CN113924911A

CN113924911A - Macadamia nut planting and cultivating method

Info

Publication number: CN113924911A
Application number: CN202010623732.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王守全
Original assignee: Honghe Jindong Chemical Co ltd
Current assignee: Honghe Jindong Chemical Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-06-29
Filing date: 2020-06-29
Publication date: 2022-01-14

Abstract

The invention discloses a macadimia nut planting and cultivating method, which comprises the following steps: s1, stock cultivation: the method comprises the steps of selecting macadamia nuts with fully mature fruits, full fruits and large fruits and no plant diseases and insect pests as seeds, before sowing the seeds, firstly filling clear water in a big jar for accelerating germination, removing the seeds floating on the water after soaking for 1 day, soaking the rest seeds for 4-6 hours, changing clear water for 1 time every day, fishing out the sunken seeds, soaking the seeds for 10 minutes by 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl, solarizing the seeds which have fully absorbed moisture for 30 minutes in advance, cracking 80% of the seeds at the moment, enabling belly stitches of the seeds to face downwards, enabling hilum and germination holes to be located on the same horizontal plane, and uniformly sowing the seeds on a germination accelerating bed. The invention greatly shortens the nursery time and improves the growth efficiency by selecting the sand bed for cultivation when the stock is cultivated, and the planting and cultivating method has low labor intensity, ensures that the whole cultivation period is short and greatly improves the survival rate.

Description

Macadamia nut planting and cultivating method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of nut planting, in particular to a macadimia nut planting and cultivating method.

Background

Macadamia nut (Macadamia) is also called queensland chestnut, Macadamia walnut, Macadamia nut and queensland fruit, is native to Australia, belongs to the dragon eye nut, belongs to evergreen arbor, and is called as the king of dried fruit. Commercial planting began in Hawaii at the earliest. The macadimia nut has high economic value and very rich nutrition, contains rich protein, grease, mineral substances and vitamins, and can promote the growth and development of a human body; preventing diseases and strengthening physique; the product is a delicious food material and can be used for medicine, and has good reputations of 'health preserving treasure', 'beautifying fruit', 'longevity fruit', 'anticancer fruit', 'kidney fruit', 'anti-melancholy fruit', and the like. The oil content is up to 79%, and mainly comprises monounsaturated fatty acid, and has effects of lowering blood pressure and reducing risk of heart disease; in addition, the macadamia nut oil has the effects of resisting aging and beautifying and is popular with consumers.

The variety planted in domestic production is introduced from abroad, due to the difference of climatic environment conditions, most of foreign excellent varieties are introduced into domestic cultivation and have the problems of late flowering and fruiting, low yield and the like, the bare-rooted seedlings cultivated by the traditional seedling cultivation method have few side roots and low transplanting survival rate, the propagation of nut seedlings is influenced to a great extent, and further the industrialization development of the nut seedlings is influenced, so that the method for planting and cultivating the macadamia nuts with high survival rate and high yield is very important for agricultural personnel.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a macadimia nut planting and cultivating method, which aims to solve the problems that varieties planted in domestic production mentioned in the background art are introduced from abroad, most of foreign excellent varieties are introduced into domestic cultivation due to the difference of climatic environment conditions, the flowering and fruiting are late, the yield is low and the like, and the like.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: the macadimia nut planting and cultivating method comprises the following steps:

s1, stock cultivation: selecting macadamia nuts with fully mature fruits, full fruits and large fruits and no plant diseases and insect pests as seeds, before sowing the seeds, filling clear water in a big jar for accelerating germination, removing the seeds floating on the water surface after soaking for 1 day, soaking the rest seeds for 4-6 hours, changing clear water for 1 time every day, fishing out the seeds which sink, soaking the seeds for 10 minutes by 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl, solarizing the seeds which have fully absorbed water for 30 minutes in advance, wherein 80% of the seeds crack, the abdominal suture lines of the seeds face downwards, the hilum and the germination holes are positioned on the same horizontal plane, and uniformly sowing the seeds on a germination accelerating bed, and the distance between the seeds is about 1.5 cm; covering a layer of fresh clean river sand with the thickness of 2cm after sowing, and thoroughly spraying water; during the pregermination period, keeping the pregermination bed moist but not accumulating water;

s2, transplanting: transplanting the seedlings into a seedling bag after the seedlings of the germination accelerating bed have 2 true leaves and are relatively stable and hardened, and spraying water in due time after transplanting to keep the nutrient soil from drying; fertilizing after the seedlings grow new leaves and are stable;

s3, seedling culture:

