CN112913614A - High-altitude organic Chinese yam cultivation method - Google Patents
High-altitude organic Chinese yam cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-altitude organic Chinese yam cultivation method, which selects Chinese yams with strong adaptability, high disease and pest resistance, no toxicity and no degeneration as seeds; the potato blocks or the bulbil which are in line with the characteristics of the product, have no diseases and insect pests, no rot and full maturity are used as seed potatoes, the yam seed potatoes are cut into blocks before sowing and then spread for airing or are mixed with plant ash for seed dressing, and then germination is accelerated; after germination accelerating, planting the seedlings in plots in cold and cool areas with the altitude of 2000-2400 m; fertilizing by adopting a fertilization principle of front light, middle heavy and rear supplement after planting, and managing water by taking the principle of keeping soil moist; agricultural cultivation is utilized, disease-resistant varieties are bred, and physical prevention and biological prevention measures are taken to prevent diseases and insect pests; harvested when the stem leaves are light yellow and the basal leaves are withered and yellow and fall off. The organic Chinese yam planted in the high-altitude area by adopting the method has high nutritive value, high yield, low investment cost and high economic benefit, is a good medicine-food homologous crop, and has the effects of tonifying spleen, promoting digestion, tonifying consumptive disease, eliminating phlegm, enhancing immunity, enhancing growth and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a high-altitude organic Chinese yam cultivation method.
Background
The rhizoma Dioscoreae is dried rhizome of Dioscorea opposita Thunb of Dioscoreaceae. Digging in 11-12 months, cutting off root, cleaning soil, scraping off outer skin with bamboo knife, and sun drying or oven drying to obtain rhizoma Dioscoreae. Selecting crude rhizoma Dioscoreae, soaking in clear water, slightly heating, covering with cotton quilt, keeping wet, kneading into cylinder, cutting two ends, sun drying, and polishing to obtain the final product. The Qihaimengdongyuyao mountain yam is a main cultivated variety of the county, which is formed by artificial domestication cultivation and breeding of perennial wild herb climbing crops on Baoxing plateau, and the variety is medium-maturing, good in plant growth vigor, strong in forest performance stress resistance, especially strong in cold resistance, long in underground preservation time, good in quality, good in commodity, low in yield and about 250 days in the whole growth period; although the nutritional value is high, the yield is low, the investment cost is high and the economic benefit is low when the plants are planted according to the conventional method, so a new planting method aiming at the yam is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for cultivating organic Chinese yams at high altitude.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is implemented according to the following technical scheme:
the invention comprises the following steps:
s1: variety selection: selecting Chinese yam with strong adaptability, high disease and pest resistance, no toxicity and no degeneration as seeds;
s2: pre-sowing treatment: selecting potato blocks or bulbil which are in line with the characteristics of the variety, have no diseases and insect pests, have no rot and are fully aged as seed potatoes, cutting the yam seed potatoes into blocks before sowing, spreading and airing the blocks or mixing the seeds with plant ash, and then accelerating germination;
s3: after germination accelerating, planting the seedlings in plots in cold and cool areas with the altitude of 2000-2400 m;
s4: fertilizing by adopting a fertilization principle of front light, middle heavy and rear supplement after planting, and managing water by taking the principle of keeping soil moist;
s5: by utilizing agricultural cultivation, adopting the measures of breeding disease-resistant varieties, physical prevention and biological prevention and control, the diseases and insect pests are effectively prevented;
s6: harvested when the stem leaves are light yellow and the basal leaves are withered and yellow and fall off.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
compared with the prior art, the organic Chinese yam planted in the high-altitude area by adopting the method has high nutritive value, high yield, low investment cost and high economic benefit, is a good medicinal and edible crop, has the effects of tonifying spleen, helping digestion, tonifying consumptive disease, eliminating phlegm, enhancing immunity, enhancing growth and the like, and has popularization and application values.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below in conjunction with specific examples, which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
1, land selection, digging of cultivation ditches and sufficient base fertilizer application:
1.1 selecting the following places: the yam likes warm, humid and sunny environmental conditions, the requirement on soil quality is high, the economic yield of the yam is yam blocks, the yam blocks grow in soil, and the loose soil environment is favorable for the growth of the yam blocks. Therefore, sandy loam which has deep and loose soil layer, good air permeability, easy drainage and irrigation, low underground water level and good illumination condition is required to be selected for planting, so that the sandy loam is most suitable for planting and is beneficial to the rooting growth of yam tuber blocks.
