that stalwartness is enriched, and improves for the purpose of the quality of annual production and fruit, applies fertilizer every year
3 times: for the first time for applying fertilizer after fruit picking, based on fertilizer, increasing application phosphorus potassium fertilizer, improve the soil in conjunction with ploughing deeply；Second time is for spending front fertilising, based on quick-acting chemical fertilizer, coordinates farm manure；Third time is strong fruit tip-promoting fertilizer, based on rapid available phosphorus potash fertilizer；
Described water management includes:
A. tree childhood water management: childhood, tree Root Distribution was shallower, and drought-resistance ability is poor, running into high temperature and drought weather to pour water in time, and rainy season wants timely draining, ground moistening to be kept during young sprout pumping；
B. bearing-age tree water management: bearing-age tree Root Distribution is relatively deep, more drought-enduring, at fruit expanding period ground moistening to be kept, rainy season is wanted timely draining, suitably controls water winter；
(5) tree body management:
A. tree childhood tree body management: it is important that promote branch take out send out, increase branch progression, cultivate downgrade high yield type tree crown；
B. bearing-age tree tree body management: bearing-age tree is pruned at winter or summer, it is important that control the height of tree and promote stunted growth；Cultivate healthy and strong autumn growth bearing basal shoot；
(6) flower and fruit management, including controlling the treetops and hastening blossom and flower and fruit protecting；
(7) main diseases and insect pests preventing and treating: olive has leaf spot, anthracnose, dark mildew, Pseudophacopteron Canarium, hoe palpus clump snout moth's larva, skin thin moth pest and disease damage to cause harm, and produces with " putting prevention first, integrated control " as principle, and main prophylactico-therapeutic measures includes:
A. strengthen tree body management, strengthen tree vigo(u)r, improve tree body premunition；
B. clear garden in winter, reduces disease pest source；
C. protect and utilize pest natural enemy；
D. chemical control.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (1) select year-round average temperature 19 ~ 24 DEG C, extreme low temperature be not less than-2 DEG C, annual rainfall 1100 ~ 2000 mm, height above sea level 50 ~ 300 m, deep 1 ~ 2 m of soil layer, the content of organic matter 0.8 ~ 2.0wt. %, pH value 4.5 ~ 6.5, level of ground water 1.5 ~ 2
M, the level land of sandy soil or 6 ~ 25 ° of hilly grounds of the gradient build garden.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (2) is by m × 7, m ~ 6.5, seeding row spacing 5.5 m × 6 m, per hectare is planted the specification of 225 strain ~ 300 strains and is dug planting pit, planting pit digs in field planting for first 2 months, long, wide, deep is l00cm × l00cm × 80cm, described planting pit divides three layers to return soil, 30 kg green manure inserted by bottom, sprinkle quick lime 250 g, backfill part table soil, middle level is with 20 kg poultry fertilizers, 1.5 kg calcium superphosphate and the mixing backfill of part table soil, sprinkle quick lime 250 g, field planting layer backfill table soil, it is the most steady and sure to return during cave, after having returned soil, acupuncture point forms 30 cm knolls above ground level.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the spring planting in 3 ~ April of described step (3) resident time；The plastic nutritional bag seedling taken during field planting is life in 1 year, when peelling off the nutrient bag film of described seedling, it is to be ensured that nutrient bag mass of soil is the loosest；Pluck described seedling 1/3 ~ 1/2 leaf during field planting, return soil and be advisable covering collar 2 ~ 5cm；
After described step (3) seedling direct planting survives, in October then pinching or cutting back at trunk overhead 50 cm, to promote the multiple lateral bud of pumping, 3 ~ 4 angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated major branch, managed with delicacy through 1 ~ 2 year, the bearing basal shoot on the sunny side of thick 1 ~ 2 cm of stem, i.e. grafting improved seeds at described major branch 25 cm；Grafting time is the rain or shine sky of mid-February to mid-April.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (4) tree childhood fertilizing management: 1 year raw childhood tree, individual plant each sealing fertilizer 30 ~ 50 g, adds 50wt.% and becomes thoroughly decomposed people and animals' fecaluria 3 ~ 5 kg, the most annual dose increasing by 0.5 ~ 1 times；Described bearing-age tree fertilizing management: combination of applying fertilizer after fruit picking is ploughed deeply to improve the soil and carried out, and become thoroughly decomposed person poultry muck 30 kg, potash fertilizer 4 are executed in every strain