(1) stock grafting: grafting can be carried out by adopting methods of grafting, cleft grafting, joint grafting and cutting grafting; before grafting, cutting the scion into branch sections with the length of about 10cm, wrapping the upper end of the scion by using a plastic film, placing the scion in a wet towel for moisturizing, grafting in time, wherein the height of a grafting opening is 20-30 cm, the length of a slope of a stock and the scion is 2-3 cm, the slope is smooth and is in close contact, and at least one side of a cambium of the stock and the cambium of the scion is aligned; all the rootstock leaves below the grafting opening are reserved;

(2) cutting and seedling raising: the cutting bed is made of clean medium-coarse river sand with good drainage performance, cutting strips need to keep complete blades, the cutting strips are cut to be about 15cm long, two blades are reserved on the upper portion of the cutting strips, the blades on the lower portion of the cutting strips are all cut off, the base portion of the cutting strips is soaked in indole acetic acid solution containing 300-2500 mg of water per liter for 30 seconds, and the cutting strips are inserted into the seedbed to be 8-10 cm deep after being dried in the air;

s4, planting: digging planting holes, returning soil to fill the holes 1-2 months before planting, smashing surface soil after full solarization, removing grass roots, tree roots and stones, then mixing 15kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 0.5-1 kg of humic acid compound fertilizer to fill the holes, wherein the returned soil is 15-20 cm higher than the hole mouth, the middle part of the hole surface is slightly concave, when the hole soil is wet in rainy season, planting can be carried out, the planting density is preferably 17-28 plants/mu, the plant spacing is 4-5 m, and the row spacing is 6-8 m;

s5, management: soil around seedlings or on a table surface is kept loose from the current year of field planting to before production, the height of weeds does not exceed 20cm, and herbicides, especially systemic herbicides, are forbidden to be used for weeding; after the cultivation, intertilling for 2-3 times every year; the intertillage depth is 15 cm-20 cm, and the intertillage can be carried out by combining green pressing, fertilization and platform maintenance; from the beginning of the growth of trees in 2 years, greening soil improvement is carried out near the water dropping line of the crown of the tree in 7-8 months every year, green fertile crops are cut, the trees are covered by weeds, dead branches, fallen leaves, crop straws and the like in 11-12 months every year, the covering is carried out for 1 time every 1-2 years, and the steps of leveling, inward inclination, root exposure, soil culture and sinking filling can be carried out after the rainy season is over.

Preferably, in S1, during cultivation, a proper seedling raising land is selected, the illumination is sufficient, the soil is fertile and loose, the pH value is 5-6, the annual average temperature is kept at 13-32 ℃, frost is not generated all the year round, the annual rainfall is more than or equal to 1000mm, the altitude is 600-1400 m, and a shelter forest is constructed around the seedling raising nursery to prevent wind.

Preferably, in S1, the germinating bed is a sand bed, the sand bed is used for germinating, the sand bed is 8-10 m long, 0.6-1 m wide and 0.3m deep, and fresh clean river sand is preferably used as a substrate of the germinating bed, and the thickness is 25-28 cm; a sunshade is covered on the germination accelerating bed, the height is 1.5m to 1.8m, and the sunshade rate is 70 percent to 80 percent.

Preferably, in S2, the seedling raising bags are polyethylene seedling raising bags or non-woven fabric seedling raising bags with the diameter of 18-20 cm and the height of 25-30 cm; the lower part of the polyethylene seedling bag is drilled with 6-12 drain holes with the diameter of about 1cm, the seedling bag is filled with nutrient soil, and the nutrient soil is prepared by uniformly mixing decomposed farmyard manure and surface soil according to the volume ratio of 2: 8 or 3: 7.

Preferably, in S2, 1 day before transplanting, the nutrient soil in the seedling bag is fully wetted, the germination accelerating bed is fully wetted during transplanting, a hole is inserted into the center of the seedling bag by using a stick or a bamboo chip after seedling rising, the seedling is placed into the bag along the stick or the bamboo chip until reaching the root-stem junction and lifted slightly to avoid bending the root, the nutrient soil is compacted, sufficient root water is poured, and the root system is kept vertical in the transplanting process, so that the root system can be tightly contacted with the soil; spraying water in proper time after transplanting, keeping the nutrient soil from drying, applying fertilizer after the seedlings grow new leaves and are stable, applying 0.5% low-phosphorus compound fertilizer water solution or 300-500 times of decomposed clear liquid manure for 1 time in 20-30 days, and washing the fertilizer adhered to the leaves or the tender shoots in time after each application.