1.2 digging cultivation ditches: the Chinese yam cultivation ditch is provided with one planting ditch every 1.1-1.2m or 3m, the depth of the ditch is 0.5-0.8m, and the width of the ditch is 0.4-0.5 m. When the strip ditch is dug, the mellow soil is placed on the right side, the raw soil is placed on the left side, after the kang soil is filled, the mellow soil is placed at the bottom of the ditch, the raw soil is placed at the upper part of the ditch, and simultaneously, base fertilizer is applied in a matching manner, so that the deep soil layer is ensured, and the strip ditch is suitable for the growth and development of the root tuber and the expansion of the root tuber.
1.3, sufficient base fertilizer application: after the ditches are completely dug and filled with the mature soil, uniformly applying sufficient base fertilizer into the ditches, applying decomposed organic fertilizer 1500 + 2000kg/667m2, superphosphate 25kg/667m2, medium trace fertilizer 10kg/667m2 containing iron and manganese, compound fertilizer 30kg/667m2, and returning the bottom soil to form ridges with the ridge height of 30-40 cm. Ensures that the seedling stage after the root tuber sprouts has enough nutrients to promote early growth and stable growth.
2 seed selection and seedling raising
2.1 selecting and processing potato seeds, selecting potato blocks or bulbil which are consistent with the characteristics of the variety, have no diseases and pests, have no rot and are fully aged as the potato seeds (the variety selected in the embodiment is wild yam in the heap hill of Wulong county battle village in Baoxing county, the yam has the characteristics of good taste, good quality and rich nutrition). Cutting the tubers of the Chinese yam seeds into small blocks with skins of 80-100g 30-50d before planting, stacking the upper parts and the lower parts of the potato blocks separately so as to ensure that seedlings emerge neatly and are transplanted uniformly, soaking the seeds in 800 times of liquid of 25% carbendazim wettable powder for disinfection for 10 minutes, taking out and airing the seeds, and then directly accelerating germination; or dipping the cut of the seed potato tuber with quicklime or plant ash, and sunning for 2-3d to break the dormancy of the seed potato and promote germination. The degree of sunning is that the small potato pieces shrink inwards and break from the middle of the section.
When the Chinese yam bulbels are used for seedling culture, generally in 9-10 months, the harvested bulbels (the widest transverse diameter is 4-6cm, more than 40g of single bulbels, smooth potato skins and no plant diseases and insect pests) are harvested and overwinter in sand, in spring of 2 year, the bulbels are cultured on a seedbed, the bulbels are transplanted after sprouting, the sprout length is preferably 1-2cm, the sprouting of the bulbels is usually faster than that of the potato blocks, and the seed consumption is 70-100kg/667m 2.
2.2 pregermination: opening a 1.2-1.5m compartment surface in the field or digging a 1-1.5m groove, spreading 3-5cm river sand or straw on the field, spreading the seed potatoes on the river sand or straw to a thickness of 50-60cm, and covering with 10-20cm river sand or loam, wherein a small arch shed is adopted to cover the field for heat preservation and rain sheltering when low temperature or overcast and rainy days, so as to prevent the seeds from rotting. Accelerating germination can be started in the last ten days of 2 months to the middle ten days of 3 months generally, and after 30-50 days, the seedlings on the small potato blocks can be planted for 1-3cm long, and are graded according to the length of the seedlings and planted together in the same grade.
