CN107535290B - Rice planting method - Google Patents
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- CN107535290B CN107535290B CN201610456997.0A CN201610456997A CN107535290B CN 107535290 B CN107535290 B CN 107535290B CN 201610456997 A CN201610456997 A CN 201610456997A CN 107535290 B CN107535290 B CN 107535290B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a rice planting method, which is a rice planting method with double-peak large-ridge furrow irrigation and drainage and whole-course mechanized farming management, changes the terrain structure of a conventional rice planting field, uses large-ridge furrows to walk in the rice field by agricultural machinery, realizes whole-course mechanized farming management in the whole field, plants small-ridge seedlings with wide and narrow rows, intertillage, weeding and topdressing between mechanical rows, irrigates and drains in the furrows, has no water on the ridge surface and sufficient soil moisture on a plough layer, can scramble for accumulated temperature through the comprehensive application of multiple measures, accelerates the growth period process of rice, saves water, improves the utilization rate of water, reduces the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, realizes safe maturity, and plants high-quality and high-yield rice.
Description
The technical field is as follows: the invention relates to a rice planting method, in particular to a method for whole-course mechanized soil preparation and sowing and field management by applying double-peak type large ridge cold-region rice. A new rice planting technology for water management by irrigation and drainage in furrows.
Background art: on the basis of the traditional planting modes of flat ponds, water flooding, direct water seeding or seedling raising and transplanting of rice, the technology for fertilizing and transplanting rice on ridges in dry land preparation for improving the management and control level of rich water is developed, the technology for direct dry seeding of rice and the technology for sprinkling irrigation or drip irrigation of rice for reducing the planting cost of rice are developed for improving the quality of rice, and no relevant data and reports exist in the whole-course mechanized planting technology of rice ridge planting at present. Through production practices, the prior arts cannot completely solve some problems in rice planting management, and have the following disadvantages and shortcomings: 1. the manual investment of seedling raising and transplanting cultivation is large in the stages of bed soil, tray arrangement, greenhouse management, seedling lifting, seedling transplanting, seedling supplementing and the like, the operations of fertilizer spreading, pesticide spraying and the like can only be carried out by walking in a paddy field or operating on pool ridges due to the difficulty of a field locomotive in later-stage field management, the efficiency is low, the precision is poor, and the body of a grower can be damaged by directly contacting pesticide and fertilizer and cold pond water. 2. In the ridging and seedling transplanting operation of rice, small ridges are adopted, the ridge width is 65cm, the ridge height is 3-5 cm, the ridge top width is 22-25cm after the ridge is compacted, the ridges are not high enough, the requirement on the land leveling degree during irrigation management is high, the whole-field irrigation ridge platform is low in temperature rise, the ridge platform is not wide enough, the mechanical seedling transplanting row spacing is 25-27 cm, and the seedling belts cannot be inserted on the ridge surface. 3. The direct seeding and horizontal sowing and irrigation of the rice are realized by horse race water, the control of different field positions is not accurate, the seedling emergence and the seedling protection in low-lying water accumulation fields are difficult, the annual sowing period and the sowing quality of fields with large water content and the sowing season with much rainfall are not ensured, the row spacing is narrow, the mechanical walking seedling pressing can not enter the fields to carry out the management of weeding, pesticide spraying and the like, and the accumulated temperature is not enough to be mature safely. 4. The rice is planted by sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation, and the equipment investment and the operation cost are higher. 5. The fertilizer application and the rice transplanting, water flooding, planting and topdressing can only be carried out through surface spreading, and the topdressing in the soil at the seedling side can not be carried out, the prior fertilizer for dry seeding and planting can not be carried out by one-time application, the fertilizer supply is not timely, and the utilization rate is low.
The invention content is as follows: the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the defects of the background technology and provide a whole-process mechanized rice planting technology capable of promoting safe maturity and realizing high quality and high yield for the rice in the cold region, wherein the rice in the cold region is a rice planting region with a frost-free period shorter than that of a frozen soil layer more than 1 meter in winter. The invention relates to a rice planting method which is characterized by double-peak large-ridge furrow irrigation and drainage and whole-process mechanized farming management.