Preferably, in S3, when grafting, the thickness of the scion and the stock is 1-1.3 cm, the scion and the stock are fully mature, the bark of a branch is light brown to gray and has a protruded bark hole, the nursery garden needs to be fertilized once in 1 month before grafting, the weeding, pruning and pest control work is actively done, and water is required to be sufficiently poured in three days before grafting; the scion is subjected to girdling treatment 6-8 weeks before scion picking, and the specific method comprises the following steps: selecting long branches with proper thickness, girdling the base part by about 2.5 cm, scraping to form layer tissues, aiming at increasing the accumulation of the scion photosynthetic products and improving the grafting survival rate, and selecting the branches which are free from diseases and insects, strong in growth, full in bud and lignified during grafting; when picking up the scions, scion strips can be cut off from the girdling position by using pruning, leaves of branches at the base part are cut off, the scion strips are placed in a 1000-time 70% thiophanate methyl solution to be soaked for 10 minutes, the scions are taken out and then are placed in a woven bag or a large-sized sealing bag, the temperature reduction and the moisture preservation are well carried out, and the scions are suitable for picking and grafting at any time.

Preferably, in S3, after grafting, shading and sun-screening are carried out, watering cannot be carried out 1-3 days after grafting, otherwise, root pressure is easily overlarge, wound flow is too much, water rises in a sealing plastic film at a grafting interface to influence the grafting survival rate, water supply can be started after 3 days of grafting, water is supplied once a day later, but the amount of water is not too much, and the nutrition soil is kept moist; when water is sprayed, the grafting opening is prevented from being sprayed; the sprout below the grafting opening is erased in time after the grafting survives; the scion can sprout 25-30 days after grafting, if the scion sprouts more, only 1 strong-growing scion is selected and kept, the rest is removed, the scion is topped when the height of the scion is 70cm, lateral branches are promoted, and the scion is cultivated into a high-quality seedling with multiple branches.

Preferably, in S4, during planting, a terrace is preferably built in the mountainous region, the terrace is inwards inclined by 3-5 degrees, and the width of the terrace is 1.2-2 m; and (3) digging holes along the contour lines for planting in the small orchard, building a platform field year by year, digging and fixing planting holes and building a platform surface simultaneously, setting the time to be fixed at 6-8 months, and selecting for field planting in cloudy days and rainy days, or in the early and late afternoon with low temperature, wherein the field planting is not performed at high temperature and in drought and water shortage.

Preferably, in S4, when planting, a grafted seedling should be used for planting, and the grafted seedling should meet the following standards: the root system is good, the height of a grafting opening is 20-30 cm, the compatibility between the stock and the scion is good, the grafting opening is smooth, at least two mature shoots are provided, the thickness diameter of a first young shoot branch which is extracted from the scion is more than or equal to 0.6cm, the whole plant height is more than or equal to 85cm, no serious plant diseases and insect pests exist, and the seedling nutrition bag is complete.

Preferably, in S5, the young trees start to be fertilized when the first round of young leaves are hardened after planting, and if no irrigation measures are taken in dry seasons, the young trees are not suitable to be fertilized; during fertilization, digging a fertilization ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 20cm near the semi-ring trees or the ring trees near the water dripping line of the tree crown, uniformly spreading fertilizer in the ditch, and covering soil; carrying out fertilizer and water management 3-4 times in combination with intertillage every year, preferentially applying organic fertilizer, mixing a proper amount of inorganic fertilizer, and actively watering to supplement soil moisture in high-temperature or dry summer; after macadimia nuts enter a fruiting period, particularly, fertilizer and water management needs to be enhanced, soil quality needs to be closely monitored in a flowering period, a fruit setting period and a fruit development period, and fertilizer and water need to be supplemented according to actual growth requirements of the nuts.

The invention provides a macadimia nut planting and cultivating method which has the following beneficial effects:

the method greatly shortens the nursery time and improves the growth efficiency by selecting the sand bed for cultivation when the stock is used for seedling cultivation, has low labor intensity and easy operation, ensures that the whole cultivation period is short, and greatly improves the survival rate.