3 planting and management
3.1 selecting the following places: the Chinese yam is planted in the plot of a cool area with the altitude of 2000-2400 m, the ecological environment of the planting field is good, the surrounding is pollution-free, and the production conditions of the organic Chinese yam are met. And (3) planting period: planting can be carried out in the last 3 th-4 th ten days. During planting, the cloudy weather is selected, and the moisture evaporation is reduced to ensure high emergence rate.
3.2 digging cultivation ditches: the yam cultivation ditch is ridged and ditched at the row spacing of 1.1-1.2m or 3m, the depth of the ditch is 0.5-0.8m, and the width of the ditch is 0.4-0.5 m. When the strip ditch is dug, the mellow soil is placed on the right side, the raw soil is placed on the left side, after the kang soil is filled, the mellow soil is placed at the bottom of the ditch, the raw soil is placed at the upper part of the ditch, and simultaneously, base fertilizer is applied in a matching manner, so that the deep soil layer is ensured, and the strip ditch is suitable for the growth and development of the root tuber and the expansion of the root tuber. Placing corn stalks, guiding Chinese yams to bear potatoes transversely: after the cultivation ditch is dug, the corn stalks prepared in advance are placed, and the placed corn stalks are dry, free of diseases and insect pests and straight. After the corn stalks are put, a layer of fine soil is covered on the corn stalks for ridging. The method can effectively guide the transverse growth of underground parts of the Chinese yam, and can not influence the growth and development of the seed potato. The corn stalks are used for guiding the transverse tuber bearing of the Chinese yams to accord with the standard of organic planting, compared with a plastic cultivation groove, the environment pollution is reduced, meanwhile, certain cost can be saved, the corn stalks are used for guiding the transverse tuber bearing of the Chinese yams, stubble changing is flexible, after the Chinese yams are harvested, the ground is leveled, the residual branches are taken out of the ground, centralized treatment is carried out, and the effect of preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests is good. Ridging, digging a shallow trench on the ridge, placing the yam and potato blocks according to the plant spacing of 10-12cm, then returning the soil, and covering the soil by 3-5 cm.
3.3, building a frame: after seedling setting, in order to ensure that the stem leaves are uniformly distributed and the photosynthetic area is enlarged, the vine should be built as early as possible, and when the vine of the Chinese yam grows to 30-50cm, the vine is guided to the frame in time.
3.4 pruning: in order to prevent the stem and leaf from growing excessively and the shading degree is excessively large, the growth of the potato and the pest and disease damage caused by only growing stem and leaf is prevented, and the dense branches are trimmed in time. When the stem tuber begins to grow after 110-120d, the growing points at the top ends of the lateral vines are picked off when the length of the lateral vines is 16-18 knots, branching is promoted to occur, and the growing points of the branches are picked off when the branches grow to 12 knots, so that the contradiction between the overground part and the underground part (relation between vegetative growth and reproductive growth) is favorably coordinated, and the expansion of the root tuber is promoted. Meanwhile, the density among plants is reduced, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests can be effectively prevented.
3.5, field management: carrying out first intertillage when the yam seedlings are 5 cm-10 cm high, and hilling for 5 cm. And finishing the second cultivation before ridge sealing, and ridging for 8 cm. Weeding is carried out simultaneously in combination with intertillage. If the seedlings are continuously dry after emergence, timely irrigation is needed. Irrigation is not suitable for two weeks before harvest period to prevent rhizoma Dioscoreae from rotting.
4 fertilizer and water management
4.1 fertilization principle and method: the Chinese yam is a favorite fertilizer crop, the fertilization principle of front light, middle heavy and rear supplement is adopted, the potassium demand of the Chinese yam is large, but chlorine crops are forbidden, and the application of potassium chloride is not suitable, so that the quality of the potato blocks is not influenced.