1. The method comprises the following steps of (1) using a large ridge with two hump-shaped ridge platforms on the upper part of a ridge body, wherein the width of the ridge body is 120-135 cm, the depth of a large ridge groove is 10-15 cm, the width of the large ridge groove is 35-40 cm, each of the two ridge platforms on the top is 30-35 cm, the depth of a small ridge groove on the ridge is 3-5 cm, and the overground part of a rice plant grows above the water surface for the lifetime; 2. the whole-field mechanized land preparation, seeding, fertilizing, pesticide application, intertillage, topdressing and weeding cultivation management method; 3. irrigation and drainage are carried out in the furrows according to the water-requiring period of the leaf age, the ridge platforms have no water, the plough layer has enough soil moisture, and a water-using management mode of the whole-field water layer is not established.
Planting process: ridging a dry land for preparing the dry land, applying base fertilizer and seed fertilizer on the ridges in a layering manner, mechanically limiting depth and sowing, pressing, irrigating ridge furrows to ensure sufficient soil moisture and seedlings, draining and hardening seedlings, spraying herbicide and insecticide on the surface of the field, deeply applying tiller fertilizer and spike fertilizer on the side of a seedling belt on the ridges, irrigating, draining, controlling and controlling tillering water, booting, heading, draining water, irrigating water, spraying leaf fertilizer, mechanically intertilling, weeding, cutting and drying in the sun, picking up standing grain, returning straw to the field, plowing and preparing soil. The method is characterized in that the conventional terrain structure of the rice planting field is changed through double-peak large ridges, the walking of agricultural machinery in the field is realized by the width of the large ridges, the whole mechanized farming management is carried out, the height difference between furrow and ridge platform is utilized to realize that the ridge surface is free of water, the row is irrigated in the furrow, the accurate water layer management and control of sufficient soil moisture of a plough layer are realized, the accumulated temperature accumulation of rice is increased on the basis of meeting the moisture requirement, the maturity and the quality of rice are improved, the wide-narrow row planting of seedling belts is realized by small ridge platforms, the intertillage weeding and topdressing are carried out between mechanical rows, better space and soil environment are created, and the uniform seedling and strong formation of high-yield. Big ridge of doublet, there is the big ridge structure of two ridge platforms of hump formula on the ridge, big ridge ditch interval 120 adds 135 centimetres and is close with current agricultural locomotive wheel base, be convenient for carry out full-field mechanical operation along the walking of ridge ditch, the ridge height, the ridge face is level and smooth, the width is big, can guarantee seeding operation quality and reasonable wide narrow row seedling area distribution, the ridge face moisture is little more does benefit to seeding and fertilization and intertillage weeding operation, big ridge ditch is dark, be favorable to the field to irrigate and arrange management and water level accurate control, it is more rapid that the drainage is irrigated through tire rolling at the bottom of the ridge, it has the water ridge face to accomplish the ridge ditch more easily and does not have water, the control of the internal moisture of ventilative temperature increase and the ridge of being convenient for that little ridge can be better on. Direct seeding dry pipe, and planting mode of whole-course mechanized farming soil preparation, local field sowing and field management similar to dry field planting. The invention has the advantages that the accumulated temperature is strived for by the comprehensive application of a plurality of measures, the accumulated temperature of the rice growing at the same period can be increased by 200-300 ℃, the growth period process of the rice can be accelerated by 10-15 days, and the safe maturity, high quality and high yield are realized. The accumulated temperature is a key index of crop introduction, the accumulated temperature required by the current main rice cultivars is basically similar to the effective accumulated temperature of planting areas, a large amount of cold water is irrigated and drained in conventional flooding planting, a large amount of field heat energy is absorbed, the field temperature is reduced, the time for the accumulated temperature of crops to reach the required index is increased, the growth period is prolonged as a result, the local frost-free period is exceeded, and the accumulated temperature is one of the main factors for adopting a greenhouse seedling growing planting mode for rice at present. The rice large-ridge cultivation improves the heated surface area of soil, enhances the permeability, obviously improves the physical and chemical properties of water, gas and the like of soil of a plough layer, obviously improves the soil temperature, can improve the soil temperature by 2-3 ℃, promotes uniform and strong sprouting of seeds, directly grows into dry-rooted and super-strong seedlings in a large field, has large root quantity, more root hairs, developed white vascular bundles of roots and strong fertilizer and water absorbing capacity, has higher dry matter weight of hundreds of seedlings with the same leaf age than that of the conventional seedlings, has large growth quantity in the later period, has more spike grain number, stem thickness and plant height than those of seedlings, does not carry out pulp stirring, flat ground and