Detailed Description

Example 1:

the macadimia nut planting and cultivating method comprises the following steps:

s1, stock cultivation: selecting macadamia nuts with fully mature fruits, full fruits and large fruits and no plant diseases and insect pests as seeds, before sowing the seeds, filling clear water in a big jar for accelerating germination, removing the seeds floating on the water surface after soaking for 1 day, soaking the rest seeds for 4-6 hours, changing clear water for 1 time every day, fishing out the seeds which sink, soaking the seeds for 10 minutes by 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl, solarizing the seeds which have fully absorbed water for 30 minutes in advance, wherein 80% of the seeds crack, the abdominal suture lines of the seeds face downwards, the hilum and the germination holes are positioned on the same horizontal plane, and uniformly sowing the seeds on a germination accelerating bed, and the distance between the seeds is about 1.5 cm; covering a layer of fresh clean river sand with the thickness of 2cm after sowing, and thoroughly spraying water; during germination accelerating, a germination accelerating bed is kept moist but no water is accumulated, during cultivation, a proper seedling raising land is selected, the illumination is sufficient, the soil is fertile and loose, the pH value is 5-6, the annual average temperature is kept at 13-32 ℃, frost is not generated all the year round, the annual rainfall is more than or equal to 1000mm, the altitude is 600-1400 m, and a shelter forest is built around a seedling raising nursery to prevent wind; wherein the germinating bed is a sand bed, the sand bed is adopted for germinating, the length of the sand bed is 8-10 m, the width is 0.6-1 m, the depth is 0.3m, fresh clean river sand is preferably adopted as a substrate of the germinating bed, and the thickness is 25-28 cm; a sunshade is covered on the germination accelerating bed, the height is 1.5-1.8 m, and the sunshade rate is 70-80%; the seeds begin to germinate at the temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 3-4 weeks, and if the temperature is lower than 24 ℃, the germination time is longer than 1 time; covering the sunlight in a small arched shed; after the germination accelerating bed finishes sowing, the management of sowing moisture needs to be taken into account, and the wettability of sand is increased;

s2, transplanting: transplanting the seedlings into a seedling bag after the seedlings of the germination accelerating bed have 2 true leaves and are relatively stable and hardened, and spraying water in due time after transplanting to keep the nutrient soil from drying; fertilizing after the seedlings grow new leaves and are stable; selecting a polyethylene seedling raising bag or a non-woven fabric seedling raising bag with the diameter of 18-20 cm and the height of 25-30 cm; 6-12 drain holes with the diameter of about 1cm are drilled at the lower part in the polyethylene seedling bag, and the seedling bag is filled with nutrient soil, wherein the nutrient soil is prepared by uniformly mixing decomposed farmyard manure and surface soil according to the volume ratio of 2: 8 or 3: 7; fully wetting nutrient soil in a seedling bag 1 day before transplanting, fully wetting a germination accelerating bed during transplanting, inserting a hole in the center of the seedling bag by using a wood stick or a bamboo chip after seedling rising, putting the seedling into the bag along the wood stick or the bamboo chip until the seedling reaches the root-stem junction, slightly lifting upwards to avoid bending the root, compacting the nutrient soil, fully pouring root-fixing water, and keeping the root system vertical in the transplanting process to ensure that the root system can be tightly contacted with the soil; spraying water in good time after transplanting, keeping the nutrient soil from drying, applying fertilizer after the seedlings grow new leaves and are stable, applying 0.5% low-phosphorus compound fertilizer aqueous solution or 300-500 times of decomposed clear liquid manure for 1 time in 20-30 days, and washing the fertilizer adhered to the leaves or the tender buds in time after each application; during the growth period of the stock seedlings, regular pruning of the seedlings is paid attention to, a single trunk is reserved to facilitate grafting, and during the period, the disease, pest and mouse damage is paid attention to prevention and control;

s3, seedling culture:

(1) stock grafting: can adopt the processes of grafting, cleft grafting, joint grafting and cuttingGrafting by using a grafting method; before grafting, cutting the scion into branch sections with the length of about 10cm, wrapping the upper end of the scion by using a plastic film, placing the scion in a wet towel for moisturizing, grafting in time, wherein the height of a grafting opening is 20-30 cm, the length of a slope of a stock and the scion is 2-3 cm, the slope is smooth and is in close contact, and at least one side of a cambium of the stock and the cambium of the scion is aligned; all the rootstock leaves below the grafting opening are reserved; the grafting time is from 10 late ten days to 3 months next year, when grafting is carried out, the thickness of scions and stocks is 1-1.3 cm, the scions and stocks are fully mature, the bark is light brown to gray and has protruding bark holes, 1 month before grafting, nursery gardens need to be fertilized once comprehensively, weeding and pruning and pest control work is done actively, and water is required to be poured sufficiently three days before grafting; the scion is subjected to girdling treatment 6-8 weeks before scion picking, and the specific method comprises the following steps: selecting long branches with proper thickness, girdling the base part by about 2.5 cm, scraping to form layer tissues, aiming at increasing the accumulation of the scion photosynthetic products and improving the grafting survival rate, and selecting the branches which are free from diseases and insects, strong in growth, full in bud and lignified during grafting; when picking up the scions, scion strips can be cut off from the girdling position by using pruning, leaves of branches at the base part are cut off, the scion strips are placed in 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl solution to be soaked for 10 minutes, the scions are taken out and then are placed in a woven bag or a large-sized sealing bag, the temperature reduction and the moisture preservation are well carried out, and the scions are suitable for picking and grafting at any time; s3, shading and sun-screening after grafting, wherein watering cannot be performed 1-3 days after grafting, otherwise, root pressure is easily too large, wound current is too much, water rises in a sealing plastic film at a grafting interface to influence grafting survival rate, water can be supplied 3 days after grafting, water is supplied once a day later, but the amount of water cannot be too much, and the nutrition soil is kept moist; when water is sprayed, the grafting opening is prevented from being sprayed; after grafting, the survival condition is checked, the survival condition can be checked after 25 days in winter, the survival can be checked after 15 days in other seasons, if the buds on the scion have germinated, the survival is proved, and the seedling which does not survive can be subjected to the supplementary grafting by the check, and the method is the same as the above; after the new shoots of the scions are stabilized, the scions are sprayed with water or rainfall to begin fertilization, and the fertilizer is applied to each mu (666.7 m)²) 10 kg-15 kg of urea or 15 kg-20 kg of high-nitrogen humic acid compound fertilizer is applied for each time, and the urea is applied for 1 time in 1-2 months; after each fertilization, the fertilizer stuck on the leaves or the tender shoots is flushed in timeCleaning, and timely erasing the sprouts below the grafting opening after the grafting survives; the scion can sprout 25-30 days after grafting, if the scion sprouts more, only 1 strong-growing scion is selected and kept, the rest is removed, the scion is topped when the height of the scion is 70cm, lateral branches are promoted, and high-quality nursery stocks with multiple branches are cultivated;

(2) cutting and seedling raising: the cutting bed is made of clean medium-coarse river sand with good drainage performance, cutting strips need to keep complete blades, the cutting strips are cut to be about 15cm long, two blades are reserved on the upper portion of the cutting strips, the blades on the lower portion of the cutting strips are all cut off, the base portion of the cutting strips is soaked in indole acetic acid solution containing 300-2500 mg of water per liter for 30 seconds, and the cutting strips are inserted into the seedbed to be 8-10 cm deep after being dried in the air; shading after inserting, keeping constant temperature, preferably having misty condition; the rooting cuttings are moved to a nutrition bag in time to properly supplement various nutrients required by illumination and growth and development; in the seedling stage, anthracnose, thrips, aphids, red spiders and the like are mainly prevented and controlled; controlling anthracnose: weeding and draining water in time in a nursery land, and spraying 8000-12000 times of 250g/L difenoconazole missible oil or 800-1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder according to the disease condition;

prevention and treatment of thrips, aphids and red spiders: keeping a nursery clean, weeding in time, reducing the habitat of pests, and spraying 1000-2000 times of 2.5% efficient cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution or 4000-5000 times of 22.4% spirotetramat suspending agent in the popular season of the pests;