4.1.1 applying a seedling fertilizer: in order to make the seedling grow fast and form a certain photosynthetic area, a proper amount of seedling fertilizer should be applied in time. When the height of the seedling is 40-50cm, in sunny days, intertillage weeding is carried out, and compound fertilizer is applied at 10-15kg/667m 2.
4.1.2 skillfully applying strong seedling fertilizer: the rainwater is much and the temperature is high in 6-7 months, which is beneficial to the growth of stem leaves, and in order to prevent excessive growth, the seedling strengthening fertilizer is used in a proper amount at the moment, and excessive nitrogen is not applied. In the period from the beginning of 7 months to the beginning of 8 months, 10-15kg/667m2 of urea and 10kg/667m2 of potassium sulfate are applied, intertillage weeding is combined, soil is covered in time after application, meanwhile, foliar fertilizer containing high iron and high manganese is sprayed to prevent the yellowing of leaves, and the effect is better after 2-3 times.
4.1.3 reapplying the potato bearing fertilizer: in order to promote the potato blocks to expand rapidly, 20kg/667m2 of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer and 20kg/667m2 of potassium sulfate are applied to the compartment surface 10-15cm away from the plants in 8 months in combination with weeding and hilling. In the beginning of the middle and last ten days of 9 months, when yam potatoes grow to be 20-30cm long, applying 25kg/667m2 of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer and 20kg/667m2 of potassium sulfate to the surface of a compartment, simultaneously adding foliar fertilizer in combination with disease prevention, spraying for 2-3 times at intervals of 2 weeks, mainly spraying nitrogen fertilizer to the foliar fertilizer according to the growth vigor of the plants, matching with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, adding 0.5kg of urea and 0.2kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to 100kg of water, stirring uniformly and spraying. The main phosphorus-potassium fertilizer with vigorous growth can be sprayed with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. If it is suitable for autumn drought, irrigation can be carried out at proper time to prevent premature senility, prolong the functions of leaves and increase the expansion speed of root tuber.
4.1.4 applying strong tail fertilizer: in order to ensure that the stem leaves do not senilism in the later period, weeding and loosening the soil are combined from the bottom of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, ditching and applying 1 time of tail strengthening fertilizer, applying 15-20kg of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer/667 m2, and earthing up. The fertilizer is forbidden to be too close to the potato head during fertilizing so as to avoid influencing the color of the potato blocks.
4.2 moisture management: the yam is afraid of waterlogging and is drought-enduring, so that the yam is mainly used for keeping soil moist. After planting, cleaning ditches and draining waterlogging work is well carried out, the soil is kept moist in the germination period of the Chinese yams and the initial formation period of the potato blocks, and the Chinese yams are lightly watered for 1-2 times before and after the 1 st topdressing, if the soil surface layer is white due to drought or rainless, until the soil surface layer is moist. And 3, after 7-8 months, rainwater is excessive, and at the moment, irrigation and drainage are needed to be performed just in the rapid expansion and elongation period of the potato blocks, so that the moisture required by the rapid expansion and elongation of the potato blocks is ensured, excessive water accumulation is avoided, soil in planting ditches is hardened and compacted to influence the growth of the Chinese yams.
5 pest control
The prevention is mainly and comprehensively prevented. By utilizing agricultural cultivation, adopting various measures of breeding disease-resistant varieties, physical prevention, biological prevention and the like, the disease is effectively prevented and controlled below the economic hazard level.
6 timely harvesting
6.1 harvesting period: generally, the product can be harvested at the end of 10 months, namely 3 months in the next year, and has low yield and good quality.
6.2 the harvesting method comprises the following steps: digging a 50cm square pit from one end of a ridge, squatting in a ditch by people, shoveling soil on the edge of the yam root until the lower protruding end of the yam is seen, and finally tapping the lower end of the yam with a shovel, when the yam is loosened, catching the upper end of the yam with one hand, and shoveling the lateral root of the yam with the other hand downwards along the tuber, thereby digging out a complete yam. During harvesting, the plants must be lightly planed, lightly loaded, lightly transported and lightly placed, and insolation is avoided.