excessive pressing on dry sowing in the dry land, does not damage the soil structure, and does not have the phenomenon that the root system of the rice is pulled and broken by cracking on the field surface when the field is exposed to heat. The method comprises the steps of measuring soil according to the characteristics of fertilizer demand of rice, carrying out fixed-time and fixed-position supply, applying base fertilizer deeply to ridge bodies, applying seed fertilizer under seedling zones, topdressing tiller fertilizer and spike fertilizer in deep soil at the side of the seedling zones, and spraying leaf fertilizer to the seedling zones, so that the fertilizer utilization rate is improved. Compared with the traditional rice planting, the direct seeding saves the cost of seedling raising and transplanting, the cost can be saved by 3000-4000 yuan per hectare, but the frost-free period of a rice growing area in a cold area is short, the growing time of seedling raising rice in a protected area is reduced, the dry seeding rice is usually about one week later than the conventional rice planting and is required to be used as an article in the early season before variety selection and pre-harvest, the proper-period seeding and pre-accumulation temperature are required after germination accelerating, the temperature required for the root system growth of the rice is lower than the overground part, the roots grow and strengthen in low-temperature soil, the soil emerges at the proper temperature, the deep seeding on the ridge can be carried out as long as the soil moisture condition on the surface layer of the ridge table is proper, the seeding period and the layer depth are ensured, the condition is created for the management of seedling raising and later-period tillering control. Wide and narrow row seedling zones on ridges, full marginal effect, good illumination, the seedling period of dry direct seeding accords with the seedling culture requirement of ultra-thin planting, the cultivated seedlings are all super-strong seedlings, the root system is developed, the stalk strength of the plants is increased, the plant type tends to be reasonable, and the high yield character is formed. The plant protection, body building and disease prevention are realized, rice plants grow on ridge platforms and rarely contact the water surface, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests such as banded sclerotial blight, leaf miner and the like is greatly reduced, the plants are robust in a seedling revival stage and the stress resistance and disease resistance are enhanced, the pesticide application precision is enhanced by the operation of mechanically entering a pesticide application field, safe and efficient herbicides, insecticides and bactericides are sprayed, intertillage and weeding are carried out, the pesticide consumption is reduced, the manual operation cost is also reduced, the foundation is laid for producing green rice, the damage of diseases and pests to '4 leaves' is reduced, the rice is enabled to live to the harvest stage, and the high yield of the rice is guaranteed. Irrigation and drainage management and control, irrigation management methods of irrigation and drainage in furrows and no water layer built on the field surface in the whole growth period are adopted, moisture content and seedling preservation are suitable, dry and strong seedlings are grown in seedling periods, proper water supplement, sufficient moisture content and irrigation are carried out according to different leaf ages in each water-requiring critical period in combination with the rainwater condition, the utilization rate of water-using and high-water-using is saved, the furrows are used for quickly irrigating and draining and accurately controlling the water content of a plough layer, soil hardening caused by field surface flooding or sprinkling irrigation is reduced, seedling preservation, tillering control and ripening promotion are realized, no water layer is built, the heat absorbed by cold and cold water for irrigation and drainage is reduced, the temperature difference between day and night in the field is increased, the light respiration consumption is reduced, the accumulation of carbohydrates is increased, planned water stress is applied, the leaves are not sealed before the four-leaf period, the spikes are strived for sealing, and.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
firstly, land preparation and ridging: leveling and finely crushing dry land preparation in autumn with the depth of 18-20 cm, mounting ploughshares of a conventional ridger according to the depth of a conventional plough rod, wherein the distance between ploughs is 120-135 cm (the distance between ploughs is designed according to the wheel pitch of a traction locomotive and the height of plants for planting rice varieties), the distance between the tail parts of plough boards is 35-40 cm, mounting other ploughshares (the plough rod is lifted by 10 cm) in the middle of every two ploughshares according to the standard of shallow ridge forming depth of 10 cm, the distance between the tail parts of the plough boards is about 25cm, carrying out ridge forming operation in a leveled and ploughed field according to the standard of 18-20 cm large furrow depth, and carrying out pressing in time according to soil moisture to achieve the designed ridge type standard, the width of a ridge body is 120-135 cm, the depth of the large furrow is 10-15 cm, the width of the large furrow is 35-40 cm, each of two ridges at the top is 30-35 cm, and the depth;
secondly, fertilizing: and (4) carrying out soil testing formula according to the fertilizer requirement rule of the rice and the target yield, formulating the fertilizing amount and the proportion, and carrying out timed and positioned supply.