s4, planting: digging a fixed planting hole, returning soil to fill the hole 1-2 months before planting, smashing surface soil after full solarization, removing grass roots, tree roots and stones, then mixing 15kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 0.5 kg-1 kg of humic acid compound fertilizer to fill the hole, wherein the returned soil is 15-20 cm higher than a hole opening, slightly concave in the middle of the hole surface, when the hole soil is wet and thorough in rainy season, planting can be carried out, when planting, digging a pit in the center of the hole surface, the depth of the pit is 5-10 cm lower than the hole surface of a nutrition bag opening, removing the nutrition bag, keeping a seedling body vertical to the ground, layering and compacting by hand during soil filling, well combining a root system and soil, avoiding seedling lifting or compacting by foot, avoiding damaging the seedling by treading too tightly, and pouring water for fixing the root after planting; the planting density is preferably 17-28 plants/mu, the plant spacing is 4-5 m, and the row spacing is 6-8 m; when planting, brick red soil, red soil and red soil are selected, the thickness of the soil layer is more than 70cm, and the texture is loose; the pH value of the soil is 4.5-5.5; good drainage, the height of underground water level is more than 100cm, the altitude is 800-1200 m, the annual precipitation is not less than 1000mm, the annual average temperature is 18-23 ℃, the average temperature of the coldest month is more than or equal to 11.5 ℃, the average temperature of the hottest month is less than or equal to 26 ℃, the extreme lowest temperature is less than or equal to minus 3 ℃, the occurrence frequency is less than 10 percent, and the extreme highest temperature is less than 38 ℃; when planting, the mountainous region is suitable for building a terrace, the terrace is internally inclined by 3-5 degrees, and the width of the terrace surface is 1.2-2 m; digging holes along a contour line for planting in a small orchard, building a platform land year by year, digging, fixing and planting holes and building a platform surface at the same time, setting the fixed time at 6-8 months, and selecting for field planting in cloudy days and rainy days, or in the early and late afternoon with low air temperature, wherein the field planting is not performed at high temperature and in a drought and water-deficient time; during planting, grafting seedlings are adopted for planting, and the grafting seedlings meet the following standards: the root system is good, the height of a grafting opening is 20-30 cm, the compatibility between the stock and the scion is good, the grafting opening is smooth, at least two mature shoots are formed, the thickness diameter of a first young shoot branch which is taken out from the scion is more than or equal to 0.6cm, the whole plant height is more than or equal to 85cm, no serious plant diseases and insect pests exist, and a seedling nutrition bag is complete; the seedlings after field planting are checked regularly, drought resisting measures are taken, the seedlings can be covered by weeds in the weather of overhigh temperature, and the seedlings are timely replanted. After planting, timely replenishing water according to the growth requirement of seedlings and local climatic conditions, and watering for 1-2 times per day according to local conditions;

s5, management: soil around seedlings or on a table surface is kept loose from the current year of field planting to before production, the height of weeds does not exceed 20cm, and herbicides, especially systemic herbicides, are forbidden to be used for weeding; after the cultivation, intertilling for 2-3 times every year; the intertillage depth is 15 cm-20 cm, and the intertillage can be carried out by combining green pressing, fertilization and platform maintenance; from the growth of trees in 2 years, carrying out green pressing and soil improvement near the water dropping line of the crown of the tree in 7-8 months every year, and cutting green manure crops, wherein the specification of a green pressing pit is as follows: the length is 100cm, the width is 40cm, the depth is 60cm, and the four directions are sequentially and circularly performed; covering the tree tray by utilizing weeds, dry branches and fallen leaves, crop straws and the like in 11-12 months every year, wherein the thickness of a covering is 10-15 cm away from the trunk, and the thickness of the covering is 15-20 cm; the method is carried out for 1 time every 1-2 years, can be carried out after the rainy season is finished, the table surface is 'leveled and inclined inwards, the roots are exposed, the soil is hilled, the subsidence is filled up', the green manure covering plants are planted in a steep slope orchard with the temperature of more than 25 degrees on the basis of keeping utilizing the original wild excellent covering plants, and green manure varieties which are suitable for rough growing, strong in germination, fast in covering, high in yield and strong in capacity of pressing the orchard are selected, for example; mimosa pudica, Lanhua Maoqiang bean and the like are avoided; in a gentle slope orchard below 25 degrees, on the premise of water and soil conservation, short-stalk crops such as peanuts, soybeans, rapes, vegetables and short-stalk corns can be planted among rows of fruit trees, perennial economic crops such as coffee, tea, south pesticides and konjak can also be planted among rows of fruit trees, but the distance between the intermediate crops and the fruit trees is more than 1 m; it is not suitable for interplanting crops with high stalks or strong land consumption; the young trees begin to fertilize when the first round of young leaves are hardened after field planting, and the young trees are not suitable for fertilization if no irrigation measures are taken in dry seasons; during fertilization, digging a fertilization ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 20cm near the semi-ring trees or the ring trees near the water dripping line of the tree crown, uniformly spreading fertilizer in the ditch, and covering soil; carrying out fertilizer and water management 3-4 times in combination with intertillage every year, preferentially applying organic fertilizer, mixing a proper amount of inorganic fertilizer, and actively watering to supplement soil moisture in high-temperature or dry summer; after macadimia nuts enter a fruiting period, particularly, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, soil quality is closely monitored in a flowering period, a fruit setting period and a fruit development period, and fertilizer and water are supplemented according to the actual growth needs of the nuts; the height of young trees 1-3 years after planting is generally 60-80 cm, a strong trunk with good growth vigor is selected, branches in 3 directions are reserved as main branches, the distance between the main branches is 40-50 cm, 2-3 branches are reserved on each main branch for culturing, the distance refers to the main branches, branches with good growth vigor can be reserved in a second-level and third-level mode, in addition, redundant branches are wiped off, excessive and dense branches are prevented from competing for nutrients and influencing illumination, fruit bearing trees are trimmed after fruit harvesting, mature trees are mainly thinned and cut, and aging trees are mainly renewed and rejuvenated; timely removing the bare branches, the dense branches, the sick dead branches, the competitive main branches and the competitive auxiliary branches with the branch angle smaller than 15 degrees and the drooping branches below 50cm away from the ground; removing parasitic plants and ant nests, cutting off and opening a skylight on trees with luxuriant growth and dense crowns, retracting and cutting off slender branches without branches, promoting branching and keeping small branches in the inner cavities of the crowns; the nut is best to be raised in a nut garden in the flowering period, no medicine is needed, and only 1 time of spraying of the anti-falling substance and the cloud seed 120 or spraying of KH2PO4 is needed for 5-10 days of flowering, and the like, the spraying of the anti-falling substance and the cloud seed is needed to be carried out for 1 time again in the fruiting and actual development period.