Kg, boron fertilizer 2 kg, dose accounts for 45 % of the whole year；Front fertilising, every strain is spent to execute become thoroughly decomposed person poultry muck 3 kg, composite fertilizer 5
Kg, boron fertilizer 0.8 kg, dose accounts for 35 % of the whole year；Strong fruit tip-promoting fertilizer, every strain sealing fertilizer 2 kg, potash fertilizer 2
Kg, phosphate fertilizer 1 kg, dose accounts for 20 % of the whole year.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: from the beginning of the management of described step (5) tree childhood tree body is after seedling direct planting survives, fixed dry 3 ~ 4, major branch of cultivation, after grafting survival, every scion 2 ~ 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated secondary major branch, 2 ~ 3 angular distribution of selecting and remain on secondary major branch are strengthened lateral bud uniformly and are cultivated big side shoot, and each branch controls pinching or cutting back after 30 cm；
Described step (5) the bearing-age tree winter cuts and carries out after fruit picking, wipes out the deadwood of inner canopy, sick and weak branch, overstocked branch, the upright branch of excessive growth, the peripheral side shoot extending growth continuously of cutting back retraction tree crown；Summer cuts at the beginning of 8 months, the summer shoot at tree crown top being bounced back to the spring tip, retracts to base portion after gathering next year again；Combining the summer at the beginning of 8 months cuts summer shoot cutting back is inspired autumn growth, execute tip-promoting fertilizer mid-August 1 time, promote that autumn growth is taken out in good time to send out, when autumn growth young sprout length to 10 ~ 15 cm, blade is launched the most substantially, spray 200 ~ 300 times of liquid+0.2wt. % ~ 0.3 wt.% potassium dihydrogen phosphates of 15 wt.% paclobutrazol wettable powder, promote autumn growth robust growth.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (6) controlling the treetops and hastening blossom: olive autumn growth blade turns green rear strict control nitrogenous fertilizer control water, the control winter tip is taken out and is sent out, and Winter hardness of erasing in time sprays 15 wt. in mid or late November and early January in next year
Each 1 controlling the treetops and hastening blossom of 200 ~ 300 times of liquid of % paclobutrazol wettable powder；
Described step (6) flower and fruit protecting: spray 0.2 wt.% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.1 wt.% borax before spending and improve flower matter, improve pollen germination rate and fruit-setting rate；Thank and spend rear young fruit period to spray 0.3wt. %
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.1wt. % borax fruit retention, reduces shedding.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described step (7) winter clear garden, sick branch and fallen leaves are concentrated destroy, buried, full garden sprays lime sulfur, and trunk whitewashing, to reduce disease pest source.
A kind of olive early fruiting and high yield cultural method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: described step (7) selects 1000 times of liquid of 50wt.% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 1 000 times of liquid of 50wt.% carbendazol wettable powder to prevent and treat at olive leaf pinta, anthracnose early stage；Sooty mould is mainly that Pseudophacopteron Canarium, aphid secretion cause, its main prevention and controls is to prevent and treat Pseudophacopteron Canarium, aphid in time, selects 70 1000 times of liquid of wt.% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 1 000 times of liquid of 50 wt.% carbendazol wettable powders to prevent and treat at the initial stage of a disease；Pseudophacopteron Canarium is caused harm the most universal, it is essentially identical that occurrence in peak period and olive young sprout take out the phase of sending out, and peak period of causing harm alternately sprays 99 200 times of liquid of wt.% mineral oil missible oil, 90 wt.% ten thousand spirit 2500 times of liquid of wettable powder, 2000 times of liquid of 10 wt.% imidacloprid wettable powder, 21 wt.% pyridine 1000 times of liquid of worm miaow soluble liquid are prevented and treated；Other insects such as 80 800 times of liquid of wt.% metrifonate crystal, 2.5 1500 times of liquid of wt.% time missible oil, 2000 times of liquid of 20 wt.% Belmark, preventing and treating olive hoe palpus clump snout moth's larva are alternately sprayed at spawning period and low instar larvae phase.
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| CN114931056A (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-08-23 | 丽江市林业科学研究所 | Efficient cultivation and management method for olea europaea in Jinsha river valley region |
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| CN114931056A (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-08-23 | 丽江市林业科学研究所 | Efficient cultivation and management method for olea europaea in Jinsha river valley region |
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