1. Applying fertilizer on ridges in layers, wherein the depth of base fertilizer is 6-8 cm, and the depth of seed fertilizer is 3-4 cm;
2. tillering fertilizer, spike fertilizer and grain fertilizer, wherein the fertilizer application period is advanced by 1-2 days according to the conventional rice planting leaf age diagnosis, topdressing is carried out in soil with the depth of 3 cm to 4 cm at the seedling side by using a fertilizer applying machine, and water is irrigated at proper time after fertilizer application;
3. and spraying the fast-acting foliar fertilizer for 2-3 times according to the growth vigor of the rice.
Thirdly, sowing:
1. variety selection: the rice is selected from varieties with moderate growth period, good bud vigor, strong soil arching capacity, good yield and good rice quality;
2. seed treatment: coating, preferably accelerating germination under certain conditions;
3. seeding rate: reasonably close planting, and increasing the seeding rate according to the tillering characteristics of different varieties;
4. sowing in the same period as local corn;
5. sowing operation: 2-3 seedling strips are planted on each small ridge platform in a drilling or hole sowing mode, after seedling emergence, the seedling strips on the large ridges form wide-narrow row layout, the sowing machine can fertilize and sow on the ridges once, low-lying land blocks prone to waterlogging and areas or years prone to rainfall influence operation in the sowing period can fertilize in a period with proper soil moisture, the sowing period uses a light sowing machine for sowing operation, the sowing period and the sowing quality are guaranteed, the key is deep sowing, the sowing depth is consistent, and the thickness of covering soil on the seed layers after rolling cannot exceed 2 cm.
Fourthly, management before seedling after sowing: 1. shallow sowing and heavy pressing are the foundation of one-time preservation of seedlings, and soil moisture content is combined for timely pressing; 2. spraying closed herbicide in time.
Fifth, field irrigation and drainage management
The irrigation and drainage ditch communicated with the irrigation ditch is formed in a proper position according to the terrain and water source conditions and is communicated with each large ridge ditch, a furrow plough and a tire are used for rolling to achieve the purposes that a ridge ditch irrigation and drainage system is smooth and unobstructed, the irrigation and drainage speed of the ridge ditches is high, the depth of a field water layer is convenient to control, and the standards that the ridge ditches have water, ridge platforms have no water and the soil is full of water are achieved.
1. Water for full seedling: irrigating furrows according to soil moisture and rainfall conditions, adjusting the moisture of the seed layer, controlling the water content of the seed layer soil to be more than 65%, draining water in time when the radicles of the seeds extend by about 1.5 cm, controlling the soil moisture, and performing dry-raised strong seedling in the field until the seedling reaches a 4-leaf stage;
2. tillering water: timely irrigating 4 leaves of rice leaf-emergence age to promote low-node tillering, controlling a water layer not to submerge a ridge platform, controlling low-node tillering of dry direct-seeding rice and vigorous tillering momentum, draining water in time when the total tiller number of stems reaches 75% of the expected number, and controlling tillering in a sunned field;
3. booting and heading water: when the rice enters the booting stage, the rice is most sensitive to moisture, the spikelet formation, pollination fertilization and spikelet uniformity are seriously influenced by water shortage, the irrigation depth is close to that of a ridge, and sufficient water is kept until the grouting stage;
4. grouting water: sufficient water is needed to be irrigated in the period, so that the maturing rate is improved, the grain weight is increased, the activity of the root system of the rice is improved, and the functional period of the leaves is prolonged;
5. the growth of japonica rice is inhibited when the temperature is higher than 37 ℃, and the temperature is reduced by furrow irrigation in a high-temperature period;
6. irrigation in the milk stage is mainly dry, wet and wet;
7. irrigation in the yellow-ripe stage mainly takes dry and wet as dry.