In summary, the following steps: the method greatly shortens the nursery time and improves the growth efficiency by selecting the sand bed for cultivation when the stock is used for seedling cultivation, has low labor intensity, adopts a scientific and reasonable planting management mode, ensures that the whole cultivation period is short, greatly improves the survival rate, ensures that the branches are thick and strong, has high flowering and fruiting rate, can effectively promote the growth of the nut trees, shortens the cultivation period, improves the yield, saves the energy consumption, has wide application range, and is favorable for popularization.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. The macadimia nut planting and cultivating method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s3, seedling culture:

2. The method for planting and cultivating macadimia nuts according to claim 1, wherein in S1, a proper seedling raising land is selected during cultivation, the illumination is sufficient, the soil is fertile and loose, the pH value is 5-6, the annual average temperature is kept at 13-32 ℃, frost is not generated all the year round, the annual rainfall is not less than 1000mm, the altitude is 600-1400 m, and a shelter forest is built around a seedling raising nursery to prevent wind.

3. The method for planting and cultivating macadamia nuts according to claim 1, wherein in S1, the germination accelerating bed is a sand bed, the sand bed is used for accelerating germination, the sand bed is 8-10 m long, 0.6-1 m wide and 0.3m deep, and fresh clean river sand is preferably used as a substrate of the germination accelerating bed, and the thickness of the germination accelerating bed is 25-28 cm; a sunshade is covered on the germination accelerating bed, the height is 1.5m to 1.8m, and the sunshade rate is 70 percent to 80 percent.

4. The macadimia nut planting and cultivating method according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the seedling raising bags are selected from polyethylene seedling raising bags or non-woven fabric seedling raising bags with a diameter of 18cm to 20cm and a height of 25cm to 30 cm; the lower part of the polyethylene seedling bag is drilled with 6-12 drain holes with the diameter of about 1cm, the seedling bag is filled with nutrient soil, and the nutrient soil is prepared by uniformly mixing decomposed farmyard manure and surface soil according to the volume ratio of 2: 8 or 3: 7.