The Chinese yam planted by the method is medium-ripe, strong in growth potential, and common and round in main stem; single leaf, green. The blade is wide in heart shape, 4-5 cm long, 2-7 cm wide and tapered at the top; the petiole is green and 3-7 cm long; 11 main arteries and veins; there are bulbil between axillary lobes. The potato is in a thin and short bar shape, the length of the potato is 20-50 cm, the cross diameter of the potato is 2-5 cm, the average single tuber weight is 0.3kg, the maximum single tuber weight can reach 1.2kg, the number of fibrous roots is large, the outer skin of the tuber is yellow brown, the section is white, more mucus is contained, browning is not easy to occur, the storage is resistant, the nutrition is rich, the stress resistance is strong, the low-temperature resistance is particularly outstanding, the disease resistance is strong, the yield is low, the quality is good, and the adaptability is narrow.
The technical solution of the present invention is not limited to the limitations of the above specific embodiments, and all technical modifications made according to the technical solution of the present invention fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for cultivating organic Chinese yam at high altitude is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: variety selection: selecting Chinese yam with strong adaptability, high disease and pest resistance, no toxicity and no degeneration as seeds;
s2: pre-sowing treatment: selecting potato blocks or bulbil which are in line with the characteristics of the variety, have no diseases and insect pests, have no rot and are fully aged as seed potatoes, cutting the yam seed potatoes into blocks before sowing, spreading and airing the blocks or mixing the seeds with plant ash, and then accelerating germination;
s3: after germination accelerating, planting the seedlings in plots in cold and cool areas with the altitude of 2000-2400 m;
s4: fertilizing by adopting a fertilization principle of front light, middle heavy and rear supplement after planting, and managing water by taking the principle of keeping soil moist;
s5: by utilizing agricultural cultivation, adopting the measures of breeding disease-resistant varieties, physical prevention and biological prevention and control, the diseases and insect pests are effectively prevented;
s6: harvested when the stem leaves are light yellow and the basal leaves are withered and yellow and fall off.
2. The method for cultivating organic yam at high altitude according to claim 1, wherein: the step S2 specifically includes: cutting the tubers of the Chinese yam seeds into small blocks with skins of 80-100g 30-50d before planting, stacking the upper parts and the lower parts of the potato blocks separately, soaking and sterilizing the potato blocks for 10 minutes by using 800 times of liquid of 25% carbendazim wettable powder, taking out and airing the potato blocks, and then directly accelerating germination; or dipping the cut of the seed potato tuber with quicklime or plant ash, and sun-drying for 2-3 days to the extent that the small cut of the seed potato is inwards shrunk and is preferably cracked from the middle of the cross section;
when accelerating germination, opening 1.2-1.5m compartment surface in the field or digging a 1-1.5m groove, paving 3-5cm river sand or straw on the field, paving the seed potatoes on the river sand or straw into 50-60cm thickness, then covering 10-20cm river sand or loam, covering a small arched shed for heat preservation and rain sheltering when meeting low temperature or overcast and rainy days, preserving rot, starting accelerating germination in the last ten days of 2 months to 3 months, and after 30-50 days, planting when the sprouts on the small potato blocks are 1-3cm long, and grading according to the length of the sprouts, and planting together in the same grade.