Sixthly, mechanically managing dry farmland in the field: the operation locomotive takes the furrows as a walking channel and can enter the paddy field to realize a full-field operation mode similar to soybean and corn.
According to the production technical requirements, selecting proper machines and tools to carry out various farming operations: 1. spraying a herbicide, 2, topdressing on the seedling side, 3, spraying a leaf fertilizer, 4, intertillage weeding between seedling zones, and 5, spraying an insecticide and a bactericide.
Seventhly, harvesting at proper time: when 90% of grains of the rice are mature, the optimal harvesting time of the rice is provided, and the dry-planting rice is mature in live stalks, so that the harvesting loss and the grain moisture can be reduced by adopting a half-feeding harvester or a cutting, sunning and picking-up segmented harvesting, and the optimal harvesting mode is provided.
Eighthly, straw treatment: the straws are forbidden to be burnt and collected for utilization or returned to the field for soil improvement after being thrown.
And ninth, soil preparation in autumn and ridge forming in autumn.
Claims (1)
1. A rice planting method for a cold region rice area is characterized by comprising the following steps: it is a rice planting method with double-peak large-ridge furrow irrigation and drainage and whole-course mechanized farming management, a whole-course mechanized soil preparation, sowing, fertilizing, pesticide application, intertillage, topdressing, weeding farming management method,
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, soil preparation and ridging: leveling and finely crushing the dry land in autumn with the depth of 18-20 cm, mounting the ploughshares of the conventional ridger according to the depth of the conventional plough rods, wherein the distance between the ploughs is 120-135 cm, the distance between the tail parts of the plough boards is 35-40 cm, the other ploughshares are arranged between every two ploughshares according to the standard that the ridging depth is shallow 10 cm, the distance between the tail parts of the plough boards is about 25cm, in a flattened and ploughed field, ridging operation is carried out according to the standard that the depth of a large furrow is 18-20 cm, pressing in time according to soil moisture content to reach the design ridge type standard, using a large ridge with two hump-shaped ridge platforms on the upper part of a ridge body, wherein the width of the ridge body is 120-135 cm, the depth of a large ridge furrow is 10-15 cm, the width of the large ridge furrow is 35-40 cm, each width of the two ridge platforms on the top is 30-35 cm, the depth of a small ridge furrow on the ridge is 3-5 cm, and the overground part of a rice plant grows above the water surface for the lifetime;
(II) fertilizing: carrying out soil testing formula according to the fertilizer requirement rule of rice and target yield, formulating fertilizing amount and proportion, and carrying out timed and positioned supply;
(1) fertilizing on ridges in layers, wherein the depth of base fertilizer is 6-8 cm, and the depth of seed fertilizer is 3-4 cm;
(2) the tillering fertilizer, the spike fertilizer and the grain fertilizer are applied in advance for 1-2 days according to the conventional rice planting leaf age diagnosis fertilizer application period, the additional application is carried out in the soil with the depth of 3-4 cm at the seedling side by using a fertilizer applying machine, and the water is irrigated at proper time after the fertilizer application;
(3) spraying 2-3 times of quick-acting leaf fertilizer according to the growth vigor of the rice;
(III) sowing:
(1) and variety selection: the rice is selected from varieties with moderate growth period, good bud vigor, strong soil arching capacity, good yield and good rice quality;
(2) and seed treatment: coating and accelerating germination;
(3) and seeding amount: reasonably close planting, and increasing the seeding rate according to the tillering characteristics of different varieties;
(4) and sowing in the same period as local corn;
(5) and seeding operation: 2-3 seedling strips are planted on each small ridge platform in a drilling or hole sowing mode, after seedling emergence, the seedling strips on the large ridges form wide-narrow row layout, the sowing machine fertilizes and sows on the ridges once, low-lying land blocks which are prone to waterlogging and areas or years which are prone to rainfall influence operation in the sowing period are fertilized in a period with proper soil moisture, the sowing period is performed by a light sowing machine, the sowing period and the sowing quality are guaranteed, the key is to limit deep sowing seeds, the sowing depth is consistent, and the thickness of covering soil on the pressed seed layers cannot exceed 2 cm;