5. The macadamia nut planting and cultivating method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S2, 1 day before transplanting, the nutrient soil in the seedling bag is fully wetted, the germination accelerating bed is fully wetted during transplanting, a hole is inserted in the center of the seedling bag by using a stick or a bamboo chip after seedling emergence, the seedling is put into the bag along the stick or the bamboo chip, the seedling is deep to the root-stem junction, the seedling is slightly lifted upwards to avoid bending the root, the nutrient soil is compacted, sufficient root-fixing water is poured, and the root system is kept vertical during transplanting, so that the root system can be tightly contacted with the soil; spraying water in proper time after transplanting, keeping the nutrient soil from drying, applying fertilizer after the seedlings grow new leaves and are stable, applying 0.5% low-phosphorus compound fertilizer water solution or 300-500 times of decomposed clear liquid manure for 1 time in 20-30 days, and washing the fertilizer adhered to the leaves or the tender shoots in time after each application.

6. The macadimia nut planting and cultivating method according to claim 1, wherein in S3, when grafting, the thickness of the scion and the stock is 1-1.3 cm, the scion and the stock are fully mature, the bark of the branch is light brown to gray, and has prominent skin holes, 1 month before grafting, the nursery needs to be fertilized once comprehensively, weeding, pruning and pest control work are done actively, and water is poured enough three days before grafting; the scion is subjected to girdling treatment 6-8 weeks before scion picking, and the specific method comprises the following steps: selecting a long branch with proper thickness, girdling about 2.5 cm wide at the base part, scraping to form a layer tissue, aiming at increasing the accumulation of scion photosynthetic products and improving the grafting survival rate, and selecting a branch which is free from diseases and insects, strong in growth, full in bud and lignified during grafting; when picking up the scions, scion strips can be cut off from the girdling position by using pruning, leaves of branches at the base part are cut off, the scion strips are placed in a 1000-time 70% thiophanate methyl solution to be soaked for 10 minutes, the scions are taken out and then are placed in a woven bag or a large-sized sealing bag, the temperature reduction and the moisture preservation are well carried out, and the scions are suitable for picking and grafting at any time.

7. The macadimia nut planting and cultivating method according to claim 1, wherein in S3, shading and sun protection are required after grafting, watering cannot be performed 1-3 days after grafting, otherwise, root pressure is easily too large, wound flow is too much, water rises in a sealing plastic film at a grafting interface to affect grafting survival rate, water supply can be started after 3 days of grafting, water is supplied once a day later, but the amount of water is not too much, and nutrient soil is kept moist; when water is sprayed, the grafting opening is prevented from being sprayed; the sprout below the grafting opening is erased in time after the grafting survives; the scion can sprout 25-30 days after grafting, if the scion sprouts more, only 1 strong-growing scion is selected and kept, the rest is removed, the scion is topped when the height of the scion is 70cm, lateral branches are promoted, and the scion is cultivated into a high-quality seedling with multiple branches.

8. The macadimia nut planting and cultivating method according to claim 1, wherein in S4, during planting, a terrace is preferably built on the mountains, the terrace is inwards inclined by 3-5 degrees, and the width of the terrace is 1.2-2 m; and (3) digging holes along the contour lines for planting in the small orchard, building a platform field year by year, digging and fixing planting holes and building a platform surface simultaneously, setting the time to be fixed at 6-8 months, and selecting for field planting in cloudy days and rainy days, or in the early and late afternoon with low temperature, wherein the field planting is not performed at high temperature and in drought and water shortage.

9. The method for cultivating macadimia nuts according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, grafted seedlings are used for cultivation, and the grafted seedlings meet the following criteria: the root system is good, the height of a grafting opening is 20-30 cm, the compatibility between the stock and the scion is good, the grafting opening is smooth, at least two mature shoots are provided, the thickness diameter of a first young shoot branch which is extracted from the scion is more than or equal to 0.6cm, the whole plant height is more than or equal to 85cm, no serious plant diseases and insect pests exist, and the seedling nutrition bag is complete.

10. The macadamia nut planting and cultivating method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S5, fertilization is started when young trees are hardened in the first round of young leaf blade after planting, and fertilization is not suitable for dry seasons without irrigation measures; during fertilization, digging a fertilization ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 20cm near the semi-ring trees or the ring trees near the water dripping line of the tree crown, uniformly spreading fertilizer in the ditch, and covering soil; carrying out fertilizer and water management 3-4 times in combination with intertillage every year, preferentially applying organic fertilizer, mixing a proper amount of inorganic fertilizer, and actively watering to supplement soil moisture in high-temperature or dry summer; after macadimia nuts enter a fruiting period, particularly, fertilizer and water management needs to be enhanced, soil quality needs to be closely monitored in a flowering period, a fruit setting period and a fruit development period, and fertilizer and water need to be supplemented according to actual growth requirements of the nuts.