3. The method for cultivating organic yam at high altitude according to claim 2, wherein: when the Chinese yam bulbels are used for seedling culture, the bulbels with the widest transverse diameter of 4-6cm, more than 40g of single bulbels, smooth potato skins and no plant diseases and insect pests are harvested in 9-10 months and stored in sand for overwintering, the seedlings are cultured on a seedbed in the spring of 2 nd year, the bulbels are transplanted after sprouting, the sprout length is preferably 1-2cm, the sprouting of the bulbels is usually faster than that of potato blocks, and the seed amount is 70-100kg/667m2。
4. The method for cultivating organic yam at high altitude according to claim 1, wherein: the planting of the step S3 comprises the following steps:
s3.1: planting in the first 3-4 middle 3-4 days of the planting period, and selecting the weather of cloudy days;
s3.2: transplanting: after the base fertilizer is applied to the backfilled soil, ridging, digging a shallow trench on the ridge, placing the selected yam blocks with consistent yam buds at a plant spacing of 10-12cm, then returning the soil, and covering the soil to bury the yam blocks by 3-5 cm;
s3.3: building a frame: leading the vines of the Chinese yam to be put on a shelf in time when the vines of the Chinese yam grow to 30-50 cm;
s3.4: pruning: when the stem tuber begins to grow after planting 110-120d, the growing point at the top end of the lateral vines is picked off when the length of the lateral vines is 16-18 knots, branching is promoted to occur, and the growing point of the branch is picked off when the branch grows to 12 knots, so that the tuber root is expanded.
5. The method for cultivating organic yam at high altitude according to claim 1, wherein: the step S4 specifically includes the following steps:
s4.1: fertilization principle and method: adopting the fertilization principle of front light, middle heavy and rear supplement, but not applying potassium chloride;
s4.1.1: applying a seedling fertilizer: when the height of the seedling is 40-50cm, cultivating and weeding in sunny days, and applying compound fertilizer 10-15kg/667m 2;
s4.1.2: skillfully applying a seedling strengthening fertilizer: the seedling strengthening fertilizer is used in 6-7 months, a proper amount of fertilizer is needed at proper time, excessive nitrogen is not applied, 10-15kg/667m2 of urea and 10kg/667m2 of potassium sulfate are applied from the beginning of 7 months to the beginning of 8 months, intertillage weeding is combined, soil is applied in time after application, meanwhile, foliar fertilizer containing high iron and high manganese is sprayed to prevent the yellowing of leaves, and the effect is better for 2-3 times;
s4.1.3: and (3) reapplying the potato bearing fertilizer: in 8 months, combining with weeding and hilling, applying 20kg/667m2 of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer and 20kg/667m2 of potassium sulfate to the compartment surface outside the distance of 10-15cm from the plants; in the beginning of the middle and last ten days of 9 months, when yam potatoes grow to be 20-30cm long, applying 25kg/667m2 of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer and 20kg/667m2 of potassium sulfate to the surface of a compartment, simultaneously adding foliar fertilizer in combination with disease prevention, spraying for 2-3 times at intervals of 2 weeks, mainly spraying nitrogen fertilizer to the foliar fertilizer according to the growth vigor of the plants, matching phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, adding 0.5kg of urea and 0.2kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to 100kg of water, stirring uniformly and spraying; spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on main vigorous growth of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer; if the autumn drought occurs, irrigation is carried out timely to prevent premature senility;
s4.1.4: and (3) applying tail strengthening fertilizer: at the bottom of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, weeding and loosening the soil, ditching and applying 1 time of tail strengthening fertilizer, applying 15-20kg/667m2 of sulfur-containing compound fertilizer, and hilling;
s4.2: water content management: mainly keeping soil moist; after planting, carrying out ditch cleaning and waterlogging draining, keeping soil moist in the germination period of the Chinese yam and the initial formation period of the potato blocks, and lightly watering for 1-2 times before and after the 1 st topdressing, if the soil surface layer is white due to drought and rainless, until the soil surface layer is moist; after 7-8 months, the rainwater is too much, and drainage and irrigation are well performed, so that excessive water accumulation is avoided.
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| CN114698518A (en) * | 2022-05-06 | 2022-07-05 | 广东心耕生态环境工程有限公司 | Method for cultivating Chinese yam by using Chinese herbal medicines |
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Application publication date: 20210608 |