(IV) managing after sowing and before seedling: (1) shallow sowing and heavy pressing are the foundation of one-time preservation of seedlings, and soil moisture content is combined for timely pressing; (2) spraying closed herbicide in time;
(V) field irrigation and drainage management
According to the conditions of the terrain and water source, irrigation and drainage ditches communicated with the irrigation channels are formed in proper positions and are communicated with each large ridge ditch, a furrow plough and tires are used for rolling to ensure that a ridge ditch irrigation and drainage system is smooth and unobstructed, the irrigation and drainage speed of the ridge ditches is high, the depth of a field water layer is convenient to control, irrigation and drainage are carried out in the ridge ditches according to the water-requiring period of leaf age, ridge platforms have no water, the soil moisture of a plough layer is sufficient, and the soil is in a water-sufficient standard;
(1) and full seedling water: irrigating furrows according to soil moisture and rainfall conditions, adjusting the moisture of the seed layer, controlling the water content of the seed layer soil to be more than 65%, draining water in time when the radicles of the seeds extend by about 1.5 cm, controlling the soil moisture, and performing dry-raised strong seedling in the field until the seedling reaches a 4-leaf stage;
(2) tillering water: timely irrigating 4 leaves of rice leaf-emergence age to promote low-node tillering, controlling a water layer not to submerge a ridge platform, controlling low-node tillering of dry direct-seeding rice and vigorous tillering momentum, draining water in time when the total tiller number of stems reaches 75% of the expected number, and controlling tillering in a sunned field;
(3) and booting ear water: when the rice enters the booting stage, the rice is most sensitive to moisture, the spikelet formation, pollination fertilization and spikelet uniformity are seriously influenced by water shortage, the irrigation depth is close to that of a ridge, and sufficient water is kept until the grouting stage;
(4) grouting water: sufficient water is needed to be irrigated in the period, so that the maturing rate is improved, the grain weight is increased, the activity of the root system of the rice is improved, and the functional period of the leaves is prolonged;
(5) the growth of japonica rice is inhibited when the temperature is higher than 37 ℃, and the furrow irrigation is carried out for cooling in the high-temperature period;
(6) and irrigating in the milk stage: dry, wet and wet, mainly wet;
(7) and irrigating in the yellow mature period: dry, wet and wet, mainly dry;
and (VI) mechanically managing dry farmland in the field: the operation locomotive takes the furrows as a walking channel and enters the paddy field to realize a full-field operation mode similar to soybean and corn;
according to the production technical requirements, selecting proper machines and tools to carry out various farming operations: (1) spraying herbicide, (2) seedling side topdressing, (3) spraying leaf fertilizer, (4) inter-seedling intertillage weeding, (5) spraying insecticide and bactericide;
(VII) harvesting at proper time: when 90% of the grains of the rice are mature, the rice harvesting time is the rice harvesting time, and as the dry-planted rice is mature, a semi-feeding harvester or a cutting, sunning and picking-up rice is adopted for segmented harvesting, so that the harvesting loss and the grain moisture are reduced;
(eighth), straw treatment: the straws are forbidden to be burnt and collected for use or returned to the field for improving the soil after being thrown;
(ninth), soil preparation in autumn, ridge forming in autumn.
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| CN201610456997.0A CN107535290B (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2016-06-23 | Rice planting method |
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| CN108464205B (en) * | 2018-03-21 | 2020-04-10 | 华中农业大学 | Spring corn direct sowing late rice double cropping planting method |
| CN109247095B (en) * | 2018-09-03 | 2021-08-24 | 黄山金昕生态农业开发有限公司 | Sealwort large-ridge and small-ridge covering planting technology |
| CN109220654A (en) * | 2018-10-11 | 2019-01-18 | 重庆市农业科学院 | A kind of mechanization ridge culture direct sowing of rice efficient cultivation method |
| CN110679415B (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-11-12 | 华中农业大学 | Cost-saving high-quality cultivation method for machine-harvested ratoon rice capable of avoiding mechanical rolling |
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